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Singh V. Bittersweet memories and somatic marker hypothesis: adaptive control in emotional recall facilitates long-term decision-making in the Iowa Gambling Task. Front Neurosci 2024; 17:1214271. [PMID: 38292897 PMCID: PMC10824841 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1214271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The somatic marker hypothesis states that emotional recall and its somatic influence guide long-term decision-making. However, the mechanism through which decision-making benefits from emotional recall is unclear; whether emotional recall and the induced affect increase the regulatory demand or amplify the affect state that requires inhibition. It is unclear if controlling the automatic flow of emotion in recall improves adaptive decision-making. Two studies examine the hypothesis that affect control in emotional recall facilitates inhibitory control and benefits long-term decision-making. In Experiment 1 (n = 137), affect control was assessed in emotional recall to examine if switching of affect in recall of positive and negative valence (order: positive-negative memory recall vs. negative-positive memory recall) is linked with long-term decision-making. Results for long-term decision-making showed that negative-positive recall sequence was associated with higher long-term decision-making, whereas automatic frequency-based decision-making remained unaffected by the recall sequence. In experiment 2 (n = 71, all male), emotional recall (positive vs. negative), recall specificity (i.e., specific vs. overgeneralized recall), and post-recall mood regulation (post-recall positive mood regulation vs. no regulation) was expected to facilitate long-term decision-making. Results showed that emotional recall and post-recall mood regulation (i.e., negative recall - positive mood and positive recall - negative mood) were associated with higher long-term decision-making (decks C' and D'). Results of frequency decision-making showed that positive emotional recall, and poor recall specificity led to infrequent punishment deck choices (decks B' and D'). Hierarchical regression indicated that emotional recall increased infrequent deck choices and accounted for 10% of choices made, recall specificity increased the explanatory power to 19%, and higher recall specificity was associated with fewer infrequent punishment deck choices. Affect control engaged via negative emotional recall, post-recall mood regulation, and recall specificity might be a potential mechanism through which affect control in emotional recall might facilitate long-term decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Singh
- Humanities and Social Science, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
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2
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Obeso I, Herrero MT, Ligneul R, Rothwell JC, Jahanshahi M. A Causal Role for the Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Avoidance of Risky Choices and Making Advantageous Selections. Neuroscience 2021; 458:166-179. [PMID: 33476698 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In everyday life, risky decision-making relies on multiple cognitive processes including sensitivity to reinforcers, exploration, learning, and forgetting. Neuroimaging evidence suggests that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is involved in exploration and risky decision-making, but the nature of its computations and its causal role remain uncertain. We provide evidence for the role of the DLPFC in value-independent, directed exploration on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and we describe a new computational model to account for the competition of directed exploration and exploitation in guiding decisions. Forty-two healthy human participants were included in a right DLPFC, left DLPFC or sham stimulation groups using continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS). Immediately after cTBS, the IGT was completed. Computational modelling was used to account for exploration and exploitation with different combinations with value-based and sensitivity to reinforcers for each group. Applying cTBS to the left and right DLPFC selectively decreased directed exploration on the IGT compared to sham stimulation. Model-based analyses further indicated that the right (but not the left) DLPFC stimulation increased sensitivity to reinforcers, leading to avoidance of risky choices and promoting advantageous choices during the task. Although these findings are based on small sample sizes per group, they nevertheless elucidate the causal role of the right DLPFC in governing the exploration-exploitation tradeoff during decision-making in uncertain and ambiguous contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Obeso
- HM Hospitales - HM CINAC, 28938 Móstoles, and CEU-San Pablo University, 28003 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria-Trinidad Herrero
- Clinical & Experimental Neuroscience (NiCE-IMIB-IUIE), Department of Human Anatomy & Psychobiology, School of Medicine, Campus Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Romain Ligneul
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Montessorilaan 3, 6525 HR Nijmejen, Netherlands
| | - John C Rothwell
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, 33 Queen Square, London WC1N3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Marjan Jahanshahi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, 33 Queen Square, London WC1N3BG, United Kingdom; Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
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3
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Lee WK, Lin CJ, Liu LH, Lin CH, Chiu YC. Recollecting Cross-Cultural Evidences: Are Decision Makers Really Foresighted in Iowa Gambling Task? Front Psychol 2021; 11:537219. [PMID: 33408659 PMCID: PMC7779794 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.537219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) has become a remarkable experimental paradigm of dynamic emotion decision making. In recent years, research has emphasized the "prominent deck B (PDB) phenomenon" among normal (control group) participants, in which they favor "bad" deck B with its high-frequency gain structure-a finding that is incongruent with the original IGT hypothesis concerning foresightedness. Some studies have attributed such performance inconsistencies to cultural differences. In the present review, 86 studies featuring data on individual deck selections were drawn from an initial sample of 958 IGT-related studies published from 1994 to 2017 for further investigation. The PDB phenomenon was found in 67.44% of the studies (58 of 86), and most participants were recorded as having adopted the "gain-stay loss-randomize" strategy to cope with uncertainty. Notably, participants in our sample of studies originated from 16 areas across North America, South America, Europe, Oceania, and Asia, and the findings suggest that the PDB phenomenon may be cross-cultural.
