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Howard JA, David L, Lux F, Tillement O. Low-level, chronic ingestion of lead and cadmium: The unspoken danger for at-risk populations. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 478:135361. [PMID: 39116748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The long-term effects of low-level, chronic exposure to lead and cadmium through ingestion are often overlooked, despite the urgency surrounding the clinical onset and worsening of certain pathologies caused by these metals. This work reviews current legislation, global ingestion levels, and blood levels in the general population to emphasize the need for reactivity towards this exposure, especially in at-risk populations, including patients with early-stage renal and chronic kidney disease. Global data indicates persistent chronic ingestion of lead and cadmium, with no decreasing trend in recent years, and a daily consumption of tens of micrograms worldwide. Moreover, the average blood lead and cadmium levels in the general population are concerning in many countries with some significantly exceeding healthy limits, particularly for children. Technologies developed to cleanse soil and prevent heavy metal contamination in food are not yet applicable on a global scale and remain financially inaccessible for many communities. Addressing this chronic ingestion at the human level may prove more beneficial in delaying the onset of associated clinical pathologies or preventing them all together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordyn Ann Howard
- MexBrain, 13 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69100 Villeurbanne, France; Institute of Light and Matter, UMR 5306, University of Lyon 1-CNRS, University of Lyon 1, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Laurent David
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA de Lyon, Universite Jean Monet, CNRS, UMR 5223 Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), 15 Bd A. Latarjet, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Francois Lux
- Institute of Light and Matter, UMR 5306, University of Lyon 1-CNRS, University of Lyon 1, Villeurbanne Cedex, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France.
| | - Olivier Tillement
- Institute of Light and Matter, UMR 5306, University of Lyon 1-CNRS, University of Lyon 1, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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Kwon YK, Kim MJ, Choi YJ, Yoon SH, Oh KS, Shin YM. Lead exposure estimation through a physiologically based toxicokinetic model using human biomonitoring data and comparison with scenario-based exposure assessment: A case study in Korean adults. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 191:114829. [PMID: 38955257 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Pb toxicity is linked to cardiovascular and nephrotoxicity issues. Exposure to this heavy metal can occur through food and drinking water. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate Pb exposure and assess health risks in Korean adults using a physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model. Human blood Pb concentrations were monitored using the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) Cycle 4. The average Pb exposure in Korean adults was 0.520 μg/kg bw/day. The PBTK results were compared with scenario-based results from the 2021 risk assessment report of five heavy metals, including Pb, conducted by the MFDS. Exposure determined through reverse dosimetry was approximately two times higher than scenario-based exposure (0.264 μg/kg bw/day). The higher exposure levels obtained during PBTK analysis may be attributed to sustained exposure within historically more contaminated living environments and the long half-life of Pb. These findings suggest that the PBTK-based method can quantify aggregated exposure levels in the body over time, potentially serving as a complementary tool to address the constraints of scenario-based assessment methods for integrated risk assessment. Moreover, this model is convenient and cost-effective compared with scenario-based exposure estimation. These findings can facilitate the application of model for tracking continuous national changes in hazardous substance levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Kook Kwon
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, Food Safety Evaluation Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2(i)-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdoek-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 25159, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ju Kim
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, Food Safety Evaluation Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2(i)-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdoek-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 25159, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Ju Choi
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, Food Safety Evaluation Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2(i)-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdoek-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 25159, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyeon Yoon
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, Food Safety Evaluation Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2(i)-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdoek-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 25159, Republic of Korea
| | - Keum-Soon Oh
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, Food Safety Evaluation Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2(i)-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdoek-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 25159, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Min Shin
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, Food Safety Evaluation Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2(i)-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdoek-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 25159, Republic of Korea.
