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Jalilvand N, Baghcheghi Y, Fani M, Beheshti F, Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan A, Marefati N, Moghimian M, Hosseini M. The effects of olibanum on male reproductive system damage in a lipopolysaccharide induced systemic inflammation model in rat. Heliyon 2024; 10:e36033. [PMID: 39224335 PMCID: PMC11366910 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a particle of Gram-negative bacteria is a main contributer in the pathogenesis of the male reproductive system infectious. Male infertility due to LPS is reported to be related to overproduction reactive oxygen species. This study aimed to investigate the effects of olibanum on oxidative stress and apoptosis in testes and sperm dysfunction induced by LPS. Methods The male (n = 28) rats were allocated in four groups: control, LPS (1 mg/kg, i.p., 14 days), LPS + Olibanum 100 (100 mg/kg, i.p., 14 days), and LPS + Olibanum 200 (200 mg/kg, i.p., 14 days). Germ cell apoptosis was determined by TUNEL assays and computed using the stereological method. Additionally, semen samples of the animals were analyzed for sperm count and morphology. Oxidative stress indicators were also determined. Results The count of TUNEL-positive germ cells in LPS-treated rats was more than that in the controls. Treatment of the animals with olibanum significantly attenuated the number of apoptotic cells compared to the LPS group. The sperm count and those with a normal morphology in LPS-treated rats was lower than that in the controls. Administration of olibanum significantly improved the sperms with normal morphology and sperm count. Olibanum treatment also improved superoxide dismutase, catalase, and total thiol in testicular tissue and decreased malondialdehyde. Conclusion Administering both doses of olibanum in LPS-treated rats had potentially a therapeutic value in reducing germ cell apoptosis, as well as improving sperm parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjes Jalilvand
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Yousef Baghcheghi
- Student Research Committee, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Fani
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Farimah Beheshti
- Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Alireza Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Narges Marefati
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Moghimian
- Nursing Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Li N, Wang Y, Rao J, Ma Z, Zhang B, Dou Z, Wang K, Qiu F. Chemical profiling and quality evaluation of raw and vinegar-processing frankincense by multiple UPLC-MS/MS techniques. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2024. [PMID: 39107233 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Frankincense is used for analgesic, tumor-suppressive, and anti-inflammatory treatments in Traditional Chinese Medicine but poses toxicological concerns. Vinegar processing is a common technique used to reduce the toxicity of frankincense. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and quality evaluation of raw and vinegar-processing frankincense by multiple UPLC-MS/MS techniques. Additionally, we purposed refining the vinegar processing technique and identifying potentially harmful ingredients in the raw frankincense. METHODOLOGY Sub-chronic oral toxicity studies were conducted on raw and vinegar-processing frankincense in rats. The composition of frankincense was identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Chemometrics were used to differentiate between raw and vinegar-processing frankincense. Potential chemical markers were identified by selecting differential components, which were further exactly determined by UPLC-QQQ-MS/MS. Moreover, the viability of the HepG2 cells of those components with reduced contents after vinegar processing was assessed. RESULTS The toxicity of raw frankincense is attenuated by vinegar processing, among which vinegar-processing frankincense (R40) (herb weight: rice vinegar weight = 40:1) exhibited the lowest toxicity. A total of 83 components were identified from frankincense, including 40 triterpenoids, 37 diterpenoids, and 6 other types. The contents of six components decreased after vinegar-processing, with the lowest levels in R40. Three components, specifically 3α-acetoxy-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA), 3α-acetoxy-α-boswellic acid (α-ABA), and 3α-acetoxy-β-boswellic acid (β-ABA), inhibited the viability of HepG2 cells. The processing of frankincense with vinegar at a ratio of 40:1 could be an effective method of reducing the toxicity in raw frankincense. CONCLUSION Our research improves understanding of the toxic substance basis and facilitates future assessments of frankincense quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinqiu Rao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zicheng Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Bingyang Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiying Dou
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Qiu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Elmaghraby DA, Alsalman GA, Alawadh LH, Al-Abdulqader SA, Alaithan MM, Alnuwaysir BI. Integrated traditional herbal medicine in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorder: the pattern of use and the knowledge of safety among the Eastern Region Saudi population. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:373. [PMID: 37872543 PMCID: PMC10591345 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herbal medicine is commonly integrated with conventional medicine in Saudi Arabia, especially for the management of digestive disorders. However, the majority of Saudis use herbal remedies without prior consultation with a physician, which raises concerns about their appropriate and safe use. The aim of this study was to assess the level of awareness among the Saudi population regarding the proper utilization and potential adverse effects of frequently used herbs for the treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Saudi Arabia from January to March 2021. An electronic self-administered questionnaire was distributed. RESULTS A total of 543 participants from different age groups, educational levels, and cities across Saudi Arabia completed the study questionnaire. The most commonly used herbs at home by the participants were: myrrh, parsley, black seed, chamomile, mint, anise, clove, and green tea. 57.7% of the participants perceived herbs as safer than conventional medicines; 27.3% reported that using herbal remedies over conventional medicine was a family tradition, and 21.4% used herbs because they were cheaper than conventional medicines. CONCLUSION Herbal remedies, including myrrh, parsley, blackseed, chamomile, mint, and anise, are commonly employed for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in Saudi Arabia. However, the knowledge level of participants regarding potential side effects and drug-herb interactions was found to be deficient. As such, there is a pressing need for educational campaigns and community awareness programs to elucidate the proper usage of herbal remedies and to caution against their potential adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Ahmed Elmaghraby
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al Hofuf, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ghufran Adnan Alsalman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al Hofuf, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Layla Hassan Alawadh
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al Hofuf, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Abdulaziz Al-Abdulqader
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al Hofuf, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malak Mohammed Alaithan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al Hofuf, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bayan Ibrahim Alnuwaysir
