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Nhara RB, Marume U, Nantapo CWT. Potential of Organic Acids, Essential Oils and Their Blends in Pig Diets as Alternatives to Antibiotic Growth Promoters. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:762. [PMID: 38473146 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the years, the use of management and feeding strategies to enhance pig productivity while minimizing the use of antibiotic growth promoters has grown. Antibiotic growth promoters have been widely used as feed additives to reduce diet-related stress and improve pig performance. However, increasing concern about the consequences of long-term and increased use of antibiotic growth promoters in animal production has led to a paradigm shift towards the use of natural organic alternatives such as plant essential oils and organic acids in pig nutrition to enhance growth. Antibiotic growth promoters endanger human health by allowing multidrug-resistant genes to be transferred horizontally from non-pathogenic to pathogenic bacteria, as well as directly between animals and humans. Scientific research shows that alternative growth promoters such as essential oils and organic acids appear to improve pigs' ability to prevent pathogenic bacteria from colonizing the intestinal system, stabilizing the gut microflora and promoting eubiosis, as well as improving immunity and antioxidant stability. The purpose of this review was to provide an in-depth review of organic acids and essential oils as growth promoters in pig production, as well as their effects on productivity and meat quality. Organic acids and essential oils in pig diets are a safe way to improve pig performance and welfare while producing antibiotic-free pork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumbidzai Blessing Nhara
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture Science, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, P Bag X 2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Department of Livestock, Wildlife and Fisheries, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo P.O. Box 1235, Zimbabwe
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, P Bag X 2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Upenyu Marume
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture Science, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, P Bag X 2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, P Bag X 2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Carlos Wyson Tawanda Nantapo
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture Science, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, P Bag X 2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, P Bag X 2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
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Nuamah E, Poaty Ditengou JIC, Hirwa F, Cheon I, Chae B, Choi NJ. Dietary Supplementation of Tannins: Effect on Growth Performance, Serum Antioxidant Capacity, and Immunoglobins of Weaned Piglets-A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:236. [PMID: 38397834 PMCID: PMC10886058 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the swine industry has witnessed the withdrawal of antibiotics and continuous regulation of zinc and copper oxides in the early-life nutrition of piglets. Due to this development, alternative additives from plant sources have been extensively explored. Therefore, this study's objective was to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with tannins on weaned piglets' growth performance, serum antioxidant capacity, and serum immune status using a systematic review and meta-analysis approach. A total of 16 studies with parameters of interest were deemed eligible after a two-step screening process following a comprehensive literature search in the scientific databases of Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The inclusion criteria were mainly (1) studies involving basal diet supplemented with tannins and (2) studies with the quantification of tannin doses, while the exclusion criteria were (1) studies with pre- and post-weaning pigs and (2) challenged studies. Applying the random-effects models, Hedges' g effect size of supplementation with tannins was calculated using R software to determine the standardized mean difference (SMD) at a 95% confidence interval. Sub-group analysis and meta-regression further explored heterogeneity (PSMD < 0.05, I2 > 50%, n ≥ 10). Supplementation with tannins reduced the feed conversion ratio (p < 0.01) but increased the final body weight (p < 0.01) of weaned piglets. Chestnut and grape seed proanthocyanidin tannin sources yielded higher effects on growth performance. In addition, meta-regression models indicated that tannin dosage and supplementation duration were directly associated with tannins' effectiveness on productive performance. In the serum, the concentration of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant capacity were elevated (p < 0.01) in response to tannin supplementation, whereas malondialdehydes was reduced (p < 0.01). Likewise, increased immunoglobin M and G levels (p < 0.01) were detected. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with tannins, particularly with chestnut and grape seed proanthocyanidins, increases the productivity of weaned piglets. At the same time, it is a possible nutritional strategy to mitigate oxidative stress and stimulate gut health. Thus, supplementing chestnut and grape seed proanthocyanidin tannins in the early phase of swine production could be used to alleviate the incidence of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Nuamah
- Department of Animal Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; (J.I.C.P.D.); (F.H.); (I.C.); (B.C.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nag-Jin Choi
- Department of Animal Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; (J.I.C.P.D.); (F.H.); (I.C.); (B.C.)
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Liu HY, Zhu C, Zhu M, Yuan L, Li S, Gu F, Hu P, Chen S, Cai D. Alternatives to antibiotics in pig production: looking through the lens of immunophysiology. STRESS BIOLOGY 2024; 4:1. [PMID: 38163818 PMCID: PMC10758383 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-023-00134-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
In the livestock production system, the evolution of porcine gut microecology is consistent with the idea of "The Hygiene Hypothesis" in humans. I.e., improved hygiene conditions, reduced exposure to environmental microorganisms in early life, and frequent use of antimicrobial drugs drive immune dysregulation. Meanwhile, the overuse of antibiotics as feed additives for infectious disease prevention and animal growth induces antimicrobial resistance genes in pathogens and spreads related environmental pollutants. It justifies our attempt to review alternatives to antibiotics that can support optimal growth and improve the immunophysiological state of pigs. In the current review, we first described porcine mucosal immunity, followed by discussions of gut microbiota dynamics during the critical weaning period and the impacts brought by antibiotics usage. Evidence of in-feed additives with immuno-modulatory properties highlighting probiotics, prebiotics, and phytobiotics and their cellular and molecular networking are summarized and reviewed. It may provide insights into the immune regulatory mechanisms of antibiotic alternatives and open new avenues for health management in pig production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agricultural & Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chuyang Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Miaonan Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Long Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Shicheng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Fang Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Ping Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Shihao Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agricultural & Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Demin Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agricultural & Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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Xiao X, Guo K, Liu J, Liu Y, Yang C, Xu Y, Deng B. The Effect of Sodium Alginate-Coated Nano-Zinc Oxide on the Growth Performance, Serum Indexes and Fecal Microbial Structure of Weaned Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:146. [PMID: 38200877 PMCID: PMC10778004 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
High dose of zinc oxide (ZnO) could improve growth performance and alleviate disease status, whereas it caused serious environmental pollution and bacterial resistance. This study was to investigate whether low doses of sodium alginate-coated nano zinc oxide (saZnO), a new type of zinc resource, could serve as a potential alternative to pharmacological doses of traditional ZnO in weaned piglets. A total of 144 crossbred piglets were randomly allocated into three groups, including a basal diet without the addition of Zn (CON), a basal diet with 1600 mg Zn/kg from traditional ZnO (ZnO), and a basal diet with 500 mg Zn/kg from saZnO (saZnO). The experiment lasted for 28 days. The results showed that supplementing with ZnO and saZnO for 14 and 28 days significantly improved body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) (p < 0.01) and markedly reduced the feed intake-to-gain ratio (F/G) (p < 0.05) and diarrhea rate. In addition, dietary ZnO and saZnO significantly increased the activities of the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (p < 0.01). Supplementing with saZnO also promoted the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), IgM and copper- and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) in serum (p < 0.05), whereas a ZnO addition decreased the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) (p < 0.05), indicating the beneficial effect of Zn on antioxidant and immune functions. Piglets fed the ZnO diet showed higher serum Zn accumulations than those fed the CON and saZnO diets at d 28 (p < 0.01), and supplementing with ZnO and saZnO markedly contributed to Zn excretion in feces, especially in the ZnO diet (p < 0.01). Additionally, piglets fed the saZnO diet had greater valeric acid concentrations (p < 0.05) in their feces, while other short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were not affected by different treatments (p > 0.05). Microbial alpha diversity was reduced in the saZnO group compared with the CON group (p < 0.05), while an obvious separation of microbial composition, the marker of beta diversity, was shown among the three groups (p < 0.05). At the genus level, six genera, including Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Terrisporobacter, f_Muribaculaceae, Subdoligranulum and Intestinibacter, were pronouncedly increased in the ZnO and saZnO groups (p < 0.05); another nine species were dramatically downregulated, such as f_Lachnospiraceae, f_Prevotellaceae, f_Butyricicoccaceae and f_Ruminococcaceae (p < 0.05). Finally, a functional analysis indicated that altered microbes significantly changed the "Metabolism" pathway (p < 0.05). These findings suggested that saZnO could act as a feasible substitute for ZnO to reduce Zn emission and enhance growth performance, antioxidant and immune functions, and to adjust the structure of gut microbiota in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (X.X.); (K.G.); (Y.X.)
| | - Kai Guo
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (X.X.); (K.G.); (Y.X.)
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Zhejiang Vegamax Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Anji, Huzhou 313300, China; (J.L.); (Y.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Yulan Liu
- Zhejiang Vegamax Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Anji, Huzhou 313300, China; (J.L.); (Y.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Caimei Yang
- Zhejiang Vegamax Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Anji, Huzhou 313300, China; (J.L.); (Y.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Yinglei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health and Internet Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (X.X.); (K.G.); (Y.X.)
