Extraction and physicochemical characterization of native and broiler chicken feet gelatin

BACKGROUND

Poultry processing generates a large amount of industrial waste, which is rich in collagen content. This waste can be utilized for the extraction of valuable components such as gelatin, which can be used as an alternative to mammalian gelatin (porcine and bovine).

RESULTS

Gelatins were analyzed for their yield, proximate analysis, pH, color, viscosity, bloom strength, and texture profile analysis. The yield of broiler chicken feet gelatin (BCFG) was slightly higher (7.93%) as compared to native chicken feet gelatin (NCFG) (7.06%). The protein content was 85.92% and 82.53% for BCFG and NCFG. Both gelatin had moisture content in the standard range (< 15) as given by Gelatin Manufacturers of Europe (GME). Both gelatins showed higher bloom strength (326 g for NCFG and 203 g for BCFG) at 6.67% gelatin concentration, classified as high bloom. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis showed amide I, amide A, amide B at 1636 cm-1, 3302 cm-1, 2945 cm-1 for NCFG and 1738 cm-1, 3292 cm-1, 2920 cm-1 for BCFG. At 6.67% gelatin concentration, hardness and cohesiveness values were also higher than commercial gelatin previously studied. The pH values for NCFG were 5.43 and BCFG was 5.31. Both NCFG and BCFG viscosities (4.43 and 3.85 cP) were in the optimum range of commercial gelatins (2-7 cP).

CONCLUSION

Hence, the present study concluded that both NCFG and BCFG have a huge potential to replace commercial mammalian gelatins (porcine and bovine) in the food industries. However further studies should be done to optimize the extraction process. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Textural, rheological, and structural properties of turkey and chicken gelatins from mechanical deboning residues

Large amounts of collagen-rich by-products are generated in poultry processing. In particular, gelatin from the by-products of turkey processing is limited. Gelatin extraction from turkey and chicken MDRs (mechanically deboning residue) was the purpose of this study. Both materials were modified at the highest swelling pH for chemical denaturation of collagen and hot water extraction of gelatin was performed at the optimum temperature-time, which was determined to be pH 1.0 and 80°C-6 h, respectively. In these conditions, yields of 9.90% turkey gelatin (TG) and 13.85% chicken gelatin (CG) were produced. They demonstrated similar viscosity, gel strength, and lightness values of 72-73 g, 2.5-2.7 mPas, and 31, respectively. These results are close to those of bovine gelatin (BG). TG with 239.78 g Bloom exhibited higher strength than CG (225.27 g) and BG (220.00 g). The melting and gelation temperatures of CG and BG were 21 and 30°C, respectively, while those of TG were 19 and 28°C. Imino acids (proline + hydroxyproline) of TG (22.82%) were higher than those of CG (20.73%). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed secondary structure and functional groups of CG and TG similar to those of BG. CG displayed a higher thermal transition temperature than BG, while TG exhibited the highest temperature sensitivity, according to the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. In conclusion, TG showed higher potential for effective utilization with higher bloom and imino acids. Overall, turkey and chicken MDRs are a promising and potential alternative source to produce gelatin with comparable properties to bovine gelatin for intended food applications as well as for pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields.

Techno-functional characterization of gelatin extracted from the smooth-hound shark skins: Impact of pretreatments and drying methods

Gelatin derived from marine by-products could be an interesting alternative to classic mammalian gelatin. The pretreatment and extraction conditions could influence the size of the resulting peptide chains and therefore their techno-functional properties. Thus, it is important to optimize the production process to get a gelatin for the appropriate applications. Skin pretreatment was done by microwaves or oven-drying and the extracted gelatin was dried by spray- or freeze-drying. Freeze-dried gelatin extracted from untreated skin (FGUS) had the highest gelatin yield (10.40%). Gelatin proximate composition showed that proteins were the major component (87.12-89.95%), while lipids showed the lowest contents (0.65-2.26%). Glycine showed the highest level (299-316/1000 residues) in the extracted gelatins. Proline and hydroxyproline residues of gelatins from untreated skin were significantly higher than those from pretreated skin-gelatin. FTIR spectra were characterized by peaks of the amide A (3430-3284 cm-1), B (3000-2931 cm-1), I (1636-1672 cm-1), II (1539-1586 cm-1) and III (1000-1107 cm-1). Spray-drying decreased the gelling properties of gelatins, since it reduced gelling and melting temperatures compared to freeze-drying. Skin pretreatment significantly reduced the gel strength of gelatin by about 50-100 g depending on the gelatin drying method. The FGUS showed better surface properties compared to other gelatins. The highest emulsion activity index (39.42 ± 1.02 m2/g) and foaming expansion (172.33 ± 2.35%) were measured at 3% FGUS. Therefore, the promising properties of freeze-dried gelatin derived from untreated skin, gave it the opportunity to be successfully used as a techno-functional ingredient in many formulations.

