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Gong X, Chen M, Ning L, Zeng L, Dong B. The Quality of Short Videos as a Source of Coronary Heart Disease Information on TikTok: Cross-Sectional Study. JMIR Form Res 2024; 8:e51513. [PMID: 39226540 PMCID: PMC11408897 DOI: 10.2196/51513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a leading cause of death worldwide and imposes a significant economic burden. TikTok has risen as a favored platform within the social media sphere for disseminating CHD-related information and stands as a pivotal resource for patients seeking knowledge about CHD. However, the quality of such content on TikTok remains largely unexplored. OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess the quality of information conveyed in TikTok CHD-related videos. METHODS A comprehensive cross-sectional study was undertaken on TikTok videos related to CHD. The sources of the videos were identified and analyzed. The comprehensiveness of content was assessed through 6 questions addressing the definition, signs and symptoms, risk factors, evaluation, management, and outcomes. The quality of the videos was assessed using 3 standardized evaluative instruments: DISCERN, the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmarks, and the Global Quality Scale (GQS). Furthermore, correlative analyses between video quality and characteristics of the uploaders and the videos themselves were conducted. RESULTS The search yielded 145 CHD-related videos from TikTok, predominantly uploaded by health professionals (n=128, 88.3%), followed by news agencies (n=6, 4.1%), nonprofit organizations (n=10, 6.9%), and for-profit organizations (n=1, 0.7%). Content comprehensiveness achieved a median score of 3 (IQR 2-4). Median values for the DISCERN, JAMA, and GQS evaluations across all videos stood at 27 (IQR 24-32), 2 (IQR 2-2), and 2 (IQR 2-3), respectively. Videos from health professionals and nonprofit organizations attained significantly superior JAMA scores in comparison to those of news agencies (P<.001 and P=.02, respectively), whereas GQS scores for videos from health professionals were also notably higher than those from news agencies (P=.048). Within health professionals, cardiologists demonstrated discernibly enhanced performance over noncardiologists in both DISCERN and GQS assessments (P=.02). Correlative analyses unveiled positive correlations between video quality and uploader metrics, encompassing the positive correlations between the number of followers; total likes; average likes per video; and established quality indices such as DISCERN, JAMA, or GQS scores. Similar investigations relating to video attributes showed correlations between user engagement factors-likes, comments, collections, shares-and the aforementioned quality indicators. In contrast, a negative correlation emerged between the number of days since upload and quality indices, while a longer video duration corresponded positively with higher DISCERN and GQS scores. CONCLUSIONS The quality of the videos was generally poor, with significant disparities based on source category. The content comprehensiveness coverage proved insufficient, casting doubts on the reliability and quality of the information relayed through these videos. Among health professionals, video contributions from cardiologists exhibited superior quality compared to noncardiologists. As TikTok's role in health information dissemination expands, ensuring accurate and reliable content is crucial to better meet patients' needs for CHD information that conventional health education fails to fulfill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Gong
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiac Rehabilitation Center, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
| | - Meijuan Chen
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiac Rehabilitation Center, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
| | - Lihong Ning
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiac Rehabilitation Center, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
| | - Lingzhong Zeng
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiac Rehabilitation Center, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiac Rehabilitation Center, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
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O'Donovan S, Owens S, Hubble E, Ryan L. An investigation of employer perceptions of Irish nutrition graduate competencies. J Hum Nutr Diet 2024; 37:1075-1090. [PMID: 38798235 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.13323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Undergraduate nutrition programmes prepare students and graduates for a wide range of employment opportunities. However, little is known about how employers perceive current nutrition education practices in Ireland and how well graduates are prepared for the realities of today's workforce. The present study aimed to explore employers' perspectives of nutrition placement students and graduates' competencies for the workforce. METHODS Interviews were conducted with 12 nutrition employers across Ireland and the UK who currently or have recently employed Irish nutrition graduates or supervised placement students. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed. RESULTS Three themes were identified including: "adapting to modern workforce needs", "professional competency expectations" and "valuing competency-based educational and professional systems". Employers reported an overall positive experience with Irish nutrition placement students and graduates. They are perceived as adaptable, willing to learn and professional. Many felt nutrition students and graduates had received quality education with knowledge, skills and attitudes meeting expectations of nutrition education being provided but felt that students and graduates often lacked confidence in their abilities. Employers remarked that graduates who had undergone placements were better prepared for the professional work environment. However, gaps were identified because employers felt nutrition curricula lack training on business skills and digital competencies. CONCLUSIONS Employers had a positive experience with Irish nutrition graduates and students and felt they were competent for the workforce. Addressing the gaps identified by employers to adapt curricula to modern workforce needs would further enhance graduate employability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah O'Donovan
