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Emami Meybodi SM, Moradi Moraddahande F, Dehghani Firoozabadi A. Immunogenic cell death mediated TLR3/4-activated MSCs in U87 GBM cell line. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29858. [PMID: 38698968 PMCID: PMC11064142 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive primary brain cancer with no promising curative therapies. It has been indicated that MSCs can interact with the tumour microenvironment (TME) through the secretion of soluble mediators regulating intercellular signalling within the TME. TLRs are a multigene family of pattern recognition receptors with evolutionarily conserved regions and are widely expressed in immune and other body cells. MSCs by TLRs can recognize conserved molecular components (DAPMPs and PAPMPs) and activate signalling pathways, which regulate immune and inflammatory responses. MSCs may exert immunomodulatory functions through interaction with their expressed toll-like receptors (TLRs) and exert a protective effect against tumour antigens. As an emerging approach, we aimed to monitor the U87 cell line growth, migration and death markers following specific TLR3/4-primed-MSCs-CMs treatment. Methods and results We investigated the phenotypic and functional outcomes of primed-CMs and glioma cell line co-culture following short-term, low-dose TLR3/4 priming. The gene expression profile of target genes, including apoptotic markers and related genes, was analyzed by qRT-PCR. MicroRNA-Seq examined the miRNA expression patterns, and flow cytometry evaluated the cell viability and cycle stages. The results showed significant changes in apoptosis and likely necroptosis-related markers following TLR3/4-primed-MSCs-CMs exposure in the glioma cell line. Notably, we observed a considerable induction of selective pro-apoptotic markers and both the early and late stages of apoptosis in treated U87 cell lines. Additionally, the migration rate of glioma cells significantly decreased following MSCs-CM treatment. Conclusion Our findings confirmed that the exposure of TLR3/4-activated-MSCs-CMs with glioma tumour cells possibly changes the immunogenicity of the tumour microenvironment and induces immunogenic programmed cell death. Our results can support the idea that TLR3/4-primed-MSCs can lead to innate immune-mediated cell death and modify tumour cell biology in invasive and metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mahdi Emami Meybodi
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fateme Moradi Moraddahande
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Dehghani Firoozabadi
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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2
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Poomani MS, Regurajan R, Perumal R, Ramachandran A, Mariappan I, Muthan K, Subramanian V. Differentiation of placenta-derived MSCs cultured in human platelet lysate: a xenofree supplement. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:116. [PMID: 38524240 PMCID: PMC10959853 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-03966-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-based regenerative therapies in clinical applications have gradually become a hot topic due to their long-term self-renewal and multilineage differentiation ability. In this scenario, placenta (p) has been considered as a good source of MSCs. As a tissue of fetal origin with abundant number of stem cells compared to other sources, their non-invasive acquisition, strong immunosuppression, and lack of ethical concerns make placenta an indispensable source of MSC in stem cell research and therapy. The mesenchymal stem cells were derived from human term placenta (p-MSCs) in xenofree condition using platelet lysate (PL) as a suitable alternative to fetal bovine serum (FBS). Upon isolation, p-MSCs showed plastic adherence with spindle-shaped, fibroblast-like morphology under microscope. p-MSCs flourished well in PL-containing media. Immunophenotyping showed classical MSC markers (> 90%) and lack expression of hematopoietic and HLA-DR (< 1%). Surprisingly, differentiation study showed differentiation of p-MSCs to mature adipocytes in both induced cells and control (spontaneous differentiation), as observed via oil red staining. This is in line with gene expression data where both control and induced cells were positive for visfatin and leptin. Thus, we propose that p-MSCs can be used for clinical applications in the treatment of various chronic and degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin Sobia Poomani
- Genetic Engineering and Regenerative Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627012 India
| | - Rathika Regurajan
- Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627012 India
| | | | | | - Iyyadurai Mariappan
- Genetic Engineering and Regenerative Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627012 India
| | - Krishnaveni Muthan
- Department of Animal Science, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627012 India
| | - Venkatesh Subramanian