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al Hofuf, 31982, Saudi Arabia
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Liu T, Bai M, Liu M, Li T, Liao Y, Zhao C, Yao M, Wang J, Wen A, Ding Y. Novel synergistic mechanism of 11-keto-β-boswellic acid and Z-Guggulsterone on ischemic stroke revealed by single-cell transcriptomics. Pharmacol Res 2023:106803. [PMID: 37230158 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Although strides have been made, the challenge of preventing and treating ischemic stroke continues to persist globally. For thousands of years, the natural substances Frankincense and Myrrh have been employed in Chinese and Indian medicine to address cerebrovascular diseases, with the key components of 11-keto-β-boswellic acid (KBA) and Z-Guggulsterone (Z-GS) being the active agents. In this study, the synergistic effect and underlying mechanism of KBA and Z-GS on ischemic stroke were examined using single-cell transcriptomics. Fourteen cell types were identified in KBA-Z-GS-treated ischemic penumbra, and microglia and astrocytes account for the largest proportion. They were further re-clustered into six and seven subtypes, respectively. GSVA analysis reflected the distinct roles of each subtype. Pseudo-time trajectory indicated that Slc1a2 and Timp1 were core fate transition genes regulated by KBA-Z-GS. In addition, KBA-Z-GS synergistically regulated inflammatory reactions in microglia and cellular metabolism and ferroptosis in astrocytes. Most notably, we established an innovative drug-gene synergistic regulation pattern, and genes regulated by KBA-Z-GS were divided into four categories based on this pattern. Finally, Spp1 was demonstrated as the hub target of KBA-Z-GS. Taken together, this study reveals the synergistic mechanism of KBA and Z-GS on cerebral ischemia, and Spp1 may be the synergistic target for that. Precise drug development targeting Spp1 may offer a potential therapeutic approach for treating ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China; Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital Joint Logistics Support Forces of PLA, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Min Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Minna Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The 940th Hospital Joint Logistics Support Forces of PLA, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Tian Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yucheng Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Minna Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Aidong Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Abduraman MA, Mustafa NH, Yaacob NS, Amanah A, Tan ML. Cytochrome P450 inhibition activities of non-standardized botanical products. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 296:115406. [PMID: 35659627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE R-tab, H-tab and E-cap botanical products are used for the treatment of various ailments. R-tab is traditionally prescribed for improving urination, H-tab is for relieving piles, hemorrhoids, fissures, and rectal inflammation and E-cap is for regulating menstruation. AIMS OF THE STUDY To extract the botanical products and determine their potential interaction with the cytochrome P450 (CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4) enzymes. MATERIALS AND METHODS R-tab, H-tab and E-cap botanical products were first extracted using solvents and analyzed using HPLC and LC-MS/MS. The effects of methanol extracts on the cytochrome induction and inhibition activities were determined using a series of in vitro assays, including multiplex RT-qPCR, CYP activity assays (P450-Glo™) and LC-MS/MS-based assays. For the CYP induction assay, omeprazole, rifampicin and dexamethasone were used as CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 inducers, respectively. Ketoconazole and acetaminophen were used as positive and negative controls for the CYP3A4 inhibition assay, whereas furafylline and ketoconazole were used as positive and negative controls for the CYP1A2 inhibition assay. RESULTS All three botanical products did not show any significant induction in CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 mRNA expression. By contrast, R-tab inhibited the mRNA expression of CYP1A2 significantly from the lowest concentration of 0.01 μg/mL, while, H-tab inhibited the mRNA expression of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 from 0.1 μg/mL. Based on the P450 Glo assays, E-cap extract inhibited the metabolic activity of CYP1A2 with an IC50 value of 37.24 μg/mL. On the other hand, R-tab, H-tab and E-cap showed inhibitory effects on the CYP3A4 enzymatic activity with IC50 values of 17.42, 18.20 and 20.60 μg/mL, respectively. However, using the LC-MS/MS-based methods, the concentration-dependent effects of R-tab and H-tab extracts on the metabolism of testosterone appeared to be more prominent, with IC50 values of 51.90 and 56.90 μg/mL as compared with the rest of the results, which were all above 100 μg/mL CONCLUSION: The CYP3A4 mRNA and enzymatic activity were moderately inhibited by R-tab and H-tab. Methanol extract of botanical products in solid dosage forms can be evaluated for their herb-drug interaction risks using in vitro assays and may provide the minimum data required for safety labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nor Hidayah Mustafa
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysa, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Nik Soriani Yaacob
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Azimah Amanah
- Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals & Nutraceuticals (IPharm), National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia (NIBM), 11700, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
| | - Mei Lan Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
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The anti-inflammatory effect of myrrh ethanolic extract in comparison with prednisolone on an autoimmune disease rat model induced by silicate. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:2537-2546. [PMID: 35930173 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune disease is a complex chronic disease that triggers immune activation against autoantigens resulting in tissue damage. Epidemiological data showed that autoimmune diseases are increasing worldwide over the last decades owing to increased environmental pollution. This study investigates the therapeutic effect of myrrh as a natural medicine compared to prednisolone in the treatment of immune-mediated glomerulonephritis induced by silicate. The autoimmune disease model in rats was induced by injecting 5 mg crystalline sodium silicate suspension subcutaneously once weekly for 20 weeks, and then the rats were treated either with myrrh extract or prednisolone or with both for 6 weeks. Liver and kidney function tests, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry of TNF-α expression in kidney tissue were performed. The creatinine significantly elevated in silica-treated group and decreased in other treated groups. Histopathology of the kidney revealed improvement of glomerular and tubular basement thickness in all treated groups, but the inflammatory cell count slightly decreased in the group treated with myrrh than the other treated groups which showed a marked decrease. TNF-α expression was significantly decreased in all treated groups. Interestingly, the myrrh did not produce hepatic lesions and improve the side effect of prednisolone in the liver when taken in combination. Therefore, myrrh extract possessed anti-inflammatory properties and counteracted the side effect of prednisolone on the liver. Myrrh extract can serve as a conjunctive therapy with prednisolone to treat autoimmune diseases.