Optimization of Gelatin Extracting Condition from Korean Native Black Goat Skin and Quality Comparison with Commercial Gelatin

The practical use of Korean native black goat skin as a source of gelatin extraction is limited. The objective of this study was to optimize the extraction temperature and time of gelatin from Korean native black goat skin, and to compare the quality characteristics of goat skin gelatin and other commercial gelatin products. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the extraction temperature and time of gelatin obtained from native Korean black goat skin. The effects of temperature (50°C-70°C) and time (2-4 h) on extraction yield and gel strength were investigated using a face-centered central composite design with 13 experiments. Gelatin extraction from Korean native black goat skin was prepared through the serial processes of alkali pre-treatment, bleaching, neutralization, hot-water extraction, and freeze-drying. Using the optimization plot of Minitab software, the optimized conditions for extracting temperature and time of goat skin gelatin were 59.49°C and 3.03 h, and the optimized values of extraction yield and gel strength were 12.52% and 263.37 g, respectively. Based on a quality comparison of goat skin gelatin with commercial gelatin, the pH value of gelatin extracted from Korean native black goat skin was 5.57. The color of gelatin extracted from Korean native black goat skin was darker than that of commercial gelatin (p<0.05). Higher emulsifying properties and gel strength of goat skin gelatin were observed when compared to those of commercial gelatin (p<0.05). Therefore, the results of this study indicate that Korean native black goat skin may be a valuable source for gelatin extraction.

Improved jellyfish gelatin quality through ultrasound-assisted salt removal and an extraction process

The use of by-products of salted jellyfish for gelatin production offers valuable gelatin products rather than animal feed. Several washes or washing machines have reported removing salt in salted jellyfish. However, the green ultrasound technique has never been reported for the desalination of salted jellyfish. The objectives were to determine how effectively the raw material's salt removal was done by combining the traditional wash and then subjected to the ultrasonic waves in a sonication bath for 20-100 min. For gelatin production, the ultrasonicated jellyfish by-products were pretreated with sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid, washed, and extracted with hot water for 4, 6, and 8 h. Results showed that the increased duration of ultrasound time increased the desalination rate. The highest desalination rate of 100% was achieved using 100 min ultrasonic time operated at a fixed frequency (40 kHz) and power (220 W). The jellyfish gelatin extracted for 4, 6, and 8 h showed gel strengths in 121-447, 120-278, and 91-248 g. The 80 min ultrasonicated sample and hot water extraction for 8 h (JFG80-8) showed the highest gel yield of 32.69%, with a gel strength of 114.92 g. Still, the 40 min ultrasonicated sample with 4 h of extraction delivered the highest gel strength of 447.01 g (JFG40-4) and the lower yield of 10.60%. The melting and gelling temperatures of jellyfish gelatin from ultrasonicated samples ranged from 15-25°C and 5-12°C, which are lower than bovine gelatin (BG) and fish gelatin (FG). Monitored by FITR, the synergistic effect of extended sonication time (from 20-100 min) with 4 h extraction time at 80 °C caused amide I, II, and III changes. Based on the proteomic results, the peptide similarity of JFG40-4, having the highest gel strength, was 17, 23, or 20 peptides compared to either BG, FG, or JFG100-8 having the lowest gel strength. The 14 peptides were similarly found in all JFG40-4, BG, and FG samples. In conclusion, for the first time in this report, the improved jellyfish gel can be achieved when combined with traditional wash and 40 min ultrasonication of desalted jellyfish and extraction time of 4 h at 80 °C.