| | - Bo Deng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
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Zheng W, Zhao Z, Yang Y, Ding L, Yao W. The synbiotic mixture of lactulose and Bacillus coagulans protects intestinal barrier dysfunction and apoptosis in weaned piglets challenged with lipopolysaccharide. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:80. [PMID: 37301956 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00882-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactulose as an effective prebiotic protects intestinal mucosal injury. Bacillus coagulans is widely used in feed additives because of its ability to promote intestinal health. Our previous study suggests that the combination of lactulose and Bacillus coagulans may be a good candidate as alternative for antibiotic growth promoters. However, the in vivo effects of lactulose and Bacillus coagulans on growth and intestinal health under immune challenge in piglets remains unclear. The objective of this study is to explore the protective effects of synbiotic containing lactulose and Bacillus coagulans on the intestinal mucosal injury and barrier dysfunction under immune challenge in weaned piglets. METHODS Twenty four weaned piglets were assigned to 4 groups. Piglets in the CON-saline and LPS-LPS group were fed the basal diet, while others were fed either with chlortetracycline (CTC) or synbiotic mixture of lactulose and Bacillus coagulans for 32 d before injection of saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Piglets were sacrificed 4 h after LPS injection to collect samples to determine intestinal morphology, integrity and barrier functions as well as relative genes and proteins. RESULTS Our data showed that no differences were observed in the growth performance of the four test groups. LPS injection induced higher serum diamine oxidase activities, D-lactic acid levels, and endotoxin status, lower villus height and ratio of villus height to crypt depth, greater mRNA and lower protein expression related tight junction in both jejunum and ileum. In addition, a higher apoptosis index, and protein expression of Bax and caspase-3 were also observed in the LPS challenge group. Interestingly, dietary synbiotic mixture with lactulose and Bacillus coagulans protected against LPS-induced intestinal damage, barrier dysfunction and higher apoptosis as well as CTC. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that dietary supplementation of synbiotic mixture with lactulose and Bacillus coagulans showed resilience to LPS-induced intestinal morphological damage, barrier dysfunction and aggressive apoptosis in piglets as well as the protective effects of CTC. These results indicate that synbiotic mixture of lactulose and Bacillus coagulans showed beneficial effects on performance and resilience to acute immune stress in weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijiang Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zuyan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunnan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liren Ding
- National Experimental Teaching Center for Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
- Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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Tsekouras N, Meletis E, Kostoulas P, Labronikou G, Athanasakopoulou Z, Christodoulopoulos G, Billinis C, Papatsiros VG. Detection of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Clostridia in the Aetiology of Neonatal Piglet Diarrhoea: Important Factors for Their Prevention. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13051092. [PMID: 37240738 DOI: 10.3390/life13051092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to research the involvement of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and C. difficile or C. perfringens type C in the aetiology of neonatal piglet diarrhoea in Greece and to identify preventive factors for them. A total of 78 pooled faecal samples were collected randomly from 234 suckling piglets (1-4 days of age) with diarrhoea from 26 pig farms (3 piglets × 3 litters × 26 farms = 234 piglets = 78 faecal pool samples). The collected samples were initially screened for the presence of E. coli and C. difficile or C. perfringens via cultivation on MacConkey and anaerobic blood agar, respectively. Subsequently, the samples were pooled on ELUTE cards. From samples tested, 69.23% of those in the farms were ETEC F4-positive, 30.77% were ETEC F5-positive, 61.54% ETEC were F6-positive, 42.31% were ETEC F4- and E. coli enterotoxin LT-positive, 19.23% were ETEC F5- and LT-positive, 42.31% were ETEC F6- and LT-positive, while LT was found in 57.69% of those in the farms. C. difficile was involved in many cases and identified as an emerging neonatal diarrhoea etiological agent. Specifically, Toxin A of C. difficile was found in 84.62% and Toxin B in 88.46% of those in the farms. Antibiotic administration to sows in combination with probiotics or acidifiers was revealed to reduce the detection of antigens of ETEC and the enterotoxin LT of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Tsekouras
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Meletis
- Faculty of Public and Integrated Health, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Polychronis Kostoulas
- Faculty of Public and Integrated Health, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | | | - Zoi Athanasakopoulou
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Georgios Christodoulopoulos
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, Botanikos, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Charalambos Billinis
- Faculty of Public and Integrated Health, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Vasileios G Papatsiros
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
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Chen H, Zhou Y, Yao Q, Jiang H, Zhu H. Tahibacter harae sp. nov., isolated from pig farm soil in Guangdong, PR China. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73. [PMID: 37083489 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In the process of exploring the microbial diversity of pig farms, a Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming, non-motile bacterial strain, designated P2KT, was isolated from soil sample collected at a pig farm, Guangdong Province, PR China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain P2KT belonged to the genus Tahibacter, with the highest sequence similarity to Tahibacter aquaticus PYM5-11T (98.6%) and Tahibacter caeni BUT-6T (98.3 %). The genome size of strain P2KT was 6.0 Mb with a DNA G+C content of 68.3 mol%. Average nucleotide identity values between strain P2KT and the type strains of the genus Tahibacter were 81.1-81.6 %. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between P2KT and these relative species were 24.5-25.6%. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unknown aminolipids, two unknown lipids and three unknown phospholipids. The major respiratory quinone of strain P2KT was ubiquinone Q-8, and the main fatty acids (>10.0 % of total fatty acids) of strain P2KT were iso-C15:0, iso-C16:0 and summed feature 9 (C16:0 10-methyl and/or iso-C17:1 ω9c). Based on phenotypic and genotypic data, strain P2KT represents a novel species within the genus Tahibacter, for which the name Tahibacter harae sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain P2KT (=GDMCC 1.3107T=JCM 35231T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixin Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC), Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, PR China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC), Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, PR China
| | - Qing Yao
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Hongxia Jiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Honghui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC), Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, PR China
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Oanh NC, Thu CTT, Hong NT, Giang NTP, Hornick JL, Dang PK. Growth performance, meat quality, and blood characteristics of finisher crossbred pigs fed diets supplemented with different levels of green tea ( Camellia sinensis) by-products. Vet World 2023; 16:27-34. [PMID: 36855349 PMCID: PMC9967713 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.27-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Dietary supplementation with green tea by-product shows special effects on animal parameters. This study aimed to assess the effects of green tea by-products (GTBP) in the diet on some blood parameters, growth performance, and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs and on meat quality, and nutritional composition of pork. Materials and Methods One hundred and sixty crossbred pigs with an initial body weight of 65.15 ± 0.38 kg, were distributed into four dietary treatments, with four replicates of 10 pigs each. The dietary treatments were a basal diet (control diet, CON), and three experimental diets (GTBP8, GTBP16, and GTBP24) based on the CON diet supplemented with GTBP at 8, 16, and 24 g/kg of feed. The studied parameters were examined during the experimental period of 10 weeks. Results No statistical differences in average daily feed intake, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio were observed between the diet treatments (p > 0.05). Backfat thickness decreased (linear, p < 0.05) according to the GTBP levels but no other carcass parameters. Meat quality was not influenced by the GTBP levels (p > 0.05). However, pigs fed with GTBP had a decrease in cholesterol content and an increase in crude protein and total omega-3 content of pork compared to the CON diet (p < 0.05). Moreover, dietary supplementation with GTBP significantly decreased plasma cholesterol (p < 0.05), and trends for the decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and urea nitrogen were observed (linear, p = 0.08). Conclusion Up to 24 g/kg GTBP in the diet for finishing pigs does not impair animal performance and makes carcass leaner with softer meat as well as positive effects on cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism. Further experiments are needed to determine the optimal levels of GTBP addition in finishing pig diet to produce higher meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Cong Oanh
- Department of Animal Physiology and Behavior, Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gialam, 131000 Hanoi, Vietnam,Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, FARAH Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Cu Thi Thien Thu
- Department of Animal Physiology and Behavior, Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gialam, 131000 Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Hong
- Central Lab, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gialam, 131000 Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Phuong Giang
- Department of Animal Physiology and Behavior, Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gialam, 131000 Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jean-Luc Hornick
- Department of Animal Physiology and Behavior, Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gialam, 131000 Hanoi, Vietnam,Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, FARAH Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Pham Kim Dang
- Department of Animal Physiology and Behavior, Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gialam, 131000 Hanoi, Vietnam,Corresponding author: Pham Kim Dang, e-mail: Co-authors: NCO: , CTTT: , NTH: , NTPG: , JH:
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Liang J, Huang TY, Mao Y, Li X. Biofilm formation of two genetically diverse Staphylococcus aureus isolates under beta-lactam antibiotics. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1139753. [PMID: 36950159 PMCID: PMC10025342 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1139753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Our aim was to evaluate the biofilm formation of 2 genetically diverse Staphylococcus aureus isolates, 10379 and 121940, under different concentrations of beta-lactam antibiotics on biomass content and biofilm viability. METHODS Biofilm formation and methicillin resistance genes were tested using PCR and multiplex PCR. PCR was combined with bioinformatics analysis to detect multilocal sequence typing (MLST) and SCCmec types, to study the genetical correlation between the tested strains. Then, the crystal violet (CV) test and XTT were used to detect biomass content and biofilm activity. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested using a broth dilution method. According to their specific MIC, different concentrations of beta-lactam antibiotics were used to study its effect on biomass content and biofilm viability. RESULTS Strain 10379 carried the icaD, icaBC, and MRSA genes, not the icaA, atl, app, and agr genes, and MLST and SCCmec typing was ST45 and IV, respectively. Strain 121940 carried the icaA, icaD, icaBC, atl, and agr genes, not the aap gene, and MLST and SCCmec typed as ST546 and IV, respectively. This suggested that strains 10379 and 121940 were genotypically very different. Two S. aureus isolates, 10379 and 121940, showed resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, penicillin, ampicillin, meropenem, streptomycin and kanamycin, some of which promoted the formation of biofilm and biofilm viability at low concentrations. CONCLUSION Despite the large differences in the genetic background of S. aureus 10379 and 121940, some sub-inhibitory concentrations of beta-lactam antibiotics are able to promote biomass and biofilm viability of both two isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglong Liang
- College of Light Industry and Food Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Teng Yi Huang
- Department of Diagnostics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Teng Yi Huang,
| | - Yuzhu Mao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Xuejie Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Research Institute for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xuejie Li,
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10
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Wang Q, He X, Xiong H, Chen Y, Huang L. Structure, mechanism, and toxicity in antibiotics metal complexation: Recent advances and perspectives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157778. [PMID: 35926602 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic-metal complexes (AMCs) formed by antibiotics and metal ions have attracted considerable attentions in recent years. Although different removal methods for AMCs have been reported in the literature, very few investigations have focused on the mechanisms and toxic effects of antibiotic-metal coordination. This review briefly describes the structural characteristics of various commonly used antibiotics and the coordination mechanisms with metal ions. Considering the complexity of the real environment, various environmental factors affecting AMC formation are highlighted. The effects of AMCs on microbial community structure and the role of metal ions in influencing resistant genes from the molecular perspective are of interest within this work. The toxicities and mechanisms of AMCs on different species of biota are also discussed. These findings underline the need for more targeted detection and analysis methods and more suitable toxicity markers to verify the combination of antibiotics with metal ions and reveal environmental toxicities in future. This review presents an innovative idea that antibiotics combined with metal ions will change the toxicity and environmental behavior of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Xi He
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Haifeng Xiong
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Yucheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Lei Huang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing 400716, PR China.