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Affiliation(s)
- We-Kang Lee
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital Sleep Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Jen Lin
- Department of Psychology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Nonlinear Analysis and Optimization, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hua Liu
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hung Lin
- Department of Psychology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Nonlinear Analysis and Optimization, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chu Chiu
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
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4
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Zakowicz P, Skibińska M, Wasicka-Przewoźna K, Skulimowski B, Waśniewski F, Chorzepa A, Różański M, Twarowska-Hauser J, Pawlak J. Impulsivity as a Risk Factor for Suicide in Bipolar Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:706933. [PMID: 34366939 PMCID: PMC8342888 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.706933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The accurate assessment of suicide risk in psychiatric, especially affective disorder diagnosed patients, remains a crucial clinical need. In this study, we applied temperament and character inventory (TCI), Barratt impulsiveness scale 11 (BIS-11), PEBL simple reaction time (SRT) test, continuous performance task (CPT), and Iowa gambling task (IGT) to seek for variables linked with attempted suicide in bipolar affective disorder group (n = 60; attempters n = 17). The main findings were: strong correlations between self-report tool scores and objective parameters in CPT; the difference between attempters and non-attempters was found in the number of correctly responded trials in IGT; only one parameter differed between attempters and non-attempters in BPI diagnosis; and no significant differences between suicide attempters and non-attempters in TCI, BIS-11, and SRT were found. These justify the conclusion that impulsivity itself is not a strong predictor, and used as a single variable might not be sufficient to indicate the high suicide risk group among bipolar patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Zakowicz
- Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Center for Child and Adolescent Treatment in Zabó, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Maria Skibińska
- Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Bartosz Skulimowski
- Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Filip Waśniewski
- Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Aneta Chorzepa
- Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Różański
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Twarowska-Hauser
- Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Pawlak
- Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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5
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Li D, Wu M, Zhang X, Wang M, Shi J. The Roles of Fluid Intelligence and Emotional Intelligence in Affective Decision-Making During the Transition to Early Adolescence. Front Psychol 2020; 11:574903. [PMID: 33391090 PMCID: PMC7772350 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.574903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study mainly explored the influence of fluid intelligence (IQ) and emotional intelligence (EI) on affective decision-making from a developmental perspective, specifically, during the transition from childhood into early adolescence. Meanwhile, their age-related differences in affective decision-making were explored. A total of 198 participants aged 8-12 completed the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), the Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Test and the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire-Child Form. Based on the net scores of IGT, the development of affective decision-making ability did not increase monotonically with age, and there was a developmental trend of an impaired IGT performance in early adolescence (aged 11-12), especially in the early learning phase (first 40 trials) of the IGT. More importantly, IQ and EI played different roles for children and early adolescents: IQ and EI jointly predicted the IGT performance for 8-10 years old children, whereas only EI contributed to the IGT performance of 11-12 years old early adolescents. The present study extends the evidence how cognitive processing and emotional processing interact in affective decision-making from the developmental perspective. Furthermore, it provides insights of future research and intervention with early adolescents' poor affective decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Li
- School of Sociology and Psychology, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China
| | - Mengli Wu
- School of Sociology and Psychology, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China
| | - Xingli Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiannong Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Learning and Philosophy, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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6
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Schmicker M, Menze I, Koch D, Rumpf U, Müller P, Pelzer L, Müller NG. Decision-Making Deficits in Elderly Can Be Alleviated by Attention Training. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8081131. [PMID: 31366057 PMCID: PMC6723638 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8081131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Decision-making is an important everyday function that deteriorates during normal aging. Here, we asked whether value-based decision-making can be improved in the elderly by cognitive training. We compared the effects of two training regimens on the performance in the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a real-life decision-making simulation task. Elderly participants (age 62–75 years) were randomized into three matched groups. The filter training (FT) group performed a selective attention task and the memory training (MT) group performed a memory storage task on five consecutive days. The control group (CG) did not perform another task besides the IGT. Only the FT group showed an improvement in IGT performance over the five days—the overall gain rose and the prominent deck B phenomenon decreased. The latter refers to the selection of cards associated with high gains and rare losses, which are nevertheless a disadvantageous choice as the frequent losses lead to a negative net outcome. As the deck B phenomenon has been associated with impaired cognitive abilities in aging, the positive effect of FT here is of special importance. In sum, attention training seems superior in improving decision-making in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlen Schmicker
- Neuroprotection Lab, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg 39120, Germany.