- Genetic Engineering and Regenerative Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627012 India
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3
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Petersen SI, Okolicsanyi RK, Haupt LM. Exploring Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans as Mediators of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Neurogenesis. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2024; 44:30. [PMID: 38546765 PMCID: PMC10978659 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-024-01463-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) are major public health issues worldwide, with over 38 million people living with AD and approximately 48 million people (27-69 million) experiencing TBI annually. Neurodegenerative conditions are characterised by the accumulation of neurotoxic amyloid beta (Aβ) and microtubule-associated protein Tau (Tau) with current treatments focused on managing symptoms rather than addressing the underlying cause. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are a diverse family of macromolecules that interact with various proteins and ligands and promote neurogenesis, a process where new neural cells are formed from stem cells. The syndecan (SDC) and glypican (GPC) HSPGs have been implicated in AD pathogenesis, acting as drivers of disease, as well as potential therapeutic targets. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) provide an attractive therapeutic option for studying and potentially treating neurodegenerative diseases due to their relative ease of isolation and subsequent extensive in vitro expansive potential. Understanding how HSPGs regulate protein aggregation, a key feature of neurodegenerative disorders, is essential to unravelling the underlying disease processes of AD and TBI, as well as any link between these two neurological disorders. Further research may validate HSPG, specifically SDCs or GPCs, use as neurodegenerative disease targets, either via driving hMSC stem cell therapy or direct targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia I Petersen
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Rachel K Okolicsanyi
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
- Max Planck Queensland Centre for the Materials Sciences of Extracellular Matrices, Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - Larisa M Haupt
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia.
- ARC Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Australia.
- Max Planck Queensland Centre for the Materials Sciences of Extracellular Matrices, Kelvin Grove, Australia.
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4
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Khodabakhsh P, Asgari Taei A, Shafaroodi H, Pournajaf S, Dargahi L. Effect of Metformin on Epidermal Neural Crest Stem Cells and Their Potential Application in Ameliorating Paclitaxel-induced Neurotoxicity Phenotype. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024; 20:394-412. [PMID: 37924435 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10642-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Epidermal Neural Crest Stem Cells (EPI-NCSCs) have emerged as prospective ideal candidates to meet the fundamental requirements of cell-based therapies in neurodegenerative disorders. The present study aimed to identify the potential of metformin in driving EPI-NCSCs to neuronal/glial differentiation and express neurotrophic factors as well as assess their therapeutic potential for mitigating the main behavioral manifestations of chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity (CIN). MAIN METHODS EPI-NCSCs were extracted from the bulge region of hair follicle. Following expansion, transcript and protein expression profiles of key markers for stemness (Nestin, EGR-1, SOX-2 and 10), neurotrophic activity (BDNF, GDNF, NGF, FGF-2, and IL-6), and neuronal (TUB3, DCX, NRF and NeuN) and glial (PDGFRα, NG2, GFAP, and MBP) differentiation were determined on days 1 and 7 post-treatment with 10 and 100 μM metformin using real time-PCR and immunocytochemistry methods. Then, the in vivo function of metformin-treated stem cells was evaluated in the context of paclitaxel CIN. To do so, thermal hyperalgesia, mechanical allodynia, and spatial learning and memory tests were evaluated by Hotplate, Von Frey, and Morris water maze tests. KEY FINDINGS Our result indicated that exposure of EPI-NCSCs to metformin was associated with progressive decline in stemness markers and enhanced expression levels of several neurotrophic, neuron and oligodendrocyte-specific markers. Further, it was observed that intranasal metformin-treated EPI-NCSCs improved the cognitive impairment, and mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity induced by paclitaxel in rats. SIGNIFICANCE Collectively, we reasoned that metformin pretreatment of EPI-NCSCs might further enhance their therapeutic benefits against CIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pariya Khodabakhsh
- Institute of Physiology, Department Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Afsaneh Asgari Taei