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Lee SG, Eom SY, Lim JA, Choi BS, Kwon HJ, Hong YS, Kim YD, Kim H, Park JD. Association between urinary arsenic concentration and genetic polymorphisms in Korean adults. Toxicol Res 2024; 40:179-188. [PMID: 38223675 PMCID: PMC10786758 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-023-00216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a human carcinogen widely distributed in the environment. This study evaluated the association between the urinary As concentration and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Korean adults to determine the genetic factors related to As concentration. The study included 496 participants for the genome-wide association study (GWAS) and 1483 participants for the candidate gene approach study. Participants were 19 years and older. The concentrations of total As (Tot As) and total As metabolites (Tmet As, the sum of inorganic As and their metabolites; arsenite, arsenate, monomethylarsonic, and dimethylarsinic acid) in the urine were analyzed. The GWAS identified four SNPs (rs1432523, rs3776006, rs11171747, and rs807573) associated with urinary Tot As and four SNPs (rs117605537, rs3776006, rs11171747, and rs148103384) significantly associated with urinary Tmet As concentration (P < 1 × 10-4). The candidate gene study identified two SNPs (PRDX2 rs10427027 and GLRX rs3822751) in genes related to the reduction reaction associated with urinary Tot As and Tmet As. This study suggests that genetic factors may play a role in regulating As metabolism in the human body, affecting both exposure levels and its potential health risks in the general Korean population, even at low exposure levels. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43188-023-00216-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul-Gi Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yong Eom
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ae Lim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 16890 Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Sun Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Jang Kwon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 16890 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seoub Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, 49201 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Dae Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644 Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Duck Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974 Republic of Korea
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Satarug S. Is Environmental Cadmium Exposure Causally Related to Diabetes and Obesity? Cells 2023; 13:83. [PMID: 38201287 PMCID: PMC10778334 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a pervasive toxic metal, present in most food types, cigarette smoke, and air. Most cells in the body will assimilate Cd, as its charge and ionic radius are similar to the essential metals, iron, zinc, and calcium (Fe, Zn, and Ca). Cd preferentially accumulates in the proximal tubular epithelium of the kidney, and is excreted in urine when these cells die. Thus, excretion of Cd reflects renal accumulation (body burden) and the current toxicity of Cd. The kidney is the only organ other than liver that produces and releases glucose into the circulation. Also, the kidney is responsible for filtration and the re-absorption of glucose. Cd is the least recognized diabetogenic substance although research performed in the 1980s demonstrated the diabetogenic effects of chronic oral Cd administration in neonatal rats. Approximately 10% of the global population are now living with diabetes and over 80% of these are overweight or obese. This association has fueled an intense search for any exogenous chemicals and lifestyle factors that could induce excessive weight gain. However, whilst epidemiological studies have clearly linked diabetes to Cd exposure, this appears to be independent of adiposity. This review highlights Cd exposure sources and levels associated with diabetes type 2 and the mechanisms by which Cd disrupts glucose metabolism. Special emphasis is on roles of the liver and kidney, and cellular stress responses and defenses, involving heme oxygenase-1 and -2 (HO-1 and HO-2). From heme degradation, both HO-1 and HO-2 release Fe, carbon monoxide, and a precursor substrate for producing a potent antioxidant, bilirubin. HO-2 appears to have also anti-diabetic and anti-obese actions. In old age, HO-2 deficient mice display a symptomatic spectrum of human diabetes, including hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, increased fat deposition, and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soisungwan Satarug
- Kidney Disease Research Collaborative, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
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Satarug S, Vesey DA, Gobe GC, Phelps KR. Estimation of health risks associated with dietary cadmium exposure. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:329-358. [PMID: 36592197 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03432-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In much of the world, currently employed upper limits of tolerable intake and acceptable excretion of cadmium (Cd) (ECd/Ecr) are 0.83 µg/kg body weight/day and 5.24 µg/g creatinine, respectively. These figures were derived from a risk assessment model that interpreted β2-microglobulin (β2MG) excretion > 300 μg/g creatinine as a "critical" endpoint. However, current evidence suggests that Cd accumulation reduces glomerular filtration rate at values of ECd/Ecr much lower than 5.24 µg/g creatinine. Low ECd/Ecr has also been associated with increased risks of kidney disease, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, cancer, and other disorders. These associations have cast considerable doubt on conventional guidelines. The goals of this paper are to evaluate whether these guidelines are low enough to minimize associated health risks reliably, and indeed whether permissible intake of a cumulative toxin like Cd is a valid concept. We highlight sources and levels of Cd in the human diet and review absorption, distribution, kidney accumulation, and excretion of the metal. We present evidence for the following propositions: excreted Cd emanates from injured tubular epithelial cells of the kidney; Cd excretion is a manifestation of current tissue injury; reduction of present and future exposure to environmental Cd cannot mitigate injury in progress; and Cd excretion is optimally expressed as a function of creatinine clearance rather than creatinine excretion. We comprehensively review the adverse health effects of Cd and urine and blood Cd levels at which adverse effects have been observed. The cumulative nature of Cd toxicity and the susceptibility of multiple organs to toxicity at low body burdens raise serious doubt that guidelines concerning permissible intake of Cd can be meaningful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soisungwan Satarug