| | - Inga Menze
- Neuroprotection Lab, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg 39120, Germany
- Institute of Psychology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg 39106, Germany
| | - David Koch
- Neuroprotection Lab, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg 39120, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - Ulrike Rumpf
- Neuroprotection Lab, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg 39120, Germany
- Institute of Psychology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg 39106, Germany
| | - Patrick Müller
- Neuroprotection Lab, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg 39120, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - Lasse Pelzer
- Neuroprotection Lab, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg 39120, Germany
- Institute of Psychology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg 39106, Germany
| | - Notger G Müller
- Neuroprotection Lab, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg 39120, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg 39106, Germany
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7
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Betz LT, Brambilla P, Ilankovic A, Premkumar P, Kim MS, Raffard S, Bayard S, Hori H, Lee KU, Lee SJ, Koutsouleris N, Kambeitz J. Deciphering reward-based decision-making in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis and behavioral modeling of the Iowa Gambling Task. Schizophr Res 2019; 204:7-15. [PMID: 30262254 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with schizophrenia (SZP) have been reported to exhibit impairments in reward-based decision-making, but results are heterogeneous with multiple potential confounds such as age, intelligence level, clinical symptoms or medication, making it difficult to evaluate the robustness of these impairments. METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis of studies comparing the performance of SZP and healthy controls (HC) in the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) as well as comprehensive analyses based on subject-level data (n = 303 SZP, n = 188 HC) to investigate reward-based decision-making in SZP. To quantify differences in the influence of individual deck features (immediate gain, gain frequency, net loss) between SZP and HC, we additionally employed a least-squares model. RESULTS SZP showed statistically significant suboptimal decisions as indicated by disadvantageous deck choices (d from 0.51 to −0.62) and lower net scores (d from −0.35 to −1.03) in a meta-analysis of k = 29 samples (n = 1127 SZP, n = 1149 HC) and these results were confirmed in a complementary subject-level analysis. Moreover, decision-making in SZP was characterized by a relative overweighting of immediate gain and net losses and an underweighting of gain frequency. Moderator analyses revealed that in part, decision-making in the IGT was moderated by intelligence level, medication and general symptom scores. CONCLUSION Our results indicate robust impairments in reward-based decision-making in SZP and suggest that decreased cognitive resources, such as working memory, may contribute to these alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda T Betz
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea", Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy.
| | - Andrej Ilankovic
- Psychiatry Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Preethi Premkumar
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Myung-Sun Kim
- Department of Psychology, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Stéphane Raffard
- University Department of Adult Psychiatry, La Colombière Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Laboratoire Epsylon, EA 4556, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France.
| | - Sophie Bayard
- Laboratoire Epsylon, EA 4556, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France.
| | - Hikaru Hori
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 8078555, Japan.
