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Móritz AV, Kovács H, Jerzsele Á, Psáder R, Farkas O. Flavonoids in mitigating the adverse effects of canine endotoxemia. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1396870. [PMID: 39193369 PMCID: PMC11347451 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1396870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
In dogs, chronic enteropathies, and impaired gut integrity, as well as microbiome imbalances, are a major problem. These conditions may represent a continuous low endotoxin load, which may result in the development of diseases that are attributable to chronic inflammation. Flavonoids are polyphenolic plant compounds with numerous beneficial properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. For our experiments, we isolated primary white blood cells (peripheral blood mononuclear cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes) from healthy dogs and induced inflammation and oxidative stress with Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In parallel, we treated the cell cultures with various flavonoids luteolin, quercetin and grape seed extract oligomeric proanthocyanidins (GSOP) alone and also in combination with LPS treatments. Then, changes in viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels were measured in response to treatment with quercetin, luteolin and GSOP at 25 and 50 μg/mL concentrations. We found that ROS levels were significantly lower in groups which were treated by flavonoid and LPS at the same time compared to LPS-treated groups, whereas TNF-α levels were significantly reduced only by luteolin and quercetin treatment. In contrast, treatment with lower concentrations of GSOP caused an increase in TNF-α levels, while higher concentrations caused a significant decrease. These results suggest that the use of quercetin, luteolin and GSOP may be helpful in the management of chronic intestinal diseases in dogs with reduced intestinal barrier integrity or altered microbiome composition, or in the mitigation of chronic inflammatory processes maintained by endotoxemia. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed before clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma V. Móritz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hédi Kovács
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Jerzsele
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Roland Psáder
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Farkas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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Xu M, Chen X, Huang Z, Chen D, Li M, He J, Chen H, Zheng P, Yu J, Luo Y, Yu B. Effects of dietary grape seed proanthocyanidin extract supplementation on meat quality, muscle fiber characteristics and antioxidant capacity of finishing pigs. Food Chem 2022; 367:130781. [PMID: 34391997 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate effects of dietary grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) supplementation on meat quality, muscle fiber characteristics and antioxidant capacity of finishing pigs. The data showed GSPE increased pH24 h, redness, crude protein content and decreased shear force, drip loss48 h, lactate content and glycolytic potential in longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle, accompanied by increased contents of total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), n-3 PUFA, and the ratio of PUFA to saturated fatty acid. GSPE promoted MyHC I mRNA and slow MyHC protein expression, and increased slow-twitch fiber percentage. The activities of total antioxidant capacity, total superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in LD muscle were increased by GSPE while malondialdehyde content was decreased. Together, this study demonstrated that dietary GSPE supplementation can effectively improve the color, water-holding capacity, tenderness and nutritional value of pork, and increase slow-twitch fiber percentage and antioxidant capacity of finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Mingzhou Li
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, PR China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
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Teli DM, Shah MB, Chhabria MT. In silico Screening of Natural Compounds as Potential Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease and Spike RBD: Targets for COVID-19. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:599079. [PMID: 33542917 PMCID: PMC7852456 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.599079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, plants have been sought after as bio-factories for the production of diverse chemical compounds that offer a multitude of possibilities to cure diseases. To combat the current pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), plant-based natural compounds are explored for their potential to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), the cause of COVID-19. The present study is aimed at the investigation of antiviral action of several groups of phytoconstituents against SARS-CoV-2 using a molecular docking approach to inhibit Main Protease (Mpro) (PDB code: 6LU7) and spike (S) glycoprotein receptor binding domain (RBD) to ACE2 (PDB code: 6M0J) of SARS-CoV-2. For binding affinity evaluation, the docking scores were calculated using the Extra Precision (XP) protocol of the Glide docking module of Maestro. CovDock was also used to investigate covalent docking. The OPLS3e force field was used in simulations. The docking score was calculated by preferring the conformation of the ligand that has the lowest binding free energy (best pose). The results are indicative of better potential of solanine, acetoside, and rutin, as Mpro and spike glycoprotein RBD dual inhibitors. Acetoside and curcumin were found to inhibit Mpro covalently. Curcumin also possessed all the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic parameters in the range. Thus, phytochemicals like solanine, acetoside, rutin, and curcumin hold potential to be developed as treatment options against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya M Teli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Mamta B Shah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Mahesh T Chhabria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India
