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Tan M, Chen Y, Ooi M, de Mel S, Tan D, Soekojo C, Tso A, Khoo CY, Tan HZ, Choo J, Lee LK, Diong CP, Goh YT, Hwang W, Linn YC, Ho A, Chng WJ, Nagarajan C. AL amyloidosis: Singapore Myeloma Study Group consensus guidelines on diagnosis, treatment and management. ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2023; 52:601-624. [PMID: 38920149 DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.2023101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
AL amyloidosis is the most common form of systemic amyloidosis. However, the non-specific nature of presenting symptoms requires the need for a heightened clinical suspicion to detect unexplained manifestations in the appropriate clinical setting. Early detection and treatment are crucial as the degree of cardiac involvement emerges as a primary prognostic predictor of survival in a patient with AL amyloidosis. Following the diagnosis of AL amyloidosis with appropriate tissue biopsies, prompt treatment with a bortezomib, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone-based first-line induction with or without daratumumab should be initiated. The goal of treatment is to achieve the best haematologic response possible, ideally with involved free light chain <20 mg/L, as it offers the best chance of organ function improvement. Treatment should be changed if patients do not achieve a partial response within 2 cycles of treatment or very good partial response after 4 cycles or after autologous stem cell transplant, as achievement of profound and prolonged clonal responses translates to better organ response and long-term outcomes. Early involvement of multidisciplinary subspecialists such as renal physicians, cardiologists, neurologists, and gastroenterologists for optimal maintenance and support of involved organs is recommended for optimal management of patients with AL amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Tan
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Department of Haematology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yunxin Chen
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Department of Haematology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Melissa Ooi
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Sanjay de Mel
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Daryl Tan
- Clinic for Lymphoma, Myeloma and Blood Disorders, Singapore
| | - Cinnie Soekojo
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Allison Tso
- Department of Haematology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Chun Yuan Khoo
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre, Singapore
| | - Hui Zhuan Tan
- Department of Renal Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Jason Choo
- Department of Renal Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Lian King Lee
- Department of Haematology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - Yeow Tee Goh
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Department of Haematology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - William Hwang
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Department of Haematology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yeh Ching Linn
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Department of Haematology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aloysius Ho
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Department of Haematology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee Joo Chng
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Chandramouli Nagarajan
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Department of Haematology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Mut F, Carvajal I, Camilletti J, Erriest J, Alexanderson E, Grossman GB. Cardiac amyloidosis in Latin America: Gaps and opportunities to increase awareness of the disease. Findings from the AMILO-LATAM research group. J Nucl Cardiol 2023; 30:1592-1601. [PMID: 35641695 PMCID: PMC9154028 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-022-03005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is an under-diagnosed disease presenting as a restrictive cardiomyopathy with high morbidity and mortality. Wild-type transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) is mostly seen in elderly patients, with increasing prevalence as life expectancy is growing. New diagnostic imaging techniques and treatments allow for a better prognosis, but lack of clinical awareness delays timely diagnosis and appropriate management. Our purpose was to investigate the knowledge of clinicians regarding ATTR-CM and to assess the availability of imaging resources in the Latin-American region. METHODS AND RESULTS Two online surveys were distributed among clinicians and nuclear medicine professionals, respectively: one asking about awareness of CA in different clinical scenarios, and the other about the availability of diagnostic resources and studies performed. 406 responses were received for the first survey and 82 for the second, representing 17 and 14 countries, respectively. A significant lack of awareness was identified among clinicians, although appropriate diagnostic resources are generally available. Survey data showed that very few patients are evaluated for ATTR-CM in most Latin-American countries. CONCLUSIONS The surveys demonstrated the need for educational programs and other measures to increase clinical awareness and early detection of CA, so patients receive timely treatment and management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Mut
