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Premi L, Rocchetti G, Lucini L, Morelli L, Rebecchi A. Replacement of nitrates and nitrites in meat-derived foods through the utilization of coagulase-negative staphylococci : A review. Curr Res Food Sci 2024; 8:100731. [PMID: 38623273 PMCID: PMC11016579 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitrates and nitrites, which are synthetic additives, are traditionally used as curing agents in meat-based products. These synthetic additives are employed in the preparation of fermented meat foods to improve quality characteristics and microbiological safety, develop distinct flavours and red-colour stability, and counteract lipid oxidation. Nitrites also display significant bacteriostatic and bactericidal action against spoilage microorganisms and foodborne pathogens (such as Clostridium botulinum and Listeria monocytogenes). However, meat curing is currently under scrutiny because of its links to cardiovascular diseases and colorectal cancer. Based on the current literature, this review provides recent scientific evidence on the potential utilisation of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) as nitrate and nitrite substitutes in meat-based foods. Indeed, CNS are reported to reproduce the characteristic red pigmentation and maintain the typical high-quality traits of cured-meats, thanks to their arginine degradation pathway, thus providing the nitrite-related desirable attributes in cured meat. The alternative strategy, still based on the NOS pathway, consisting of supplementing meat with arginine to release nitric oxide (NO) and obtain a meat characterised by the desired pinkish-red colour, is also reviewed. Exploiting NOS-positive CNS strains seems particularly challenging because of CNS technological adaptation and the oxygen dependency of the NOS reaction; however, this exploitation could represent a turning point in replacing nitrates and nitrites in meat foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Premi
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Gabriele Rocchetti
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Morelli
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Annalisa Rebecchi
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122, Piacenza, Italy
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2
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Serdaroğlu M, Can H, Sarı B, Kavuşan HS, Yılmaz FM. Effects of natural nitrite sources from arugula and barberry extract on quality characteristic of heat-treated fermented sausages. Meat Sci 2023; 198:109090. [PMID: 36610293 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2022.109090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to compare the effects of natural nitrite sources from the arugula leaves (arugula extract and pre-converted arugula extract) and the use of barberry extract (BE) in heat-treated fermented sausage formulations. Eight different sausages were manufactured as follows: pre-converted arugula extract (PA), arugula extract (A), pre-converted arugula extract + BE (PAB), arugula extract + BE (AB), nitrite +BE (POB), no nitrite+ BE (NEB), also positive and negative control groups were prepared with (POC) or without nitrite (NEC). The addition of arugula and barberry extracts reduced the residual nitrite content, in fact PAB had the lowest value with a reduction ratio of 47%. The addition of BE lowered the lipid oxidation compared to other counterparts. The use of arugula extract or pre-converted arugula extract resulted in a lower carbonylation than nitrite free samples. The use of natural extracts lowered the a* and b* values compared to control. At the end of the storage, no differences were observed on the overall acceptability of all samples. Combined use of barberry extract with arugula and pre-converted arugula extracts could be used as alternative novel curing agent in heat-treated fermented sausages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Serdaroğlu
- Ege University, Engineering Faculty, Food Engineering Department, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Hilal Can
- Ege University, Engineering Faculty, Food Engineering Department, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Burcu Sarı
- Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, School of Applied Sciences, Kapadokya University, Nevşehir, Turkey
| | - Hülya Serpil Kavuşan
- Ege University, Engineering Faculty, Food Engineering Department, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fatih Mehmet Yılmaz
- Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Engineering Faculty, Food Engineering Department, Aydın, Turkey
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3
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Santiesteban-López NA, Gómez-Salazar JA, Santos EM, Campagnol PCB, Teixeira A, Lorenzo JM, Sosa-Morales ME, Domínguez R. Natural Antimicrobials: A Clean Label Strategy to Improve the Shelf Life and Safety of Reformulated Meat Products. Foods 2022; 11:2613. [PMID: 36076798 PMCID: PMC9455744 DOI: 10.3390/foods11172613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Meat is a nutrient-rich matrix for human consumption. However, it is also a suitable environment for the proliferation of both spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. The growing demand to develop healthy and nutritious meat products with low fat, low salt and reduced additives and achieving sanitary qualities has led to the replacement of the use of synthetic preservatives with natural-origin compounds. However, the reformulation process that reduces the content of several important ingredients (salt, curing salts, etc.), which inhibit the growth of multiple microorganisms, greatly compromises the stability and safety of meat products, thus posing a great risk to consumer health. To avoid this potential growth of spoiling and/or pathogenic microorganisms, numerous molecules, including organic acids and their salts; plant-derived compounds, such as extracts or essential oils; bacteriocins; and edible coatings are being investigated for their antimicrobial activity. This review presents some important compounds that have great potential to be used as natural antimicrobials in reformulated meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julián Andrés Gómez-Salazar