- Kidney Disease Research Collaborative, Level 5, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - David A Vesey
- Kidney Disease Research Collaborative, Level 5, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Glenda C Gobe
- Kidney Disease Research Collaborative, Level 5, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence for CKD QLD, UQ Health Sciences, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kenneth R Phelps
- Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
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Seo MN, Eom SY, Lim JA, Lee JE, Choi BS, Kwon HJ, Hong YS, Kim H, Park JD. Effects of Environmental Cadmium Exposure on the Liver in Korean Adults: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Studies. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 84:237-247. [PMID: 36658405 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-023-00982-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant with an exceptionally long biological half-life. The liver is a major organ for Cd metabolism, but the toxicity of Cd is unclear. This study sought to determine whether blood Cd (BCd) level (representing recent exposure [months] to Cd) was associated with liver function in Korean adults, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. The baseline cross-sectional study involved 2,086 adults (male: 908, female: 1,178) in 2010 - 2011, and 503 of them (male: 207, female: 296) were followed up in 2014 - 2015. BCd was measured by graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, and liver function indices (aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], and γ-glutamyltransferase [GGT]) were determined. Liver damage was defined as an abnormal elevation of more than one liver function index. The geometric mean of BCd (1.07 μg/L) was higher in females than in males (1.16 vs. 0.96 μg/L). Liver function indices increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner according to the BCd levels, except for ALT in males, and were higher in males than in females. BCd level was also associated with the risk of liver damage in both sexes. No significant changes in BCd were observed between baseline and follow-up. The liver function indices in 2014 - 2015 were comparable to those in 2010 - 2011 in males, while ALT and GGT were significantly increased in 2014 - 2015 compared to 2010 - 2011 in females with relatively high BCd. These findings suggest that even a low level of environmental Cd exposure, short- and long-term, may affect liver function, and females appear more susceptible than males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Na Seo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974, Korea
| | - Sang-Yong Eom
- College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-Si, 28644, Korea
| | - Ji-Ae Lim
- Graduate School of Public Administration and Law, Dankook University, Yongin-Si, 16890, Korea
| | - Jung-Eum Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974, Korea
| | - Byung-Sun Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974, Korea
| | - Ho-Jang Kwon
- College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-Si, 31116, Korea
| | | | - Heon Kim
- College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-Si, 28644, Korea
| | - Jung-Duck Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974, Korea.
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Lee SG, Kang I, Seo MN, Lee JE, Eom SY, Hwang MS, Park KS, Choi BS, Kwon HJ, Hong YS, Kim H, Park JD. Exposure Levels and Contributing Factors of Various Arsenic Species and Their Health Effects on Korean Adults. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 82:391-402. [PMID: 35132447 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-022-00913-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a human carcinogen. Data on urinary arsenic species analyses of Koreans are limited. This study evaluated the arsenic exposure level, contributing factors, and health effects in Korean adults. Dietary intake information and urine samples were obtained from 2044 participants. Arsenic exposure was assessed based on urinary concentrations of arsenic species, such as inorganic arsenic, As(III) and As(V), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), and arsenobetaine (AsB), using high-performance liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, followed by determination of biomarkers, malondialdehyde and c-peptide. The geometric mean concentrations were 30.9 μg/L for the sum of inorganic arsenic and their metabolites, and 84.7 μg/L for the total sum of arsenic measured. Urinary concentrations of arsenic species were influenced by age, inhabitant area (inland or coastal), and seafood intake, which was positively correlated with inorganic arsenic, DMA, and AsB. Rice intake was positively correlated with inorganic arsenic and its metabolites but not with AsB. Additionally, malondialdehyde and c-peptide levels were significantly associated with urinary concentrations of various arsenic species. Seafood and rice are major sources of organic/inorganic arsenic exposure in Korean adults; however, it is necessary to evaluate whether their overconsumption could have a potentially detrimental effect on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul-Gi Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Korea
| | - Ingu Kang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Korea
| | - Mi-Na Seo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Korea
| | - Jung-Eum Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Korea
| | - Sang-Yong Eom
- College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Korea
| | - Myung-Sil Hwang
- Food Risk Analysis Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju, 28159, Korea
| | - Kyung Su Park
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Byung-Sun Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Korea
| | - Ho-Jang Kwon
- College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 16890, Korea
| | | | - Heon Kim
- College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Korea
| | - Jung-Duck Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Korea.
