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Stein AP, Harder J, Holmes HR, Merz CNB, Pepine CJ, Keeley EC. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e032137. [PMID: 38348798 PMCID: PMC11010085 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.032137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Coronary microvascular dysfunction is an underdiagnosed pathologic process that is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. There are data to suggest that coronary microvascular dysfunction, in some cases, may be genetically determined. We present an updated review of single nucleotide polymorphisms in coronary microvascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - C. Noel Bairey Merz
- Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart CenterSmidt Heart Institute, Cedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Carl J. Pepine
- Department of MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Ellen C. Keeley
- Department of MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
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Karimi Y, Sehati F, Sarreshtedari A, Mirzad M, Khalili Y, Kiani R, Taheri Bajgan E, Hosseini Moghadam M, Mehrvarz F, Bakhshandeh H, Parham M, Malakootian M, Sadeghipour P. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase Asp298Glu (894G/T) gene polymorphism as a possible risk factor for the coronary slow flow phenomenon among Iranians. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2022; 22:300. [PMID: 35773625 PMCID: PMC9248196 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-022-02736-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mounting evidence indicates an association between endothelial dysfunction and the coronary slow flow phenomenon (CSFP). In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the possible role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) 894G/T and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) 315C/T polymorphisms as possible risk factors for CSFP. Methods This prospective study enrolled patients with CSFP and individuals with normal coronary arteries. Genotypes were assessed using regular polymerase chain reaction and direct Sanger-sequencing techniques. Results The study population consisted of 267 individuals: 180 patients with CSFP (49 women [27.2%]) at a median age of 55 (48–62) years and 87 controls with normal coronary arteries (56 women [64.4%]) at a median age of 47 (41–58) years. The allelic distribution of eNOS 894G/T was significantly associated with CSFP (odds ratio [OR], 1.58; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04–2.42; P = 0.03). This polymorphism increased the risk of CSFP under the dominant model (OR 1.73; 95% CI I.02–2.95; P = 0.04). However, the allelic frequencies (1.05; 95% CI 0.68–1.59; P = 0.83) and genotypic frequencies (0.88; 95% CI 0.52–1.49; P = 0.63) of the IL-1β 315C/T polymorphism were not associated with the incidence of CSFP in the Iranian population. Conclusions The CSFP and control groups were statistically different regarding the eNOS 894G/T polymorphism. Our findings also demonstrated that the IL-1β 315C/T polymorphism was not a risk factor for CSFP. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12872-022-02736-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeganeh Karimi
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sehati
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Sarreshtedari
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Mirzad
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasaman Khalili
- Cardiogenetic Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Vali-Asr Ave, Niyayesh Blvd, Tehran, 1996911101, Iran
| | - Reza Kiani
- Cardiovascular Intervention Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Vali-Asr Ave, Niyayesh Blvd, Tehran, 1996911101, Iran
| | - Elham Taheri Bajgan
- Molecular Genetics Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Hosseini Moghadam
- Cardiogenetic Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Vali-Asr Ave, Niyayesh Blvd, Tehran, 1996911101, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Mehrvarz
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hooman Bakhshandeh
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Parham
- Cardiovascular Intervention Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Vali-Asr Ave, Niyayesh Blvd, Tehran, 1996911101, Iran
| | - Mahshid Malakootian
- Cardiogenetic Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Vali-Asr Ave, Niyayesh Blvd, Tehran, 1996911101, Iran.
| | - Parham Sadeghipour
- Cardiovascular Intervention Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Vali-Asr Ave, Niyayesh Blvd, Tehran, 1996911101, Iran. .,Cardiogenetic Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Vali-Asr Ave, Niyayesh Blvd, Tehran, 1996911101, Iran.