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Atlantic Technological University, Galway, Ireland
| | - Shannon Owens
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Atlantic Technological University, Galway, Ireland
| | - Elaine Hubble
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Atlantic Technological University, Galway, Ireland
| | - Lisa Ryan
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Atlantic Technological University, Galway, Ireland
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Elhersh GA, Khan ML, Malik A, Al-Umairi M, Alqawasmeh HK. Instagram for audience engagement: an evaluation of CERC framework in the GCC nations for digital public health during the Covid-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1587. [PMID: 38872187 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18957-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we investigate the utilization of Instagram by public health ministries across the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) nations to disseminate health-related information during the COVID-19 pandemic. With Instagram's visual-centric approach and high user engagement, the research aims to investigate its critical yet complex role in information dissemination amid a health crisis. METHODS To examine how Instagram communication strategies align with the CDC's Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication (CERC) framework, we employ the content analysis method. This approach helps to evaluate the effectiveness and challenges of employing Instagram for health communication within a region known for its significant social media usage. RESULTS Findings indicate that Instagram serves as a vital platform for the rapid dissemination of health information in the GCC, leveraging its visual capabilities and wide reach. The GCC ministries of health utilized Instagram to demonstrate a consistent and strategic approach to communicate essential COVID-19 related information. Kuwait and Bahrain were the most active of all the assessed ministries with respect to the number of engagement metrics (likes and comments). Most of the posts, as per the CERC framework, were informational and related to vaccine infection and death cases. The second most salient theme in line with the CERC framework was about promoting actions, followed by Instagram posts about activities, events, and campaigns. CONCLUSIONS The research underscores Instagram's potential as a powerful tool in enhancing public health resilience and responsiveness during health emergencies in the GCC. It suggests that leveraging social media, with careful consideration of its affordances, can contribute significantly to effective health communication strategies in times of crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghanem Ayed Elhersh
- Department of Media and Communication, College of Liberal & Applied Arts, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX, USA.
| | - M Laeeq Khan
- School of Media Arts & Studies, Scripps College of Communication, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Aqdas Malik
- Department of Information Systems, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Maryam Al-Umairi
- Department of Information Systems, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
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Kneck Å, Ewertzon M, Leksell J, Årestedt K, Amsberg S. I have never been invited-A cross-sectional explorative study of family members' experiences of encounters with healthcare professionals in diabetes care. Scand J Caring Sci 2024; 38:82-91. [PMID: 37526063 DOI: 10.1111/scs.13197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM To explore the experiences of family members of adult persons with type 1 diabetes concerning both the approach of healthcare professionals and feelings of alienation in encounters with professional diabetes care. METHODS A cross-sectional explorative quantitative and qualitative design. The Family Involvement and Alienation Questionnaire-Revised (FIAQ-R), including an open-ended question, was answered by 37 family members of adult persons with type 1 diabetes. Analyses included descriptive statistics and qualitative analysis. The study has received ethical approval. RESULTS Family members rated the approach of the healthcare professionals as being somewhat positive and considered that the approach towards them is important. They only felt partially alienated from the professional care. Qualitative data revealed that the family members often lacked direct access to the professional care and that their involvement was dependent on their relationship with the person with diabetes. Findings highlighted that the family members' wish to be involved in the care was sometimes unanswered. CONCLUSION Based on the findings, it is reasonable to stress the importance of considering family members' perspectives and involving them in diabetes care to improve overall patient support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Kneck
- Department of Health Care Sciences, Marie Cederschiöld University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Ewertzon