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Shafaroodi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Safura Pournajaf
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Keshavarzi F, Salehi MS, Pandamooz S, Zare R, Zamani M, Mostafavi-Pour Z, Pooneh Mokarram P. Valproic acid and/or rapamycin preconditioning protects hair follicle stem cells from oxygen glucose serum deprivation-induced oxidative injury via activating Nrf2 pathway. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 13:103-116. [PMID: 38915453 PMCID: PMC11194030 DOI: 10.22099/mbrc.2024.49302.1922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Among leading causes of the ischemic stroke pathogenesis, oxidative stress strongly declines rate of stem cell engraftment at the injury site, and disables stem cell-based therapy as a key treatment for ischemia stroke. To overcome this therapeutic limitation, preconditioning has been represented a possible approach to augment the adaptation and viability of stem cells to oxidative stress. Here, we illustrated protective impacts of valproic acid (VPA) and/or rapamycin (RAPA) preconditioning unto oxygen glucose and serum deprivation (OGSD)-stimulated cell damage in hair follicle-derived stem cells (HFSCs) and surveyed the plausible inducement mechanisms. OGSD, as an in vitro cell injury model, was established and HFSCs viability was observed using MTT assay after VPA, RAPA, and VPA-RAPA preconditioning under OGSD. ROS and MDA production was assessed to reflect oxidative stress. Real-time PCR and western blotting were employed to investigate Nrf2 expression. The activity of Nrf2-related antioxidant enzymes including NQO1, GPx and GSH level were examined. VEGF and BDNF mRNA expression levels were analyzed. Our results showed that VPA and/or RAPA preconditioning ameliorated OGSD-induced decline in HFSCs viability. In addition, they considerably prohibited ROS and MDA generation in the OGSD-treated HFSCs. Furthermore, VPA and/or RAPA preconditioning stimulated Nrf2 nuclear repositioning and NQO1 and GPx activity and GSH amount, as well as expression of paracrine factors VEGF and BDNF in OGSD-treated HFSCs. Thus, the protective effects afforded by VPA and/or RAPA preconditioning, which involved Nrf2-modulated oxidant stress and regulation of VEGF and BDNF expression, display a simple strategy to augment cell-transplantation efficiency for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Keshavarzi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saied Salehi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sareh Pandamooz
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Razieh Zare
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mozhdeh Zamani
- Autophagy Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zohreh Mostafavi-Pour
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pooneh Pooneh Mokarram
- Autophagy Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Greilach SA, McIntyre LL, Nguyen QH, Silva J, Kessenbrock K, Lane TE, Walsh CM. Presentation of Human Neural Stem Cell Antigens Drives Regulatory T Cell Induction. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:1677-1686. [PMID: 37083696 PMCID: PMC10192095 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of human neural stem cells (hNSCs) is a promising regenerative therapy to promote remyelination in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Transplantation of hNSCs has been shown to increase the number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) in the spinal cords of murine models of MS, which is correlated with a strong localized remyelination response. However, the mechanisms by which hNSC transplantation leads to an increase in Tregs in the CNS remains unclear. We report that hNSCs drive the conversion of T conventional (Tconv) cells into Tregs in vitro. Conversion of Tconv cells is Ag driven and fails to occur in the absence of TCR stimulation by cognate antigenic self-peptides. Furthermore, CNS Ags are sufficient to drive this conversion in the absence of hNSCs in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, only Ags presented in the thymus during T cell selection drive this Treg response. In this study, we investigate the mechanisms by which hNSC Ags drive the conversion of Tconv cells into Tregs and may provide key insight needed for the development of MS therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Greilach
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - Laura L. McIntyre
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - Quy H. Nguyen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - Jorge Silva
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - Kai Kessenbrock
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - Thomas E. Lane
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697
| | - Craig M. Walsh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697