| | - Kyoung-Uk Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Uijeongbu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung Jae Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Joseph Kambeitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Zandonai T, Chiamulera C, Mancabelli A, Falconieri D, Diana M. A Preliminary Investigation on Smokeless Tobacco Use and Its Cognitive Effects Among Athletes. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:216. [PMID: 29593541 PMCID: PMC5857588 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Among athletes, an increasing use of nicotine via smokeless tobacco has been reported. However, there are currently unanswered questions about whether the use by athletes is due to nicotine’s addictive properties and/or to benefits in physical and cognitive performance (e.g., decision-making). In this original article we reported about, (i) snus-induced reinforcing effects among snus-user athletes (Survey) and (ii) the effects of snus on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) in snus-user skiers (Experimental study). IGT is an experimental neuropsychological task that has been previously used on athletes and addicts to test decision-making. Methods: Survey: data were collected with the modified Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire (mCEQ) that was administered to 61 winter sport athlete snus-users in Northern Italy. Experimental study: IGT data included: amount of money earned, number of choices from advantageous and disadvantageous decks and overall net score. Eighteen male snus-users were tested under satiety or after 12-h abstinence conditions according to a crossover design. Results: Survey: the comparison between occasional vs. regular snus-users showed a statistically significant difference in satisfaction (P = 0.0088), calm (P = 0.0252), and enjoyment (P = 0.0001) mCEQ items suggesting a snus intake/effect relationship. Experimental study: significantly higher IGT net scores were found during the first 20 choice cards after abstinence vs. satiety conditions (P = 0.0024). Conclusion: In the Survey, regular snus use induces greater satisfaction and psychological reward than occasional use. In the Experimental study, snus intake might produce an early and transient cognitive improvement on IGT in abstinent snus-users, presumably acting as a withdrawal relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Zandonai
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cristiano Chiamulera
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alberto Mancabelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Danilo Falconieri
- Department of Animal Biology and Ecology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Diana
- "G.Minardi" Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Cao P, Xing J, Cao Y, Cheng Q, Sun X, Kang Q, Dai L, Zhou X, Song Z. Clinical effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with atomoxetine in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:3231-3240. [PMID: 30538481 PMCID: PMC6263241 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s182527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) combined with atomoxetine (ATX) in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS Sixty-four patients with newly diagnosed ADHD were enrolled from January 2016 to October 2017 from Psychological Centre for Adolescents and Children at 102th Hospital of People's Liberation Army of China. These patients were randomly assigned to three groups according to treatment method: the rTMS group, the ATX group, and the rTMS+ ATX group. Before treatment and 6 weeks after treatment, clinical symptoms and executive functions of ADHD patients were evaluated with the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham, Version IV (SNAP-IV) Questionnaire, continuous performance test, three subtests (arithmetic, digit span, and coding) of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, as well as Iowa Gambling Tasks (IGT). The effects of treatment were compared among three groups. RESULTS After 6 weeks of treatment, the scores of all factors in the SNAP-IV questionnaire were lower than those before treatment in the three groups; the scores of three subtests of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, continuous performance test, and IGT were also significantly higher than those before treatment. The rTMS+ ATX group had a better improvement in attention deficits and hyperactivity impulse on the SNAP-IV questionnaire compared with the other groups, and also had a higher efficacy on cold and hot executive functions such as arithmetic, forward numbers, coding, and IGT. In addition, the ATX group performed better than the rTMS group in coding and IGT. CONCLUSION rTMS, ATX, and the combination therapy are effective in improving core symptoms and executive function in patients with ADHD. The combined treatment has significant therapeutic advantages over the single treatment groups. Compared with rTMS, the drug therapy has a better improvement in coding and IGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Cao
- Psychological Centre for Adolescents and Children, The Affiliated 102 Hospital of The Second Military Medical University of People's Liberation Army of China, Shanghai, China, .,Department of Political Affairs, College of Politics, National Defense University of People's Liberation Army of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Xing
- Psychological Centre for Adolescents and Children, The Affiliated 102 Hospital of The Second Military Medical University of People's Liberation Army of China, Shanghai, China,
| | - Yin Cao
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Changzhou No 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China,
| | - Qi Cheng
- Psychological Centre for Adolescents and Children, The Affiliated 102 Hospital of The Second Military Medical University of People's Liberation Army of China, Shanghai, China,
| | - Xiaojing Sun
- Psychological Centre for Adolescents and Children, The Affiliated 102 Hospital of The Second Military Medical University of People's Liberation Army of China, Shanghai, China,