- Nuclear Medicine Service, Italian Hospital, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Isabel Carvajal
- National Institute of Cardiology “Ignacio Chavez”, Juan Badiano 1, colonia Belisario Domínguez Secc 16, delegación Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico
- Hospital de Cardiologia Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Juan Erriest
- Nuclear Medicine Service, Italian Hospital, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Erick Alexanderson
- National Institute of Cardiology “Ignacio Chavez”, Juan Badiano 1, colonia Belisario Domínguez Secc 16, delegación Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico
- PET/CT Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Blacher Grossman
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Moinhos de Vento Hospital, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Cardionuclear Clinic, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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3
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Barbosa-Ferreira JM, Oliveira AAD. Utility of Biomarkers in Suspected Cardiac Amyloidosis: Opportunity for More Frequent and Early Diagnosis. Arq Bras Cardiol 2022; 119:223-224. [PMID: 35946683 PMCID: PMC9363050 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20220437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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4
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Korosoglou G, Giusca S, André F, Aus dem Siepen F, Nunninger P, Kristen AV, Frey N. Diagnostic Work-Up of Cardiac Amyloidosis Using Cardiovascular Imaging: Current Standards and Practical Algorithms. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2021; 17:661-673. [PMID: 34720583 PMCID: PMC8550552 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s295376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Among non-ischemic cardiomyopathies, cardiac amyloidosis is one of the most common, being caused by extracellular depositions of amyloid fibrils in the myocardium. Two main forms of cardiac amyloidosis are known so far, including 1) light-chain (AL) amyloidosis caused by monoclonal production of light-chains, and 2) transthyretin (ATTR) amyloidosis, caused by dissociation of the transthyretin tetramer into monomers. Both AL and ATTR amyloidosis are progressive diseases with median survival from diagnosis of less than 6 months and 3 to 5 years, respectively, if untreated. In this regard, death occurs in most patients due to cardiac causes, mainly congestive heart failure, which can be prevented due to the presence of effective, life-saving treatment regimens. Therefore, early diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis is crucial more than ever. However, diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis may be challenging due to variable clinical manifestations and the perceived rarity of the disease. In this regard, clinical and laboratory reg flags are available, which may help clinicians to raise suspicion of cardiac amyloidosis. In addition, advances in cardiovascular imaging have already revealed a higher prevalence of cardiac amyloidosis in specific populations, so that the diagnosis especially of ATTR amyloidosis has experienced a >30-fold increase during the past ten years. The goal of our review article is to summarize these findings and provide a practical approach for clinicians on how to use cardiovascular imaging techniques, such as echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance, bone scintigraphy and, if required, organ biopsy within predefined diagnostic algorithms for the diagnostic work-up of patients with suspected cardiac amyloidosis. In addition, two clinical cases and practical tips are provided in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigorios Korosoglou
- GRN Hospital Weinheim, Department of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine and Pneumology, Weinheim, Germany.,Cardiac Imaging Center Weinheim, Hector Foundation, Weinheim, Germany
| | - Sorin Giusca
- GRN Hospital Weinheim, Department of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine and Pneumology, Weinheim, Germany.,Cardiac Imaging Center Weinheim, Hector Foundation, Weinheim, Germany
| | - Florian André
- Department of Cardiology, Pneumology and Angiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Aus dem Siepen
- Department of Cardiology, Pneumology and Angiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Arnt V Kristen