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Xie JL, Wang XR, Li MM, Tao ZH, Teng WW, Saijilafu. Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy in Spinal Cord Injury: Mechanisms and Prospects. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:862673. [PMID: 35722621 PMCID: PMC9204037 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.862673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) often leads to severe motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction in patients and imposes a huge economic cost to individuals and society. Due to its complicated pathophysiological mechanism, there is not yet an optimal treatment available for SCI. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are promising candidate transplant cells for use in SCI treatment. The multipotency of MSCs, as well as their rich trophic and immunomodulatory abilities through paracrine signaling, are expected to play an important role in neural repair. At the same time, the simplicity of MSCs isolation and culture and the bypassing of ethical barriers to stem cell transplantation make them more attractive. However, the MSCs concept has evolved in a specific research context to encompass different populations of cells with a variety of biological characteristics, and failure to understand this can undermine the quality of research in the field. Here, we review the development of the concept of MSCs in order to clarify misconceptions and discuss the controversy in MSCs neural differentiation. We also summarize a potential role of MSCs in SCI treatment, including their migration and trophic and immunomodulatory effects, and their ability to relieve neuropathic pain, and we also highlight directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Le Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Orthopaedic Institute, School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xing-Ran Wang
- Orthopaedic Institute, School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mei-Mei Li
- Orthopaedic Institute, School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zi-Han Tao
- Orthopaedic Institute, School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wen-Wen Teng
- Orthopaedic Institute, School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Saijilafu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Orthopaedic Institute, School of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China,*Correspondence: Saijilafu,
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Inhibition of Fam114A1 protects melanocytes from apoptosis through higher RACK1 expression. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:24740-24752. [PMID: 34837888 PMCID: PMC8660612 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fam114A1 is a gene closely related to the development of nerve cells, melanocytes, and nerve cells that originate from the neural crest of the embryonic ectoderm. Recent studies showed that Fam114A1 has a role in the occurrence of ankylosing myelitis spondylitis and autoimmune enteritis; still, its cellular function remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of Fam114A1 on the biological activity of melanocytes. We found that the expression of Fam114A1 in vitiligo melanocytes (MCV-L, MCV-N, PI3V) was higher than that in normal melanocytes, and the biological function of melanocytes was significantly affected when the Fam114A1 gene was silenced. Inhibition of Fam114A1 increased proliferation, migration, and melanin synthesis proteins, decreased apoptosis, while its overexpression reversed this process. Mechanistically, we discovered that RACK1 is a target protein of Fam114A1 and that RACK1 can be negatively regulated by Fam114A1. Further study showed that Fam114A1 inhibition could not protect melanocytes from apoptosis once the expression of RACK1 protein was silenced. In summary, Fam114A1 is an effective regulatory protein for regulating the function of melanocytes. Inhibition Fam114A1 protects melanocytes from apoptosis through increasing RACK1.
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Gala D, Gurusamy V, Patel K, Damodar S, Swaminath G, Ullal G. Stem Cell Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Novel Therapeutic Approach. Diseases 2021; 9:diseases9040077. [PMID: 34842629 PMCID: PMC8628773 DOI: 10.3390/diseases9040077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy is a rapidly evolving field of regenerative medicine being employed for the management of various central nervous system disorders. The ability to self-renew, differentiate into specialized cells, and integrate into neuronal networks has positioned stem cells as an ideal mechanism for the treatment of epilepsy. Epilepsy is characterized by repetitive seizures caused by imbalance in the GABA and glutamate neurotransmission following neuronal damage. Stem cells provide benefit by reducing the glutamate excitotoxicity and strengthening the GABAergic inter-neuron connections. Similar to the abnormal neuroanatomic location in epilepsy, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is caused by hyperarousal in the amygdala and decreased activity of the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex. Thus, stem cells could be used to modulate neuronal interconnectivity. In this review, we provide a rationale for the use of stem cell therapy in the treatment of PTSD.