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11
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Zhu C, Yao J, Zhu M, Zhu C, Yuan L, Li Z, Cai D, Chen S, Hu P, Liu HY. A meta-analysis of Lactobacillus-based probiotics for growth performance and intestinal morphology in piglets. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1045965. [PMID: 36425121 PMCID: PMC9679148 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1045965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are widely used as growth promoters (AGPs) in livestock production to improve animal performance and health. However, pig producers today face the prohibition of in-feed antimicrobials and have to find safe and effective alternatives. Lactobacillus species are active microorganisms that convey multiple beneficial effects to the host and are one of the most promising AGPs replacements. Here, we aim to comprehensively assess the effects of Lactobacillus spp. supplementation on growth performance and intestinal morphology (villus height [VH], crypt depth [CD], and the V/C ratio) of piglets. Among the 196 identified studies, 20 met the criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. The effects of Lactobacillus-based probiotics supplementation on growth performance and intestinal morphology were analyzed using a random-effects model. And the publication bias was evaluated by funnel plots. Our results revealed that Lactobacillus spp. supplementation significantly improved the growth performance, including average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), and the gain-to-feed ratio (G/F) in piglets (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, Lactobacillus spp. remarkably increased VH and the V/C ratio (P < 0.05) in the small intestine, including the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, which might contribute to an improved digestive capacity of these animals. In conclusion, our findings provide concrete evidence of the growth-promoting effects of Lactobacillus spp. supplementation in piglets and a better understanding of the potential of Lactobacillus-based probiotics as AGPs alternatives in pig production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuipeng Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiacheng Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Miaonan Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chuyang Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Long Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhaojian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Demin Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shihao Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ping Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hao-Yu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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12
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Stando K, Korzeniewska E, Felis E, Harnisz M, Buta-Hubeny M, Bajkacz S. Determination of antimicrobial agents and their transformation products in an agricultural water-soil system modified with manure. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17529. [PMID: 36266434 PMCID: PMC9584908 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Manure fertilization is the primary source of veterinary antimicrobials in the water-soil system. The research gap is the fate of antimicrobials after their release into the environment. This study aimed to provide a detailed and multi-faceted examination of fertilized cultivated fields using two types of manure (poultry and bovine) enriched with selected antimicrobials. The research focused on assessing the mobility and stability of antimicrobials in the water-soil system. Additionally, transformation products of antimicrobials in the environment were identified. The extraction (solid-phase extraction and/or solid-liquid extraction) and LC-MS/MS analysis procedures were developed to determine 14 antimicrobials in the soil and pore water samples. Ten out of fourteen antimicrobials were detected in manure-amended soil and pore water samples. The highest concentration in the soil was 109.1 ng g-1 (doxycycline), while in pore water, it was 186.6 ng L-1 (ciprofloxacin). Sixteen transformation products of antimicrobials were identified in the soil and soil-related pore water. The same transformation products were detected in both soil and soil pore water extracts, with significantly higher signal intensities observed in soil extracts than in water. Transformation products were formed in oxidation, carbonylation, and ring-opening reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Stando
- grid.6979.10000 0001 2335 3149Department of Inorganic, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 6 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ewa Korzeniewska
- grid.412607.60000 0001 2149 6795Department of Engineering of Water Protection and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1 Str., 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ewa Felis
- grid.6979.10000 0001 2335 3149The Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 8 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland ,grid.6979.10000 0001 2335 3149Environmental Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Power and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Monika Harnisz
- grid.412607.60000 0001 2149 6795Department of Engineering of Water Protection and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1 Str., 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Martyna Buta-Hubeny
- grid.412607.60000 0001 2149 6795Department of Engineering of Water Protection and Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1 Str., 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Sylwia Bajkacz
- grid.6979.10000 0001 2335 3149Department of Inorganic, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 6 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland ,grid.6979.10000 0001 2335 3149The Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 8 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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13
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Lv C, Shang J, Zhang W, Sun B, Li M, Guo C, Zhou N, Guo X, Huang S, Zhu Y. Dynamic antimicrobial resistant patterns of Escherichia coli from healthy poultry and swine over 10 years in Chongming Island, Shanghai. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:98. [PMID: 36114584 PMCID: PMC9482194 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-01025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the greatest threats to animal and public health. Here, we conducted a dynamic surveillance of Escherichia coli on Chongming Island in Shanghai during 2009–2021 to identify the characteristics and trends of Chongming’s AMR pandemic. Methods Rectal (cloaca) swabs from four poultry and nine swine farms (Chongming Island, 2009–2021) were collected for E. coli strains acquisition. The micro-broth dilution method was used to test antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli isolates against 10 antimicrobial classes including 15 antimicrobials. Utilizing generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) and co-occurrence analyses, we further explored the multiple-drug-resistance (MDR) combinations and dynamic patterns of E. coli over 10 years in two food animals. Results Total of 863 MDR isolates were found among 945 collected E. coli isolates, 337 from poultry and 608 from swine. Both isolates exhibited high resistant rates (> 70%) to tetracyclines, phenicols, sulfonamides, penicillins, and aminoglycosides (only in swine). The resistant rates of swine isolates to penicillins, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, phenicols, and polymyxins were significantly higher than those of poultry isolates, whereas resistance to fluoroquinolones was reversed. Resistance to polymyxins decreased similarly in swine (42.4% in 2009 to 0.0% in 2021) and poultry isolates (from 16.5% to 0.0%). However, resistance to other seven antimicrobial classes (excluding carbapenems and penicillins) declined dramatically in swine isolates, particularly fluoroquinolones (from 80.5% to 14.4%), and tendencies of resistance to the seven classes showed markedly divergent patterns in poultry isolates. Using Poisson GLMMs, the AMR carriage since 2016 was significantly lower than that of 2009 (odds ratio < 1), indicating a decline in the risk of MDR emergence. Furthermore, despite the highly diverse MDR profiles, co-occurrence analysis identified two prominent MDR clusters of penicillins-phenicols-fluoroquinolones in poultry and aminoglycosides-tetracyclines-sulfonamides-phenicols in swine. Conclusions Our study uncovered vastly distinct AMR patterns and dynamic tendencies of poultry and swine E. coli isolates from Chongming. Meanwhile, Chongming’s AMR status has ameliorated, as indicated by the decline in antimicrobials prevalence (particularly in swine), lower likelihood of MDR emergence and low carbapenem-, cephalosporin-, and polymyxin resistance. Importantly, this surveillance results are the vital basis for future policy development in Chongming and Shanghai. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40249-022-01025-4.
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14
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Gonzalez-Ronquillo M, Villegas-Estrada D, Robles-Jimenez LE, Garcia Herrera RA, Villegas-Vázquez VL, Vargas-Bello-Pérez E. Effect of the Inclusion of Bacillus spp. in Growing-Finishing Pigs' Diets: A Meta-Analysis. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172269. [PMID: 36077989 PMCID: PMC9454637 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This meta-analysis determined the effect of Bacillus spp. on growth performance of growing−finishing pigs and then assessed causes for the heterogeneity of responses detected using meta-regression. A database of 22 articles published from 2000 to 2020 was identified, and 9 articles fitted the selection criteria and were integrated in the final database. Statistical analysis was performed to analyze the effect size for ADG, average daily feed intake (ADFI), and F:G ratio using a standardized means difference (SMD) at a 95% confidence interval. A meta-regression analysis was used to investigate the cause of heterogeneity, using the individual SMD for each study assessment as the outcome and the associated SE as the measure of variance. Dietary Bacillus spp. supplementation had no effect on ADFI (SMD: −0.052, p = 0.138) and numerically increased ADG (SMD: 0.113, p = 0.081) and reduced the F:G ratio SMD: −0.127, p < 0.001). Meta-regression outcomes suggested that the number of animals per group was an essential component promoting heterogeneity in ADG. Overall, the inclusion of Bacillus spp. (median 486 mg/d) in growing−finishing pigs can increase ADG and can decrease the F:G ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gonzalez-Ronquillo
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Instituto Literario 100, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50000, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
- Correspondence: (M.G.-R.); (E.V.-B.-P.)
| | - Daniela Villegas-Estrada
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Instituto Literario 100, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50000, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Lizbeth E. Robles-Jimenez
- División Académica de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carretera Villahermosa-Teapa, km 25, R/A La Huasteca 2a Sección, Villahermosa 86280, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Ricardo A Garcia Herrera
- División Académica de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carretera Villahermosa-Teapa, km 25, R/A La Huasteca 2a Sección, Villahermosa 86280, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Vanessa L. Villegas-Vázquez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Instituto Literario 100, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50000, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, P.O. Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6EU, UK
- Correspondence: (M.G.-R.); (E.V.-B.-P.)
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15
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Kim K, Song M, Liu Y, Ji P. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection of weaned pigs: Intestinal challenges and nutritional intervention to enhance disease resistance. Front Immunol 2022; 13:885253. [PMID: 35990617 PMCID: PMC9389069 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.885253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infection induced post-weaning diarrhea is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in newly weaned pigs and one of the significant drivers for antimicrobial use in swine production. ETEC attachment to the small intestine initiates ETEC colonization and infection. The secretion of enterotoxins further disrupts intestinal barrier function and induces intestinal inflammation in weaned pigs. ETEC infection can also aggravate the intestinal microbiota dysbiosis due to weaning stress and increase the susceptibility of weaned pigs to other enteric infectious diseases, which may result in diarrhea or sudden death. Therefore, the amount of antimicrobial drugs for medical treatment purposes in major food-producing animal species is still significant. The alternative practices that may help reduce the reliance on such antimicrobial drugs and address animal health requirements are needed. Nutritional intervention in order to enhance intestinal health and the overall performance of weaned pigs is one of the most powerful practices in the antibiotic-free production system. This review summarizes the utilization of several categories of feed additives or supplements, such as direct-fed microbials, prebiotics, phytochemicals, lysozyme, and micro minerals in newly weaned pigs. The current understanding of these candidates on intestinal health and disease resistance of pigs under ETEC infection are particularly discussed, which may inspire more research on the development of alternative practices to support food-producing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangwook Kim
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Yanhong Liu, ; Peng Ji,
| | - Peng Ji
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Yanhong Liu, ; Peng Ji,
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16
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Effect of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) Supplementation on Pork Offal Quality. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121526. [PMID: 35739863 PMCID: PMC9219461 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of milk thistle supplementation of fattener pig feeds on physical and chemical properties of pork offal. The experiments were conducted on 60 fatteners (group C—control (30 pigs) and group E—experimental (30 pigs)). The experimental group was supplemented with ground milk thistle (Silybum marianum) at 7 g/kg feed. The offal (tongues, kidneys, hearts, lungs and livers) was analyzed for weight, pH, WHC, water, protein, fat, energy value, fatty acid profile and content of major and trace elements. The present study shows that milk thistle added to fattener pig diets increased pH45 and pH24 values in most of the analyzed offal and significantly (p ≤ 0.01) decreased the weight of heart and lungs and increased the weight of liver and kidneys. Hearts, lungs and kidneys of the experimental group contained more fat and the liver less, than the same offal of the control group. As regards the content of elements, the dietary supplement most often had an effect on the heart and lungs. In general, milk thistle supplemented in fattener diets had modified the physical parameters and chemical composition of the analyzed products.