- Departamento de Alimentos, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Universidad de Guanajuato, Irapuato 36500, Mexico
| | - Eva M. Santos
- Área Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Mineral de la Reforma 42039, Mexico
| | - Paulo C. B. Campagnol
- Departmento de Tecnologia e Ciência de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Teixeira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - José M. Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Avd. Galicia N° 4, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain
- Área de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidad de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - María Elena Sosa-Morales
- Departamento de Alimentos, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Universidad de Guanajuato, Irapuato 36500, Mexico
| | - Rubén Domínguez
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Avd. Galicia N° 4, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain
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4
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Guimarães AS, Guimarães JS, Rodrigues LM, Fontes PR, Ramos ADLS, Ramos EM. Assessment of Japanese radish derivatives as nitrite substitute on the physicochemical properties, sensorial profile, and consumer acceptability of restructured cooked hams. Meat Sci 2022; 192:108897. [PMID: 35760025 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2022.108897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the technological and sensory properties of restructured cooked hams prepared with natural curing agents (0.5% radish powder, HRP; 3% radish juice, HRJ; and 0.5% radish pulp powder, HRPP) and with 40 and 150 mg/kg sodium nitrite (HN40 and HN150, respectively). No difference was observed for pH, proximate composition, or cooking loss. Higher residual nitrite contents were observed in the HN150, followed by the radish derivatives hams and HN40. All radish derivatives hams had a similar hue (h) color to HN40, but the h values of HRJ also did not differ from the HN150 ones. The stability of the cured color was not affected. Consumers perceived a non-characteristic aroma and flavor in the radish derivatives hams, but the HRJ had the best acceptance scores. The HRJ appearance was similar to the HN150, and the other sensory attributes were like the HN40. The potential use of radish derivatives, especially radish juice, as natural curing agents was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Sousa Guimarães
- Departamento de Ciência dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Sousa Guimarães
- Departamento de Ciência dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lorena Mendes Rodrigues
- Departamento de Ciência dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paulo Rogério Fontes
- Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Mendes Ramos
- Departamento de Ciência dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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5
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Schopfer B, Mitrenga S, Boulaaba A, Roolfs K, Plötz M, Becker A. Red beet and Swiss chard juice extract as natural nitrate sources for the production of alternatively-cured emulsion-type sausages. Meat Sci 2022; 188:108780. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2022.108780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Guimarães AS, Guimarães JS, Araújo ABS, Rodrigues LM, Carvalho EEN, Ramos ADLS, Ramos EM. Characterization of natural curing agents from Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus L.) for their use in clean label restructured cooked meat products. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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7
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Beta vulgaris as a Natural Nitrate Source for Meat Products: A Review. Foods 2021; 10:foods10092094. [PMID: 34574204 PMCID: PMC8465333 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Curing meat products is an ancient strategy to preserve muscle foods for long periods. Nowadays, cured meat products are widely produced using nitrate and nitrite salts. However, the growing of the clean-label movement has been pushing to replace synthetic nitrate/nitrite salts (indicated as E-numbers in food labels) with natural ingredients in the formulation of processed foods. Although no ideal synthetic nitrate/nitrite replacements have yet been found, it is known that certain vegetables contain relevant amounts of nitrate. Beta vulgaris varieties (Swiss chard/chard, beetroot, and spinach beet, for instance) are widely produced for human consumption and have relevant amounts of nitrate that could be explored as a natural ingredient in cured meat product processing. Thus, this paper provides an overview of the main nitrate sources among Beta vulgaris varieties and the strategic use of their liquid and powder extracts in the production of cured meat products.