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Xu JX, Chen LZ, Yang H, Liu YN, Shen T, Lou HX, Ren DM, Xiang L, Wang XN. Three new compounds from the twigs and leaves of Nageia fleuryi Hickel. Nat Prod Res 2022:1-7. [PMID: 35319315 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2053850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Two new diterpenoids, 12,15-di-O-acetylhypargenin B (1) and taiwanin F-12-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), one new monoterpenoid, (S)-7-methyl-3-methyleneoct-6-ene-1,2-diyl diacetate (3), together with eight known compounds (4-11), were obtained from the twigs and leaves of Nageia fleuryi Hickel. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic techniques including HR-ESI-MS and 1 D and 2 D NMR experiments. Spectroscopic data of the known compound 4 were provided for the first time. Compounds 1 and 11 exhibited strong inhibitory activity on LPS-stimulated production of NO in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages, while compounds 1, 3, and 5 showed significant quinone reductase inducing activity in Hepa 1c1c7 murine hepatoma cells. Moreover, compounds 7 and 8 showed inhibitory activity against the proliferation of the human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xin Xu
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Lu-Zhou Chen
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Hu Yang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Nan Liu
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Tao Shen
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Mei Ren
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Lan Xiang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ning Wang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
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Hussain H, Rashan L, Hassan U, Abbas M, Hakkim FL, Green IR. Frankincense diterpenes as a bio-source for drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:513-529. [PMID: 35243948 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2044782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Frankincense (Boswellia sp.) gum resins have been employed as an incense in cultural and religious ceremonies for many years. Frankincense resin has over the years been employed to treat depression, inflammation, and cancer in traditional medicines. AREAS COVERED This inclusive review focuses on the significance of frankincense diterpenoids, and in particular, incensole derivatives for establishment future treatments of depression, neurological disorders, and cancer. The authors survey the available literature and furnish an overview of future perspectives of these intriguing molecules. EXPERT OPINION Numerous diterpenoids including cembrane, prenylaromadendrane, and the verticillane-type have been isolated from various Boswellia resins. Cembrane-type diterpenoids occupy a crucial position in pharmaceutical chemistry and related industries because of their intriguing biological and encouraging pharmacological potentials. Several cembranes have been reported to possess anti-Alzheimer, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and antimalarial effects along with a good possibility to treat anxiety and depression. Although some slight drawbacks of these compounds have been noted, including the selectivity of these diterpenoids, there is a great need to address these in future research endeavors. Moreover, it is vitally important for medicinal chemists to prepare libraries of incensole-heterocyclic analogs as well as hybrid compounds between incensole or its acetate and anti-depressant or anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidayat Hussain
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Luay Rashan
- Medicinal Plants Division, Research Center, Dhofar University, Salalah, Oman
| | - Uzma Hassan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muzaffar Abbas
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Capital University of Science & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Ivan R Green
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Antibacterial, Immunomodulatory, and Lung Protective Effects of Boswelliadalzielii Oleoresin Ethanol Extract in Pulmonary Diseases: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121444. [PMID: 34943656 PMCID: PMC8698344 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, and pneumonia are causing many global health problems. The COVID-19 pandemic has directed the scientific community's attention toward performing more research to explore novel therapeutic drugs for pulmonary diseases. Herein, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry tentatively identified 44 compounds in frankincense ethanol extract (FEE). We investigated the antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of FEE against Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, isolated from patients with respiratory infections. In addition, its in vitro immunomodulatory activity was explored by the detection of the gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). In addition, its anticancer activity against the A549 lung cancer cell line and human skin fibroblast (HSF) normal cell line was studied. Moreover, the in vivo lung protective potential of FEE was explored histologically and immunohistochemically in mice using a benzo(a)pyrene induced lung damage model. FEE exhibited antibacterial and antibiofilm activities besides the significant inhibition of gene expression of TNFα, IL-6, and NF-κB. FEE also exerted a cytotoxic effect against A549 cell line. Histological and immunohistochemical investigations with morphometric analysis of the mean area percentage and color intensity of positive TNF-α, COX-2, and NF-κB and Bcl-2 reactions revealed the lung protective activity of FEE. This study outlined the promising therapeutic activity of oleoresin obtained from B. dalzielii in the treatment of different pulmonary diseases.