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17
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Su W, Gong T, Jiang Z, Lu Z, Wang Y. The Role of Probiotics in Alleviating Postweaning Diarrhea in Piglets From the Perspective of Intestinal Barriers. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:883107. [PMID: 35711653 PMCID: PMC9197122 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.883107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Early weaning of piglets is an important strategy for improving the production efficiency of sows in modern intensive farming systems. However, due to multiple stressors such as physiological, environmental and social challenges, postweaning syndrome in piglets often occurs during early weaning period, and postweaning diarrhea (PWD) is a serious threat to piglet health, resulting in high mortality. Early weaning disrupts the intestinal barrier function of piglets, disturbs the homeostasis of gut microbiota, and destroys the intestinal chemical, mechanical and immunological barriers, which is one of the main causes of PWD in piglets. The traditional method of preventing PWD is to supplement piglet diet with antibiotics. However, the long-term overuse of antibiotics led to bacterial resistance, and antibiotics residues in animal products, threatening human health while causing dysbiosis of gut microbiota and superinfection of piglets. Antibiotic supplementation in livestock diets is prohibited in many countries and regions. Regarding this context, finding antibiotic alternatives to maintain piglet health at the critical weaning period becomes a real emergency. More and more studies showed that probiotics can prevent and treat PWD by regulating the intestinal barriers in recent years. Here, we review the research status of PWD-preventing and treating probiotics and discuss its potential mechanisms from the perspective of intestinal barriers (the intestinal microbial barrier, the intestinal chemical barrier, the intestinal mechanical barrier and the intestinal immunological barrier) in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifa Su
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Gong
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zipeng Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zeqing Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Biological Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yizhen Wang,
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18
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Gut microbiome modifications over time when removing in-feed antibiotics from the prophylaxis of post-weaning diarrhea in piglets. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262199. [PMID: 35255081 PMCID: PMC8901073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) in pigs has mainly an infectious basis and control strategies are centred on antibiotics added to the diet. Given concerns on the spread of multi-resistant bacteria, it is necessary to develop alternative prophylactic approaches to control PWD in piglets. The most promising alternative strategies are based on substances that act indirectly on the bacteria by stimulating the immune system or by improving gut health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect on the gut microbiota of feed supplemented with a mixture of essential oils (garlic and oregano) in weaning piglets, compared to traditional PWD management (in-feed antibiotics) and to a control group without any diet supplementation. The study involved 197 piglets from 18 litters in a single farm. The piglets were followed from birth to day 58 of age and were weaned at day 26. During the experimental period, the animals were monitored for weight and growth, average daily gain, morbidity and mortality. For the metataxonomics analysis, rectal samples were collected from 17 piglets from the three experimental groups at 4 different time-points (days 1, 12, 26 and 58). Results revealed that the gut microbiota in pre- and post-weaning piglets was dominated by the phyla Firmicutes (51%), Bacteroidetes (25%) and Proteobacteria (16%), which together make up for over 90% of the entire piglet core gut microbiota. The core microbiota comprised 10 taxa before weaning and 43 taxa after weaning, with 7 taxa overlapping between timepoints: two of them (Prevotella 9, p-value = 0.00095; Solobacterium p-value = 0.00821) were significantly more abundant after weaning. All alpha diversity indexes were significantly different between pre- and post-weaning, while only Shannon and Simpson diversity and equitability were significantly different between treatments. Based on the matrix of Bray-Curtis dissimilarities, samples showed clear clustering per timepoint (before and after weaning, p-value < 0.001) and between treatments by timepoint (p-value = 0.0086). The oil-diet group showed a consistently higher F:B ratio at all timepoints. These results show that the pig gut microbiota changes significantly with weaning, and suggest that the use of essential oils as feed supplementation to control PWD does not seem to alter sgnificantly the microbiota nor the growth parameters of piglets, however modifications of specific taxa may occur.
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19
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Peng Z, Hu Z, Li Z, Zhang X, Jia C, Li T, Dai M, Tan C, Xu Z, Wu B, Chen H, Wang X. Antimicrobial resistance and population genomics of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli in pig farms in mainland China. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1116. [PMID: 35236849 PMCID: PMC8891348 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28750-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The expanding use of antimicrobials in livestock is an important contributor to the worldwide rapid increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR). However, large-scale studies on AMR in livestock remain scarce. Here, we report findings from surveillance of E. coli AMR in pig farms in China in 2018–2019. We isolated E. coli in 1,871 samples from pigs and their breeding environments, and found AMR in E. coli in all provinces in mainland China. We detected multidrug-resistance in 91% isolates and found resistance to last-resort drugs including colistin, carbapenems and tigecycline. We also identified a heterogeneous group of O-serogroups and sequence types among the multidrug-resistant isolates. These isolates harbored multiple resistance genes, virulence factor-encoding genes, and putative plasmids. Our data will help to understand the current AMR profiles of pigs and provide a reference for AMR control policy formulation for livestock in China. Use of antimicrobials in livestock contributes to development of antimicrobial resistance but there are few large-scale surveillance studies. Here, the authors describe E. coli surveillance in pig farms in China, reporting high levels of multidrug-resistance across all mainland provinces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Centre for Sustainable Pig Production, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Zizhe Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Centre for Sustainable Pig Production, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Zugang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Centre for Sustainable Pig Production, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Centre for Sustainable Pig Production, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaoying Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Centre for Sustainable Pig Production, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Centre for Sustainable Pig Production, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Menghong Dai
- MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation/National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Centre for Sustainable Pig Production, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuofei Xu
- Shanghai MasScience Biotechnology Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Centre for Sustainable Pig Production, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Centre for Sustainable Pig Production, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Centre for Sustainable Pig Production, 430070, Wuhan, China.
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20
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Geervliet M, de Vries H, Jansen CA, Rutten VPMG, van Hees H, Wen C, Skovgaard K, Antonello G, Savelkoul HFJ, Smidt H, Tijhaar E, Wells JM. Effects of E scherichia coli Nissle 1917 on the Porcine Gut Microbiota, Intestinal Epithelium and Immune System in Early Life. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:842437. [PMID: 35283814 PMCID: PMC8914288 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.842437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Early in life and particularly around weaning, piglets are susceptible to infections because of abrupt social, environmental, and dietary changes. Dietary interventions with probiotic bacteria have gained popularity because of the increased awareness of the direct link between diet and health. In this study, piglets received the probiotic strain Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) or a control treatment perorally from day 2 after birth until 2 weeks post-weaning. To investigate spatio-temporal effects of EcN on the gut microbiota composition, intestinal epithelial gene expression and immune system, feces, digesta, blood, scraping material and mesenteric lymph node tissue were collected at different time points. In addition, oral vaccinations against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium were administered on days 21 and 45 of the study to assess the immunocompetence. EcN-treated pigs showed a reduced diversity of taxa within the phylum Proteobacteria and a lower relative abundance of taxa within the genus Treponema during the pre-weaning period. Moreover, EcN induced T cell proliferation and Natural Killer cell activation in blood and enhanced IL-10 production in ex vivo stimulated mesenteric lymph node cells, the latter pointing toward a more regulatory or anti-inflammatory state of the local gut-associated immune system. These outcomes were primarily observed pre-weaning. No significant differences were observed between the treatment groups with regards to body weight, epithelial gene expression, and immune response upon vaccination. Differences observed during the post-weaning period between the treatment groups were modest. Overall, this study demonstrates that the pre-weaning period offers a 'window of opportunity' to modulate the porcine gut microbiota and immune system through dietary interventions such as EcN supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirelle Geervliet
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Hugo de Vries
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Christine A. Jansen
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Victor P. M. G. Rutten
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Hubèrt van Hees
- Research and Development, Trouw Nutrition, Amersfoort, Netherlands
| | - Caifang Wen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Giacomo Antonello
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Huub F. J. Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Edwin Tijhaar
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jerry M. Wells
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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21
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Yin Y, Wang F, Yang M, Tan B, Yin Y, Chen J, Yang Z. Lycium barbarum Polysaccharides as Antibiotic Substitutes Improve Growth Performance, Serum Immunity, Antioxidant Status, and Intestinal Health for Weaned Piglets. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:819993. [PMID: 35281314 PMCID: PMC8914510 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.819993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of dietary Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) supplementation on the growth performance, immune response, serum antioxidant status, and intestinal health of weaned piglets. In total, 24 crossed healthy weaned piglets [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)], of similar body weight (7.47 ± 0.22 kg), were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: CON (basal diet); LBPs (basal diet plus 4,000 mg/kg LBPs); and antibiotic (ABO, basal diet plus 20 mg/kg flavomycin and 50 mg/kg quinocetone). There were eight pigs per group. The study lasted 28 days. When compared with CON, LBPs or ABO dietary supplementation increased average daily gain (P < 0.05), decreased the ratio of feed to gain and the diarrhea ratio (P < 0.05). Similarly, when compared with CON, LBPs dietary supplementation increased serum immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels (P < 0.05). Dietary LBPs enhanced the activity of serum total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase, and decreased malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.05). Principal component analysis showed a distinct separation between CON and LBPs groups, but no differences between ABO and LBPs groups. LBPs addition increased Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium (P < 0.05) levels, while it decreased Enterococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae (P < 0.05) levels. Furthermore, when compared with the CON group, LBPs increased villus height (P < 0.05) and the villus height to crypt depth ratio in the duodenum and jejunum (P < 0.05). Thus, dietary supplementation with LBPs improved growth performance, antioxidant capacity and immunity, regulated intestinal microbial composition, and may be used as an efficient antibiotic alternative in weaned piglet feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yexin Yin
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Bie Tan
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Jiashun Chen
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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22
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Ma M, Chambers JK, Uchida K, Ikeda M, Watanabe M, Goda Y, Yamanaka D, Takahashi SI, Kuwahara M, Li J. Effects of Supplementation with a Quebracho Tannin Product as an Alternative to Antibiotics on Growth Performance, Diarrhea, and Overall Health in Early-Weaned Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113316. [PMID: 34828046 PMCID: PMC8614404 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The restriction of the use of antibiotics in swine production worldwide has influenced pork production efficiency. New in-feed additives must be sustainable, prevent diarrhea in early weaning piglets, and promote growth performance. Novel in-feed additives, probiotics, prebiotics, organic compounds, mineral salts and vegetable extract have been extensively studied; most have shown some limitations that discourage extensive use. We investigated the plant extract MGM-P (a quebracho tannin product) as an alternative animal feed additive to antibiotics. We considered its unique structure, antibacterial, antioxidant, radical scavenging, and anti-inflammatory activities, and sustainability. We began with a low-level addition trial; 0.3% MGM-P had a more robust effect than 0.2% MGM-P. The findings demonstrated that 0.3% MGM-P supplementation prevented diarrhea in 21-day-old weaned piglets, improving piglet health without adversely influencing growth performance. Practical studies of the mechanisms underlying the effects of MGM-P and the optimal amount for supplementation are needed to confirm our findings. Abstract This study assessed the feasibility of using a vegetable extract, MGM-P (quebracho tannin product), as an alternative to antibiotics for weaned piglets; it investigated MGM-P effects on growth performance, diarrhea, and overall health in early-weaned piglets. In total, 24 piglets were allocated to three treatment groups fed basal diets supplemented with 0, 0.2%, or 0.3% MGM-P for 20 days. The addition of 0.3% MGM-P to the diet of early-weaned piglets improved diarrhea incidence, hematological parameters, and intestinal mucosa structure. Furthermore, the addition of 0.2% or 0.3% MGM-P to the diet of early-weaned piglets did not affect their overall health. Importantly, MGM-P had no effects on average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), or feed conversion ratio (FCR). Gut morphology analysis showed that treatment with 0.3% MGM-P enhanced the jejunal villus height (p < 0.05) while reducing the ileal crypt depth (p < 0.05) and colon mucosal thickness (p < 0.05). Collectively, the findings suggested that the use of MGM-P as an alternative to dietary antibiotics could improve diarrhea incidence in early-weaned piglets without negative effects on growth performance or overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ma
- Animal Resource Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kasama 3190206, Japan; (M.M.); (M.I.); (M.W.)
- Veterinary Pathophysiology and Animal Health, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan;
| | - James K. Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan; (J.K.C.); (K.U.)