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Seyedian SM, Bijanzadeh M, Ahmadi F, Haghighizadeh MH. Association between Endothelial nitric oxide synthase and Hepatic lipase gene polymorphisms with the risk of coronary artery disease in Southern Iran population - A case control study. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 40:423-433. [PMID: 33673789 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2021.1892130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease is a multifactorial genetic disease caused by the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Angiography is the gold standard method for the diagnosis and determining the stage of cardiac disorder. The rs1800588 at the Hepatic Lipase gene and rs1799983 at the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene are two candidate SNP that result in increased risk of this disease. The aim of this study was to find out the associations of the two mentioned polymorphisms with angiographically proven coronary artery patients in a southern Iranian population. In this study, this two polymorphisms in 287 patients and 229 matched controls were confirmed by angiography and analyzed. Genotype analysis was carried out by PCR and RFLP. Data showed that a significant difference for the eNOS gene polymorphism (p = 0.004) and a non-significant difference for the Hepatic lipase polymorphism (p = 0.261) and increasing severity of angiographic evidences of coronary artery disease were observed. Conclusively the significant association of the G894T with the narrowing of two or three coronary vessels of this patients in an Iranian population have been detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Masoud Seyedian
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Cardiology, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Bijanzadeh
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Medical genetics, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Ahmadi
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Cardiology, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Zhao C, Zong Z, Zhu Q, Wang Y, Li X, Zhang C, Ma C, Xue Y. The lncRNA MALAT1 participates in regulating coronary slow flow endothelial dysfunction through the miR-181b-5p-MEF2A-ET-1 axis. Vascul Pharmacol 2021; 138:106841. [PMID: 33545365 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2021.106841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary slow flow (CSF) refers to coronary arteries with no obvious stenosis but have slow coronary flow without effective treatment. The main cause of CSF is endothelial dysfunction. The long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) MALAT1 is involved in regulating endothelial dysfunction, but its role in CSF endothelial dysfunction is still unclear. METHODS We included 41 CSF patients and 37 controls in the study, who all underwent coronary angiography, echocardiography, and brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) examination. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) stimulated by oxygen-glucose deprivation were used as CSF-induced HUVECs. Plasma endothelin-1 (ET-1) concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression levels of MALAT1, miR-181b-5p, myocyte enhancer factor 2A (MEF2A), and ET-1 were measured by qRT-PCR or western blotting. Cell proliferation was determined by 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) and Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays. Apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry. The relationship between miR-181b-5p and MALAT1 or MEF2A was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. MEF2A binding directly to the ET-1 promoter region was verified via chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. RESULTS MALAT1 and ET-1 were increased, and miR-181b-5p was decreased in the peripheral blood of the CSF patients, and could be used as predictors of CSF. In the CSF-induced HUVECs, MALAT1 was highly expressed, and MALAT1 knockdown improved endothelial function. In contrast, miR-181b-5p was downregulated in the CSF-induced HUVECs, and miR-181b-5p overexpression improved endothelial function. While MEF2A was highly enriched in CSF-induced HUVECs, MEF2A knockdown reduced ET-1 and increased the endothelial function of CSF-induced HUVECs as a transcriptional regulator of ET-1. MALAT1 modulated MEF2A expression positively by sponging miR-181b-5p. CONCLUSIONS Endothelial function is reduced in CSF. MALAT1 participates in regulating CSF endothelial dysfunction through the miR-181b-5p-MEF2A-ET-1 axis, and could provide a new target for CSF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiting Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhihong Zong
- Teaching Center for Basic Medical Experiment, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yonghuai Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chenghong Zhang
- Teaching Center for Basic Medical Experiment, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chunyan Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Yixue Xue
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Abstract
Objective: Coronary slow flow phenomenon (CSFP) is characterized by the decreased rate of contrast progression in epicardial coronary arte-ries in the absence of significant coronary stenosis. Mounting evidence has showed a significant association between inflammation and CSFP severity. This study aimed to evaluate possible associations between interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) gene variable number tandem repeat (VNTR), IL-1β -511 single nucleotide (SNP), and IL-1β+3954 SNP mutations with CSFP. Methods: Forty-eight patients with CSFP and 62 controls with angiographically normal coronary arteries were prospectively enrolled in the study. Genotypes were assessed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. Results: Homozygote genotype for allele 2 of+3954 C>T 2/2 genotype was significantly more frequent in patients with CSFP than in the control group, whereas 1/2 genotype was more frequent in the control group (35.4% versus 14.5% for 2/2 genotype and 25% versus 35.5% for 1/2 genotype in CSFP and control groups, respectively, X2=6.6; p=0.04). The allelic frequency of allele 2 of this polymorphism was significantly higher in the CSFP group than in the control group (47.9% versus 28.6% in the control group, X2=5.6; p=0.02). However, there was no significant difference with regard to genotype or allelic frequencies of IL-1ra VNTR or IL-1β -511 SNP polymorphisms between patients with CSFP and controls. Conclusion: IL-1β+3954 SNP mutations are significantly more common in patients with CSFP. It may suggest that the tendency for inflammation may contribute to the presence of this phenomenon.