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Commiphora myrrh Supplementation Protects and Cures Ethanol-Induced Oxidative Alterations of Gastric Ulceration in Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111836. [PMID: 34829707 PMCID: PMC8614819 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric ulceration is a multifactorial disease defined as a defect in the gastric wall that extends through the muscularis mucosae into the deeper layers of the wall. The most common cause of gastric ulceration is alcohol consumption. In the current study, rats were gavaged by ethanol to investigate the protective (before ethanol) and curative (after ethanol) ability of Commiphora myrrh (myrrh) oil and extract against gastric ulcer oxidative alterations induced by ethanol. Myrrh significantly improved ulcer index, histomorphology, and periodic acid Schiff (PAS) impaired by ethanol. In addition, myrrh improved the antioxidant potential of gastric mucosa through enhancement of nuclear factor related to erythroid 2 (Nrf2), total glutathione (GSH), reduced GSH, and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), along with significant reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Amelioration of gastric oxidative stress by myrrh enables gastric mucosa to counteract the ethanol’s inflammatory and apoptotic processes leading to improved gastric proliferation and healing. Interestingly, myrrh extract showed better protective and curative effects than myrrh oil against gastric ulceration.
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Bu-Olayan AH, Thomas BV. Exposition of respiratory ailments from trace metals concentrations in incenses. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10210. [PMID: 34021185 PMCID: PMC8140077 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89493-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Selected trace metals of importance in different incense before and after the smoldering process were assessed based on the recent respiratory ailments. Marketed perfumed and non-perfumed incense from different countries was separately analyzed using an Inductive coupled Plasma-Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS). A particulate analyzer measured the dispersed particulates (PM2.5) in the indoor environment. The analysis revealed higher mean metals concentrations in the smoldered perfumed incense (1.98 µg g-1) than in the non-smoldered and non-perfumed incense (0.59 µg g-1). Pilot-scale experiments included the smoke dispersed in different sized-rooms, and the distance between the inhaler and the smoldering incense. Simultaneously, a questionnaire distributed to 300 residents from six sampling areas revealed the exposure of incense to human health. This study indicated significant attributes on (a) the room size and incense volume, (b) the permissible inmate's number in a room, (c) the distance between the inmate vicinity and the point of smoldering incense, (d) selectivity of incense, besides the outdoor environmental influence. Furthermore, this study revealed the various categories of respiratory ailments in residents in relation to the frequency of burning incense, prolonged smoke exposure, and the impact of burners although, earlier beneficial effects of incenses were evidenced. This study recommends preventive measures to human respiratory ailments from smoldering incense.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Bu-Olayan
- Department of Chemistry, Kuwait University, Khaldiya Campus, BLDG 48, RM 7, PB 5969, 13060, Safat, Kuwait.
| | - B V Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Kuwait University, Khaldiya Campus, BLDG 48, RM 7, PB 5969, 13060, Safat, Kuwait.
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Al-Harrasi A, Khan AL, Rehman NU, Csuk R. Biosynthetic diversity in triterpene cyclization within the Boswellia genus. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 184:112660. [PMID: 33524859 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This review is not intended to describe the triterpenes isolated from the Boswellia genus, since this information has been covered elsewhere. Instead, the aim is to provide insights into the biosynthesis of triterpenes in Boswellia. This genus, which has 24 species, displays fascinating structural diversity and produces a number of medicinally important triterpenes, particularly boswellic acids. Over 300 volatile components have been reported in the essential oil of Boswellia, and more than 100 diterpenes and triterpenes have been isolated from this genus. Given that no triterpene biosynthetic enzymes have yet been isolated from any members of the Boswellia genus, this review will cover the likely biosynthetic pathways as inferred from structures in nature and the probable types of biosynthetic enzymes based on knowledge of triterpene biosynthesis in other plant species. It highlights the importance of frankincense and the factors and threats affecting its production. It covers triterpene biosynthesis in the genus Boswellia, including dammaranes, tirucallic acids, lupanes, oleananes, ursanes and boswellic acids. Strategies for elucidating triterpene biosynthetic pathways in Boswellia are considered. Furthermore, the possible mechanisms behind wound-induced resin synthesis by the tree and related gene expression profiling are covered. In addition, the influence of the environment and the genotype on the biosynthesis of resin and on variations in the compositions and types of resins will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman.
| | - Abdul Latif Khan
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Najeeb Ur Rehman
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman
| | - René Csuk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Marefati N, Beheshti F, Mokhtari-Zaer A, Shafei MN, Salmani H, Sadeghnia HR, Hosseini M. The effects of Olibanum on oxidative stress indicators, cytokines, brain derived neurotrophic factor and memory in lipopolysaccharide challenged rats. TOXIN REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2020.1855653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Narges Marefati
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farimah Beheshti
- Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Amin Mokhtari-Zaer
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Naser Shafei
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Salmani
- Student Research Committee, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Sadeghnia
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Simões FV, Santos VO, Silva RND, Silva RCD. Effectiveness of skin protectors and calendula officinalis for prevention and treatment of radiodermatitis: an integrative review. Rev Bras Enferm 2020; 73:e20190815. [PMID: 33084806 DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2019-0815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to analyze the effectiveness of skin protectors and Calendula officinalis for prevention and treatment of radiodermatitis. METHOD an integrative review conducted at CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Embase, MEDLINE/PubMed, IBECS, LILACS, and Web of Science. The final sample consisted of five studies, four clinical studies and one preclinical. Critical appreciation and narrative synthesis of the findings were carried out. RESULTS the Cavilon™ skin protector was more effective than Sorbolene (cream with 10% glycerin) and less effective than Mometasone Furoate cream. Calendula officinalis was more effective than Trolamine and essential fatty acids and less effective than Ching Wan Hung® for prevention and treatment of radiodermatitis. CONCLUSION data confirm the potential of Calendula officinalis for prevention and treatment of radiodermatitis and point to promising results regarding skin protector use; however, there is a need for further testing as to the effectiveness of such products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valdete Oliveira Santos
- Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva. Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Wang JJ, Sun HR, Suo XY, Sun H, Wang XL, Jiang JD, Ji TF. Ten undescribed cembrane-type diterpenoids from the gum resin of Boswellia sacra and their biological activities. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 177:112425. [PMID: 32535347 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ten undescribed cembrane-type diterpenes boscartins AL-AU, as well as five known analogues were isolated from Boswellia sacra Flueck. The relative configurations of these boscartins were established by extensive spectroscopic analysis of NMR spectra, IR and MS. The absolute configurations of boscartin AL, boscartin AN and isoincensole oxide were unequivocally assigned by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Meanwhile, the absolute configurations of boscartin AM, boscartin AP and boscartin AQ were determined by an empirical in situ formed Rh-complex ECD method. Biological evaluations showed that four compounds exhibited obvious hepatoprotective activities against paracetamol-induced HepG2 cell damage at 10 μM. Regarding neuroprotective activity, some isolates displayed moderate to evident protective effects against glutamate-induced toxicity in primary cultured fetal rat cortical neurons or oxygen-glucose deprivation toxicity in SK-N-SH Cells at 10 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao-Ran Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yue Suo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Dong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.