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Kim IK, Park JH, Kim B, Hwang KC, Song BW. Recent advances in stem cell therapy for neurodegenerative disease: Three dimensional tracing and its emerging use. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1215-1230. [PMID: 34630859 PMCID: PMC8474717 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i9.1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disease is a brain disorder caused by the loss of structure and function of neurons that lowers the quality of human life. Apart from the limited potential for endogenous regeneration, stem cell-based therapies hold considerable promise for maintaining homeostatic tissue regeneration and enhancing plasticity. Despite many studies, there remains insufficient evidence for stem cell tracing and its correlation with endogenous neural cells in brain tissue with three-dimensional structures. Recent advancements in tissue optical clearing techniques have been developed to overcome the existing shortcomings of cross-sectional tissue analysis in thick and complex tissues. This review focuses on recent progress of stem cell treatments to improve neurodegenerative disease, and introduces tissue optical clearing techniques that can implement a three-dimensional image as a proof of concept. This review provides a more comprehensive understanding of stem cell tracing that will play an important role in evaluating therapeutic efficacy and cellular interrelationship for regeneration in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Kwon Kim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon Metropolitan City 22711, South Korea
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangwon-do 25601, South Korea
| | - Jun-Hee Park
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon Metropolitan City 22711, South Korea
| | - Bomi Kim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon Metropolitan City 22711, South Korea
| | - Ki-Chul Hwang
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon Metropolitan City 22711, South Korea
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangwon-do 25601, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Wook Song
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon Metropolitan City 22711, South Korea
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangwon-do 25601, South Korea.
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11
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Herman S, Fishel I, Offen D. Intranasal delivery of mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles for the treatment of neurological diseases. Stem Cells 2021; 39:1589-1600. [PMID: 34520591 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurological disorders are diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by a progressive degeneration of cells and deficiencies in neural functions. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising therapy for diseases and disorders of the CNS. Increasing evidence suggests that their beneficial abilities can be attributed to their paracrine secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Administration of EVs that contain a mixture of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, resembling the secretome of MSCs, has been shown to mimic most of the effects of the parental cells. Moreover, the small size and safety profile of EVs provide a number of advantages over cell transplantation. Intranasal (IN) administration of EVs has been established as an effective and reliable way to bypass the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and deliver drugs to the CNS. In addition to pharmacological drugs, EVs can be loaded with a diverse range of cargo designed to modulate gene expression and protein functions in recipient cells, and lead to immunomodulation, neurogenesis, neuroprotection, and degradation of protein aggregates. In this review, we will explore the proposed physiological pathways by which EVs migrate through the nasal route to the CNS where they can actively target a region of injury or inflammation and exert their therapeutic effects. We will summarize the functional outcomes observed in animal models of neurological diseases following IN treatment with MSC-derived EVs. We will also examine key mechanisms that have been suggested to mediate the beneficial effects of EV-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shay Herman
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Idan Fishel
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Daniel Offen
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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12
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Salehi MS, Safari A, Pandamooz S, Jurek B, Hooshmandi E, Owjfard M, Bayat M, Zafarmand SS, Miyan JA, Borhani-Haghighi A. The Beneficial Potential of Genetically Modified Stem Cells in the Treatment of Stroke: a Review. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 18:412-440. [PMID: 34033001 PMCID: PMC8144279 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The last two decades have witnessed a surge in investigations proposing stem cells as a promising strategy to treat stroke. Since growth factor release is considered as one of the most important aspects of cell-based therapy, stem cells over-expressing growth factors are hypothesized to yield higher levels of therapeutic efficiency. In pre-clinical studies of the last 15 years that were investigating the efficiency of stem cell therapy for stroke, a variety of stem cell types were genetically modified to over-express various factors. In this review we summarize the current knowledge on the therapeutic efficiency of stem cell-derived growth factors, encompassing techniques employed and time points to evaluate. In addition, we discuss several types of stem cells, including the recently developed model of epidermal neural crest stem cells, and genetically modified stem cells over-expressing specific factors, which could elevate the restorative potential of naive stem cells. The restorative potential is based on enhanced survival/differentiation potential of transplanted cells, apoptosis inhibition, infarct volume reduction, neovascularization or functional improvement. Since the majority of studies have focused on the short-term curative effects of genetically engineered stem cells, we emphasize the need to address their long-term impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saied Salehi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Anahid Safari