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Jin Z, Tan Q, Sun B. Telmisartan ameliorates vascular endothelial dysfunction in coronary slow flow phenomenon (CSFP). Cell Biochem Funct 2018; 36:18-26. [PMID: 29314204 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qindong Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bei Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Sezgin N, Tekin A, Atac FB, Verdi H, Sezgin AT. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms in patients with slow coronary flow. Interv Med Appl Sci 2017; 9:117-122. [PMID: 29201435 PMCID: PMC5700696 DOI: 10.1556/1646.9.2017.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims The aim of this study was to explore potential associations of the intron 4 variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) and E298A polymorphisms of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene with slow coronary flow (SCF). The association between plasma nitrate and nitrite (NO x ) concentrations and eNOS gene polymorphisms was also assessed. Materials and methods The intron 4 VNTR and E298A polymorphisms of the eNOS gene were evaluated in the isolated DNA blood samples obtained from the SCF patient group (n = 30) and healthy group consisted of age- and sex-matched controls (n = 61). Results Plasma NO x level was significantly lower in patients with SCF than in controls. In addition, patients with SCF have significantly lower nitric oxide levels than control subjects within each genotype variants. The allele and genotyped frequencies of the eNOS intron 4 VNTR and E298A polymorphisms were similar between patients with SCF and the controls. Plasma NO x concentrations with respect to the relevant genotypes were found insignificant. Discussion and conclusion Plasma NO x is lower in patients with SCF than in healthy subjects. Our findings may suggest the lack of association between intron 4 VNTR and E298A polymorphisms of the eNOS gene and SCF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurzen Sezgin
- Department of Biochemistry, Acıbadem University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Tekin
- Department of Cardiology, Başkent University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Belgin Atac
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Başkent University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hasibe Verdi
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Başkent University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Rasmi Y, Bagheri M, Faramarz-Gaznagh S, Nemati M, Khadem-Ansari MH, Saboory E, Seyed-Mohamadzad MH, Shirpoor A. Transcriptional activity of tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with coronary slow flow. ARYA ATHEROSCLEROSIS 2017; 13:196-201. [PMID: 29147131 PMCID: PMC5677324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary slow flow (CSF), an angiographic phenomenon that is characterized by a delayed coronary blood flow in the absence of obstructive coronary artery stenosis, is known as a disorder of the coronary microcirculation. Inflammation has an important role in the vascular hemostasis and endothelial dysfunction especially regarding monocyte adhesion and infiltration. Pro-inflammatory cytokines released by inflammatory cells result in endothelial cell dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases. It has been demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) mainly influences the vascular homeostasis and endothelial dysfunction. In the present enquiry the transcriptional activity of TNF-α gene in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with CSF was compared with healthy controls in order to further survey the role of TNF-α in pathophysiology of CSF. METHODS The study was carried out on 30 patients with CSF and 30 matched healthy controls. To analysis gene expression of TNF-α, total mRNA was isolated from PBMCs. The quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to compare the transcriptional activity of TNF-α gene between patients with CSF and controls. RESULTS The mean ± standard error of mean of fold in CSF patients and controls were 0.20 ± 0.04 and 1.38 ± 0.27, respectively. The mRNA mean expressions of TNF-α (fold) were different in tested groups, which indicated a significant decrease in TNF-α in patients with CSF group (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION Expression of TNF-α was decreased in patients with CSF. Changes in TNF-α expression suggest a potential role for altered immune function in the pathophysiology of CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Rasmi
- Professor, Cellular and Molecular Research Center AND Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Morteza Bagheri