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan; (J.K.C.); (K.U.)
| | - Masanori Ikeda
- Animal Resource Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kasama 3190206, Japan; (M.M.); (M.I.); (M.W.)
| | - Makiko Watanabe
- Animal Resource Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kasama 3190206, Japan; (M.M.); (M.I.); (M.W.)
| | - Yuki Goda
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan; (Y.G.); (S.-I.T.)
| | - Daisuke Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Food and Physiological Models, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Kasama 3190206, Japan;
| | - Shin-Ichiro Takahashi
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan; (Y.G.); (S.-I.T.)
| | - Masayoshi Kuwahara
- Veterinary Pathophysiology and Animal Health, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan;
| | - Junyou Li
- Animal Resource Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kasama 3190206, Japan; (M.M.); (M.I.); (M.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-299-45-2606; Fax: +81-299-45-5950
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23
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Hong J, Ariyibi S, Antony L, Scaria J, Dilberger-Lawson S, Francis D, Woyengo TA. Growth performance and gut health of Escherichia coli-challenged weaned pigs fed canola meal-containing diet. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:skab196. [PMID: 34159354 PMCID: PMC8349558 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of including canola meal (CM) in diets for weaning pigs challenged with a F18 strain of Escherichia coli on growth performance and gut health. A total of 36 individually housed weaned pigs (initial body weight [BW] = 6.22 kg) were randomly allotted to one of the three diets (12 pigs/diet). The three diets were corn-soybean meal (SBM)-based basal diet (control diet) and the basal diet with 0.3% zinc oxide, 0.2% chlortetracycline, and 0.2% tiamulin (antibiotic diet) or with 20% CM diet. The diets were fed in two phases: Phase 1: days 0 to 7 and Phase 2: days 7 to 20. All pigs were given an oral dose of 2 × 109 CFU of F18 strain of E. coli on day 7. Fecal score was assessed daily throughout the trial. Dietary antibiotics increased (P < 0.05) overall average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) compared by 48% and 47%, respectively. Dietary CM increased (P < 0.05) overall ADG and ADFI by 22% and 23%, respectively; but the ADG and ADFI values for CM-containing diet did not reach those for the antibiotics-containing diet. Dietary antibiotics reduced (P < 0.05) fecal score; however, dietary CM unaffected fecal score. Dietary antibiotics decreased (P < 0.05) liver weight per unit live BW by 16% at day 20, whereas dietary CM did not affect liver weight per unit live BW (29.2 vs. 28.6). Also, dietary antibiotics increased (P < 0.05) serum triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine levels for day 14, whereas dietary CM did not affect the serum level of these hormones. Dietary antibiotics reduced (P < 0.05) the number white blood cells and neutrophils by 38% and 43% at day 20, respectively, whereas dietary CM tended to reduce (P = 0.09) the number white blood cells by 19% at day 20. The number white blood cells for CM diet tended to be greater (P < 0.10) than that for antibiotics diet. The dietary antibiotics decreased (P < 0.05) the concentration of individual volatile fatty acids and hence of total volatile fatty acid in cecum by 61% at day 20, whereas dietary CM decreased (P < 0.05) cecal butyric acid concentration by 61% and tended to reduce (P < 0.10) total volatile fatty acid concentration by 30% at day 20. In conclusion, the dietary inclusion of 20% CM improved ADG and tended to reduce white blood cell counts. Thus, inclusion of CM in antibiotics-free corn-SBM-based diets for weaned pigs that are challenged with F18 strain of E. coli can result in their improved performance partly through a reduction of the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsu Hong
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Samuel Ariyibi
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Linto Antony
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Joy Scaria
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Steven Dilberger-Lawson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - David Francis
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Tofuko Awori Woyengo
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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24
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Cook NJ, Chabot B, Liu T, Froehlich D, Juàrez M. Radiated temperature of weaned piglets and the response to in-feed antibiotics with correction for ambient conditions. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2020-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Growth performance, health status, and the radiated thermal temperatures of groups of piglets consuming non-medicated feed and in-feed antibiotics (chlortetracycline hydrochloride and tiamulin) were monitored continuously for up to 35 d, from weaning at 28 d of age until moving to commercial pens at approximately 63 d of age. There was a trend (P = 0.1) for body weight at the time of moving to be higher for the medicated animals. The average daily gain was higher in medicated piglets (P = 0.03). Radiated temperature variables were the maximum (Tmax) and the average (Tmean) pig temperatures, and both were higher for the medicated piglets (P < 0.0001). A threshold temperature was derived to partition the image and derive the background radiated temperature that was used to obtain the expected radiated temperature of the pigs. Temperature data were adjusted for environmental effects by expressing the residual temperature. The residual for Tmax (TmaxRes) and for Tmean (TmeanRes) were higher in medicated piglets (P < 0.0001). In-feed antibiotics were associated with increased growth rates and with an increase in radiated temperature variables, particularly those corrected for environmental conditions, possibly mediated through increased metabolic activity related to growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel J. Cook
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lacombe Research Centre, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - Brady Chabot
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - Tong Liu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - Denise Froehlich
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lacombe Research Centre, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - Manuel Juàrez
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada
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25
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Recharla N, Balasubramanian B, Song M, Puligundla P, Kim SK, Jeong JY, Park S. Dietary turmeric ( Curcuma longa L.) supplementation improves growth performance, short-chain fatty acid production, and modulates bacterial composition of weaned piglets. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:575-592. [PMID: 34189506 PMCID: PMC8204000 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In livestock nutrition, natural feed additives are gaining increased attention as
alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters to improve animal performance. This
study investigated the effects of dietary turmeric supplementation on the growth
performance and gut health of weaned piglets. A total of 48 weaned piglets
(Duroc × [Landrace × Yorkshire]) were used in a 6-week feeding
trial. All piglets were allotted to two dietary treatments: corn-soybean meal
basal diet without turmeric (control) and with 1% weight per weight (w/w)
turmeric powder (turmeric). The results showed that dietary inclusion of
turmeric with the basal diet improved final body weight and total average daily
gain (p < 0.05). The concentrations of short-chain fatty
acids in the fecal samples, including acetic, butyric, and propionic acids, were
higher in the turmeric group (p < 0.05). The villus
height-to-crypt depth ratio was higher in the ileum of turmeric-fed piglets
(p = 0.04). The 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal
microbiota indicated that, at the phylum level, Firmicutes and
Bacteroidetes were the most predominant taxa in all fecal
samples. Bacteroidetes were significantly decreased in the
turmeric group compared to the control group (p = 0.021). At
the genus level, turmeric showed a decreased abundance of
Prevotella (p = 0.021) and an increasing
trend of Lactobacillus (p = 0.083). Among the
total detected species, nine bacterial species showed significant differences
between the two groups. The results of this study indicated that turmeric
altered the gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acid production. This suggests
that turmeric could be used as a potential alternative growth promoter for
piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraja Recharla
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | | | - Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Pradeep Puligundla
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea
| | - Soo-Ki Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jin Young Jeong
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Sungkwon Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
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26
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The effects and mechanisms of acids on the health of piglets and weaners – a review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2020-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The rearing of piglets is the most difficult period in the pigs’ production because of their poorly developed digestive system and the low activity of digestive enzymes. Problems in nutrition and stress cause some disorders in the functioning of the digestive system leading to diarrhea and the mortality of piglets. Starting in 2006 in the EU, a total ban on antibiotics in their use as growth promoters was introduced. Since then, new and safe feed additives have been sought in order to replace antibiotics. Organic and inorganic acids as well as their salts were recognized as effective and safe additives. Due to their properties, they can improve feed palatability and digestibility, reduce the buffer capacity of feed, impact the development and functioning of the pig’s digestive system and improve the health and growth parameters. However, the effectiveness of acids is related to their qualitative and quantitative share in the feed additive. In this review, some strategies for using organic acids, their mixtures and also some new multi-component products will be discussed.
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27
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Metagenomics of antimicrobial and heavy metal resistance in the cecal microbiome of fattening pigs raised without antibiotics. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.02684-20. [PMID: 33547058 PMCID: PMC8091117 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02684-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to detect the cecal microbiome, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and heavy metal resistance genes (MRGs) in fattening pigs raised under antibiotic-free (ABF) conditions compared with ordinary industrial pigs (control, C) using whole-genome shotgun sequencing. ABF pigs showed the enrichment of Prevotella (33%) and Lactobacillus (13%), whereas Escherichia coli (40%), Fusobacterium and Bacteroides (each at 4%) were notably observed in the C group. Distinct clusters of cecal microbiota of ABF and C pigs were revealed; however, microbiota of some C pigs (C1) appeared in the same cluster as ABF and were totally separated from the remaining C pigs (C2). For AMR genes, the highest abundance tet(Q) (35.7%) and mef(A) (12.7%) were markedly observed in the ABF group whereas tet(Q) (26.2%) and tet(W) (10.4%) were shown in the C group. tet(Q) was positively correlated to Prevotella in ABF and C1 samples. In the C2 group, the prominent tet(W) was positively correlated to Fusobacterium and Bacteroides Pigs have never received tetracycline but pregnant sows used chlortetracycline once 7 d before parturition. Chromosomal Cu and Zn resistance genes were also shown in both groups regardless the received Cu and Zn feed additives. A higher abundance of multi-metal resistance genes was observed in the C group (44%) compared with the ABF group (41%). In conclusion, the microbiome clusters in some C pigs were similar to that in ABF pigs. High abundant tetracycline resistance genes interrelated to major bacteria were observed in both ABF and C pigs. MRGs were also observed.IMPORTANCE: Owing to the increased problem of AMR in farm animals, raising farm animals without antibiotics is one method that could solve this problem. Our study showed that only some tetracycline and macrolide resistance genes, tet(Q), tet(W) and mef(A), were markedly abundant in ABF and C groups. The tet(Q) and tet(W) genes interrelated to different predominant bacteria in each group, showing the potential role of major bacteria as reservoirs of AMR genes. In addition, chromosomal Cu and Zn resistance genes were also observed in both pig groups, not depending on the use of Cu and Zn additives in both farms. The association of MRGs and AMR genotypes and phenotypes together with the method to re-sensitize bacteria to antibiotics should be studied further to unveil the cause of high resistance genes and solve the problems.