| | - Teng-Fei Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.
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Tekulu GH, Desta A, Hiben MG, Araya EM. <p>Anti-Nociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of <em>Hygrophila schulli</em> Leaves</p>. J Inflamm Res 2020; 13:497-505. [PMID: 32943902 PMCID: PMC7481272 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s269717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The management of pain and inflammation with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioid analgesics are currently encountering severe adverse reactions. To overcome these problems, herbal remedies may offer new alternative medicines. Hygrophila schulli is a medicinal plant traditionally used for the treatment of pain and inflammation-related disorders; yet, these claims are not scientifically validated. Hence, this study was aimed to validate the traditional use of Hygrophila schulli leaves as anti-inflammatory and analgesic remedy. Methods In vitro anti-hyaluronidase assay and in vivo carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema model were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory property of ethanolic leaf extract of Hygrophila schulli. Tail immersion and acetic acid-induced writhing tests were performed to determine the central and peripheral analgesic activity of the leaf extract, respectively. Results The ethanolic leaf extract exhibited significant anti-hyaluronidase activity (P<0.001) and significant inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw oedema (P<0.05) compared to untreated controls. Similarly, the extract significantly prolonged the reaction time of mice (P<0.05) for the hot-water stimuli. Furthermore, an oral dose of the extract showed significant inhibition (P<0.01) of acetic acid-induced abdominal contractions of mice. Besides, the ethanolic leaf extract did not cause any obvious sign of acute toxicity at a single oral dose of 2 g/kg. Conclusion The findings of this study may partially support the acclaimed traditional use of Hygrophila schulli leaves for the treatment of pain and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gebretsadkan Hintsa Tekulu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Gebretsadkan Hintsa Tekulu Tel +251 914277916 Email
| | - Abrha Desta
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Mebrahtom Gebrelibanos Hiben
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Ephrem Mebrahtu Araya
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
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Yang K, Zeng L, Ge A, Bao T, Xu T, Xie X, Liu L. Exploring the Regulation Mechanism of Xihuang Pill, Olibanum and β-Boswellic Acid on the Biomolecular Network of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Based on Transcriptomics and Chemical Informatics Methodology. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:825. [PMID: 32595497 PMCID: PMC7300251 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Xihuang Pill (XHP) is mainly used to treat “Ru Yan (breast cancer)”. Evidence-based medical evidence and showed that XHP improves the efficacy of chemotherapy and reduced chemotherapy-induced toxicity in breast cancer patients. However, the mechanism of XHP against breast cancer is not clear. Methods The effect of XHP extract on cell half-inhibitory concentration (IC50) and cell viability of MD-MB-231 cells was detected by CCK-8 method. The cell inhibition rate of MDA-MB-453 cells were detected by MTT method. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry, cell transfer ability was detected by Transwell method, and cell proliferation ability was detected by colony formation assay. The expression of Notch1, β-catenin and c-myc mRNA in MDA-MB-453 cells were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. Then, chemical informatics and transcriptomics methodology was utilized to predict the potential compounds and targets of XHP, and collect triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) genes and the data of Olibanum and β-boswellic acid intervention MD-MB-231 cells (from GSE102891). The cytoscape software was utilized to undergo network construction and network analysis. Finally, the data from the network analysis was imported into the DAVID database for enrichment analysis of signaling pathways and biological processes. Results The IC50 was 15.08 g/L (for MD-MB-231 cells). After interfering with MD-MB-231 cells with 15.08 g/L XHP extract for 72 h, compared with the control group, the cell viability, migration and proliferation was significantly decreased, while early apoptosis and late apoptosis were significantly increased (P < 0.01). After interfering with MDA-MB-453 cells with 6 g/L XHP extract for 72 h, compared with the control group, the cell inhibition and apoptosis rate increased, while the expression of Notch1, β-catenin and c-myc mRNA decreased. (P < 0.05). The chemical informatics and transcriptomics analysis showed that four networks were constructed and analyzed: (1) potential compounds-potential targets network of XHP; (2) XHP-TNBC PPI network; (3) DEGs PPI network of Olibanum-treated MD-MB 231 cells; (4) DEGs PPI network of β-boswellic acid -treated MD-MB 231 cells. Several anti-TNBC biological processes, signaling pathways, targets and so on were obtained. Conclusion XHP may exert anti-TNBC effects through regulating biological processes, signaling pathways, targets found in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailin Yang
- Galactophore Department, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Graduate College, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liuting Zeng
- Graduate College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,School of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Anqi Ge
- Galactophore Department, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Tingting Bao
- Department of Geratology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Clinical Medicine (Xiyuan Hospital), Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Galactophore Department, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaobing Xie
- Galactophore Department, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Lifang Liu