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8
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Yong HI, Kim TK, Choi HD, Jang HW, Jung S, Choi YS. Clean Label Meat Technology: Pre-Converted Nitrite as a Natural Curing. Food Sci Anim Resour 2021; 41:173-184. [PMID: 33987541 PMCID: PMC8115001 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2020.e96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Clean labeling is emerging as an important issue in the food industry,
particularly for meat products that contain many food additives. Among synthetic
additives, nitrite is the most important additive in the meat processing
industry and is related to the development of cured color and flavor, inhibition
of oxidation, and control of microbial growth in processed meat products. As an
alternative to synthetic nitrite, pre-converted nitrite from natural
microorganisms has been investigated, and the applications of pre-converted
nitrite have been reported. Natural nitrate sources mainly include fruits and
vegetables with high nitrate content. Celery juice or powder form have been used
widely in various studies. Many types of commercial starter cultures have been
developed. S. carnosus is used as a critical nitrate reducing
microorganism and lactic acid bacteria or other Staphylococcus
species also were used. Pre-converted nitrite has also been compared with
synthetic nitrite and studies have been aimed at improving utilization by
exploiting the strengths (positive consumer attitude and decreased residual
nitrite content) and limiting the weaknesses (remained carcinogenic risk) of
pre-converted nitrite. Moreover, as concerns regarding the use of synthetic
nitrites increased, research was conducted to meet consumer demands for the use
of natural nitrite from raw materials. In this report, we review and discuss
various studies in which synthetic nitrite was replaced with natural materials
and evaluate pre-converted nitrite technology as a natural curing approach from
a clean label perspective in the manufacturing of processed meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae In Yong
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Tae-Kyung Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Hee-Don Choi
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Hae Won Jang
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea.,Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul 01133, Korea
| | - Samooel Jung
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Choi
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
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9
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Mohammadpourfard I, Khanjari A, Akhonzadeh Basti A, Herrero‐Latorre C, Shariatifar N, Hosseini H. Evaluation of microbiological, chemical, and sensory properties of cooked probiotic sausages containing different concentrations of astaxanthin, thymol, and nitrite. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:345-356. [PMID: 33473297 PMCID: PMC7802548 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effects of different concentrations of thymol and astaxanthin on control of Clostridium perfringenes and also microbial, chemical, and organoleptic properties of common and probiotic beef cooked sausages containing two levels of nitrite during storage at refrigerated condition during 45 days were evaluated. Based on findings, control group had significantly higher total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) than nitrite-, thymol-, and astaxanthin-treated samples. At the end of the storage time in control, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value reached 1.96 mg/kg, while the values for treated samples remained lower than 1.63 mg/kg. Final count of lactic acid bacteria decreased approximately 1.67-3.79 log CFU/g in treated samples compared with the control group (p < .05). A reduction between 1.46 and 2.46 log CFU/g in C. perfringenes count was recorded for the treated samples in comparison with control group after 45 days of storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issa Mohammadpourfard
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality ControlFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
- IAQBUS‐Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological AnalysisDpto. Química AnalíticaNutrición y BromatologíaFacultad de CienciasUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaLugoSpain
| | - Ali Khanjari
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality ControlFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Afshin Akhonzadeh Basti
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality ControlFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Carlos Herrero‐Latorre
- IAQBUS‐Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological AnalysisDpto. Química AnalíticaNutrición y BromatologíaFacultad de CienciasUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaLugoSpain
| | - Nabi Shariatifar
- Department of Food Safety and HygieneSchool of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Hedayat Hosseini