- Department of Cardiology, Pneumology and Angiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Cardiovascular Center Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Norbert Frey
- Department of Cardiology, Pneumology and Angiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Melo MDTD, Paiva MG, Santos MVC, Rochitte CE, Moreira VDM, Saleh MH, Brandão SCS, Gallafrio CC, Goldwasser D, Gripp EDA, Piveta RB, Silva TO, Santo THCE, Ferreira WP, Salemi VMC, Cauduro SA, Barberato SH, Lopes HMC, Pena JLB, Rached HRS, Miglioranza MH, Pinheiro AC, Vrandecic BALM, Cruz CBBV, Nomura CH, Cerbino FME, Costa IBSDS, Coelho Filho OR, Carneiro ACDC, Burgos UMMC, Fernandes JL, Uellendahl M, Calado EB, Senra T, Assunção BL, Freire CMV, Martins CN, Sawamura KSS, Brito MM, Jardim MFS, Bernardes RJM, Diógenes TC, Vieira LDO, Mesquita CT, Lopes RW, Segundo Neto EMV, Rigo L, Marin VLS, Santos MJ, Grossman GB, Quagliato PC, Alcantara MLD, Teodoro JAR, Albricker ACL, Barros FS, Amaral SID, Porto CLL, Barros MVL, Santos SND, Cantisano AL, Petisco ACGP, Barbosa JEM, Veloso OCG, Spina S, Pignatelli R, Hajjar LA, Kalil Filho R, Lopes MACQ, Vieira MLC, Almeida ALC. Brazilian Position Statement on the Use Of Multimodality Imaging in Cardio-Oncology - 2021. Arq Bras Cardiol 2021; 117:845-909. [PMID: 34709307 PMCID: PMC8528353 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20200266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carlos Eduardo Rochitte
- Instituto do Coração (Incor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
- Hospital do Coração (HCOR), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | | | - Mohamed Hassan Saleh
- Instituto do Coração (Incor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
- Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | | | | | - Daniel Goldwasser
- Hospital Federal de Ipanema, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
- Hospital Copa D'Or, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
- Casa de Saúde São José, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
| | - Eliza de Almeida Gripp
- Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
- Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
| | | | - Tonnison Oliveira Silva
- Hospital Cardio Pulmonar - Centro de Estudos em Cardiologia, Salvador, BA - Brasil
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA - Brasil
| | | | | | - Vera Maria Cury Salemi
- Instituto do Coração (Incor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | | | - Silvio Henrique Barberato
- CardioEco Centro de Diagnóstico Cardiovascular, Curitiba, PR - Brasil
- Quanta Diagnóstico, Curitiba, PR - Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Marcelo Haertel Miglioranza
- Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Laboratório de Pesquisa e Inovação em Imagem Cardiovascular, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil
- Hospital Mãe de Deus, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil
| | | | | | | | - César Higa Nomura
- Instituto do Coração (Incor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
- Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Fernanda Mello Erthal Cerbino
- Clínica de Diagnóstico por Imagem, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
- Diagnósticos da América AS, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | - Juliano Lara Fernandes
- Radiologia Clínica de Campinas, Campinas, SP - Brasil
- Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa José Michel Kalaf, Campinas, SP - Brasil
| | - Marly Uellendahl
- Diagnósticos da América AS, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | | | - Tiago Senra
- Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
- Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Bruna Leal Assunção
- Universidade de São Paulo Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Claudia Maria Vilas Freire
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil
- ECOCENTER, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil
| | | | - Karen Saori Shiraishi Sawamura
- Hospital do Coração (HCOR), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
- Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
- Instituto da Criança da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Márcio Miranda Brito
- Universidade Federal do Tocantins - Campus de Araguaina, Araguaina, TO - Brasil
- Hospital Municipal de Araguaina, Araguaina, TO - Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | - Claudio Tinoco Mesquita
- Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
- Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
- Hospital Vitória, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
| | | | | | - Letícia Rigo
- Hospital Beneficência Portuguesa, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | | | | | - Gabriel Blacher Grossman
- Clínica Cardionuclear, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil
- Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil
| | | | - Monica Luiza de Alcantara
- Americas Medical City, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
- Americas Serviços Médicos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