| | - Qi Kang
- Psychological Centre for Adolescents and Children, The Affiliated 102 Hospital of The Second Military Medical University of People's Liberation Army of China, Shanghai, China,
| | - Libin Dai
- Psychological Centre for Adolescents and Children, The Affiliated 102 Hospital of The Second Military Medical University of People's Liberation Army of China, Shanghai, China,
| | - Xianju Zhou
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Changzhou No 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China,
| | - Zixiang Song
- Psychological Centre for Adolescents and Children, The Affiliated 102 Hospital of The Second Military Medical University of People's Liberation Army of China, Shanghai, China,
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10
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Zinchenko O, Enikolopova E. The Impact of Executive Functions and Emotional Intelligence on Iowa Gambling Task Performance: Focus on Right Frontal Lobe Damage. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2017; 32:1026-1036. [PMID: 28981566 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acx065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Decision-making in the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) has been intensively studied regarding both the "hot" and "cold" components. The ventromedial prefrontal cortex is a key region involved in processing somatic marker information, though recent findings suggest dorsolateral regions are also important. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is also known as a substrate of executive functions-the cold component of decision-making. However, there is contradictory evidence about the role of executive functions, as well as the hot component of decision-making-emotional intelligence. Previous findings suggest that patients with right frontal lobe lesions find decision-making more problematic in IGT. The goal of this study is to replicate previous findings on IGT performance in patients with dorsolateral lesions compared to controls. Methods We obtained data from patients with right frontal lobe tumors (n = 12), localized in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and healthy controls (n = 21) who undertook the IGT, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT), and D-KEFS Color-Word Interference Test. Results The performance in the IGT, WCST, and EI tests is impaired in the clinical group. At the subgroup level, we found patients had lower EI scores regarding the ability to use "emotions for thinking facilitation". However, we found an interaction between the EI scores regarding the ability "the perception and identification of emotions" and the performance on WCST only in the patient group. Conclusion This study raises the possibility of identifying components of EI which could be helpful in understanding the impairment of patients with right dorsolateral lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Zinchenko
- Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Enikolopova
- Department of Psychology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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11
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Schmicker M, Müller P, Schwefel M, Müller NG. Attentional Filter Training but Not Memory Training Improves Decision-Making. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:138. [PMID: 28386225 PMCID: PMC5362583 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Decision-making has a high practical relevance for daily performance. Its relation to other cognitive abilities such as executive control and memory is not fully understood. Here we asked whether training of either attentional filtering or memory storage would influence decision-making as indexed by repetitive assessments of the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). The IGT was developed to assess and simulate real-life decision-making (Bechara et al., 2005). In this task, participants gain or lose money by developing advantageous or disadvantageous decision strategies. On five consecutive days we trained 29 healthy young adults (20–30 years) either in working memory (WM) storage or attentional filtering and measured their IGT scores after each training session. During memory training (MT) subjects performed a computerized delayed match-to-sample task where two displays of bars were presented in succession. During filter training (FT) participants had to indicate whether two simultaneously presented displays of bars matched or not. Whereas in MT the relevant target stimuli stood alone, in FT the targets were embedded within irrelevant distractors (bars in a different color). All subjects within each group improved their performance in the trained cognitive task. For the IGT, we observed an increase over time in the amount of money gained in the FT group only. Decision-making seems to be influenced more by training to filter out irrelevant distractors than by training to store items in WM. Selective attention could be responsible for the previously noted relationship between IGT performance and WM and is therefore more important for enhancing efficiency in decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlen Schmicker
- Neuroprotection Laboratory, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)Magdeburg, Germany; Otto von Guericke UniversityMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Müller
- Neuroprotection Laboratory, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)Magdeburg, Germany; Otto von Guericke UniversityMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Schwefel
- Neuroprotection Laboratory, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)Magdeburg, Germany; Otto von Guericke UniversityMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Notger G Müller
- Neuroprotection Laboratory, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)Magdeburg, Germany; Otto von Guericke UniversityMagdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain SciencesMagdeburg, Germany
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