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyNational Nutrition and Food Technology Research InstituteFaculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food TechnologyShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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10
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Oliveira WA, Rodrigues ARP, Oliveira FA, Oliveira VS, Laureano-Melo R, Stutz ETG, Lemos Junior WJF, Paula BP, Esmerino EA, Corich V, Giacomini A, Rodrigues P, Luchese RH, Guerra AF. Potentially probiotic or postbiotic pre-converted nitrite from celery produced by an axenic culture system with probiotic lacticaseibacilli strain. Meat Sci 2020; 174:108408. [PMID: 33373850 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the use of the probiotic Lacticaseibacillus paracasei DTA-83 as a nitrite-reducing agent to produce potentially probiotic or postbiotic pre-converted nitrite from celery. The results obtained were compared to those achieved by direct addition of sodium nitrite for the typical reddish color formation in cooked pork sausages and the inhibitory potential against the growth of target microorganisms, including the clostridia group. Regarding the sausages color, similar findings were observed when comparing the use of pre-converted nitrite from celery produced by L. paracasei DTA-83 and the direct addition of sodium nitrite. Additionally, it presented an inhibitory effect against Salmonella spp., which was not observed with the direct addition of nitrite, revealing a potential strategy to control salmonellosis in the matrix. However, a non-equivalent preservative effect against Clostridium perfringens (INCQS 215) was determined. The results highlight a promising alternative to produce probiotic or postbiotic meat ingredients; however, further studies should be conducted to investigate doses that achieve microbial control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfmann A Oliveira
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca (CEFET/RJ), 27600 000 Valença, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alba R P Rodrigues
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca (CEFET/RJ), 27600 000 Valença, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabiano A Oliveira
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca (CEFET/RJ), 27600 000 Valença, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vanessa S Oliveira
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Rio de Janeiro, 23890 000 Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberto Laureano-Melo
- Centro Universitário de Barra Mansa (UBM), 27330-550 Barra Mansa, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Evandro T G Stutz
- Centro Universitário de Barra Mansa (UBM), 27330-550 Barra Mansa, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Breno P Paula
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca (CEFET/RJ), 27600 000 Valença, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Erick A Esmerino
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Rio de Janeiro, 23890 000 Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Viviana Corich
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessio Giacomini
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Paula Rodrigues
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Rosa H Luchese
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Rio de Janeiro, 23890 000 Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André F Guerra
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca (CEFET/RJ), 27600 000 Valença, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Ursachi CȘ, Perța-Crișan S, Munteanu FD. Strategies to Improve Meat Products' Quality. Foods 2020; 9:E1883. [PMID: 33348725 PMCID: PMC7766022 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Meat products represent an important component of the human diet, their consumption registering a global increase over the last few years. These foodstuffs constitute a good source of energy and some nutrients, such as essential amino acids, high biological value proteins, minerals like iron, zinc, selenium, manganese and B-complex vitamins, especially vitamin B12. On the other hand, nutritionists have associated high consumption of processed meat with an increased risk of several diseases. Researchers and processed meat producers are involved in finding methods to eliminate nutritional deficiencies and potentially toxic compounds, to obtain healthier products and at the same time with no affecting the sensorial quality and safety of the meat products. The present review aims to summarize the newest trends regarding the most important methods that can be applied to obtain high-quality products. Nutritional enrichment with natural bioactive plant compounds (antioxidants, dietary fibers) or probiotics, reduction of harmful components (salt, nitrate/nitrite, N-nitrosamines) and the use of alternative technologies (high-pressure processing, cold plasma, ultrasounds) are the most used current strategies to accomplish this aim.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Florentina-Daniela Munteanu
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Tourism and Environmental Protection, “Aurel Vlaicu” University of Arad, 310330 Arad, Romania; (C.Ș.U.); (S.P.-C.)