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Evidence for Ovarian and Testicular Toxicities of Cadmium and Detoxification by Natural Substances. STRESSES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/stresses2010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental toxicant, capable of reducing mitochondrial ATP production and promoting the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with resultant oxidative stress conditions. The ovary and testis are the primary gonads in which female gametes (oocytes) and male gametes (spermatozoa), estrogen and testosterone are produced. These organs are particularly susceptible to Cd cytotoxicity due to their high metabolic activities and high energy demands. In this review, epidemiological and experimental studies examining Cd toxicities in gonads are highlighted together with studies using zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), and natural substances to reduce the effects of Cd on follicular genesis and spermatogenesis. Higher blood concentrations of Cd ([Cd]b) were associated with longer time-to-pregnancy in a prospective cohort study. Cd excretion rate (ECd) as low as 0.8 μg/g creatinine was associated with reduced spermatozoa vitality, while Zn and Se may protect against spermatozoa quality decline accompanying Cd exposure. ECd > 0.68 µg/g creatinine were associated with an increased risk of premature ovarian failure by 2.5-fold, while [Cd]b ≥ 0.34 µg/L were associated with a 2.5-fold increase in the risk of infertility in women. Of concern, urinary excretion of Cd at 0.68 and 0.8 μg/g creatinine found to be associated with fecundity are respectively 13% and 15% of the conventional threshold limit for Cd-induced kidney tubular effects of 5.24 μg/g creatinine. These findings suggest that toxicity of Cd in primary reproductive organs occurs at relatively low body burden, thereby arguing for minimization of exposure and environmental pollution by Cd and its transfer to the food web.
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Vogel N, Murawski A, Schmied-Tobies MIH, Rucic E, Doyle U, Kämpfe A, Höra C, Hildebrand J, Schäfer M, Drexler H, Göen T, Kolossa-Gehring M. Lead, cadmium, mercury, and chromium in urine and blood of children and adolescents in Germany - Human biomonitoring results of the German Environmental Survey 2014-2017 (GerES V). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 237:113822. [PMID: 34454255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Metals reach humans through food and drinking water intake and inhalation of airborne particles and can have detrimental health effects in particular for children. The metals presented here (lead, cadmium, chromium, and mercury) could lead to toxic effects such as neurotoxicity, mutagenicity, and have been classified as (possible) carcinogens. Using population representative data from the German Environmental Survey 2014-2017 (GerES V) from 3- to 17-year-old children on lead and cadmium in blood (n = 720) and on cadmium, chromium, and mercury in urine (n = 2250) we describe current internal exposure levels, and socio-demographic and substance-specific exposure determinants. Average internal exposure (geometric means) in blood was 9.47 μg/L for lead and below 0.06 μg/L (limit of quantification) for cadmium, and in urine 0.072 μg/L for cadmium, 0.067 μg/L for mercury, and 0.393 μg/L for chromium, respectively. Younger children have higher concentrations of lead and chromium compared to 14-17-year-old adolescents, and boys have slightly higher mercury concentrations than girls. With respect to substance specific determinants, higher lead concentrations emerged in participants with domestic fuel and in non-smoking children with smokers in the household, higher levels of cadmium were associated with smoking and vegetarian diet and higher levels of mercury with the consumption of seafood and amalgam teeth fillings. No specific exposure determinants emerged for chromium. The health based guidance value HBM-I was not exceeded for mercury and for cadmium in urine it was exceeded by 0.6% of the study population. None of the exceedances was related to substantial tobacco smoke exposure. Comparisons to previous GerES cycles (GerES II, 1990-1992; GerES IV, 2003-2006) indicate continuously lower levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Vogel
- German Environment Agency (UBA); Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany.
| | - Aline Murawski
- German Environment Agency (UBA); Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | | | - Enrico Rucic
- German Environment Agency (UBA); Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Ulrike Doyle
- German Environment Agency (UBA); Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Alexander Kämpfe
- German Environment Agency (UBA); Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Christian Höra
- German Environment Agency (UBA); Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Jörg Hildebrand
- IPASUM - Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine; Henkestrasse 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Moritz Schäfer
- IPASUM - Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine; Henkestrasse 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans Drexler
- IPASUM - Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine; Henkestrasse 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Göen
- IPASUM - Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine; Henkestrasse 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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Cadmium and Lead Exposure, Nephrotoxicity, and Mortality. TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8040086. [PMID: 33066165 PMCID: PMC7711868 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present review aims to provide an update on health risks associated with the low-to-moderate levels of environmental cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) to which most populations are exposed. Epidemiological studies examining the adverse effects of coexposure to Cd and Pb have shown that Pb may enhance the nephrotoxicity of Cd and vice versa. Herein, the existing tolerable intake levels of Cd and Pb are discussed together with the conventional urinary Cd threshold limit of 5.24 μg/g creatinine. Dietary sources of Cd and Pb and the intake levels reported for average consumers in the U.S., Spain, Korea, Germany and China are summarized. The utility of urine, whole blood, plasma/serum, and erythrocytes to quantify exposure levels of Cd and Pb are discussed. Epidemiological studies that linked one of these measurements to risks of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and mortality from common ailments are reviewed. A Cd intake level of 23.2 μg/day, which is less than half the safe intake stated by the guidelines, may increase the risk of CKD by 73%, and urinary Cd levels one-tenth of the threshold limit, defined by excessive ß2-microglobulin excretion, were associated with increased risk of CKD, mortality from heart disease, cancer of any site and Alzheimer's disease. These findings indicate that the current tolerable intake of Cd and the conventional urinary Cd threshold limit do not provide adequate health protection. Any excessive Cd excretion is probably indicative of tubular injury. In light of the evolving realization of the interaction between Cd and Pb, actions to minimize environmental exposure to these toxic metals are imperative.