- Galactophore Department, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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Vafaei H, Ajdari S, Hessami K, Hosseinkhani A, Foroughinia L, Asadi N, Faraji A, Abolhasanzadeh S, Bazrafshan K, Roozmeh S. Efficacy and safety of myrrh in patients with incomplete abortion: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:145. [PMID: 32397980 PMCID: PMC7218551 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-02946-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl.) has a long history of traditional use as a herbal medicine for different purposes. In ancient traditional Persian manuscripts, it has been noted that myrrh may act as uterine stimulant and probably cause complete abortion. However, there is no evidence to verify this comment. Therefore, the current study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Myrrh in the treatment of incomplete abortion. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a randomized double-blinded placebo controlled clinical trial, 80 patients with ultrasound-documented retained products of conception (RPOC) were assigned to receive capsules containing 500 mg of Myrrh oleo-gum-resin or a placebo three times a day for 2 weeks. The existence of the retained tissue and its size were evaluated by ultrasound examination at the beginning and end of the study. RESULTS After 2 weeks, the mean diameter of the RPOC in the Myrrh group was significantly reduced compared with the placebo group (P < 0.001). Meanwhile, the rate of successful complete abortion was 82.9% in the intervention group and 54.3% in the placebo group (P = 0.01). The patients in both groups reported no serious drug-related adverse effects. CONCLUSION This study shows that Myrrh is effective and safe in the resolution of the RPOC and may be considered as an alternative option for treatment of patients with incomplete abortion. However, further studies on active compounds isolated from myrrh and their uterine stimulant effects are needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was retrospectively registered at Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (www.irct.ir) IRCT code: IRCT20140317017034N7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homeira Vafaei
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sara Ajdari
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kamran Hessami
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ayda Hosseinkhani
- Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Leila Foroughinia
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Box Hill Hospital, FRANZCOG Eastern Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nasrin Asadi
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Maternal- Fetal Medicine (Perinatology), Hafez Hospital, Chamran Ave, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azam Faraji
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Khadije Bazrafshan
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shohreh Roozmeh
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Ho TJ, Chen JK, Li TS, Lin JH, Hsu YH, Wu JR, Tsai WT, Chen HP. The curative effects of the traditional Chinese herbal medicine "Jinchuang ointment" on excisional wounds. Chin Med 2020; 15:41. [PMID: 32377230 PMCID: PMC7195791 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00324-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND "Jinchuang ointment" is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine for external incised wounds. This herbal medicine has been successfully used to treat patients with diabetic foot ulcers and pressure sores in Taiwan for several decades. We previously examined its biological activities on cell-based in vitro assay platforms. Because some patients refused to use animal-derived ingredients ointment during our clinical practice, the efficacy of plant oil-based reconstituted "Jinchuang ointment" was also investigated. METHODS A porcine excisional wound model was established and used to evaluate its efficacy in vivo in this study. Besides, an unusual clinical case is also present. RESULTS As judged from the wound appearance of animal studies on day 14 and the results of blood flow flux at the wound sites on day 28, "Jinchuang ointment" accelerated wound closure significantly better than the control group. CONCLUSIONS The results from clinical treatment, histopathological evaluation, and the animal study showed that "Jinchung ointment" promotes wound healing significantly better than the control group. Also, sesame oil-reconstituted ointment can be a choice for patients who refuse to use lard-containing ointment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Jung Ho
- Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, 97002 Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, 97002 Taiwan
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004 Taiwan
| | - Jhong-Kuei Chen
- Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, 97002 Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, 97002 Taiwan
| | - Tzong Shiun Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua County, 50008 Taiwan
- Innovation Research Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua County, 50008 Taiwan
| | - Jung-Hsing Lin
- Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, 97002 Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, 701, Sec 3, Zhongyang Road, Hualien, 97004 Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiang Hsu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004 Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, 97002 Taiwan
| | - Jia-Ru Wu
- Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, 97002 Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Tsai
- Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, 97002 Taiwan
| | - Hao-Ping Chen
- Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, 97002 Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, 701, Sec 3, Zhongyang Road, Hualien, 97004 Taiwan
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Anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities of frankincense: Targets, treatments and toxicities. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 80:39-57. [PMID: 32027979 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The oleogum resins of Boswellia species known as frankincense have been used for ages in traditional medicine in India, China and the Arabian world independent of its use for cultural and religious rituals in Europe. During the past two decades, scientific investigations provided mounting evidence for the therapeutic potential of frankincense. We conducted a systematic review on the anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities of Boswellia species and their chemical ingredients (e.g. 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β boswellic acid, α- and β-boswellic acids, 11-keto-β-boswellic acid and other boswellic acids, lupeolic acids, incensole, cembrenes, triterpenediol, tirucallic acids, and olibanumols). Frankincense acts by multiple mechanisms, e.g. by the inhibition of leukotriene synthesis, of cyclooxygenase 1/2 and 5-lipoxygenase, of oxidative stress, and by regulation of immune cells from the innate and acquired immune systems. Furthermore, frankincense modulates signaling transduction responsible for cell cycle arrest and inhibition of proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Clinical trials showed the efficacy of frankincense and its phytochemicals against osteoarthritis, multiple sclerosis, asthma, psoriasis and erythematous eczema, plaque-induced gingivitis and pain. Frankincense revealed beneficial effects towards brain tumor-related edema, but did not reduce glioma size. Even if there is no treatment effect on brain tumors itself, the management of glioma-associated edema may represent a desirable improvement. The therapeutic potential against other tumor types is still speculative. Experimental toxicology and clinical trials revealed only mild adverse side effects. More randomized clinical trials are required to estimate the full clinical potential of frankincense for cancer therapy.