Valorization of Cattle Slaughtering Industry By-Products: Modification of the Functional Properties and Structural Characteristics of Cowhide Gelatin Induced by High Hydrostatic Pressure

This study investigates the effects of different pressures (200, 250, 300, 350, and 400 MPa) and durations (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 min) on the functional properties, secondary structure, and intermolecular forces of cowhide gelatin. Our results show that high hydrostatic pressure significantly affected the two, three, and four-level structures of gelatin and caused the contents of the α-helix and β-turn to decrease by 68.86% and 78.58%, respectively (p < 0.05). In particular, the gelatin at 300 MPa for 15 min had the highest gel strength, emulsification, solubility, and foaming of all the treatment conditions under study. The analysis of the surface hydrophobicity, sulfhydryl content, zeta potential, and Raman spectroscopy shows that at a pressure of 300 MPa (15 min), the hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions between collagen molecules are strongly destroyed, leading to changes in the tertiary and quaternary conformation of the protein and unfolding, with the electrostatic repulsion between protein particles making the decentralized state stable. In conclusion, moderate pressure and time can significantly improve the functional and structural properties of collagen, which provides theoretical support and guidance for realizing the high-value utilization of cowhide.

Application of Green Technology in Gelatin Extraction: A Review

Growing demands for green and sustainable processing that eliminates the utilization of toxic chemicals and increases efficiency has encouraged the application of novel extraction technologies for the food industry. This review discusses the principles and potential application of several green technology for gelatin extraction. Several novel technologies and their processing efficiency are discussed in this review. Furthermore, factors that affect the quality of the gelatin produced from different sources are also highlighted. The potential application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), subcritical water extraction, high-pressure processing, and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) to improve gelatin extraction are addressed. These technologies have the potential to become an efficient extraction method compared to the conventional extraction technologies. Several combinations of green and conventional technologies have been reported to yield promising results. These combinations, especially using conventional pre-treatment and green technologies for extraction, have been found to be more effective in producing gelatin. Since gelatin could be produced from various sources, it exhibits different characteristics; thus, different approaches and extraction method should be identified for specific types of gelatin. Although these technologies have limitations, such as overhydration and sophisticated systems explicitly designed for large-scale production, they are nonetheless more efficient in the long run to safeguard the environment as they reduce solvent usage and carbon footprint along the way.

A Review on the Extraction and Processing of Natural Source-Derived Proteins through Eco-Innovative Approaches

In addition to their nutritional and physiological role, proteins are recognized as the major compounds responsible for the rheological properties of food products and their stability during manufacture and storage. Furthermore, proteins have been shown to be source of bioactive peptides able to exert beneficial effects on human health. In recent years, scholarly interest has focused on the incorporation of high-quality proteins into the diet. This fact, together with the new trends of consumers directed to avoid the intake of animal proteins, has boosted the search for novel and sustainable protein sources and the development of suitable, cost-affordable, and environmentally friendly technologies to extract high concentrations of valuable proteins incorporated into food products and supplements. In this review, current data on emergent and promising methodologies applied for the extraction of proteins from natural sources are summarized. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of these novel methods, compared with conventional methods, are detailed. Additionally, this work describes the combination of these technologies with the enzymatic hydrolysis of extracted proteins as a powerful strategy for releasing bioactive peptides.

Effects of Gelatin Hydrolysates Addition on Technological Properties and Lipid Oxidation of Cooked Sausage