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Kang HS, Kwon NJ, Jeong J, Lee K, Lee H. Web-based Korean maximum residue limit evaluation tools: an applied example of maximum residue limit evaluation for trichlorfon in fishery products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:7284-7299. [PMID: 30721433 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04314-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To ensure public safety against veterinary drug residues in food products from animal sources, maximum residue limits (MRLs) should be established by scientific evidence and a transparent estimation process. The Joint Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO) Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) developed an Excel workbook-based tool for MRLs evaluation in 2003. In this study, we developed a web-based tool for MRL evaluation, called Korean MRL evaluation tools (KMET). While KMET used algorithms of JECFA workbook, it added some databases (e.g., Korean food consumption database) and provided additional functions (e.g., selection of target marker residue). Web-based KMET enabled regulatory policy makers to update the database. All input data and output results related to MRL evaluation based on residue depletion and food consumption datasets were archived and provided overall processes from the initial depletion data entry to MRL establishment with user-friendly interface. Our results demonstrated the stepwise processes whereby MRL for trichlorfon in the muscle of Paralichthys olivaceus was established with functional descriptions of KMET. MRL for trichlorfon derived from KMET was proposed and notified by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Seung Kang
- Pesticide and Veterinary Drugs Residue Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, 361-709, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Ji Kwon
- CHEM.I.NET Ltd., Room 302, 773-3, Mok-dong, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jiyoon Jeong
- Pesticide and Veterinary Drugs Residue Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, 361-709, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiyoung Lee
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Hunjoo Lee
- CHEM.I.NET Ltd., Room 302, 773-3, Mok-dong, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
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Choi J, Bae S, Lim H, Lim JA, Lee YH, Ha M, Kwon HJ. Mercury Exposure in Association With Decrease of Liver Function in Adults: A Longitudinal Study. J Prev Med Public Health 2018; 50:377-385. [PMID: 29207447 PMCID: PMC5717329 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.17.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Although mercury (Hg) exposure is known to be neurotoxic in humans, its effects on liver function have been less often reported. The aim of this study was to investigate whether total Hg exposure in Korean adults was associated with elevated serum levels of the liver enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). Methods We repeatedly examined the levels of total Hg and liver enzymes in the blood of 508 adults during 2010-2011 and 2014-2015. Cross-sectional associations between levels of blood Hg and liver enzymes were analyzed using a generalized linear model, and nonlinear relationships were analyzed using a generalized additive mixed model. Generalized estimating equations were applied to examine longitudinal associations, considering the correlations of individuals measured repeatedly. Results GGT increased by 11.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.5 to 18.0%) in women and 8.1% (95% CI, -0.5 to 17.4%) in men per doubling of Hg levels, but AST and ALT were not significantly associated with Hg in either men or women. In women who drank more than 2 or 3 times per week, AST, ALT, and GGT levels increased by 10.6% (95% CI, 4.2 to 17.5%), 7.7% (95% CI, 1.1 to 14.7%), and 37.5% (95% CI,15.2 to 64.3%) per doubling of Hg levels, respectively, showing an interaction between blood Hg levels and drinking. Conclusions Hg exposure was associated with an elevated serum concentration of GGT. Especially in women who were frequent drinkers, AST, ALT, and GGT showed a significant increase, with a significant synergistic effect of Hg and alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghyuk Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sanghyuk Bae
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Hyungryul Lim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Ji-Ae Lim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Yong-Han Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Mina Ha
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Ho-Jang Kwon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
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Cho S, Khan A, Jee SH, Lee HS, Hwang MS, Koo YE, Park YH. High resolution metabolomics to determines the risk associated with bisphenol A exposure in humans. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 58:1-10. [PMID: 29276974 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although high BPA exposure has been correlated with several metabolic diseases, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In the present study, a metabolomics approach was used to explore the metabolic variations caused by low or high BPA exposure in female (n = 96) and male (n = 98) urine. Fatty acid elongation and sphingolipid metabolism were affected by high BPA exposure in males and females. Fatty acid elongation and sphingolipid metabolism were further investigated among age groups consisted of 30-39 yrs old, 40-49 yrs old, and 50-59 yrs old males and females with high or low urinary BPA. High BPA-exposed males in 30 s and females in 40 s were found with significant disturbance in fatty acid elongation and sphingolipid metabolism, respectively. Additionally, females in 40 s showed elevated inflammatory metabolites: 6-ketoprostaglandin E1 and thromboxane. In the present study, we have demonstrated that environmental metabolomics is useful to elucidate the health effects of BPA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongha Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Adnan Khan
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ha Jee
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, and Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Seok Lee
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Sil Hwang
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Eui Koo
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngja H Park
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea.