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Caprarulo V, Giromini C, Rossi L. Review: Chestnut and quebracho tannins in pig nutrition: the effects on performance and intestinal health. Animal 2020; 15:100064. [PMID: 33516022 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural extracts are frequently adopted as a valuable alternative to antibiotics in intensive animal farming. Their diverse bioactive constituents such as phytosterols, glucosinolates, carotenoids and polyphenols have shown antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. Tannins are the largest class of polyphenol compounds of plant extracts, which can be classified into two hydrolysable or condensed subgroups. Poultry and swine nutrition are the most important sectors in which tannins have been used, firstly adopting tannin-rich feedstuffs and more recently, using tannin extracts from different plants. Several commercial products are available containing tannins extracted from the European chestnut tree (Castanea sativa Mill.) and the American quebracho (Schinopsis spp.). Tannins extracted from these plants have been applied on intensive swine farms due to their ability to improve animal performance and health. These positive and prominent effects are frequently associated with the antinutritional effects in reducing feed palatability, digestibility and protein utilization of feed. Some criticisms and contrasting results regarding pig performance and intestinal health have been reported. This paper provides an overview of the effects of chestnut and quebracho tannins on growth performance and intestinal health of pigs in order to clarify the appropriate dosage and response in the various physiological stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Caprarulo
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - C Giromini
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; CRC I-WE (Coordinating Research Center: Innovation for Well-Being and Environment), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - L Rossi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Xu M, Chen X, Huang Z, Chen D, Chen H, Luo Y, Zheng P, He J, Yu J, Yu B. Procyanidin B2 Promotes Skeletal Slow-Twitch Myofiber Gene Expression through the AMPK Signaling Pathway in C2C12 Myotubes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:1306-1314. [PMID: 31957433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dimer procyanidin B2 [epicatechin-(4β-8)-epicatechin] (PB2) has attracted a lot of interest in nutrition and medicine because of its significant health-promoting abilities. However, the function of PB2 on different types of skeletal myofiber is still unclear. Here, we have found that PB2 significantly increased protein expression of the slow myosin heavy chain (MyHC) and decreased fast MyHC protein in C2C12 myotubes, accompanied by upregulation of mRNA expression of MyHC I, MyHC IIa, and Tnni1 and downregulation of MyHC IIx and MyHC IIb. We have also found that PB2 enhanced the activities of malate dehydrogenase and succinic dehydrogenase and reduced lactate dehydrogenase activity. PB2 promoted phosphorylation of AMPK and significantly increased mRNA expression of AMPKα1. The upstream factors of AMPK, such as phospho-LKB1, NRF1, and CaMKKβ, and the downstream factors of AMPK, including Sirt1 and PGC-1α, were also increased by PB2. Specific suppression of AMPK signaling by AMPKα1 siRNA or by AMPK inhibitor compound C significantly attenuated the PB2-induced upregulation of phospho-AMPK, PGC-1α, and slow MyHC and downregulation of fast MyHC. Our findings suggested that PB2 promotes skeletal slow-twitch myofiber gene expression through the AMPK signaling pathway in C2C12 myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , Sichuan 611130 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , Sichuan 611130 , P. R. China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , Sichuan 611130 , P. R. China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , Sichuan 611130 , P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science , Sichuan Agricultural University , Yaan , Sichuan 625014 , P. R. China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , Sichuan 611130 , P. R. China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , Sichuan 611130 , P. R. China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , Sichuan 611130 , P. R. China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , Sichuan 611130 , P. R. China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition , Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu , Sichuan 611130 , P. R. China
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Nie Y, Stürzenbaum SR. Proanthocyanidins of Natural Origin: Molecular Mechanisms and Implications for Lipid Disorder and Aging-Associated Diseases. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:464-478. [PMID: 30926997 PMCID: PMC6520035 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins are phytonutrients formed by oligomerization or polymerization of subunits catechin, epicatechin, and their gallic acid esters. Proanthocyanidins are a component of many plants and thus form an integral part of the human diet. Oligomeric proanthocyanidins are currently marketed as medicinal products that target vascular disorders and chronic pathological conditions, many of which are age-associated. Proanthocyanidins are also characterized by their effects on energy homeostasis. Not dissimilar to their chemically synthesized counterparts, naturally extracted proanthocyanidins act via inhibition of lipases, stimulation of energy expenditure, or suppression of appetite. Here we review the current knowledge-base and highlight challenges and future impacts regarding involvement of proanthocyanidins in global lipid metabolism, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms and pathological conditions that progress with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Nie
- Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R Stürzenbaum
- Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Long M, Yang SH, Shi W, Li P, Guo Y, Guo J, He JB, Zhang Y. Protective effect of proanthocyanidin on mice Sertoli cell apoptosis induced by zearalenone via the Nrf2/ARE signalling pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:26724-26733. [PMID: 28956244 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0123-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the protective effect of proanthocyanidin (PC) on the cytotoxicity of the Sertoli cell TM4 of mice, as induced by zearalenone (ZEA). Flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptosis rate of cells in each group. The activities of antioxidant enzymes and the content of antioxidant substances were detected by using a proprietary kit; the RT-PCR method was used to detect the expression level of mRNA, the related genes of Nrf2/ARE signal pathway, the nuclear factor E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS) and the expression level of mRNA, the apoptosis-related genes, Bcl-2 and Bax; the Western-blot method was used to detect the protein expression levels of Nrf2, GSH-Px, HO-1, γ-GCS and NQO1 in each group. Our results showed that PC could reduce the apoptosis rate of the TM4 cells exposed to ZEA (p < 0.01); PC could enhance the decrease in the activities of T-SOD and GSH-Px induced by ZEA (p < 0.05), reduce the increase in the content of MDA, as caused by ZEA; PC could significantly up-regulate the down-regulation levels of the mRNA and protein of Nrf2, GSH-Px, HO-1, γ-GCS and NQO1 induced by ZEA. PC could enhance the decrease in the mRNA expression level of Bcl-2 and down-regulate the mRNA expression of Bax induced by ZEA (p < 0.05). These results demonstrated that PC conferred protective effects against oxidative damage and apoptosis of TM4 cells induced by ZEA. The protection mechanism of PC on TM4 cells might act through the activation of the Nrf2/ARE signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Long
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Shu-Hua Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Wei Shi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Peng Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yang Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Jiayi Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Jian-Bin He
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
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Valeriano VDV, Balolong MP, Kang DK. Probiotic roles of Lactobacillus sp. in swine: insights from gut microbiota. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:554-567. [PMID: 27914202 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The use of lactobacilli as probiotics in swine has been gaining attention due to their ability to improve growth performance and carcass quality, prevent gastrointestinal infection and most importantly, their 'generally recognized as safe' status. Previous studies support the potential of lactobacilli to regulate host immune systems, enhance gut metabolic capacities and maintain balance in the gut microbiota. Research on swine gut microbiota has revealed complex gut microbial community structure and showed the importance of Lactobacillus to the host's health. However, the species- and strain-specific characteristics of lactobacilli that confer probiotic benefits are still not well understood. The diversity of probiotic traits in a complex gut ecosystem makes it challenging to infer the relationships between specific functions of Lactobacillus sp. and host health. In this review, we provide an overview of how lactobacilli play a pivotal role in the swine gut ecosystem and identify key characteristics that influence gut microbial community structure and the health of pigs. In addition, based on recent and ongoing meta-omics and omics research on the gut microbiota of pigs, we suggest a workflow combining culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches for more effective selection of probiotic lactobacilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- V D V Valeriano
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - M P Balolong
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea.,Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - D-K Kang
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
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Li K, Xiao Y, Chen J, Chen J, He X, Yang H. Microbial composition in different gut locations of weaning piglets receiving antibiotics. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017; 30:78-84. [PMID: 27383806 PMCID: PMC5205595 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine shifts in the composition of the bacterial population in the intestinal tracts (ITs) of weaning piglets by antibiotic treatment using high-throughput sequencing. METHODS Sixty 28-d-old weaning piglets were randomly divided into two treatment groups. The Control group was treated with a basal diet without antibiotics. The Antibiotic group's basal diet contained colistin sulfate at a concentration of 20 g per ton and bacitracin zinc at a concentration of 40 g per ton. All of the pigs were fed for 28 days. Then, three pigs were killed, and the luminal contents of the jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon were collected for DNA extraction and high-throughput sequencing. RESULTS The results showed that the average daily weight gain of the antibiotic group was significantly greater (p<0.05), and