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12
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Red Beetroot. A Potential Source of Natural Additives for the Meat Industry. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10238340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the food industry is looking for alternatives to synthetic additives in processed food products, so research investigating new sources of compounds with high biological activity is worthwhile and becoming more common. There are many different types of vegetables that contain bioactive compounds, and additional features of some vegetables include uses as natural colorants and antioxidants. In this sense, and due to the special composition of beetroot, the use of this vegetable allows for the extraction of a large number of compounds with special interest to the meat industry. This includes colorants (betalains), antioxidants (betalains and phenolic compounds), and preservatives (nitrates), which can be applied for the reformulation of meat products, thus limiting the number and quantity of synthetic additives added to these foods and, at the same time, increase their shelf-life. Despite all these benefits, the application of beetroot or its products (extracts, juice, powder, etc.) in the meat industry is very limited, and the body of available research on beetroot as an ingredient is scarce. Therefore, in this review, the main biologically active compounds present in beetroot, the implications and benefits that their consumption has for human health, as well as studies investigating the use beetroot in the reformulation of meat and meat products are presented in a comprehensible manner.
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13
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Alirezalu K, Hesari J, Yaghoubi M, Khaneghah AM, Alirezalu A, Pateiro M, Lorenzo JM. Combined effects of ε-polylysine and ε-polylysine nanoparticles with plant extracts on the shelf life and quality characteristics of nitrite-free frankfurter-type sausages. Meat Sci 2020; 172:108318. [PMID: 32980722 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, ɛ-polylysine (ɛ-PL) or ɛ-polylysine nanoparticle (ɛ-PLN) combined with plants extracts (including green tea, olive leaves and stinging nettle extracts) were used as nitrite replacers in frankfurter-type sausages. The sausage samples were wrapped in polyethylene bags (in vacuum conditions) and their physicochemical, microbiological and sensory properties were evaluated during 45 days of refrigerated storage. The results showed that the incorporation of ɛ-polylysine had no significant effects on proximate composition of sausages. However, ɛ-PL and ɛ-PLN sausages had significantly (P < 0.05) lower lightness, redness and higher yellowness compared to control samples. At the end of storage, sausages formulated with ɛ-PLN had significantly (P < 0.05) higher contents of phenolic compounds and lowest TBARS values. Microbiological counts also indicated that ɛ-PLN displayed significantly higher inhibitory effects. Higher sensory indices were obtained in ɛ-PLN sausages. Based on the obtained results, ɛ-PLN was effective to improve frankfurter-type sausages shelf life. Therefore, these ingredients could be useful for frankfurter-type sausages production as nitrite replacers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazem Alirezalu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ahar Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Javad Hesari
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Milad Yaghoubi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Abolfazl Alirezalu
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mirian Pateiro
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, rúa Galicia n° 4, San Cibrao das Viñas, Ourense 32900, Spain
| | - José M Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, rúa Galicia n° 4, San Cibrao das Viñas, Ourense 32900, Spain; Área de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidad de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain.