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28
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Pozza G, Pinto A, Crovato S, Mascarello G, Bano L, Dacasto M, Battisti A, Bartoli B, Ravarotto L, Marangon S. Antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance: standpoint and prescribing behaviour of Italian cattle and pig veterinarians. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1807419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Pozza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - A. Pinto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - S. Crovato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - G. Mascarello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - L. Bano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - M. Dacasto
- Dipartimento Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, Università di Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - A. Battisti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana, Roma, Italy
| | | | - L. Ravarotto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - S. Marangon
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
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Dietary synbiotic alters plasma biochemical parameters and fecal microbiota and metabolites in sows. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Zhang S, Abbas M, Rehman MU, Huang Y, Zhou R, Gong S, Yang H, Chen S, Wang M, Cheng A. Dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) via integrons in Escherichia coli: A risk to human health. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115260. [PMID: 32717638 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
With the induction of various emerging environmental contaminants such as antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), environment is considered as a key indicator for the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). As such, the ARGs mediated environmental pollution raises a significant public health concern worldwide. Among various genetic mechanisms that are involved in the dissemination of ARGs, integrons play a vital role in the dissemination of ARGs. Integrons are mobile genetic elements that can capture and spread ARGs among environmental settings via transmissible plasmids and transposons. Most of the ARGs are found in Gram-negative bacteria and are primarily studied for their potential role in antibiotic resistance in clinical settings. As one of the most common microorganisms, Escherichia coli (E. coli) is widely studied as an indicator carrying drug-resistant genes, so this article aims to provide an in-depth study on the spread of ARGs via integrons associated with E. coli outside clinical settings and highlight their potential role as environmental contaminants. It also focuses on multiple but related aspects that do facilitate environmental pollution, i.e. ARGs from animal sources, water treatment plants situated at or near animal farms, agriculture fields, wild birds and animals. We believe that this updated study with summarized text, will facilitate the readers to understand the primary mechanisms as well as a variety of factors involved in the transmission and spread of ARGs among animals, humans, and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaqiu Zhang
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Muhammad Abbas
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Livestock and Dairy Development Department Lahore, Punjab, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mujeeb Ur Rehman
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Yahui Huang
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Siyue Gong
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Hong Yang
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Shuling Chen
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China.
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31
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Park S, Lee JW, Jerez Bogota K, Francis D, González-Vega JC, Htoo JK, Woyengo TA. Growth performance and gut health of Escherichia coli-challenged weaned pigs fed diets supplemented with a Bacillus subtilis direct-fed microbial. Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:txaa172. [PMID: 33134875 PMCID: PMC7584393 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of a direct-fed microbial (DFM) product (Bacillus subtilis strain DSM 32540) in weaned pigs challenged with K88 strain of Escherichia coli on growth performance and indicators of gut health. A total of 21 weaned pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 8.19 kg] were housed individually in pens and fed three diets (seven replicates per diet) for 21 d in a completely randomized design. The three diets were a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet without feed additives, a basal diet with 0.25% antibiotics (neo-Oxy 10-10; neomycin + oxytetracycline), or a basal diet with 0.05% DFM. All pigs were orally challenged with a subclinical dose (6.7 × 108 CFU/mL) of K88 strain of E. coli on day 3 of the study (3 d after weaning). Feed intake and BW data were collected on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21. Fecal scores were recorded daily. On day 21, pigs were sacrificed to determine various indicators of gut health. Supplementation of the basal diet with antibiotics or DFM did not affect the overall (days 0-21) growth performance of pigs. However, antibiotics or DFM supplementation increased (P = 0.010) gain:feed (G:F) of pigs during the post-E. coli challenge period (days 3-21) by 23% and 24%, respectively. The G:F for the DFM-supplemented diet did not differ from that for the antibiotics-supplemented diet. The frequency of diarrhea for pigs fed a diet with antibiotics or DFM tended to be lower (P = 0.071) than that of pigs fed the basal diet. The jejunal villous height (VH) and the VH to crypt depth ratio (VH:CD) were increased (P < 0.001) by 33% and 35%, respectively, due to the inclusion of antibiotics in the basal diet and by 43% and 41%, respectively due to the inclusion of DFM in the basal diet. The VH and VH:CD for the DFM-supplemented diet were greater (P < 0.05) than those for the antibiotics-supplemented diet. Ileal VH was increased (P < 0.05) by 46% due to the inclusion of DFM in the basal diet. The empty weight of small intestine, cecum, or colon relative to live BW was unaffected by dietary antibiotics or DFM supplementation. In conclusion, the addition of DFM to the basal diet improved the feed efficiency of E. coli-challenged weaned pigs to a value similar to that of the antibiotics-supplemented diet and increased jejunal VH and VH:CD ratio to values greater than those for the antibiotics-supplemented diet. Thus, under E. coli challenge, the test DFM product may replace the use of antibiotics as a growth promoter in diets for weaned pigs to improve feed efficiency and gut integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Park
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD.,Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Wook Lee
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD.,Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Kevin Jerez Bogota
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD
| | - David Francis
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD
| | | | - John K Htoo
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | - Tofuko Awori Woyengo
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD.,Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé, Tjele, Denmark
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32
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Impact of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) seeds in fattener diets on pig performance and carcass traits and fatty acid profile and cholesterol of meat, backfat and liver. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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33
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Maes DGD, Dewulf J, Piñeiro C, Edwards S, Kyriazakis I. A critical reflection on intensive pork production with an emphasis on animal health and welfare. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:S15-S26. [PMID: 31784754 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dominiek G D Maes
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Sandra Edwards
- Agriculture, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ilias Kyriazakis
- PigCHAMP Pro Europa S.L., Segovia, Spain.,Agriculture, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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34
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Huang L, Ren P, Ouyang Z, Wei T, Kong X, Li T, Yin Y, He S, Yang C, He Q. Effect of fermented feed on growth performance, holistic metabolism and fecal microbiota in weanling piglets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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35
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Cheng D, Ngo HH, Guo W, Chang SW, Nguyen DD, Liu Y, Wei Q, Wei D. A critical review on antibiotics and hormones in swine wastewater: Water pollution problems and control approaches. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 387:121682. [PMID: 31744723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Swine wastewater (SW) is an important source of antibiotics and hormones (A&H) in the environment due to their large-scale application in swine industry. A&H in SW can be released into the water environment through the direct discharge of SW, effluent from SW treatment plants, and runoff and leaching from farmland polluted by swine wastes. The presence of A&H in the water environment has become an increasing global concern considering their adverse effects to the aquatic organism and human. This review critically discusses: (i) the occurrence of A&H in global water environment and their potential risks to water organisms and human; (ii) the management and technical approaches for reducing the emission of A&H in SW to the water environment. The development of antibiotic alternatives and the enhanced implementation of vaccination and biosecurity are promising management approaches to cut down the consumption of antibiotics during swine production. Through the comparison of different biological treatment technologies for removing A&H in SW, membrane-based bioprocesses have relatively higher and more stable removal efficiencies. Whereas, the combined system of bioprocesses and AOPs is expected to be a promising technology for elimination and mineralization of A&H in swine wastewater. Further study on this system is therefore necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongle Cheng
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS, 2007, Australia
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS, 2007, Australia; NTT Institute of Hi-Technology, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Wenshan Guo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS, 2007, Australia
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, 442-760, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinh Duc Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, 442-760, Republic of Korea; Institution of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Yiwen Liu
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS, 2007, Australia
| | - Qin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing and Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Dong Wei
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
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The Effects of a Phytogenic Additive on the Histomorphometric Characteristics of the Intestines in Weaned Pigs with a Subclinical Natural Infection with Lawsonia intracellularis. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2020-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Proliferative enteropathy, also known as proliferative ileitis, is considered to be one of the most economically important diseases in pig production worldwide. The estimated losses per affected growing pig usually range from US $1 to $5. The disease is caused by Lawsonia intracellularis, a Gram-negative, obligately intracellular bacterium. Control of the disease can be achieved with the use of vaccines or antibiotics. Recently there has been an increase in the efforts in the control of certain pathologies of the digestive system with phytogenic additives. The aim of this work was to assess the effects of a phytogenic additive on the histomorphometric characteristics of the intestines in weaned pigs with a subclinical infection with L. intracellularis acquired spontaneously. Histomorphometry analysis showed that crypt depth was significantly shorter (P<0.05), and the villus-height-to-crypt-depth ratio (P<0.05) significantly greater in the treatment group than the control. This improvement in the histological parameters of the intestine, considered to be indicators of its health, proved the positive effect of the tested additive on the digestive system in pigs.
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37
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Barros DS, Valentim JK, Medeiros SLDS, Faria SR, Pereira IDB, Pietramale RTR, Lima HJD, Garcia RG. Vinasse in the diet of lactating sows and its effect on litter. ACTA SCIENTIARUM: ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v42i1.48152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify the impact of adding vinasse as an acidifier in sows diet during the lactating period and its effect on litter. A total of 14 agroceres females were used from the first day of lactation until weaning. The vinasse was obtained in a mill near the experimental facility and was stored in sterilized barrels. Animals were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design into two treatments: control liquid diet and liquid diet with the inclusion of vinasse in each feed supply of the day. The diets were supplied four times a day, containing a mixture of ½ L of vinasse and ½ L of water. Feed leftovers were weighted daily. Feed intake was used to evaluate sows’ performance. The piglets were weighted every week after birth until weaning in order to obtain weight gain. Vinasse inclusion showed an increase (p < 0.05) in feed intake of lactating sows, improving diet palatability. Inclusion of acidifier in the diet did not show (p > 0.05) difference in weight gain of piglets. Vinasse consumption by sows did not influence litter performance. The inclusion of vinasse in the diet of lactating sows is beneficial because increases feed consumption.
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Bugenyi AW, Cho HS, Heo J. Association between oropharyngeal microbiome and weight gain in piglets during pre and post weaning life. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 62:247-262. [PMID: 32292932 PMCID: PMC7142290 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2020.62.2.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Birth weight and subsequent weight gain is of critical importance in the survival and performance of piglets on a commercial swine farm setting. Oropharyngeal microbiome could influence immunity, and feeding behavior thus impacting health and weight gain. We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to profile the composition and predicted metabolic functionality of the oropharyngeal microbiota in 8 piglets (4 with a birthweight ≤ 1.0 kg and 4 with a birthweight ≥ 1.7 kg) at 11, 26, and 63 days of age. We found 9 genera that were significantly associated with average daily gain (ADG) at 11 days (false discovery rate, FDR < 0.05) and 26 days of age (FDR < 0.1), respectively. The microbial functional profile revealed several pathways associated with ADG (FDR < 0.05). Among these, pathways related to degradation of catechols showed a positive association with ADG at 11, 26, and 63 days of age, implying a potential to breakdown the host-derived catecholamines. We also noted that pathways related to the biodegradation of nucleosides and nucleotides increased with ADG during the pre-weaning phase, while those involved in their biosynthesis decreased. Our findings provide insights into the oropharyngeal microbial memberships and metabolic pathways that are involved in a piglet's weight gain. Thus, providing a basis for the development of strategies aimed at improving weight gain in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wange Bugenyi
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Ho-Seong Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Heo
- International Agricultural Development and Cooperation Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
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Development of Swine's Digestive Tract Microbiota and Its Relation to Production Indices-A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030527. [PMID: 32245217 PMCID: PMC7143181 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Proper cooperation between digestive system microbiota and the host is an important issue in maintaining proper health condition, and—in the case of farm animals—production indices. In the case of pigs, microbiota significantly affect production parameters such as meat quality, growth rate or improvement of immune response to infections. Understanding of pig digestive system microbiota and factors affecting this is an important issue. This may enable improvement of animal performance and stabilization of microbiota during their growth, reducing the risk of metabolic or systemic diseases. Abstract The development of research methods and tools related to microbiome investigation, as well as widened knowledge and awareness concerning the significance of microorganisms inhabiting mammalian organisms, has led to an increasing popularity of studies in this field. This review paper presents some issues related to the swine microbiome, its development starting from an early age of life and its status in adult animals, as well as factors affecting the microbiome in pigs. Attention is paid to the role of probiotics and prebiotics as alternatives to antibiotics in the context of post-weaning diarrhea treatment, and to the role of microorganisms inhabiting the digestive tract of pigs in performance indices formation. In veterinary and pork production practice, understanding of the swine microbiome and its relationships with the host organism may be useful in the prevention of some diseases and also in improvement of performance results of animals.