- Department of Health Care Sciences, Marie Cederschiöld University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Family Care Competence Centre, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Janeth Leksell
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristofer Årestedt
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- The Research Section, Region Kalmar County, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Susanne Amsberg
- Department of Health Care Sciences, Marie Cederschiöld University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Kim M, Güler A, Kim D, Lee RC. A qualitative study of ethnic Korean women and men's experiences of HPV and HPV vaccination in the United States. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2024; 29:179-198. [PMID: 37970802 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2023.2279933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Approximately 42.5% of adults aged 18-59 in the United States is estimated to be affected by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. However, Asian Americans have the lowest HPV vaccination initiation rate compared to other racial groups. This study aims to explore the experiences of HPV and the HPV vaccination among ethnic Korean women and men in the United States. METHODS A total of 33 ethnic Korean and Korean Americans aged 27-45 years living in the U.S. were recruited via word-of-mouth and social media using a purposive sampling strategy. They participated in an online survey. Of the 33 participants, 29 (14 females and 15 males) participated in in-depth interviews via password-protected Zoom. A content analysis approach was used to analyze the interviews. RESULTS Only 32% of participants had received the HPV vaccine at least once (female: 35.3%, male: 12.5%). Six major themes emerged from data analysis: (1) awareness of HPV, HPV vaccine, and HPV-associated cancers; (2) attitudes toward the HPV vaccine; (3) barriers to HPV vaccination; (4) women's experiences and preferences for pap smear testing; (5) experiences with HPV diagnosis; and (6) HPV and HPV vaccination education preferences. CONCLUSION The findings highlight cultural factors that may impede the discussion about and uptake of HPV vaccination and HPV-associated cancer screening, which emphasize the need for culturally appropriate interventions to overcome stigma around HPV and enhance vaccination rates. Healthcare providers should consider ethnic and cross-cultural differences perceptions to effectively HPV-related health information. This study provides insight into the experiences and understanding of HPV and vaccination among ethnic Korean men and women, laying the groundwork for developing culturally-tailored programs that sim to increase HPV vaccination rates and mitigate the stigma and impact of HPV-related disease in this community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjin Kim
- College of Nursing, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ayse Güler
- Center for Research on Violence Against Women, Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Deogwoon Kim
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca C Lee
- College of Nursing, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Gong X, Dong B, Li L, Shen D, Rong Z. TikTok video as a health education source of information on heart failure in China: a content analysis. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1315393. [PMID: 38146471 PMCID: PMC10749320 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1315393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heart failure (HF) is a complex and life-threatening syndrome associated with significant morbidity and mortality. While TikTok has gained popularity as a social media platform for sharing HF-related information, the quality of such content on TikTok remains unexplored. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on TikTok videos related to HF in China. The sources of the videos were identified and analyzed. The content comprehensiveness of the videos was evaluated using six questions that covered definition, signs and symptoms, risk factors, evaluation, management, and outcomes. The reliability and quality of the videos were assessed using three standardized evaluation instruments: DISCERN, JAMA benchmarks, and the Global Quality Scale. Additionally, the correlation between video quality and video characteristics was further investigated. Results Among the video sources, 92.2% were attributed to health professionals, while news agencies and non-profit organizations accounted for 5.7% and 2.1%, respectively. The content comprehensiveness score for the videos was 3.36 (SD 3.56), with news agencies receiving the highest scores of 4.06 (SD 3.31). The median DISCERN, JAMA, and GQS scores for all 141 videos were 26.50 (IQR 25.00-28.750), 2.00 (IQR 2.00-2.00), and 2.00 (IQR 2.00-2.00), respectively. Videos from health professionals had significantly higher JAMA scores compared to those from non-profit organizations (P < 0.01). Correlation analysis between video quality and video characteristics showed positive correlations between content comprehensiveness scores and video duration (r = 0.420, P < 0.001), number of comments (r = 0.195, P < 0.05), and number of shares (r = 0.174, P < 0.05). GQS scores were negatively or positively correlated with the number of days since upload (r = -0.212, P < 0.05) and video duration (r = 0.442, P < 0.001). Conclusion The overall quality of the videos was found to be unsatisfactory, with variations in quality scores observed across different video sources. Content comprehensiveness was inadequate, the reliability and quality of the information presented in the videos was questionable. As TikTok continues to grow as a platform for health information, it is essential to prioritize accuracy and reliability to enhance patients' self-care abilities and promote public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Gong