This study investigated the impacts of gelatin hydrolysate addition on the technological properties and lipid oxidation stability of cooked sausage. Gelatin hydrolysate was prepared from pork and duck skin gelatin, through stepwise hydrolysis using collagenase and pepsin. The cooked sausages were formulated without gelatin (control) or with 1% pork skin gelatin, 1% duck skin gelatin, 1% pork skin gelatin hydrolysate, and 1% duck skin gelatin hydrolysate. The pH, color characteristics, protein solubility, cooking loss, and textural properties of cooked sausages were evaluated, and the 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value was measured weekly to determine lipid oxidation stability during 4 wk of refrigerated storage. Enzymatic hydrolysis of gelatin decreased protein content and CIE L* but increased redness and yellowness (p<0.05). When 1% gelatin or gelatin hydrolysate was incorporated in cooked sausage, however, little to no impacts on pH value, moisture content, protein content, color characteristics, protein solubility, and cooking loss were found (p>0.05). The addition of 1% duck skin gelatin hydrolysate increased the cohesiveness and chewiness of cooked sausages. The inclusion of 1% duck skin gelatin accelerated lipid oxidation of cooked sausages during refrigerated storage (p<0.05), whereas duck skin gelatin hydrolysate caused a lower TBARS value in cooked sausage compared to duck skin gelatin. The results show comparable effects of gelatin and gelatin hydrolysate addition on the technological properties of cooked sausages; however, the oxidative stability of raw materials for gelatin extraction should be evaluated clearly in further studies.

Extraction of crude gelatin from duck skin: effects of heating methods on gelatin yield

The disposal of by-products of duck production, including duck skin, is a serious concern as it results in environmental pollution. The objectives of this study were to investigate the optimal pretreatment conditions for swelling duck skin and their extraction methods as a novel source. Gelatin was extracted using water bath, sonication, superheated steam, and microwave extraction methods. The gelatin extraction yield and gelatin powder yield were the highest with the superheated steam extraction method. The melting point and gel strength of gelatin extracted using the superheated steam method were the lowest. The viscosity of gelatin extracted with the superheated steam and microwave extraction methods was higher than that of gelatin extracted with the other methods. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns of gelatin extracted using the superheated steam and microwave extraction methods showed more intense bands than those of gelatin extracted using the other methods. Our results showed that gelatin extracted from duck skin using the superheated steam extraction method had optimal physical properties and therefore can be used in meat products.

Physicochemical, rheological, and molecular characterization of colloidal gelatin produced from Common carp by-products using microwave and ultrasound-assisted extraction

The effects of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) methods on molecular and physicochemical characteristics of the resultant gelatin were examined. Before extraction procedure, we investigated the optimum pH for swelling of Common carp by-products, which is an important pretreatment for gelatin production. The highest swelling yield was achieved at pH 13 among pH 1-14 with unit intervals. Results indicated that the UAE gelatin has a higher gel strength, viscosity, melting point, and gelling point. The power and time of sonication showed a reverse relation with these characteristics. In addition, as the time of microwave heating was raised, the gel strength, viscosity, melting point, and gelling point were decreased. The FT-IR spectra showed similar peaks but the Amide B in UAE gelatin slightly vanished. The electrophoretic pattern also revealed the higher gel strength and viscosity of UAE gelatin due to the higher intensity of α and β chains compared to MAE gelatin. It can be concluded from all of the results of this study that the produced gelatin using these procedures can be a good source of gelatin in food and drug industries.

Interaction of Porcine Myofibrillar Proteins and Various Gelatins: Impacts on Gel Properties

The objectives of this study were to determine the interaction between porcine myofibrillar proteins and various gelatins (bovine hide, porcine skin, fish skin, and duck skin gelatins) and their impacts on gel properties of porcine myofibrillar proteins. Porcine myofibrillar protein was isolated from pork loin muscle (M. longissimus dorsi thoracis et lumborum). Control was prepared with only myofibrillar protein (60 mg/mL), and gelatin treatments were formulated with myofibrillar protein and each gelatin (9:1) at the same protein concentration. The myofibrillar protein-gelatin mixtures were heated from 10°C to 75°C (2°C/min). Little to no impacts of gelatin addition on pH value and color characteristics of heat-induced myofibrillar protein gels were observed (p>0.05). The addition of gelatin slightly decreased cooking yield of heat-induced myofibrillar protein gels, but the gels showed lower centrifugal weight loss compared to control (p<0.05). The addition of gelatin significantly decreased hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness of heat-induced myofibrillar gels. Further, sodium dodecyl poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed no interaction between myofibrillar proteins and gelatin under non-thermal conditions. Only a slight change in the endothermic peak (probably myosin) of myofibrillar protein-gelatin mixtures was found. The results of this study show that the addition of gelatin attenuated the water-holding capacity and textural properties of heat-induced myofibrillar protein gel. Thus, it could be suggested that well-known positive impacts of gelatin on quality characteristics of processed meat products may be largely affected by the functional properties of gelatin per se, rather than its interaction with myofibrillar proteins.