- Rede D'Or, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Simone Nascimento Dos Santos
- Hospital Brasília - Ecocardiografia, Brasília, DF - Brasil
- Eccos Diagnóstico Cardiovascular Avançado, Brasília, DF - Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ricardo Pignatelli
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas - EUA
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas - EUA
| | - Ludhmilla Abrahão Hajjar
- Instituto do Coração (Incor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
- Universidade de São Paulo Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Roberto Kalil Filho
- Instituto do Coração (Incor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
- Universidade de São Paulo Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Marcelo Antônio Cartaxo Queiroga Lopes
- Hospital Alberto Urquiza Wanderley - Hemodinâmica e Cardiologia Intervencionista, João Pessoa, PB - Brasil
- Hospital Metropolitano Dom José Maria Pires, João Pessoa, PB - Brasil
- Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
| | - Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira
- Instituto do Coração (Incor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - André Luiz Cerqueira Almeida
- Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Feira de Santana - Cardiologia, Feira de Santana, BA - Brasil
- Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
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6
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Cardiac Amyloidosis: Diagnostic Tools for a Challenging Disease. CARDIOGENETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cardiogenetics11030012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloidosis is a group of diseases in which amyloid fibrils build up in tissues, leading to organ dysfunction. Cardiac involvement is observed in immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis (AL) and transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) and, when it occurs, the prognosis worsens. Cardiac tissue infiltration can lead to restrictive cardiomyopathy with clinical signs of diastolic heart failure, without reduction of ejection fraction (HFpEF). The aim of multiple and less invasive diagnostic tests is to discern peculiar characteristics and reach the diagnosis without performing an invasive endomyocardial biopsy. These diagnostic tools allow early diagnosis, and they are crucial to best benefit from target therapy. In this review article, we describe the mechanism behind amyloid fibril formation, infiltration of tissues, and consequent clinical signs, focusing on the diagnostic tools and the red flags to obtain a diagnosis.
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7
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Marcondes-Braga FG, Moura LAZ, Issa VS, Vieira JL, Rohde LE, Simões MV, Fernandes-Silva MM, Rassi S, Alves SMM, de Albuquerque DC, de Almeida DR, Bocchi EA, Ramires FJA, Bacal F, Rossi JM, Danzmann LC, Montera MW, de Oliveira MT, Clausell N, Silvestre OM, Bestetti RB, Bernadez-Pereira S, Freitas AF, Biolo A, Barretto ACP, Jorge AJL, Biselli B, Montenegro CEL, dos Santos EG, Figueiredo EL, Fernandes F, Silveira FS, Atik FA, Brito FDS, Souza GEC, Ribeiro GCDA, Villacorta H, de Souza JD, Goldraich LA, Beck-da-Silva L, Canesin MF, Bittencourt MI, Bonatto MG, Moreira MDCV, Avila MS, Coelho OR, Schwartzmann PV, Mourilhe-Rocha R, Mangini S, Ferreira SMA, de Figueiredo JA, Mesquita ET. Emerging Topics Update of the Brazilian Heart Failure Guideline - 2021. Arq Bras Cardiol 2021; 116:1174-1212. [PMID: 34133608 PMCID: PMC8288520 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20210367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana G. Marcondes-Braga
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São PauloInstituto do CoraçãoSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP – Brasil.
| | - Lídia Ana Zytynski Moura
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica de CuritibaCuritibaPRBrasilPontifícia Universidade Católica de Curitiba, Curitiba, PR – Brasil.
| | - Victor Sarli Issa
- Universidade da AntuérpiaBélgicaUniversidade da Antuérpia, – Bélgica
| | - Jefferson Luis Vieira
- Hospital do Coração de MessejanaFortalezaCEBrasilHospital do Coração de Messejana Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes, Fortaleza, CE – Brasil.
| | - Luis Eduardo Rohde
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegrePorto AlegeRSBrasilHospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alege, RS – Brasil.
- Hospital Moinhos de VentoPorto AlegreRSBrasilHospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil.
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrasilUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil.
| | - Marcus Vinícius Simões
- Universidade de São PauloFaculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão PretoSão PauloSPBrasilFaculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brasil.
| | - Miguel Morita Fernandes-Silva
- Universidade Federal do ParanáCuritibaPRBrasilUniversidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR – Brasil.