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiac Rehabilitation Center, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
| | | | | | | | - Zhiyi Rong
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiac Rehabilitation Center, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
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Chau B, Taba M, Dodd R, McCaffery K, Bonner C. Twitch Data in Health Promotion Research: Protocol for a Case Study Exploring COVID-19 Vaccination Views Among Young People. JMIR Res Protoc 2023; 12:e48641. [PMID: 37851494 PMCID: PMC10620629 DOI: 10.2196/48641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social media platforms have emerged as a useful channel for health promotion communication, offering different channels to reach targeted populations. For example, social media has recently been used to disseminate information about COVID-19 vaccination across various demographics. Traditional modes of health communication such as television, health events, and newsletters may not reach all groups within a community. Health communications for younger generations are increasingly disseminated through social media to reflect key information sources. This paper explores a social media gaming platform as an alternative way to reach young people in health promotion research. OBJECTIVE This protocol study aimed to pilot-test the potential of Twitch, a live streaming platform initially designed for video gaming, to conduct health promotion research with young people. We used COVID-19 vaccination as a topical case study that was recommended by Australian health authorities at the time of the research. METHODS The research team worked with a Twitch Account Manager to design and test a case study within the guidelines and ethics protocols required by Twitch, identify suitable streamers to approach and establish a protocol for conducting research on the platform. This involved conducting a poll to initiate discussion about COVID-19 vaccination, monitoring the chat in 3 live Twitch sessions with 2 streamers to pilot the protocol, and briefly analyze Twitch chat logs to observe the range of response types that may be acquired from this methodology. RESULTS The Twitch streams provided logs and videos on demand that were derived from the live session. These included demographics of viewers, chat logs, and polling results. The results of the poll showed a range of engagement in health promotion for the case study topic: the majority of participants had received their vaccination by the time of the poll; however, there was still a proportion that had not received their vaccination yet or had decided to not be vaccinated. Analysis of the Twitch chat logs demonstrated a range of both positive and negative themes regarding health promotion for the case study topic. This included irrelevant comments, misinformation (compared to health authority information at the time of this study), comedic and conspiracy responses, as well as vaccine status, provaccine comments, and vaccine-hesitant comments. CONCLUSIONS This study developed and tested a protocol for using Twitch data for health promotion research with young people. With live polling, open text discussion between participants and immediate responses to questions, Twitch can be used to collect both quantitative and qualitative research data from demographics that use social media. The platform also presents some challenges when engaging with independent streamers and sensitive health topics. This study provides an initial protocol for future researchers to use and build on. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) RR1-10.2196/48641.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Chau
- Sydney Health Literacy Lab, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Melody Taba
- Sydney Health Literacy Lab, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rachael Dodd
- Sydney Health Literacy Lab, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kirsten McCaffery
- Sydney Health Literacy Lab, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Carissa Bonner
- Sydney Health Literacy Lab, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Lorenzo E, O’Neal AL, Garcia LC, Mendoza K, Lee RE. Electronic Health Interventions for Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity in Hispanic or Latino Adults: A Systematic Review of English and Spanish Studies. Diabetes Spectr 2023; 37:65-85. [PMID: 38385094 PMCID: PMC10877215 DOI: 10.2337/ds22-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to synthesize English and Spanish literature to determine whether electronic health interventions (EHIs) such as telehealth, telemedicine, digital health, and mobile health (mHealth) improve A1C, blood glucose, BMI, and/or weight among Hispanic/Latino adults with type 2 diabetes or overweight/obesity in the Americas. Design and methods Searches were conducted in June 2021 using the Scientific Electronic Library Online, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PubMed, and PsycInfo literature databases. Studies were identified that investigated the effect of an EHI on A1C, blood glucose, BMI, or weight in populations that were ≥12% Hispanic/Latino adults with type 2 diabetes or overweight/obesity, were conducted in the Americas, and were published in English or Spanish. Study quality was determined using the Quality Index Score. Data were extracted and synthesized, and themes were identified. Results Twenty-five studies met inclusion criteria, including 23 in English (from the United States) and two in Spanish (from Chile). A total of 22 investigated type 2 diabetes, and three investigated overweight/obesity. The