- Assistant Professor, Cellular and Molecular Research Center AND Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran,Correspondence to: Morteza Bagheri,
| | - Sanaz Faramarz-Gaznagh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Nemati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Ehsan Saboory
- Professor, Neurophysiology Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mir Hossein Seyed-Mohamadzad
- Associate Professor, Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Alireza Shirpoor
- Associate Professor, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Rai H, Sinha N. Genetic Determinants and Biochemical Correlates of Slow Coronary Flow: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH AND HYPOTHESIS IN MEDICINE 2017; 2:1-2. [DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2016.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Amara A, Mrad M, Sayeh A, Lahideb D, Layouni S, Haggui A, Fekih-Mrissa N, Haouala H, Nsiri B. The Effect of ACE I/D Polymorphisms Alone and With Concomitant Risk Factors on Coronary Artery Disease. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2016; 24:157-163. [PMID: 27895197 DOI: 10.1177/1076029616679505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary artery disease (CAD), also known as atherosclerotic heart disease, is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity throughout the world. The role of insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphisms of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene in the etiology of CAD remains to be more completely clarified. The aim of this study was to determine the role of the ACE I/D polymorphism in patients with CAD and to study the association together with traditional risk factors in assessing the risk of CAD. METHODS Our study population included 145 Tunisian patients with symptomatic CAD and a control group of 300 people matched for age and sex. All participants in the study were genotyped for the ACE I/D polymorphisms obtained by polymerase chain reaction amplification on genomic DNA. RESULTS Our analysis showed that the ACE D allele frequency ( P < 10-3; odds ratio [OR] = 5.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.6-7.6) and DD genotype ( P < 10-3; OR = 6.8; 95% CI = 4.4-10) are significantly more prevalent among patients with CAD than in controls and may be predisposing to CAD. We further found that the risk of CAD is greatly potentiated by several concomitant risk factors (smoking, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and a family history of CAD). CONCLUSION The ACE D allele may be predictive in individuals who may be at risk of developing CAD. Further investigations of these polymorphisms and their possible synergisms with traditional risk factors for CAD could help to ascertain better predictability for CAD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Amara
- 1 Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Service d'Hématologie, Hôpital Militaire de Tunis, Montfleury, Tunisie.,2 Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis el Manar, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Meriem Mrad
- 1 Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Service d'Hématologie, Hôpital Militaire de Tunis, Montfleury, Tunisie.,2 Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis el Manar, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Aicha Sayeh
- 1 Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Service d'Hématologie, Hôpital Militaire de Tunis, Montfleury, Tunisie.,2 Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis el Manar, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Dhaker Lahideb
- 3 Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Militaire de Tunis, Montfleury, Tunisie.,4 Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Samy Layouni
- 1 Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Service d'Hématologie, Hôpital Militaire de Tunis, Montfleury, Tunisie.,5 Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - Abdeddayem Haggui
- 3 Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Militaire de Tunis, Montfleury, Tunisie.,4 Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Najiba Fekih-Mrissa
- 1 Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Service d'Hématologie, Hôpital Militaire de Tunis, Montfleury, Tunisie.,6 Académie Militaire Fondouk Jédid, Nabeul, Tunisie
| | - Habib Haouala
- 3 Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Militaire de Tunis, Montfleury, Tunisie.,4 Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Brahim Nsiri
- 1 Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Service d'Hématologie, Hôpital Militaire de Tunis, Montfleury, Tunisie.,5 Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
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