Extraction and physicochemical characterization of broiler (Gallus gallus domesticus) skin gelatin compared to commercial bovine gelatin

Gelatin was extracted from broiler (Gallus gallus domesticus) skins and analyzed to compare its physicochemical properties with those of commercial bovine gelatin. The average yield of broiler skin gelatin was 6.5% on a wet weight basis. Broiler skin gelatin had more α1-and α2-chains than β-chain and contained high molecular weight (γ-chain) polymers. Glycine was the dominant amino acid in broiler skin gelatin (20.26%), followed by proline (Pro) (15.12%) then hydroxyproline (Hyp) (11.36%). Compared to commercial bovine gelatin, broiler skin gelatin had less total imino acids (Pro and Hyp) but a higher (33.65 vs. 31.38°C) melting temperature (P < 0.01). The differences in physical properties between the broiler and commercial bovine gelatins appeared to be associated with differences in their amino acid composition and molecular weight distribution. The sensory evaluation results revealed that broiler skin gelatin could be a potential alternative to commercial bovine gelatin, useful in various food products.

Effects of Ultrasound Assisted Extraction in Conjugation with Aid of Actinidin on the Molecular and Physicochemical Properties of Bovine Hide Gelatin

Actinidin was used to pretreat the bovine hide and ultrasonic wave (53 kHz and 500 W) was used for the time durations of 2, 4 and 6 h at 60 °C to extract gelatin samples (UA2, UA4 and UA6, respectively). Control (UAC) gelatin was extracted using ultrasound for 6 h at 60 °C without enzyme pretreatment. There was significant (p < 0.05) increase in gelatin yield as the time duration of ultrasound treatment increased with UA6 giving the highest yield of 19.65%. Gel strength and viscosity of UAC and UA6 extracted gelatin samples were 627.53 and 502.16 g and 16.33 and 15.60 mPa.s, respectively. Longer duration of ultrasound treatment increased amino acids content of the extracted gelatin and UAC exhibited the highest content of amino acids. Progressive degradation of polypeptide chains was observed in the protein pattern of the extracted gelatin as the time duration of ultrasound extraction increased. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy depicted loss of molecular order and degradation in UA6. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed protein aggregation and network formation in the gelatin samples with increasing time of ultrasound treatment. The study indicated that ultrasound assisted gelatin extraction using actinidin exhibited high yield with good quality gelatin.

Antimicrobial activity of gelatin films based on duck feet containing cinnamon leaf oil and their applications in packaging of cherry tomatoes

Duck feet gelatin (DFG) films were prepared and applied to the packaging of cherry tomatoes. Cinnamon leaf oil (CLO) was incorporated into the DFG films at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% to provide antimicrobial activity. The DFG films with 1.0% CLO incorporation exhibited the most desirable tensile strength (41.6 MPa) and elongation at break (18.5%). Regarding the antimicrobial activity, the DFG films containing CLO significantly inhibited the growth of foodborne pathogens. In addition, the DFG film with 1.0% CLO was employed in the coating and wrapping of cherry tomatoes inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium. The DFG film with 1.0% CLO incorporation reduced the population of the bacteria to below the detection limit. Moreover, the DFG film with CLO delayed the color change on cherry tomatoes. Overall, the DFG film with CLO enhanced the shelf life of cherry tomatoes and can be used as an antimicrobial packaging.