- Quanta Diagnóstico por ImagemCuritibaPRBrasilQuanta Diagnóstico por Imagem, Curitiba, PR – Brasil.
| | - Salvador Rassi
- Universidade Federal de GoiásHospital das ClínicasGoiâniaGOBrasilHospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFGO), Goiânia, GO – Brasil.
| | - Silvia Marinho Martins Alves
- Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de PernambucoRecifePEBrasilPronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), Recife, PE – Brasil.
- Universidade de PernambucoRecifePEBrasilUniversidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE – Brasil.
| | - Denilson Campos de Albuquerque
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroRJBrasilUniversidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil.
| | - Dirceu Rodrigues de Almeida
- Universidade Federal de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP – Brasil.
| | - Edimar Alcides Bocchi
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São PauloInstituto do CoraçãoSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP – Brasil.
| | - Felix José Alvarez Ramires
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São PauloInstituto do CoraçãoSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP – Brasil.
- Hospital Israelita Albert EinsteinSão PauloSPBrasilHospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP – Brasil.
| | - Fernando Bacal
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São PauloInstituto do CoraçãoSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP – Brasil.
| | - João Manoel Rossi
- Instituto Dante Pazzanese de CardiologiaSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP – Brasil.
| | - Luiz Claudio Danzmann
- Universidade Luterana do BrasilCanoasRSBrasilUniversidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS – Brasil.
- Hospital São Lucas da PUC-RSPorto AlegreRSBrasilHospital São Lucas da PUC-RS, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil.
| | | | - Mucio Tavares de Oliveira
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São PauloInstituto do CoraçãoSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP – Brasil.
| | - Nadine Clausell
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegrePorto AlegeRSBrasilHospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alege, RS – Brasil.
| | - Odilson Marcos Silvestre
- Universidade Federal do AcreRio BrancoACBrasilUniversidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC – Brasil.
| | - Reinaldo Bulgarelli Bestetti
- Universidade de Ribeirão PretoDepartamento de MedicinaRibeirão PretoSPBrasilDepartamento de Medicina da Universidade de Ribeirão Preto (UNAERP), Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brasil.
| | | | - Aguinaldo F. Freitas
- Universidade Federal de GoiásHospital das ClínicasGoiâniaGOBrasilHospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFGO), Goiânia, GO – Brasil.
| | - Andréia Biolo
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegrePorto AlegeRSBrasilHospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alege, RS – Brasil.
| | - Antonio Carlos Pereira Barretto
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São PauloInstituto do CoraçãoSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP – Brasil.
| | - Antônio José Lagoeiro Jorge
- Universidade Federal FluminenseFaculdade de MedicinaNiteróiRJBrasilFaculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ – Brasil.
| | - Bruno Biselli
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São PauloInstituto do CoraçãoSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP – Brasil.
| | - Carlos Eduardo Lucena Montenegro
- Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de PernambucoRecifePEBrasilPronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), Recife, PE – Brasil.
- Universidade de PernambucoRecifePEBrasilUniversidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE – Brasil.
| | - Edval Gomes dos Santos
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de SantanaFeira de SantanaBABrasilUniversidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA – Brasil.
- Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Feira de SantanaFeira de SantanaBABrasilSanta Casa de Misericórdia de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA – Brasil.
| | - Estêvão Lanna Figueiredo
- Instituto OrizontiBelo HorizonteMGBrasilInstituto Orizonti, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brasil.
- Hospital Vera CruzBelo HorizonteMGBrasilHospital Vera Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brasil.
| | - Fábio Fernandes
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São PauloInstituto do CoraçãoSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP – Brasil.
| | - Fabio Serra Silveira
- Fundação Beneficência Hospital de CirurgiaAracajuSEBrasilFundação Beneficência Hospital de Cirurgia (FBHC-Ebserh), Aracaju, SE – Brasil.
- Centro de Pesquisa Clínica do CoraçãoAracajuSEBrasilCentro de Pesquisa Clínica do Coração, Aracaju, SE – Brasil.
| | - Fernando Antibas Atik
- Universidade de BrasíliaBrasíliaDFBrasilUniversidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF – Brasil.
| | - Flávio de Souza Brito
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita FilhoSão PauloSPBrasilUniversidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), São Paulo, SP – Brasil.
| | - Germano Emílio Conceição Souza
- Hospital Alemão Oswaldo CruzSão PauloSPBrasilHospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo, SP – Brasil.