studies encompassed 6,230 participants, including 3,413 Hispanic/Latino adults. Sixty-three percent of studies demonstrated significant improvements in A1C or blood glucose and 67% in weight. Thirteen studies offered an EHI in both English and Spanish, and six offered the intervention in either English or Spanish alone. All EHIs involving mHealth exclusively and most (90%) involving more than one electronic modality demonstrated a higher number of significant findings compared with those having only one EHI modality, especially telehealth (44.4%). EHIs lasting ≤12 months had more significant findings (72.7%) than those lasting >12 months (50%). Six studies had industry-related funding, with 83.3% of those demonstrating significant improvements in outcomes. Conclusion EHIs improved A1C and weight in adults (n = 4,355), including 45.5% Hispanic/Latino adults. mHealth and EHIs using more than one electronic modality and those lasting ≤12 months were especially effective. However, overall study quality was modest. Future research should be conducted in Spanish-speaking countries in Latin America and should compare the effectiveness of different EHI modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Lorenzo
- School of Nursing at the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Alicia Lynn O’Neal
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
- Digital Medicine Society, Boston, MA
| | - Lisbeth Cantu Garcia
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Kenny Mendoza
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Rebecca E. Lee
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
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Al-Rumhi A, Al-Rasbi S, Momani AM. The Use of Social Media by Clinical Nurse Specialists at a Tertiary Hospital: Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Nurs 2023; 6:e45150. [PMID: 37616026 PMCID: PMC10485714 DOI: 10.2196/45150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, many health care professionals, who use social media to communicate with patients and colleagues, share information about medical research and promote public health campaigns. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the motives, barriers, and implementation of social media use among clinical nurse specialists in Oman. METHODS A mixed methods study was conducted among 47 clinical nurse specialists at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital between November and December 2020. Qualitative data were collected using an open-ended questionnaire and analyzed using thematic analysis, and quantitative data were collected with a questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS (version 21.0; IBM Corp). RESULTS Of the 47 clinical nurse specialists surveyed, 43 (91.5%) responded. All respondents reported using social media applications, with WhatsApp being the most commonly used platform. Most respondents (n=18, 41.9%) spent 1-2 hours per day on social media. The main motives for using social media were increasing knowledge, communication, reaching patients easily, and reducing the number of hospital visits. The main barriers to social media use were privacy concerns, time constraints, and a lack of awareness of legal guidelines for social media use in the workplace. All participants requested clear rules and regulations regarding the use of social media among health care providers in the future. CONCLUSIONS Social media has the option to be a powerful institutional communication and health education tool for clinical nurse specialists in Oman. However, several obstacles must be addressed, including privacy concerns and the need for clear guidelines on social media use in the workplace. Our findings suggest that health care institutions and clinical nurse specialists must work together to overcome these impediments and leverage the benefits of social media for health care.Bottom of Form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alya Al-Rumhi
- Nursing Department, Clinical Nurse Specialist, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, A`Seeb, Oman
| | - Samira Al-Rasbi
- Nursing Department, Clinical Nurse Specialist, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, A`Seeb, Oman
| | - Aaliyah M Momani
- Child and Maternal Health Department, Faculty of Nursing, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
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Sun Y, Lu F. How Misinformation and Rebuttals in Online Comments Affect People's Intention to Receive COVID-19 Vaccines: The Roles of Psychological Reactance and Misperceptions. JOURNALISM & MASS COMMUNICATION QUARTERLY 2023; 100:145-171. [PMID: 36814707 PMCID: PMC9936178 DOI: 10.1177/10776990221084606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated how exposure to negative and misleading online comments about the COVID-19 vaccination persuasive messages and the ensuing corrective rebuttals of these comments affected people's attitudes and intentions regarding vaccination. An online experiment was performed with 344 adults in the United States. The results showed that rebuttals by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, rather than those by social media users, indirectly increased people's willingness to receive the vaccine by reducing their psychological reactance to persuasive messages and their belief in the misinformation contained in the comments. Rebuttals by social media users became more effective in reducing reactance when people initially had stronger pro-vaccination attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Sun
- School of Journalism and Communication, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Yanqing Sun, School of Journalism and Communication, Hunan University, No. 311, Lushan Road, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China.