Effect of the Duck Skin on Quality Characteristics of Duck Hams

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of duck skin on cooking loss, emulsion stability, pH, color, protein solubility, texture profile analysis (TPA), apparent viscosity, and sensory characteristics of press type duck ham with different ratio of duck breast meat and duck skin. Five duck ham formulations were produced with the following compositions: T1 (duck breast 70% + duck skin 30%), T2 (duck breast 60% + duck skin 40%), T3 (duck breast 50% + duck skin 50%), T4 (duck breast 40% + duck skin 60%), and T5 (duck breast 30% + duck skin 70%). The cooking loss and fat separation were lower in T1, and the total expressible fluid separations were lower in T1 and T2 than others. The pH ranged from 6.48 to 6.59, with the highest values in T4 and T5. T5 had the highest CIE L*-value, and T1 and T2 had the highest CIE a*-values; however, CIE b*-values did not differ significantly between the duck ham samples. The protein solubility and TPA (hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness) were the highest in T1. T1 and T2 had higher scores for color, tenderness, and overall acceptability. T1, T2, and T3 showed significantly higher values, but there were no significant differences for flavor and juiciness. Regarding apparent viscosity properties, T1 and T2 had higher viscosity values than the other formulations. In conclusion, the T1 (duck breast 70% + duck skin 30%) and T2 (duck breast 60% + duck skin 40%) duck hams show the highest quality characteristics.

Comparison of physicochemical and functional properties of duck feet and bovine gelatins

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have indicated that duck feet are a rich source of gelatin extractable from avian sources. In this study, the physicochemical and functional properties of avian gelatin extracted from duck feet (DFG) with acetic acid were compared with those of commercial bovine gelatin (BG).

RESULTS

The yield of DFG obtained in this study was 7.01 ± 0.31%. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis indicated that the imino acid content was slightly lower for DFG compared with BG (P < 0.05). Differences in molecular size and amino acids between DFG and BG were also observed. The isoelectric points of DFG and BG were at pH 8 and 5 respectively, and the overall protein solubility of BG was higher than that of DFG. Gels prepared from BG exhibited higher bloom strength, viscosity and clarity and were darker in colour compared with DFG gels (P < 0.05). The gelling and melting points of BG were 21.8 and 29.47 °C respectively, while those of DFG were 20.5 and 27.8 °C respectively. BG exhibited slightly better emulsifying and foaming properties compared with DFG.

CONCLUSION

Although some differences between DFG and BG were observed, the disparities were small, which indicates that DFG could be exploited commercially as an alternative source of gelatin. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Gelation and thermal characteristics of microwave extracted fish gelatin-natural gum composite gels

In this study, the gelation and thermal characteristics of microwave extracted fish scale gelatin blended with natural gums such as gum arabic (AG), xanthan gum (XG), guar gum (GG), and tragacanth gum (TG) was evaluated. The nature of interaction and behavior of gelatin in presence of various gums was confirmed by particle size analysis, viscosity profile, FT-IR analysis and turbidity measurements. DSC data revealed that addition of AG, TG and GG remarkably improved the thermal stability of fish gelatin gel. The composite gels of TG, AG, and XG exhibited higher hardness and bloom strength values as compared to pure fish gelatin implying its textural synergy. Based on qualitative descriptive analysis, TG was found to be superior in improving the stability of fish gelatin gel, closely followed by AG. The results suggest that addition of these gums can reduce syneresis and retard melting of gelatin gels at ambient temperature, which are otherwise soft and thermally unstable.

Quality Evaluation of Chicken Nugget Formulated with Various Contents of Chicken Skin and Wheat Fiber Mixture

This study aimed to investigate the effects of various mixtures of the chicken skin and wheat fiber on the properties of chicken nuggets. Two skin and fiber mixtures (SFM) were prepared using the following formulations; SFM-1: chicken skin (50%), wheat fiber (20%), and ice (30%); and SFM-2: chicken skin (30%), wheat fiber (20%), and ice (50%). Chicken nugget samples were prepared by adding the following amounts of either SFM-1 or SFM-2: 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. The water content for samples formulated with SFM-1 or SFM-2 was higher than in the control (p<0.05), and increased with increasing the concentrations of SFM-1 and SFM-2. The addition of SFM-1 and SFM-2 had no significant effect on the pH of the samples. The lightness value of uncooked chicken nuggets was higher than that of cooked chicken nuggets for all the samples tested. Chicken nuggets formulated with SFM-1 and SFM-2 displayed higher cooking yields than the control sample. The hardness of the control sample was also lower than the samples containing SFM-1 and SFM-2. The sensory evaluation showed no significant differences between the control and the samples containing SFM. Therefore, the incorporation of a chicken skin and wheat fiber mixture improved the quality of chicken nuggets.