- Hospital Regional de São José dos CamposSão PauloSPBrasilHospital Regional de São José dos Campos, São Paulo, SP – Brasil.
| | - Gustavo Calado de Aguiar Ribeiro
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica de CampinasCampinasSPBrasilPontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUCC), Campinas, SP – Brasil.
| | - Humberto Villacorta
- Universidade Federal FluminenseFaculdade de MedicinaNiteróiRJBrasilFaculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ – Brasil.
| | - João David de Souza
- Hospital do Coração de MessejanaFortalezaCEBrasilHospital do Coração de Messejana Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes, Fortaleza, CE – Brasil.
| | - Livia Adams Goldraich
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegrePorto AlegeRSBrasilHospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alege, RS – Brasil.
| | - Luís Beck-da-Silva
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegrePorto AlegeRSBrasilHospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alege, RS – Brasil.
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrasilUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil.
| | - Manoel Fernandes Canesin
- Universidade Estadual de LondrinaHospital UniversitárioLondrinaPRBrasilHospital Universitário da Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR – Brasil.
| | - Marcelo Imbroinise Bittencourt
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroRJBrasilUniversidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil.
- Hospital Universitário Pedro ErnestoRio de JaneiroRJBrasilHospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil.
| | - Marcely Gimenes Bonatto
- Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de CuritibaCuritibaPRBrasilHospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Curitiba, Curitiba, PR – Brasil.
| | | | - Mônica Samuel Avila
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São PauloInstituto do CoraçãoSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP – Brasil.
| | - Otavio Rizzi Coelho
- Universidade Estadual de CampinasFaculdade de Ciências MédicasCampinasSPBrasilFaculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP – Brasil.
| | - Pedro Vellosa Schwartzmann
- Hospital Unimed Ribeirão PretoRibeirão PretoSPBrasilHospital Unimed Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brasil.
- Centro Avançado de PesquisaEnsino e Diagnóstico (CAPED)Ribeirão PretoSPBrasilCentro Avançado de Pesquisa, Ensino e Diagnóstico (CAPED), Ribeirão Preto, SP – Brasil.
| | - Ricardo Mourilhe-Rocha
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroRJBrasilUniversidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil.
| | - Sandrigo Mangini
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São PauloInstituto do CoraçãoSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP – Brasil.
| | - Silvia Moreira Ayub Ferreira
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São PauloInstituto do CoraçãoSão PauloSPBrasilInstituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP – Brasil.
| | | | - Evandro Tinoco Mesquita
- Universidade Federal FluminenseFaculdade de MedicinaNiteróiRJBrasilFaculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ – Brasil.
- Treinamento Edson de Godoy Bueno / UHGCentro de EnsinoRio de JaneiroRJBrasilCentro de Ensino e Treinamento Edson de Godoy Bueno / UHG, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – Brasil.