the incidence of diarrhea lower (p>0.05), than the control group. A total of 812,607 valid reads were generated. Thirty-eight operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that were found in all of the samples were defined as core OTUs. Twenty-one phyla were identified, and approximately 90% of the classifiable sequences belonged to the phylum Firmicutes. Forty-two classes were identified. Of the 232 genera identified, nine genera were identified as the core gut microbiome because they existed in all of the tracts. The proportion of the nine core bacteria varied at the different tract sites. A heat map was used to understand how the numbers of the abundant genera shifted between the two treatment groups. CONCLUSION At different tract sites the relative abundance of gut microbiota was different. Antibiotics could cause shifts in the microorganism composition and affect the composition of gut microbiota in the different tracts of weaning piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifeng Li
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021,
China
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058,
China
| | - Yingping Xiao
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021,
China
| | - Jiucheng Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058,
China
| | - Jinggang Chen
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021,
China
| | - Xiangxiang He
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021,
China
| | - Hua Yang
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021,
China
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10
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Patel S, Vajdy M. Induction of cellular and molecular immunomodulatory pathways by vitamin A and flavonoids. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15:1411-28. [PMID: 26185959 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1066331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A detailed study of reports on the immunomodulatory properties of vitamin A and select flavonoids may pave the way for using these natural compounds or compounds with similar structures in novel drug and vaccine designs against infectious and autoimmune diseases and cancers. AREAS COVERED Intracellular transduction pathways, cellular differentiation and functional immunomodulatory responses have been reviewed. The reported studies encompass in vitro, in vivo preclinical and clinical studies that address the role of vitamin A and select flavonoids in induction of innate and adaptive B- and T-cell responses, including TH1, TH2 and regulatory T cells (Treg). EXPERT OPINION While the immunomodulatory role of vitamin A, and related compounds, is well-established in many preclinical studies, its role in humans has begun to gain wider acceptance. In contrast, the role of flavonoids is mostly controversial in clinical trials, due to the diversity of the various classes of these compounds, and possibly due to the purity and the selected doses of the compounds. However, current preclinical and clinical studies warrant further detailed studies of these promising immunomodulatory compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Patel
- a EpitoGenesis, Inc. , 1392 Storrs Rd Unit 4213, ATL Building, Rm 101, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Michael Vajdy
- a EpitoGenesis, Inc. , 1392 Storrs Rd Unit 4213, ATL Building, Rm 101, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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11
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Pajarillo EAB, Chae JP, Balolong MP, Kim HB, Seo KS, Kang DK. Characterization of the Fecal Microbial Communities of Duroc Pigs Using 16S rRNA Gene Pyrosequencing. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 28:584-91. [PMID: 25656184 PMCID: PMC4341109 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.14.0651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This study characterized the fecal bacterial community structure and inter-individual variation in 30-week-old Duroc pigs, which are known for their excellent meat quality. Pyrosequencing of the V1–V3 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA genes generated 108,254 valid reads and 508 operational taxonomic units at a 95% identity cut-off (genus level). Bacterial diversity and species richness as measured by the Shannon diversity index were significantly greater than those reported previously using denaturation gradient gel electrophoresis; thus, this study provides substantial information related to both known bacteria and the untapped portion of unclassified bacteria in the population. The bacterial composition of Duroc pig fecal samples was investigated at the phylum, class, family, and genus levels. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes predominated at the phylum level, while Clostridia and Bacteroidia were most abundant at the class level. This study also detected prominent inter-individual variation starting at the family level. Among the core microbiome, which was observed at the genus level, Prevotella was consistently dominant, as well as a bacterial phylotype related to Oscillibacter valericigenes, a valerate producer. This study found high bacterial diversity and compositional variation among individuals of the same breed line, as well as high abundance of unclassified bacterial phylotypes that may have important functions in the growth performance of Duroc pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jong Pyo Chae
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea
| | - Marilen P Balolong
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea ; Department of Biology, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea
| | - Kang-Seok Seo
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 540-742, Korea
| | - Dae-Kyung Kang
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea
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