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Wang Z, Pan L, Liu G, Zhang H, Zhang J, Jiang J, Xiao Y, Bai W, Jiao R, Huang W. Dietary exposure to cadmium of Shenzhen adult residents from a total diet study. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:706-714. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1434319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Wang
- Nutrition and Food Hygiene Division, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Liubo Pan
- Nutrition and Food Hygiene Division, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Guihua Liu
- Nutrition and Food Hygiene Division, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Nutrition and Food Hygiene Division, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Jinzhou Zhang
- Nutrition and Food Hygiene Division, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Nutrition and Food Hygiene Division, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Ying Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Weibin Bai
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Rui Jiao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Nutrition and Food Hygiene Division, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, P.R. China
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Eom SY, Lee YS, Lee SG, Seo MN, Choi BS, Kim YD, Lim JA, Hwang MS, Kwon HJ, Kim YM, Hong YS, Sohn SJ, Park KS, Pyo HS, Kim H, Kim H, Park JD. Lead, Mercury, and Cadmium Exposure in the Korean General Population. J Korean Med Sci 2018; 33:e9. [PMID: 29215818 PMCID: PMC5729657 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2018.33.e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd) are well-known environmental pollutants. They are unnecessary in the biological processes of humans. This study was performed to estimate the representative background exposure levels to the metals by measuring concentrations in whole blood of the Korean general population. METHODS This population-based cross-sectional study included 4,000 subjects (1,886 males and 2,114 females) 0-83 years of age in 2010 and 2011. Adult subjects (≥ 19 years of age) were collected by sex- and age-stratified probability method, and preschool- and school-aged subjects were recruited by a cluster sampling method. Written consent was provided prior to blood sampling. Pb and Cd blood concentrations were determined by a flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and blood Hg was analyzed by a direct Hg analyzer. RESULTS The geometric mean, median and 95th percentile of blood Pb was 1.82 μg/dL, 1.83 μg/dL, and 3.78 μg/dL, respectively. The respective values were 2.92 μg/L, 2.87 μg/L, 9.12 μg/L for Hg, and 0.56 μg/L, 0.59 μg/L, 2.20 μg/L for Cd. Blood Pb and Hg were higher in males than in females, but no sex difference was observed, respectively, in subjects 0-4 years of age for Pb and in subjects less than 20 years for Hg. However, blood Cd was higher in females than in males and no sex difference was observed in subjects < 30 years of age. CONCLUSION This study provides representative data of human exposure to Pb, Hg, and Cd covering whole age groups of the general population in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Yong Eom
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young Sub Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seul Gi Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Na Seo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Sun Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Dae Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Ji Ae Lim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Myung Sil Hwang
- Food Risk Analysis Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Ho Jang Kwon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Yu Mi Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Young Seoub Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Seok Joon Sohn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kyung Su Park
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Soo Pyo
- Biomolecules Function Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Kim
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heon Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jung Duck Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea.