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8
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Abstract
Amyloidosis is a disorder characterized by misfolded precursor proteins that form depositions of fibrillar aggregates with an abnormal cross-beta-sheet conformation, known as amyloid, in the extracellular space of several tissues. Although there are more than 30 known amyloidogenic proteins, both hereditary and non-hereditary, cardiac amyloidosis (CA) typically arises from either misfolded transthyretin (ATTR amyloidosis) or immunoglobulin light-chain aggregation (AL amyloidosis). Its prevalence is more common than previously thought, especially among patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and aortic stenosis. If there is a clinical suspicion of CA, focused echocardiography, laboratory screening for the presence of a monoclonal protein (serum and urinary electrophoresis with immunofixation and serum free light-chain ratio), and cardiac scintigraphy with 99mtechnetium-labeled bone-tracers are sensitive and specific initial diagnostic tests. In some cases, more advanced/invasive techniques are necessary and, in the last several years, treatment options for both AL CA and ATTR CA have rapidly expanded. It is important to note that the aims of therapy are different. Systemic AL amyloidosis requires treatment targeted against the abnormal plasma cell clone, whereas therapy for ATTR CA must be targeted to the production and stabilization of the TTR molecule. It is likely that a multistep treatment approach will be optimal for both AL CA and ATTR CA. Additionally, treatment of CA includes the management of restrictive cardiomyopathy with preserved or reduced ejection fraction in addition to treating the amyloid deposition. Future studies are necessary to define optimal management strategies for AL CA and ATTR CA and confirm cardiac response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Nijst
- Department of Cardiology, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Genk, Belgium
- Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - WH Wilson Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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9
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Ashraf H, Hafeez A, Vilaro J. Cardiac Amyloid for the Internist. Cureus 2021; 13:e12915. [PMID: 33654598 PMCID: PMC7906274 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac amyloid is an uncommon cause of diastolic dysfunction the recognition of which requires the internist to have clinical suspicion to guide diagnosis and treatment. Cardiac amyloid is an infiltrative cardiomyopathy with significant morbidity and mortality. Appropriate diagnosis is important because management of cardiac amyloid differs from typical heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. An astute internist must be able to recognize common findings of cardiac amyloidosis. Here we present a case of a patient presenting with diastolic heart failure and the steps leading towards diagnosis and subsequent treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ashraf
- Internal Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA
| | - Adam Hafeez
- Cardiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA
| | - Juan Vilaro
- Cardiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA
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10
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Oliveira MTD, Villacorta H, Bittencourt MI, Barretto ACP, Mesquita ET, Rohde LE. Emerging Topics in Heart Failure: Future Perspectives. Arq Bras Cardiol 2021; 115:1197-1200. [PMID: 33470325 PMCID: PMC8133736 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20201205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Humberto Villacorta
- Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ - Brasil
| | - Marcelo Imbroinise Bittencourt
- Clínica de Insuficiência Cardíaca e Cardiomiopatias - Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
| | - Antônio Carlos Pereira Barretto
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - Serviço de Prevenção e Reabilitação do Instituto do Coração, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | | | - Luis Eduardo Rohde
- Grupo de Insuficiência Cardíaca Avançada do Serviço de Cardiologia do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil
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11
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Simões MV, Alves SMM, Fernandes F, Coelho Filho OR, Mangini S. Emerging Topics in Heart Failure: New Paradigms in Cardiac Amyloidosis. Arq Bras Cardiol 2020; 115:945-948. [PMID: 33295462 PMCID: PMC8452217 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20201126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidências recentes sugerem que a amiloidose cardíaca é uma doença amplamente subdiagnosticada, particularmente na sua forma ligada à transtirretina, podendo ser uma causa comum de insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEP) no idoso. Os novos paradigmas sobre a doença incluem o desenvolvimento de novas terapias específicas que modificam a história natural da doença. Este artigo traz uma síntese destes novos conceitos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Vinicius Simões
- Divisão de Cardiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | | | - Fabio Fernandes
- Incor - Instituto do Coração (Incor), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | | | - Sandrigo Mangini
- Incor - Instituto do Coração (Incor), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
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12