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15
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Effects of Chitosan on Clostridium perfringens and Application in the Preservation of Pork Sausage. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18020070. [PMID: 31978959 PMCID: PMC7074077 DOI: 10.3390/md18020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of chitosan with 95% deacetylation degree (DD95) on the spore germination, cell proliferation, and heat resistance of Clostridium perfringens CCRC 10,648 and CCRC 13,019 were investigated, and its application on pork sausage with sodium nitrite reduction was also evaluated. DD95 chitosan can strongly reduce the heat resistance of both strains. The D80 and D100 values for strain CCRC 13,019 decreased from 40.98 and 4.64 min to 39.21 and 3.26 min, respectively, as a result of adding 250 ppm DD95; meanwhile, addition of chitosan decreased the D80 and D100 values for CCRC 10,648 from 41.15 and 6.46 min to 39.52 and 3.78 min, respectively. In pork sausage, addition of 3000 ppm DD95 chitosan considerably slowed down the bacterial proliferation and volatile basic nitrogen production. There were no significant differences in color (L* and b* values), shearing force, and hardness in the pork sausages with or without DD95 chitosan during storage at 4 and 25 °C. However, the addition of DD95 chitosan in pork sausage significantly retarded the decrease of the a* value. Therefore, DD95 chitosan could reduce the concentration of sodium nitrite required in pork sausages for color retention.
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Kim TK, Hwang KE, Song DH, Ham YK, Kim YB, Paik HD, Choi YS. Effects of natural nitrite source from Swiss chard on quality characteristics of cured pork loin. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 32:1933-1941. [PMID: 31208187 PMCID: PMC6819685 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to evaluate quality characteristics of cured pork loin with natural nitrite source from Swiss chard. METHODS Pork loin was cured in the brine and the ratio of water and fermented Swiss chard (FSC) solution in the brine was changed by 4:0 (Control), 3:1 (T1), 1:1 (T2), 1:3 (T3), 0:4 (T4) and pickled samples with 0.012% nitrite (PC) and nitrite free brine (NC) were considered as the control. RESULTS The pH values of cured pork loins with FSC were decreased with increasing addition level of FSC. Cooking loss was not significantly different among all treatments. T4 had the lowest value in moisture content and lightness value and the highest value in curing efficiency. The redness value of T4 was not significantly different from that of PC in raw. After cooking, however, it was higher than that of PC. The yellowness value of cured pork loin added with FSC was increased with increasing level of FSC. Volatile basic nitrogen content of cured pork loin added with FSC was higher than PC and NC. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance value of cured pork loin added with FSC was decreased with increasing FSC level. Residual nitrite level and shear force were increased with increasing FSC level. In the sensory evaluation, sensory score for flavor, off-flavor, hardness, chewiness, juiciness, and overall acceptability were not significantly different among all treatments. However, sensory score for color was increased when the concentration of FSC added to pork loin was increased. CONCLUSION Fermented Swiss chard solution had a positive effect on redness, lipid oxidation. Although there were shown in protein decomposition and sensory, Swiss chard can be replaced sodium nitrite as natural curing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kyung Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korean Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Ko-Eun Hwang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Dong-Heon Song
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Youn-Kyung Ham
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Young-Boong Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korean Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Choi
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korean Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
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17
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Quality of Sliced Cured Pork Loin with Spinach: Effect of Incubation Period with Starter Culture. J FOOD QUALITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/6373671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing concern about the usage of chemical additives in meat products has resulted in the use of natural ingredients instead of chemical additives in meat products. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of incubation period on the physicochemical characteristics of meat products cured with spinach and starter culture containing Staphylococcus carnosus. The pH, color, TBARS lipid oxidation, volatile basic nitrogen, residual nitrite content, and microbial number in cured pork loin were determined by incubating it with spinach and starter culture for the following durations: 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, and 48 h. The pH and TBARS values of cured pork loin incubated with spinach and starter culture decreased in a time-dependent manner. An increase in the incubation time from 3 to 48 h resulted in a significant increase in the redness and volatile basic nitrogen content. The residual nitrite content was observed to be maximum in samples from the I48 group followed by the control (+), preconverted nitrite group, and I24 groups. Thus, we found that incubation with spinach and starter culture for 24 h yields a good-quality cooked sliced cured pork loin.