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Eom SY, Seo MN, Lee YS, Park KS, Hong YS, Sohn SJ, Kim YD, Choi BS, Lim JA, Kwon HJ, Kim H, Park JD. Low-Level Environmental Cadmium Exposure Induces Kidney Tubule Damage in the General Population of Korean Adults. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 73:401-409. [PMID: 28819681 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0443-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is the most potent nephrotoxic heavy metal and may affect bone; it also has a long biological half-life in the human body. This study was designed to assess the effect of environmental low-level Cd exposure on kidney function and bone in the general population. The subjects of this cross-sectional study were 1907 healthy Korean adults who had not been exposed to Cd occupationally. We analyzed the concentrations of Cd in the urine, markers of renal tubule damage, such as β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity in the urine, calculated the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using serum creatinine, and measured bone mineral density (BMD). Also, we analyzed malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the urine. The geometric mean concentration of Cd in urine was higher in women (1.36 μg/g creatinine) than in men (0.82 μg/g creatinine). Urinary Cd was significantly positively correlated with urinary β2-MG and NAG activity, whereas it was negatively correlated with eGFR and BMD. The risk of renal tubule damage was significantly associated with urine Cd level, and the association remained significant after controlling for various confounding variables. However, no association was observed between urinary Cd level and glomerular dysfunction or bone damage. The concentration of MDA was increased with urinary Cd level in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that low-level environmental Cd exposure may cause microscopic damage to renal tubules through oxidative stress but might not impair kidney glomeruli or bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yong Eom
- College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Mi-Na Seo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 156-756, Korea
| | - Young-Sub Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 156-756, Korea
| | - Kyung-Su Park
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Seok-Joon Sohn
- College of Medicine, Chonnam University, Kwangju, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Dae Kim
- College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Byung-Sun Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 156-756, Korea
| | - Ji-Ae Lim
- College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Ho-Jang Kwon
- College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Heon Kim
- College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jung-Duck Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 156-756, Korea.
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Eom SY, Hwang MS, Lim JA, Choi BS, Kwon HJ, Park JD, Kim YD, Kim H. Exome-wide association study identifies genetic polymorphisms of C12orf51, MYL2, and ALDH2 associated with blood lead levels in the general Korean population. Environ Health 2017; 16:11. [PMID: 28212632 PMCID: PMC5316181 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0220-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead (Pb) is a ubiquitous toxic metal present in the environment that poses adverse health effects to humans. Inter-individual variation in blood Pb levels is affected by various factors, including genetic makeup. However, limited data are available on the association between genetic variation and blood Pb levels. The purpose of this study was to identify the genetic markers associated with blood Pb levels in the Korean population. METHODS The study subjects consisted of 1,483 healthy adults with no history of occupational exposure to Pb. We measured blood Pb levels and calculated probable daily intake of Pb according to dietary data collected using 24-hour recall. We conducted exome-wide association screening using Illumina Human Exome-12v1.2 platform (n = 500) and a replication analysis using VeraCode Goldengate assay (n = 1,483). RESULTS Among the 244,770 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) tested, 12 SNPs associated with blood Pb level were identified, with suggestive significance level (P < 1 × 10-4). In the Goldengate assay for replication, three SNPs (C12orf51 rs11066280, MYL2 rs12229654, and ALDH2 rs671) were associated with statistically suggestively significant differences in blood Pb levels. When stratified by drinking status, a potential association of C12orf51 rs11066280, MYL2 rs12229654, and ALDH2 rs671 with blood Pb level was observed only in drinkers. A marginally significant gene-environment interaction between ALDH2 rs671 and alcohol consumption was observed in relation to blood Pb levels. The effects of the three suggestively significant SNPs on blood Pb levels was dependent on daily calcium intake amounts. CONCLUSIONS This exome-wide association study indicated that C12orf51 rs11066280, MYL2 rs12229654, and ALDH2 rs671 polymorphisms are linked to blood Pb levels in the Korean population. Our results suggest that these three SNPs are involved in the determination of Pb levels in Koreans via the regulation of alcohol drinking behavior, and that their negative effects may be compensated by appropriate calcium intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yong Eom
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 Korea
| | - Myung Sil Hwang
- Food Risk Analysis Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-Ro, Heungdeok-Gu, Cheongju 28159 Korea
| | - Ji-Ae Lim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, 119 Dandae-Ro, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116 Korea
| | - Byung-Sun Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974 Korea
| | - Ho-Jang Kwon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, 119 Dandae-Ro, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116 Korea
| | - Jung-Duck Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974 Korea
| | - Yong-Dae Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 Korea
| | - Heon Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 Korea
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Representative levels of blood lead, mercury, and urinary cadmium in youth: Korean Environmental Health Survey in Children and Adolescents (KorEHS-C), 2012-2014. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:412-8. [PMID: 27107843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined levels of blood lead and mercury, and urinary cadmium, and associated sociodemographic factors in 3-18 year-old Korean children and adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used the nationally representative Korean Environmental Health Survey in Children and Adolescents data for 2012-2014 and identified 2388 children and adolescents aged 3-18 years. The median and 95th percentile exposure biomarker levels with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Multivariate regression analyses were performed on log transformed exposure biomarker levels adjusted for age, sex, area, household income, and father's education level. The median exposure biomarker levels were compared with data from Germany, the US, and Canada, as well as the levels of Korean children measured at different times. RESULTS The median levels of blood lead and mercury, as well as urinary cadmium were 1.23μg/dL, 1.80μg/L, and 0.40μg/L (95% CIs, 1.21-1.25, 1.77-1.83, and 0.39-0.41, respectively). The blood lead levels were significantly higher in boys and younger children (p<0.0001) and children with less educated fathers (p=0.004) after adjusting for covariates. Urinary cadmium level increased with age (p<0.0001). The median levels of blood mercury and urinary cadmium were much higher in Korean children and adolescents than those in their peers in Germany, the US, and Canada. Blood lead levels tended to decrease with increasing age and divergence between the sexes, particularly in the early teen years. Median levels of blood lead and urinary cadmium decreased since 2010. CONCLUSION Sociodemographic factors, including age, sex, and father's education level were associated with environmental exposure to heavy metals in Korean children and adolescents. These biomonitoring data are valuable for ongoing surveillance of environmental exposure in this vulnerable population.