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Itzhaki Ben Zadok O, Kornowski R. Cardiac Care of Patients with Cardiac Amyloidosis. Acta Haematol 2020; 143:343-351. [PMID: 32408301 DOI: 10.1159/000506919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac amyloidosis, the majority of cases of which are due to immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis (AL) and transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR), affects different aspects of the heart and cardiovascular system. Amyloid-induced cardiomyopathy, clinically manifesting with heart failure and electrophysiological abnormalities, has distinct characteristics compared to non-amyloid cardiomyopathies. Accordingly, specific management strategies are required. This paper will review the cardiovascular manifestations of patients with cardiac amyloidosis and their suggested treatment strategies, emphasizing the importance of multidisciplinary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osnat Itzhaki Ben Zadok
- Department of Cardiology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel,
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel,
| | - Ran Kornowski
- Department of Cardiology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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13
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Gonzalez-Duarte A, Valdés-Ferrer SI, Cantú-Brito C. Characteristics and natural history of autonomic involvement in hereditary ATTR amyloidosis: a systematic review. Clin Auton Res 2019; 29:1-9. [PMID: 31473866 PMCID: PMC6763513 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-019-00630-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autonomic dysfunction is a hallmark feature of hereditary ATTR amyloidosis. The aim of this study was to summarize the characteristics and natural history of autonomic dysfunction in patients with hereditary ATTR amyloidosis. METHODS A systematic review of the natural history and clinical trials of patients with ATTR amyloidosis was performed. Alternative surrogate markers of autonomic function were analyzed to understand the prevalence and outcome of autonomic dysfunction. RESULTS Patients with early-onset disease displayed autonomic dysfunction more distinctively than those with late-onset disease. The nutritional status and some autonomic items in the quality-of-life questionnaires were used to assess the indirect progression of autonomic dysfunction in most studies. Gastrointestinal symptoms and orthostatic hypotension were resent earlier than urogenital complications. Once symptoms were present, their evolution was equivalent to the progression of the motor and sensory neuropathy impairment. CONCLUSION The development of autonomic dysfunction impacts morbidity, disease progression, and mortality in patients with hereditary ATTR amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Gonzalez-Duarte
- Department of Neurology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Co. Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14080, Mexico.
| | - Sergio I Valdés-Ferrer
- Department of Neurology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Co. Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14080, Mexico
| | - Carlos Cantú-Brito
- Department of Neurology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Co. Belisario Domínguez, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14080, Mexico
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14
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Orthostatic hypotension in hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis: epidemiology, diagnosis and management. Clin Auton Res 2019; 29:33-44. [PMID: 31452021 PMCID: PMC6763509 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-019-00623-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension is a prominent and disabling manifestation of autonomic dysfunction in patients with hereditary transthyretin (TTR) amyloidosis affecting an estimated 40–60% of patients, and reducing their quality of life. We reviewed the epidemiology and pathophysiology of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension in patients with hereditary TTR amyloidosis, summarize non-pharmacologic and pharmacological treatment strategies and discuss the impact of novel disease-modifying treatments such as transthyretin stabilizers (diflunisal, tafamidis) and RNA interference agents (patisiran, inotersen). Methods Literature review. Results Orthostatic hypotension in patients with hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis can be a consequence of heart failure due to amyloid cardiomyopathy or volume depletion due to diarrhea or drug effects. When none of these circumstances are apparent, orthostatic hypotension is usually neurogenic, i.e., caused by impaired norepinephrine release from sympathetic postganglionic neurons, because of neuronal amyloid fibril deposition. Conclusions When recognized, neurogenic orthostatic hypotension can be treated. Discontinuation of potentially aggravating medications, patient education and non-pharmacologic approaches should be applied first. Droxidopa (Northera®), a synthetic norepinephrine precursor, has shown efficacy in controlled trials of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension in patients with hereditary TTR amyloidosis and is now approved in the US and Asia. Although they may be useful to ameliorate autonomic dysfunction in hereditary TTR amyloidosis, the impact of disease-modifying treatments on neurogenic orthostatic hypotension is still uninvestigated.
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim is to provide a description of the most important echocardiographic features in systemic amyloidosis. RECENT FINDINGS Amyloidosis is a heterogeneous group of multisystem disorders, characterized by an extracellular deposition of amyloid fibrils. Several imaging tests are available for the diagnosis; however, echocardiography is the cornerstone of the non-invasive imaging modality for cardiac amyloidosis. So far, little is known about the diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis through imaging modalities. We summarized the most important echocardiographic findings in cardiac amyloidosis. Hence, we offered a systematic report of the diagnostic performance of cardiac amyloidosis using echocardiography.
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