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Darwish WS, Chiba H, El-Ghareeb WR, Elhelaly AE, Hui SP. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content in heat-treated meat retailed in Egypt: Health risk assessment, benzo[a]pyrene induced mutagenicity and oxidative stress in human colon (CaCo-2) cells and protection using rosmarinic and ascorbic acids. Food Chem 2019; 290:114-124. [PMID: 31000027 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.03.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to estimate the concentrations of the formed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in heat-treated (boiled, pan-fried and grilled) meats collected from Egypt. Dietary intakes and cancer risks of PAHs among Egyptian adults were calculated. Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)-induced mutagenicity and oxidative stress in human colon (CaCo-2) cell line and mechanisms behind such effects were also investigated. Finally, protection trials using rosmarinic (RMA) and ascorbic acids (ASA) were carried out. The results indicated formation of PAHs at high levels in the heat-treated meats. Calculated incremental life time cancer risk among Egyptian adults were 7.05179E-07, 7.00604 E-06 and 1.86069 E-05 due to ingestion of boiled, pan-fried and grilled meats, respectively. B[a]P-exposed CaCo-2 cells had high abilities for mutagenicity (490.05 ± 21.37 His + revertants) and production of reactive oxygen species. RMA and ASA protected CaCo-2 cells via reduction of B[a]P-induced mutagenicity and oxidative stress and upregulation of phase II detoxification enzymes and xenobiotic transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wageh Sobhy Darwish
- Laboratory of Advanced Lipid Analysis, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 5, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Hitoshi Chiba
- Department of Nutrition, Sapporo University of Health Sciences, Nakanuma Nishi 4-2-1-15, Higashi Ku, Sapporo 007-0894, Japan
| | - Waleed Rizk El-Ghareeb
- Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Husbandry, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelazim Elsayed Elhelaly
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Shu-Ping Hui
- Laboratory of Advanced Lipid Analysis, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 5, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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Kim TK, Hwang KE, Lee MA, Paik HD, Kim YB, Choi YS. Quality characteristics of pork loin cured with green nitrite source and some organic acids. Meat Sci 2019; 152:141-145. [PMID: 30827821 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to improve the quality characteristics of cured meat with natural nitrite. Control and treatment were conducted as follows: nitrite free, marinated with sodium nitrite and ascorbic acid, marinated with only fermented spinach (FS), and marinated with FS adding ascorbic acid, malic acid, citric acid, and tartaric acid. Treatments were pickled with regulated brine (8% salt and 0.08% nitrite). Cured meat with FS adding ascorbic acid, malic acid, and citric acid had higher redness values than sodium nitrite with ascorbic acid on cooked meat. There was a positive effect on lipid oxidation except for citric acid. Protein degradation appeared more in malic acid and tartaric acid treatment than others. Residual nitrite level was lower when adding organic acids. Among various organic acid, ascorbic acid had the highest efficient on quality properties of cured meat. Thus, ascorbic acid was a proper ingredient when curing meat product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kyung Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korean Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Ko-Eun Hwang
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Mi-Ai Lee
- World Institute of Kimchi an Annex of Korea Food Research Institute, Gwanju 61755, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Department of Food Scinece and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Boong Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korean Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Choi
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korean Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea.