| | - Fangcao Lu
- Department of Media and Communication, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Sesa G, Czabanowska K, Giangreco A, Middleton J. Addressing COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: A content analysis of government social media platforms in England and Italy during 2020-2021. PUBLIC HEALTH IN PRACTICE 2022; 4:100345. [PMID: 36447994 PMCID: PMC9683849 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhip.2022.100345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study investigates how England's and Italy's Public Health Governmental Departments addressed COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy (VH) on social media platforms. Study design A conventional content analysis of the social media accounts of Public Health England (PHE), currently the UK Health Security Agency, and the Italian Ministry of Health (IMH) were performed during December 1st, 2020-April 30th, 2021. Methods A total of 531 and 110 posts were extracted from the accounts of PHE and the IMH respectively. Results Similar themes were identified in the government social media posts from both countries, however, significant differences in theme distribution were noted. In England, the most common theme around COVID-19 vaccinations was the vaccine rollout (51%), while themes aimed at addressing VH specifically (44.8%) were debunking vaccine myths (10.5%), reaching/addressing minorities (8.5%), institutional encouragement (13.4%), and benefits of vaccines (12.4%). In contrast, Italian government posts majorly discussed COVID-19 vaccine news and updates (27.3%). Posts addressing VH (62.7%) focused on encouraging vaccination (37.3%), describing the benefits of vaccines (17.3%), debunking myths (4.5%), and communication campaigns (3.6%). Conclusions Approximately half of British and Italian government social media posts on COVID-19 were related to addressing vaccine hesitancy. Although similar themes were evident, there were also themes unique to each country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Sesa
- Department of International Health, CAPHRI, FHML, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Katarzyna Czabanowska
- Department of International Health, CAPHRI, FHML, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Antonio Giangreco
- IESEG School of Management Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR, 9221, LEM - Lille Economie Management, Lille, France
| | - John Middleton
- Association of the Schools of Public Health in the European Region (ASPHER), Brussels, Belgium
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Biruete A, Kistler BM, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Moore LW. Kidney Nutrition in the Era of Social Media: Bridging the Gap of Nutrition Education and Kidney Health Literacy by Leveraging Resources of Social Networking. J Ren Nutr 2022; 32:629-632. [PMID: 36113811 PMCID: PMC10411502 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Biruete
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.
| | - Brandon M Kistler
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA
| | - Linda W Moore
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX
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Bishop V, Bainbridge D, Kumar S, Williams A, Law M, Pesut B, Chochinov H, Seow H. The impact of the Caremongering social media movement: A convergent parallel mixed-methods study. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2022; 30:e5167-e5175. [PMID: 35866253 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Public health responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, such as business restrictions, social distancing and lockdowns, had social and economic impacts on individuals and communities. Caremongering Facebook groups spread across Canada to support vulnerable individuals by providing a forum for sharing information and offering assistance. We sought to understand the specific impacts of Caremongering groups on individuals 1 year after the pandemic began. We used a convergent parallel mixed-methods approach that included semi-structured interviews with group moderators from 16 Caremongering groups and survey data from 165 group members. We used a constant comparative approach for thematic analysis of interview transcripts and open-ended text responses to the survey. We used source theme tables as joint displays to integrate interview and survey findings. Our results revealed five major themes: providing food, sharing information, supporting health and wellness, acquiring goods and services (non-food), and connecting communities. Respondents of our survey tended to be 35-65 years of age range, but reported helping adults of all ages. Our findings illustrate the potential of using a social media platform to connect with others and provide and access support. The Caremongering initiative demonstrates a community-driven, social media solution to issues such as isolation, loneliness and community health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Bishop
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daryl Bainbridge
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shilpa Kumar
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allison Williams
- School of Earth, Environment & Society, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madelyn Law
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Barbara Pesut
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Harvey Chochinov
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hsien Seow