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Parisio C, Lucarini E, Micheli L, Toti A, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Antonini G, Panizzi E, Maidecchi A, Giovagnoni E, Lucci J, Ghelardini C. Researching New Therapeutic Approaches for Abdominal Visceral Pain Treatment: Preclinical Effects of an Assembled System of Molecules of Vegetal Origin. Nutrients 2019; 12:nu12010022. [PMID: 31861862 PMCID: PMC7019336 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal pain is a frequent symptom of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Although the knowledge of these pathologies is progressing, new therapeutic strategies continue to be investigated. In the present study, the effect of a system of molecules of natural origin (a medical device according to EU Directive 93/42/EC, engineered starting from Boswellia serrata resins, Aloe vera polysaccharides and Matricaria chamomilla and Melissa officinalis polyphenols) was evaluated against the intestinal damage and visceral pain development in DNBS-induced colitis model in rats. The system (250 and 500 mg kg−1) was orally administered once daily, starting three days before the injection of 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (DNBS) and for 14 days thereafter. The viscero-motor response (VMR) to colon-rectal balloon distension (CRD) was used as measure of visceral sensitivity. The product significantly reduced the VMR of DNBS-treated animals. Its effect on pain threshold was better than dexamethasone and mesalazine, and not lower than amitriptyline and otilonium bromide. At microscopic and macroscopic level, the tested system was more effective in protecting the intestinal mucosa than dexamethasone and mesalazine, promoting the healing of tissue lesions. Therefore, we suggest that the described system of molecules of natural origin may represent a therapeutic option to manage painful bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Parisio
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (C.P.); (E.L.); (L.M.); (A.T.); (C.G.)
| | - Elena Lucarini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (C.P.); (E.L.); (L.M.); (A.T.); (C.G.)
| | - Laura Micheli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (C.P.); (E.L.); (L.M.); (A.T.); (C.G.)
| | - Alessandra Toti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (C.P.); (E.L.); (L.M.); (A.T.); (C.G.)
| | - Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (C.P.); (E.L.); (L.M.); (A.T.); (C.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-055-275-8395
| | - Giulia Antonini
- Aboca SpA Società Agricola, Innovation & Medical Science Division, Loc. Aboca 20, 52037 Sansepolcro (AR), Italy; (G.A.); (E.P.); (A.M.); (E.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Elena Panizzi
- Aboca SpA Società Agricola, Innovation & Medical Science Division, Loc. Aboca 20, 52037 Sansepolcro (AR), Italy; (G.A.); (E.P.); (A.M.); (E.G.); (J.L.)
- Natural Bio-Medicine SpA, Loc. Aboca 20, 52037 Sansepolcro (AR), Italy
| | - Anna Maidecchi
- Aboca SpA Società Agricola, Innovation & Medical Science Division, Loc. Aboca 20, 52037 Sansepolcro (AR), Italy; (G.A.); (E.P.); (A.M.); (E.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Emiliano Giovagnoni
- Aboca SpA Società Agricola, Innovation & Medical Science Division, Loc. Aboca 20, 52037 Sansepolcro (AR), Italy; (G.A.); (E.P.); (A.M.); (E.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Jacopo Lucci
- Aboca SpA Società Agricola, Innovation & Medical Science Division, Loc. Aboca 20, 52037 Sansepolcro (AR), Italy; (G.A.); (E.P.); (A.M.); (E.G.); (J.L.)
- Natural Bio-Medicine SpA, Loc. Aboca 20, 52037 Sansepolcro (AR), Italy
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba-Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (C.P.); (E.L.); (L.M.); (A.T.); (C.G.)
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Seeing the Unseen of the Combination of Two Natural Resins, Frankincense and Myrrh: Changes in Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24173076. [PMID: 31450584 PMCID: PMC6749531 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
For the treatment of diseases, especially chronic diseases, traditional natural drugs have more effective therapeutic advantages because of their multi-target and multi-channel characteristics. Among many traditional natural medicines, resins frankincense and myrrh have been proven to be effective in the treatment of inflammation and cancer. In the West, frankincense and myrrh have been used as incense in religious and cultural ceremonies since ancient times; in traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine, they are used mainly for the treatment of chronic diseases. The main chemical constituents of frankincense and myrrh are terpenoids and essential oils. Their common pharmacological effects are anti-inflammatory and anticancer. More interestingly, in traditional Chinese medicine, frankincense and myrrh have been combined as drug pairs in the same prescription for thousands of years, and their combination has a better therapeutic effect on diseases than a single drug. After the combination of frankincense and myrrh forms a blend, a series of changes take place in their chemical composition, such as the increase or decrease of the main active ingredients, the disappearance of native chemical components, and the emergence of new chemical components. At the same time, the pharmacological effects of the combination seem magically powerful, such as synergistic anti-inflammation, synergistic anticancer, synergistic analgesic, synergistic antibacterial, synergistic blood-activation, and so on. In this review, we summarize the latest research on the main chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of these two natural resins, along with chemical and pharmacological studies on the combination of the two.