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Moon CS, Yang HR, Nakatsuka H, Ikeda M. Time trend of cadmium intake in Korea. Environ Health Prev Med 2016; 21:118-28. [PMID: 26902233 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-016-0518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to elucidate past and current levels of cadmium (Cd) intake among the general populations in Korea. METHODS For this purpose, publications reporting dietary intake of cadmium (Cd-D), cadmium concentration in blood (Cd-B) and that in urine (Cd-U) in Korea were retrieved through literature survey for a period from 1975 to 2015. RESULTS In practice, 9, 21 and 14 articles were available on Cd-D, Cd-B and Cd-Ucr (Cd-U as corrected for creatinine concentration), respectively. Linear regression analyses of the reported values as a function of years (i.e., the year when each survey was conducted) showed steady decreases in all of the three exposure markers of Cd-D, Cd-B and Cd-U(cr). Factors possibly contributing for the reduction were discussed including the government-set guideline of 0.2 mg/kg for rice and changes in food habits among general populations. CONCLUSIONS There have been steady decreases in Cd-D, Cd-B and Cd-U(cr). The current estimates for Cd-D, Cd-B and Cd-Ucr were 6.0-7.4 μg/day, 0.73-0.83 μg/L and 0.60-0.95 μg/g cr, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Seok Moon
- Department of Industrial Health, Catholic University of Busan, Busan, 609-757, Korea
| | - Hye-Ran Yang
- Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul, 137-734, Korea
| | - Haruo Nakatsuka
- School of Nursing, Miyagi University, Taiwa-cho, 981-3298, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ikeda
- Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Nishinokyo-Kitatsuboicho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto, 604-8472, Japan.
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Lim H, Lim JA, Choi JH, Kwon HJ, Ha M, Kim H, Park JD. Associations of Low Environmental Exposure to Multiple Metals with Renal Tubular Impairment in Korean Adults. Toxicol Res 2016; 32:57-64. [PMID: 26977259 PMCID: PMC4780232 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2016.32.1.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently several studies reported that the renal toxicity of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) may exist in even a low level exposure. In terms of the deterioration of tubular function, it affects the loss of divalent metals and leads to other complications, so renal tubular effect of heavy metals should be well managed. Considering the exposure to heavy metals in reality, it is hard to find the case that human is exposed to only one heavy metal. We designed a cross-sectional study using Korean Research Project on the Integrated Exposure Assessment (KRIEFS) data to investigate the renal effects of multiple metal exposure in general population. We used blood Pb and urinary Cd as exposure measures, and urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) as renal tubular impairment outcome. We conducted linear regression to identify the association between each heavy metal and urinary NAG and β2-MG. And then, we conducted linear regression including the interaction term. Of 1953 adults in KRIEFS (2010~2011), the geometric mean of blood Pb and urinary Cd concentration was 2.21 μg/dL (geometric SD = 1.49 μg/dL) and 1.08 μg/g cr (geometric SD = 1.98 μg/g cr), respectively. In urinary Cd, the strength of the association was also high after adjusting (urinary NAG: β = 0.44, p < 0.001; urinary β2-MG: β = 0.13, p = 0.002). Finally, we identified the positive interactions for the two renal biomarkers. The interaction effect of the two heavy metals of β2-MG was greater than that of NAG. It is very important in public health perspective if the low level exposure to multiple heavy metals has an interaction effect on kidney. More epidemiological studies for the interaction and toxicological studies on the mechanism are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungryul Lim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Ji-Ae Lim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Jong Hyuk Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Ho-Jang Kwon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Mina Ha
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Heon Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jung-Duck Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chung-ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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