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Lee SH, Choe J, Shin DJ, Yong HI, Choi Y, Yoon Y, Jo C. Combined effect of high pressure and vinegar addition on the control of Clostridium perfringens and quality in nitrite-free emulsion-type sausage. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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21
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Kim TK, Shim JY, Hwang KE, Kim YB, Sung JM, Paik HD, Choi YS. Effect of hydrocolloids on the quality of restructured hams with duck skin. Poult Sci 2019; 97:4442-4449. [PMID: 30289488 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the quality of duck ham restructured with various hydrocolloids (Alginic acid, Konjac, Carrageenan) on proximate composition, cooking loss, emulsion stability, pH, color, texture profile analysis (TPA), protein solubility, sensory characteristics, and apparent viscosity. Restructured duck ham was prepared as follows: control with no hydrocolloids, T1 (Alginate 1%), T2 (Alginate 0.5% + Konjac 0.5%), T3 (Alginate 0.7% + Konjac 0.3%), T4 (Alginate 0.5% + Carrageenan 0.5%), and T5 (Alginate 0.7% + Carrageenan 0.3%). The restructured duck hams with hydrocolloids had higher value for moisture content, ash content, and apparent viscosity than the control (P < 0.05). The cooking loss, total expressible fluid and fat separation, redness, hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness of restructured duck hams with hydrocolloids was lower than those of the control (P < 0.05). The sensory score for overall acceptability of restructured duck ham with T1 (1% alginate) and T2 (0.5% alginate + 0.5% konjac) was higher than that of the control (P < 0.05). Thus, this study showed that adding 1% alginate or 0.5% alginate + 0.5% konjac in restructured duck ham formulations results in optimized quality characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kyung Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korean Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yun Shim
- R&D Center, Farm Duck, Seongnam 13103, Republic of Korea.,Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ko-Eun Hwang
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korean Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Boong Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korean Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Min Sung
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korean Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Choi
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korean Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
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Posthuma JA, Rasmussen FD, Sullivan GA. Effects of nitrite source, reducing compounds, and holding time on cured color development in a cured meat model system. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Jin SK, Choi JS, Yang HS, Park TS, Yim DG. Natural curing agents as nitrite alternatives and their effects on the physicochemical, microbiological properties and sensory evaluation of sausages during storage. Meat Sci 2018; 146:34-40. [PMID: 30086439 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of different curing agents on the physicochemical properties, microbiological properties and sensory evaluation of sausages formulated with and without nitrite over 4 weeks of cold storage. Seven batches were prepared: control, sodium nitrite 0.01%; celery powder 0.8% (T1); fruit extract powder 0.6% (T2); purple sweet potato powder 0.45% (T3); fruit and vegetable extract powders 0.5% (T4); gardenia red 0.04% (T5); paprika and blueberry powder 0.07% (T6). T1 produced significantly lighter, redder and yellower sausages compared to control and had a higher color intensity (C*) and hue (h). The residual nitrite ion concentration was the highest in the control and declined most rapidly in control, T1, and T2 during storage. The pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) content, and total microbe counts were the same for T1 and the control. T1 received comparable sensory attributes as the control. These results suggest that celery powder effectively protects sausages from quality deterioration during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Keun Jin
- Department of Animal Resources Technology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Dongjin-ro 33, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Seok Choi
- Swine Science and Technology Center, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Sul Yang
- Division of Applied Science (BK21 plus),·Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-daero, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Dong-Gyun Yim
- Department of Animal Science, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Republic of Korea.
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Changes in the mutagenicity of heterocyclic amines, nitrite, and N-nitroso compound in pork patties during in vitro human digestion. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Sucu C, Turp GY. The investigation of the use of beetroot powder in Turkish fermented beef sausage (sucuk) as nitrite alternative. Meat Sci 2018; 140:158-166. [PMID: 29551571 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of reformulation of Turkish dry fermented beef sausage (sucuk) by replacing nitrite with beetroot powder (BP), which has high nitrate content, on some quality characteristics of the product during storage at 4 °C for 84 days. Four different sausage formulations were produced containing C:150 mg/kg sodium nitrite; BS1:100 mg/kg sodium nitrite and 0.12% BP; BS2:50 mg/kg sodium nitrite and 0.24% BP and BS3: 0.35% BP. The inclusion of BP increased a* value of samples and resulted in the protection of the desired red color during storage. There was no significant difference between the residual nitrite contents of the samples at the end of the storage period. The lactic acid bacteria count was highest in BS3. Suggested storage periods for BS2 and BS3 samples were 56 days by taking into consideration the TBARS value. Sensory evaluation scores of samples with BP were comparable to those of C during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cisem Sucu
- Ege University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Gulen Yildiz Turp
- Ege University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey.
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