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Mavragani A, Islam N, Trinh-Shevrin C, Wu B, Feldman N, Tamura K, Jiang N, Lim S, Wang C, Bubu OM, Schoenthaler A, Ogedegbe G, Sevick MA. A Social Media-Based Diabetes Intervention for Low-Income Mandarin-Speaking Chinese Immigrants in the United States: Feasibility Study. JMIR Form Res 2022; 6:e37737. [PMID: 35544298 PMCID: PMC9492091 DOI: 10.2196/37737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chinese immigrants bear a high diabetes burden and face significant barriers to accessing diabetes self-management education (DSME) and counseling programs. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to examine the feasibility and acceptability and to pilot test the potential efficacy of a social media-based DSME intervention among low-income Chinese immigrants with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in New York City. METHODS This was a single group pretest and posttest study in 30 Chinese immigrants with T2D. The intervention included 24 culturally and linguistically tailored DSME videos, focusing on diabetes education and behavioral counseling techniques. Over 12 weeks, participants received 2 brief videos each week via WeChat, a free social media app popular among Chinese immigrants. Primary outcomes included the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention. Feasibility was evaluated by recruitment processes, retention rates, and the video watch rate. Acceptability was assessed via a satisfaction survey at 3 months. Secondary outcomes, that is, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), self-efficacy, dietary intake, and physical activity, were measured at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Descriptive statistics and paired 2-sided t tests were used to summarize the baseline characteristics and changes before and after the intervention. RESULTS The sample population (N=30) consisted of mostly females (21/30, 70%) who were married (19/30, 63%), with limited English proficiency (30/30, 100%), and the mean age was 61 (SD 7) years. Most reported an annual household income of <US $25,000 (24/30, 80%) and a high school education or less (19/30, 63%). Thirty participants were recruited within 2 months (January and February 2020), and 97% (29/30) of the participants were retained at 6 months. A video watch rate of 92% (28/30) was achieved. The mean baseline HbA1c level was 7.3% (SD 1.3%), and this level declined by 0.5% (95% CI -0.8% to -0.2%; P=.003) at 6 months. The mean satisfaction score was 9.9 (SD 0.6) out of 10, indicating a high level of satisfaction with the program. All strongly agreed or agreed that they preferred this video-based DSME over face-to-face visits. Compared to baseline, there were significant improvements in self-efficacy, dietary, and physical activity behaviors at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study demonstrated that a social media-based DSME intervention is feasible, acceptable, and potentially efficacious in a low-income Chinese immigrant population with T2D. Future studies need to examine the efficacy in an adequately powered clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadia Islam
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chau Trinh-Shevrin
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Bei Wu
- Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Naumi Feldman
- Charles B Wang Community Health Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kosuke Tamura
- Socio-Spatial Determinants of Health (SSDH) Laboratory, Population and Community Health Sciences Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sahnah Lim
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chan Wang
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Omonigho M Bubu
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Antoinette Schoenthaler
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gbenga Ogedegbe
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mary Ann Sevick
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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15
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Baker MT, Lu P, Parrella JA, Leggette HR. Investigating the Effect of Consumers' Knowledge on Their Acceptance of Functional Foods: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Foods 2022; 11:1135. [PMID: 35454722 PMCID: PMC9028956 DOI: 10.3390/foods11081135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inconsistent results published in previous studies make it difficult to determine the precise effect of consumer knowledge on their acceptance of functional foods. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis by identifying and collecting relevant literature from three databases. Of the 1050 studies reviewed, we included 40 in the systematic review and 18 in the meta-analysis. Based on the focus of each included study, we operationally defined knowledge as knowledge of the functional food concept, nutritional-related knowledge, and knowledge of specific functional products. Results from the systematic review indicate that most participants from the included studies had low knowledge, especially nutrition-related knowledge associated with consuming functional foods, and were generally not familiar with the concept of functional foods. Results from the meta-analysis generated a summary effect size (r = 0.14, 95% CI [0.05; 0.23]), measured by the correlation coefficient r, which indicates a small positive relationship exists between consumers' level of knowledge and their acceptance of functional foods. Results from our study demonstrate the importance of increasing consumers' functional foods knowledge to improve their acceptance of such products. Agricultural and health communicators, educators, and functional foods industry professionals should prioritize increasing consumers' knowledge through their communications, marketing, and programmatic efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew T. Baker
- Department of Agricultural Leadership, Education and Communications, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (P.L.); (J.A.P.); (H.R.L.)