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Braundmeier-Fleming AG, Skenandore CS, Gil L, Jacobsen V, Cregger M, Badger T, Karr M, Wu G, Smith SB, Newell-Fugate AE. Dietary substitution of soybean oil with coconut oil in the absence of dietary antibiotics supports growth performance and immune function in nursery and grower pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:27. [PMID: 32190298 PMCID: PMC7075000 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-0428-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We hypothesized that supplementation of nursery and grower pig diets with coconut oil in the absence of antibiotics would yield maintenance of glucose homeostasis, growth performance, and immune function similar to what is achieved with nursery and grower pig diets containing antibiotics. Pigs received the same base treatment diets from d24 (weaning) to d71 of age and had blood and fecal samples collected on d24, d31, d45 and d71 for measurement of whole blood glucose, serum insulin, cortisol and cytokines, and fecal microbiome. Pigs had weekly weights and daily feed consumption measured throughout the study. Animals were euthanized at d71 and subcutaneous fat and ileal contents were collected for assessment for fatty acids and microbiome, respectively. Diet treatments consisted of 2% soybean oil plus antibiotics (ABX; n = 22), 2% soybean oil without antibiotics (NABX; n = 22), and 2% coconut oil without antibiotics (COC; n = 22). Statistical analysis examined the effect of diet within each timepoint using a repeated measures ANOVA. Results Pigs fed COC diet had decreased serum insulin levels, maintained feed intake, feed conversion and weight gain, and, based on serum cytokines and fecal microbiome, were immunologically similar to ABX-fed pigs. However, NABX-fed pigs performed similarly to the ABX-fed pigs in all parameters except for serum cytokines. Additionally, there was no difference in the incidence of diarrhea between any of the diet treatments. Conclusions This study demonstrates that dietary antibiotics are not necessary to maintain growth performance in nursery and grower pigs. However, dietary antibiotics appear to modulate circulating cytokine levels. Dietary coconut oil is neither harmful nor helpful to growth performance or immune function in nursery and grower pigs but does modulate serum insulin levels. Therefore, while coconut oil fed at 2% by weight is a suitable substitute for dietary antibiotics, this study suggests that no substitute for dietary antibiotics is needed at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea G Braundmeier-Fleming
- 1Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL 62702 USA
| | - Cassandra S Skenandore
- 2Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4466 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Lesly Gil
- 2Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4466 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Victoria Jacobsen
- 2Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4466 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Melissa Cregger
- 1Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL 62702 USA
| | - Taylor Badger
- 1Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL 62702 USA
| | - Mallory Karr
- 1Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL 62702 USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- 3Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, 2471 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Stephen B Smith
- 3Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, 2471 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Annie E Newell-Fugate
- 2Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4466 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843 USA
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Lin Z, Ye L, Li Z, Huang X, Lu Z, Yang Y, Xing H, Bai J, Ying Z. Chinese herb feed additives improved the growth performance, meat quality, and nutrient digestibility parameters of pigs. Animal Model Exp Med 2020; 3:47-54. [PMID: 32318659 PMCID: PMC7167239 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the use of antibiotics in animal feed has become a critical concern worldwide due to severe threats to human health and environment, we are in need of finding alternatives to antibiotics in pig breeding, maintaining the health of pigs, and getting high-quality pork. As traditional Chinese herbs (TCH) are rich natural resources in China and show great benefits to human health we propose to transfer this abundant resource into animal production industry as additives. METHODS Three groups of Chinese herbs (groups A, B, and C) were used as feed additives in the diet for pigs. In total 32 pigs were arranged in four groups (groups A, B, C, and control group, NC), fed in the same facility, eight pigs (one group) in each colony, free drinking, for 120 days. The feed:gain ratio (F/G), meat quality, total protein, and amino acid concentration of muscle were checked in the experiments. RESULTS After 120 days of feeding, the feed:gain ratio (F/G) of pigs in groups A, B, and C was decreased 17.56%, 9.31%, and 13.86% compared with NC treatment, respectively. The diets supplemented with Chinese herbs improved meat quality, increased loin eye area (especially group A and C showed significant difference, P < .001), the total protein (increased ratio vs NC was A = 4.54%, B = 0.38% and C = 3.53%), amino acid concentration of muscle, increased the villus height:crypt depth ratio, and induced positive effects on serum biochemical parameters and immune function (serum TC and TG concentrations were significantly lower than those in the NC group, P < .05.). CONCLUSIONS The use of Chinese herbal feed additives can reduce the cost of pig breeding and produce high-quality pock. The combination of these effects would contribute to better absorption ability of the intestinal tract and yield a better growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong‐ning Lin
- Agricultural Ecology InstituteFujian Academy of Agricultural SciencesFujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Hilly PratacultureFuzhouP.R. China
| | - Li Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyBeijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious DiseasesBeijingP.R. China
| | - Zhen‐wu Li
- Agricultural Ecology InstituteFujian Academy of Agricultural SciencesFujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Hilly PratacultureFuzhouP.R. China
| | - Xiu‐sheng Huang
- Agricultural Ecology InstituteFujian Academy of Agricultural SciencesFujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Hilly PratacultureFuzhouP.R. China
| | - Zheng Lu
- Agricultural Ecology InstituteFujian Academy of Agricultural SciencesFujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Hilly PratacultureFuzhouP.R. China
| | - You‐quan Yang
- Agricultural Ecology InstituteFujian Academy of Agricultural SciencesFujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Hilly PratacultureFuzhouP.R. China
| | - Huan‐wei Xing
- The Institute of Molecular MedicinePeking UniversityBeijingP.R. China
- Institute of BiophysicsSchool of SciencesHebei University of TechnologyTianjinP.R. China
| | - Jie‐ying Bai
- The Institute of Molecular MedicinePeking UniversityBeijingP.R. China
| | - Zhao‐yang Ying
- Agricultural Ecology InstituteFujian Academy of Agricultural SciencesFujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Hilly PratacultureFuzhouP.R. China
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Cheng D, Hao Ngo H, Guo W, Wang Chang S, Duc Nguyen D, Liu Y, Zhang X, Shan X, Liu Y. Contribution of antibiotics to the fate of antibiotic resistance genes in anaerobic treatment processes of swine wastewater: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 299:122654. [PMID: 31917094 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in water environment have become a global health concern. Swine wastewater is widely considered to be one of the major contributors for promoting the proliferation of ARGs in water environments. This paper comprehensively reviews and discusses the occurrence and removal of ARGs in anaerobic treatment of swine wastewater, and contributions of antibiotics to the fate of ARGs. The results reveal that ARGs' removal is unstable during anaerobic processes, which negatively associated with the presence of antibiotics. The abundance of bacteria carrying ARGs increases with the addition of antibiotics and results in the spread of ARGs. The positive relationship was found between antibiotics and the abundance and transfer of ARGs in this review. However, it is necessary to understand the correlation among antibiotics, ARGs and microbial communities, and obtain more knowledge about controlling the dissemination of ARGs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongle Cheng
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS 2007, Australia
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS 2007, Australia; Joint Research Centre for Protective Infrastructure Technology and Environmental Green Bioprocess, Department of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China; Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, 442-760, Republic of Korea.
| | - Wenshan Guo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS 2007, Australia; Joint Research Centre for Protective Infrastructure Technology and Environmental Green Bioprocess, Department of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Soon Wang Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, 442-760, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinh Duc Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, 442-760, Republic of Korea; Institution of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; NTT Institute of Hi-Technology, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Yiwen Liu
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NWS 2007, Australia
| | - Xinbo Zhang
- Joint Research Centre for Protective Infrastructure Technology and Environmental Green Bioprocess, Department of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xue Shan
- Joint Research Centre for Protective Infrastructure Technology and Environmental Green Bioprocess, Department of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, PR China
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Ibrahim M, Ahmad F, Yaqub B, Ramzan A, Imran A, Afzaal M, Mirza SA, Mazhar I, Younus M, Akram Q, Ali Taseer MS, Ahmad A, Ahmed S. Current trends of antimicrobials used in food animals and aquaculture. ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE GENES IN THE ENVIRONMENT 2020. [PMCID: PMC7153328 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818882-8.00004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Human population has been increasing rapidly, which ultimately increases human consumption, especially, animal protein requirements. Therefore, demands of animal protein consumption are increasing worldwide at an extraordinary rate. In order to meet the protein demand, intensive animal and aquaculture farming are considered. Like livestock farming (poultry, pigs, sheep, livestock, horses, rabbits, etc.), aquaculture farming (fish, crustaceans, mollusks, etc.) is also becoming the globe's emergent protein production sector. More than 580 aquaculture species are farmed worldwide. Current food animal and aquaculture farming are coupled with standard usage of antimicrobials. The antimicrobial drugs are major solutions for the management of contagious illnesses in food animals and aquaculture. In animal husbandry, antimicrobials are widely utilized for animal therapy, prophylaxis, or as growth promoters. Imprudent usage of these antimicrobials in food animals and aquaculture is a major contributing factor in the spread of antimicrobial resistance. The widespread use of veterinary medicines is considered to signify a frightening population health threat. It not only results in the disclosure and escalation of resistant microbes but also causes other individual, animal, and ecological deterioration. The contribution of resistant microbes from various sources seems to be the major base of resistance in the environment. However, strict policies and regulations for antimicrobial usage in food animals and aquaculture must be made and applied. It is important to prevent their negative effects in humans, food animals, aquaculture, and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Fiaz Ahmad
- Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Yaqub
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Ramzan
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Imran
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzaal
- Sustainable development study center GC University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | | | - Iqra Mazhar
- Sustainable development study center GC University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Younus
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Qaisar Akram
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan
| | | | - Ali Ahmad
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Sarfraz Ahmed
- Department of Basic Siences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan
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Effects of Forsythia Suspense Extract as an Antibiotics Substitute on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Serum Antioxidant Capacity, Fecal Escherichia coli Concentration and Intestinal Morphology of Weaned Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9100729. [PMID: 31561574 PMCID: PMC6826561 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Weaning stress may reduce feed intake, weight gain and health status of piglets. Antibiotics are used to overcome post-weaning disorders. However, the abuse of antibiotics in pig feed has become a worldwide problem. Previous studies show Chinese herbs have been used as a potential non-antibiotic way to enhance anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial functions of piglets. This study aims to evaluate the effect of Forsythia suspense extract (FSE) as an antibiotics substitute on performance, nutrient digestibility, serum antioxidant capacity, fecal Escherichia coli concentration and intestinal morphology of weaned piglets. The results show that dietary FSE supplementation can substitute antibiotics in improving antioxidant capacity, nutrients digestibility and reducing fecal E. coli content, so as to reduce nitrogen output and diarrhea rate, and eventually enhance growth performance in weaned piglets. Abstract The aim of this study is to determine the efficiency of Forsythia suspense extract (FSE) as an antibiotics substitute on performance, nutrient digestibility, serum antioxidant capacity, fecal Escherichia coli concentration and intestinal morphology of weaned piglets. A total of 108 Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire) weaned piglets (28 days (d) weaned, average body weight of 8.68 ± 1.36 kg) were randomly assigned into three dietary treatments, six pens per treatment, three barrows and three gilts per pen. The treatments contained a corn-soybean meal basal diet (CTR), an antibiotic diet (basal diet + 75 mg/kg chlortetracycline; CTC), and an FSE diet (basal diet + 200 mg/kg FSE; FSE). The experiment included phase 1 (d 1 to 14), phase 2 (d 15 to 28) and phase 3 (d 29 to 35). Compared with CTR, piglets fed FSE show improved (p < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake in phase 2, as well as enhanced (p < 0.05) ADG from day 15 to 35 and day 1 to 28. Piglets supplemented with CTC and FSE showed a reduced (p < 0.05) diarrhea rate in phase 1, while piglets fed FSE showed enhanced (p < 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and gross energy, as well as lower (p < 0.05) nitrogen output in phase 2 compared with CTR and CTC. The content in the form of Colony-Forming Units (CFUs) of fecal E. coli on day 14 and 28 was lower (p < 0.05) in piglets fed FSE in comparison with CTR. The contents of total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase and catalase in serum are enhanced (p < 0.05) compared with CTR and CTC, whereas the concentration of malondialdehyde in serum was decreased (p < 0.05) for piglets fed FSE on day 28 compared with CTC. The villus height to crypt depth ratio in ileum was numerically higher (p < 0.05) in piglets fed FSE in comparison with CTR. In conclusion, dietary FSE supplementation could substitute CTC in improving antioxidant capacity, nutrients digestibility and reducing fecal E. coli content, so as to reduce nitrogen output and diarrhea rate, and eventually improve performance in weaned piglets.