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Vitali M, Naim Rodriguez N, Pironti P, Drossinos A, Di Carlo G, Chawla A, Gianfranco F. ESWT and nutraceutical supplementation (Tendisulfur Forte) vs ESWT-only in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis, Achilles tendinopathy, and rotator cuff tendinopathy: a comparative study. J Drug Assess 2019; 8:77-86. [PMID: 31105990 PMCID: PMC6508015 DOI: 10.1080/21556660.2019.1605370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (ESWT) in combination with the dietary supplement Tendisulfur Forte in the treatment of shoulder tendinopathy, lateral epicondylitis, and Achilles tendinopathy. Methods: Patients were sub-divided for each pathology into two equal sized groups of 15: one treated with ESWT supplemented with Tendisulfur Forte, and the other treated with ESWT only. Shoulder functionality was measured through the UCLA shoulder score. Treatment of epicondylitis was assessed with the Mayo elbow score. Achilles tendinopathy was measured with the VISA-A score. Pain through the various groups of the study was measures with the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Results: Patients in the Tendisulfur Forte group had overall better functional and VAS scale scores for shoulder tendinopathy, elbow epicondylitis, and Achilles tendinopathy. UCLA scores for shoulder tendinopathy showed significant results at 60 days in the Tendisulfur Forte group (p = 0.0002). Mayo scores in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis was significant at 60 days in the study group (p < 0.0001). Achilles tendinopathy was improved in the study group at 30 days (p < 0.0001). VAS scales were significant for each pathology at 60 days (p < 0.0001). In addition, NSAIDs consumption was greatly reduced and, in most cases, stopped in the Tendisulfur Forte Groups. Conclusion: Concerning the results obtained, this paper underlines the effectiveness of combined treatment of ESWT plus Tendisulfur Forte, in the absence of side-effects. Indeed, oral supplementation lead to a faster recovery and better outcomes with a significant reduction in NSAIDs consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Vitali
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Pierluigi Pironti
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Andreas Drossinos
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaia Di Carlo
- International MD Program, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Anshuman Chawla
- International MD Program, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Fraschini Gianfranco
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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24
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Zhuang Gu Guan Jie Wan: Reasonable Application Can Alleviate the Liver Injury for Osteoarthritis Treatment. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:6716529. [PMID: 30538762 PMCID: PMC6260402 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6716529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The potential toxicity of herbal drugs, particularly drug-induced liver injury (DILI), has received extensive attention as the use of Chinese herbal medicine has rapidly increased globally. As a classic Chinese patent medicine, Zhuang Gu Guan Jie Wan (ZGGJW) has been brought into focus recently because of its satisfactory therapeutic effects on osteoarthritis (OA) as well as its unanticipated side effects. This study aimed to decipher the puzzling phenomenon of liver injury developing in response to ZGGJW that varies by the subtype of OA. Normal, anterior cruciate ligament transaction (ACLT) and partial medial meniscectomy (MMx) induced OA and ovariectomy combined with ACLT and partial MMx induced rat models were used and treated orally with ZGGJW or distilled water for 30 days. The results from histopathology, biochemistry, and immunohistochemistry showed that ZGGJW induced liver injury, increased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), and decreased the levels of total antioxidation capability (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), interleukin-22 (IL-22), and signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3 (STAT3) in the liver of normal rats, while liver injury was alleviated and showed different tendencies in the above markers for ACLT and partial MMx induction rats and ovariectomy combined with ACLT and partial MMx induction rats after ZGGJW treatment. In the OA disease states, hepatic injury induced by ZGGJW could be associated with an impairment in antioxidant capacity and the high levels of IL-22 and STAT3 after ZGGJW treatment may be responsible for the slight hepatic injury of ZGGJW based on the subtype of OA. This study provides a novel approach to better understanding of the risks and limitations when using potentially toxic Chinese patent medicine in clinical applications.
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25
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Kim HL, Jung Y, Park J, Youn DH, Kang J, Lim S, Lee BS, Jeong MY, Choe SK, Park R, Ahn KS, Um JY. Farnesol Has an Anti-obesity Effect in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice and Induces the Development of Beige Adipocytes in Human Adipose Tissue Derived-Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:654. [PMID: 29033835 PMCID: PMC5627035 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipocytes dissipate energy as heat and hence have an important therapeutic capacity for obesity. Development of brown-like adipocytes (also called beige) is also another attractive target for obesity treatment. Here, we investigated the effect of farnesol, an isoprenoid, on adipogenesis in adipocytes and on the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) as well as on the weight gain of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Farnesol inhibited adipogenesis and the related key regulators including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α through the up-regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase in 3T3-L1 murine adipocytes and human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs). Farnesol markedly increased the expression of uncoupling protein 1 and PPARγ coactivator 1 α in differentiated hAMSCs. In addition, farnesol limited the weight gain in HFD obese mice and induced the development of beige adipocytes in both inguinal and epididymal WAT. These results suggest that farnesol could be a potential therapeutic agent for obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Lin Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Regulation, Graduate School, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Yunu Jung
- College of Korean Medicine, Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Regulation, Graduate School, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea.,Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Jinbong Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Regulation, Graduate School, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Youn
- College of Korean Medicine, Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Regulation, Graduate School, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea.,Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - JongWook Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Regulation, Graduate School, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea.,Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Seona Lim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Beom Su Lee
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Mi-Young Jeong
- College of Korean Medicine, Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Regulation, Graduate School, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Seong-Kyu Choe
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, School of Medicine, Wonkwang UniversityIksan, South Korea
| | - Raekil Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and TechnologyGwangju, South Korea
| | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- College of Korean Medicine, Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Regulation, Graduate School, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Young Um
- College of Korean Medicine, Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Regulation, Graduate School, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoul, South Korea
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