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Van Royen K, Pabian S, Poels K, De Backer C. Around the same table: Uniting stakeholders of food-related communication. Appetite 2022; 173:105998. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.105998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Schiavone B, Vitale A, Gallo M, Russo G, Ponticelli D, Borrelli M. Overview of Facebook Use by Hospitals in Italy: A Nationwide Survey during the COVID-19 Emergency. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18147225. [PMID: 34299676 PMCID: PMC8304234 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background: Facebook is the most popular social network across the world and also allows users access to health information. Our study presents an overview of the official Facebook profiles of hospitals in Italy (n = 1351) and how much they are used. Methods: All hospitals were surveyed on the number of Facebook posts in May (post-lockdown) and October (second pandemic wave) 2020. The number of followers, the creation date of the official page, and the frequency of publication—that is, the average number of days between two subsequent posts—were determined. Results: In Italy, only 28% (n = 379) of the hospitals had official Facebook pages, of which 20.6% (n = 78) were public hospitals, and 79.4% (n = 301) were private hospitals. Of the hospitals with Facebook pages, 49.1% used them every week, and public hospitals published more often. Conclusions: Despite the differences between regions and types of management, the number of hospitals in Italy that use Facebook as a tool for the public dissemination of health information is still low. Hospitals should adopt an effective communication strategy using social networks to improve the quality of health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beniamino Schiavone
- General Management Unit, Pineta Grande Hospital, Via Domitiana, km 30/00, 81030 Castel Volturno, CE, Italy;
| | - Andrea Vitale
- Research and Development Unit, Pineta Grande Hospital, Via Domitiana, km 30/00, 81030 Castel Volturno, CE, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0823-854369
| | - Mena Gallo
- Research and Development Unit, Pineta Grande Hospital, Via Domitiana, km 30/00, 81030 Castel Volturno, CE, Italy;
| | - Gianlucasalvatore Russo
- Communication Office, Pineta Grande Hospital, Via Domitiana, km 30/00, 81030 Castel Volturno, CE, Italy;
| | - Domenico Ponticelli
- Healthcare Management Unit, Pineta Grande Hospital, Via Domitiana, km 30/00, 81030 Castel Volturno, CE, Italy; (D.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Mario Borrelli
- Healthcare Management Unit, Pineta Grande Hospital, Via Domitiana, km 30/00, 81030 Castel Volturno, CE, Italy; (D.P.); (M.B.)
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De La Garza H, Maymone MBC, Vashi NA. Impact of Social Media on Skin Cancer Prevention. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18095002. [PMID: 34065061 PMCID: PMC8125878 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18095002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Despite the increasing prevalence of social media usage in health care contexts, its impact on skin cancer prevention and awareness has not been largely investigated. We conducted a review of literature on this topic with the objective of summarizing and analyzing the role of social media in skin cancer and sun damage awareness and to identify the uses, benefits, and limitations of different social media platforms on skin cancer prevention. In today’s technological society, it is critical to understand and study the best form of communication. Specific platforms like Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, and TikTok vary in originators of material, target demographics, messaging strategies, and reliability of information with regards to skin cancer, sun, and indoor tanning damage. Our results demonstrate that social media interventions have shown promise in skin cancer prevention and continue to escalate by the day. Dermatologists should keep pace with the latest dermatological content on social media and examine its evolution to target the right audience with the proper messages. Further research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness and true impact of social media on meaningful and lasting behavior change for skin cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette De La Garza
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
| | - Mayra B. C. Maymone
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Neelam A. Vashi
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Mat Johar F, Halim AS, Wan Sulaiman WA, Muhamad H. Prevention of firecracker injuries via the digital platform: A Malaysian experience. Burns 2021; 47:1683-1687. [PMID: 33715940 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Health campaigns include physical campaigns in schools, community halls, or community malls. They can also be broadcast via television, newspaper, and radio. We launched a health campaign on social media platforms that have a powerful impact in this digital era. METHODS A three-dimensional short animation was developed for the Burn and Blast Injury Awareness campaign. It was launched during the fasting month and Eid 2020 when firecracker-related injuries are highly incident in Malaysia. The video was launched primarily on Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) and Wau Animation Sdn Bhd social media platforms. Each party shared the video on the top 3 social media platforms, which are Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube. The numbers of viewers, reaches, and shares, and demographic data were captured at 1 month after the release. RESULTS We recorded 29,585 views, 60,920 reach, and 874 shares from the USM and Wau Animation platforms alone. The USM Facebook platform showed predominant female viewership (60%), whereas the Wau Facebook platform showed predominant male viewership (66%). In both platforms, the viewers were aged 18-34 years. CONCLUSION Health awareness campaigns on digital platforms are powerful because the message spreads faster, and it is also safe during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimah Mat Johar
- Reconstructive Sciences Unit, School of Medical Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia; Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Ahmad Sukari Halim
- Reconstructive Sciences Unit, School of Medical Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia; Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Wan Azman Wan Sulaiman
- Reconstructive Sciences Unit, School of Medical Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia; Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Halimah Muhamad
- Reconstructive Sciences Unit, School of Medical Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia; Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
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