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Hamid H, Zhao LH, Ma GY, Li WX, Shi HQ, Zhang JY, Ji C, Ma QG. Evaluation of the overall impact of antibiotics growth promoters on broiler health and productivity during the medication and withdrawal period. Poult Sci 2019; 98:3685-3694. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Mannan rich fraction from yeast modulates inflammatory responses in intestinal cells (HT-29) exposed toEscherichia coli. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL NUTRITION 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/jan.2019.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMannan from yeast has been demonstrated to limit infection in animals susceptible to gastrointestinal infection, including pigs, poultry and cows, by blocking the mechanism by which gram-negative bacteria adhere to and invade the intestines. EnterotoxigenicEscherichia coli(ETEC) cause post weaning diarrhoea (PWD) which results in poor weight gain and potential death at great economic cost to the farmer. A mannan rich fraction (MRF) was assessedin vitrofor its impact on ETEC infection of HT-29 intestinal cell line. Gene expression markers for inflammation (TNFαandIL-1β) and TLR4 (TICAM-1andLY96) associated recognition of bacteria were significantly elevated following exposure toE. colialone, but not in combination with MRF compared to the control. HT-29 cells exposed to MRF alone demonstrated significantly reduced expression of immune signalling genesIRAK1,IRF7andJUNwhen compared to the control. HT-29 cell protein abundance for TNFα and TLR4 associated proteins were significantly increased in response toE. coliexposure alone while no significant change was observed for MRF treatment withE. coliinfection.E. coliadhesion to HT-29 cells was significantly decreased with addition of MRF compared toE. coliinfection alone. The action of MRF demonstrated its potential capacity to limit infection on anin vitrolevel through blocking bacterial interaction with the intestines that leads to infection as marked by a reduction in proinflammatory responses. MRF on its own demonstrated potential anti-inflammatory effects on intestinal cells with the reduction of proinflammatory responses observed.
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Kim H, Jeon EH, Park BC, Kim SJ. Dudleya brittonii extract promotes survival rate and M2-like metabolic change in porcine 3D4/31 alveolar macrophages. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 32:1789-1800. [PMID: 31208190 PMCID: PMC6817779 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective Although alveolar macrophages play a key role in the respiratory immunity of livestock, studies on the mechanism of differentiation and survival of alveolar macrophages are lacking. Therefore, we undertook to investigate changes in the lipid metabolism and survival rate, using 3D4/31 macrophages and Dudleya brittonii which has been used as a traditional asthma treatment. Methods 3D4/31 macrophages were used as the in vitro porcine alveolar macrophages model. The cells were activated by exposure to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Dudleya brittonii extraction was performed with distilled water. For evaluating the cell survival rate, we performed the water-soluble tetrazolium salt cell viability assay and growth curve analysis. To confirm cell death, cell cycle and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured using flow cytometric analysis by applying fluorescence dye dichlorofluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide. Furthermore, we also evaluated cellular lipid accumulation with oil red O staining, and fatty acid synthesis related genes expression levels using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) with SYBR green dye. Glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle related gene expression levels were measured using qPCR after exposure to Dudleya brittonii extract (DB) for 12 h. Results The ROS production and cell death were induced by PMA treatment, and exposure to DB reduced the PMA induced downregulation of cell survival. The PMA and DB treatments upregulated the lipid accumulation, with corresponding increase in the acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha, fatty acid synthase mRNA expressions. DB-PMA co-treatment reduced the glycolysis genes expression, but increased the expressions of fatty acid oxidation and TCA cycle genes. Conclusion This study provides new insights and directions for further research relating to the immunity of porcine respiratory system, by employing a model based on alveolar macrophages and natural materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungkuen Kim
- Division of Cosmetics and Biotechnology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Baebang, Asan 31499, Korea
| | - Eek Hyung Jeon
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Park
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology and Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
| | - Sung-Jo Kim
- Division of Cosmetics and Biotechnology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Baebang, Asan 31499, Korea
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Yang H, Paruch L, Chen X, van Eerde A, Skomedal H, Wang Y, Liu D, Liu Clarke J. Antibiotic Application and Resistance in Swine Production in China: Current Situation and Future Perspectives. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:136. [PMID: 31157244 PMCID: PMC6533531 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To meet increasing demand for animal protein, swine have been raised in large Chinese farms widely, using antibiotics as growth promoter. However, improper use of antibiotics has caused serious environmental and health risks, in particular Antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This paper reviews the consumption of antibiotics in swine production as well as AMR and the development of novel antibiotics or alternatives in China. The estimated application of antibiotics in animal production in China accounted for about 84240 tons in 2013. Overuse and abuse of antibiotics pose a great health risk to people through food-borne antibiotic residues and selection for antibiotic resistance. China unveiled a national plan to tackle antibiotic resistance in August 2016, but more support is needed for the development of new antibiotics or alternatives like plant extracts. Antibiotic resistance has been a major global challenge, so international collaboration between China and Europe is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yang
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway.,Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Paruch
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Xunji Chen
- Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | | | | | - Yanliang Wang
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Di Liu
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Li M, Long S, Wang Q, Zhang L, Hu J, Yang J, Cheng Z, Piao X. Mixed organic acids improve nutrients digestibility, volatile fatty acids composition and intestinal microbiota in growing-finishing pigs fed high-fiber diet. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018; 32:856-864. [PMID: 30381732 PMCID: PMC6498085 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to investigate effects of mixed organic acids (MOA) on nutrient digestibility, volatile fatty acids composition and intestinal microbiota in growing-finishing pigs fed high wheat bran diet. Methods Six crossbred barrows (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire), with an average body weight 78.8±4.21 kg, fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum, were allotted to a double 3×3 Latin square design with 3 periods and 3 diets. Each period consisted of a 5-d adjustment period followed by a 2-d total collection of feces and then a 2-d collection of ileal digesta. The dietary treatments included a corn-soybean-wheat bran basal diet (CTR), mixed organic acid 1 diet (MOA1; CTR+3,000 mg/kg OA1), mixed organic acid 2 diet (MOA2; CTR+2,000 mg/kg OA2). Results Pigs fed MOA (MOA1 or MOA2) showed improved (p<0.05) apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy, dry matter and organic matter, and pigs fed MOA2 had increased (p<0.05) ATTD of neutral detergent fiber compared to CTR. Dietary MOA supplementation decreased (p<0.05) pH value, and improved (p<0.01) concentrations of lactic acid and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) in ileum compared to CTR. Pigs fed MOA showed higher (p<0.05) concentration of acetic acid, and lower (p<0.05) content of formic acid in feces compared to CTR. Pigs fed MOA1 had increased (p<0.05) concentration of TVFA and butyric acid in feces. Pigs fed MOA1 showed higher concentration of Lactobacillus and lower concentration of Escherichia in feces compared to CTR. Conclusion Dietary supplementation of MOA 1 or 2 could improve nutrients digestibility, TVFA concentration and intestinal flora in growing-finishing pigs fed high fiber diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shenfei Long
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lianhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiangxu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Yunnan Kuaidaduo Animal Husbandry Technology Co., LTD, Yuxi 653100, China
| | - Zhibin Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Xiangshu Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Noble MA, Rennie R. Combined international external quality assessment results of medical laboratory performance and reporting of samples with known antimicrobial resistance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 5:161-166. [PMID: 29906268 DOI: 10.1515/dx-2018-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Reporting on the presence of antimicrobial resistance is of considerable concern both for individual patient care and for understanding the underlying health status within the community at large. Antimicrobial resistance is solely dependent upon clinical laboratory detection and thus can be impacted upon by the quality and competence of medical laboratories. Proficiency testing or external quality assessment (PT/EQA) is the international standard for the direct measurement of medical laboratory performance on critical testing.
Methods
An international, intercontinental collaborative retrospective study of medical laboratory performance in antibiotic resistance was performed by the Microbiology Working Group (MWG) of the European Organisation for External Quality Assurance for Laboratory Medicine (EQALM) with particular examination of laboratory performance on the testing and reporting of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE).
Results
The results of 1880 medical laboratories were compiled. Strictly accurate reporting of isolates as resistant occurred with MRSA 96.9%, with VRE 91.3% and with CRE 93.1% of the time. On the other hand, very major errors (reporting of false susceptibility) were observed with 2.2% of MRSA and 2.4% of VRE and 0.8% of CRE. Major errors (false resistance) were reported for vancomycin susceptibility testing for MRSA at a rate of 0.6%.
Conclusions
Depending on how clinical physicians read and understand microbiology susceptibility reports, proficient acceptable results were reported either between 91% and 94% of the time, or between 97% and 100%. While very major errors are infrequently reported, they were found in all regions and could potentially cause poor treatment decisions by clinicians. A collective analysis of multi-program PT/EQA information can provide valuable insights into the testing and reporting practices of medical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Noble
- Clinical Microbiology Proficiency Testing (CMPT), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, G-409, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert Rennie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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