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Sareh Pandamooz
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Benjamin Jurek
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Etrat Hooshmandi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Owjfard
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Bayat
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Jaleel A Miyan
- Faculty of Biology, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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13
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Miceli V, Bulati M, Iannolo G, Zito G, Gallo A, Conaldi PG. Therapeutic Properties of Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells: The Need of Cell Priming for Cell-Free Therapies in Regenerative Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020763. [PMID: 33466583 PMCID: PMC7828743 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent adult stem cells that support homeostasis during tissue regeneration. In the last decade, cell therapies based on the use of MSCs have emerged as a promising strategy in the field of regenerative medicine. Although these cells possess robust therapeutic properties that can be applied in the treatment of different diseases, variables in preclinical and clinical trials lead to inconsistent outcomes. MSC therapeutic effects result from the secretion of bioactive molecules affected by either local microenvironment or MSC culture conditions. Hence, MSC paracrine action is currently being explored in several clinical settings either using a conditioned medium (CM) or MSC-derived exosomes (EXOs), where these products modulate tissue responses in different types of injuries. In this scenario, MSC paracrine mechanisms provide a promising framework for enhancing MSC therapeutic benefits, where the composition of secretome can be modulated by priming of the MSCs. In this review, we examine the literature on the priming of MSCs as a tool to enhance their therapeutic properties applicable to the main processes involved in tissue regeneration, including the reduction of fibrosis, the immunomodulation, the stimulation of angiogenesis, and the stimulation of resident progenitor cells, thereby providing new insights for the therapeutic use of MSCs-derived products.
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14
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Wu T, Xu W, Chen H, Li S, Dou R, Shen H, Liu X, Liu X, Hong Y, He J. Comparison of the differentiation of dental pulp stem cells and periodontal ligament stem cells into neuron-like cells and their effects on focal cerebral ischemia. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:1016-1029. [PMID: 32845287 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have reported an increasing incidence of ischemic stroke, particularly in younger age groups. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) are the most common stem cells acquired from the teeth of adults, even elderly people. However, there are no detailed reports on whether DPSCs or PDLSCs are suitable for the treatment of ischemic stroke. In this study, the in vitro differentiation of DPSCs and PDLSCs into neuron-like cells was evaluated. Then, we established a rat model of cerebral ischemia. DPSCs or PDLSCs were administered to animals, and the therapeutic effects of these two types of cells were investigated. The results showed that PDLSCs had a higher differentiation rate than DPSCs. Immunofluorescence studies showed that the expression of the neuronal differentiation marker Thy-1 was higher in PDLSCs than in DPSCs, and other gene markers of neuronal differentiation showed corresponding trends, which were confirmed by western blot analysis. In this process, the Notch and Wnt signaling pathways were inhibited and activated, respectively. Finally, rats with transient occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery were used as a model to assess the therapeutic effect of PDLSCs and DPSCs on ischemia. The results showed that rats in the PDLSC-treated group emitted significantly greater red fluorescence signal than the DPSC-treated group. PDLSC transplantation promoted the recovery of neurological function more effectively than DPSC transplantation. Hence, PDLSCs represent an autogenous source of adult mesenchymal stem cells with desirable biological properties and may be an ideal candidate for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wu
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Wanting Xu
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Hanlin Chen
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Shasha Li
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Rengang Dou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230061, China
| | - Hongtao Shen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230061, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230061, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Yongfeng Hong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230061, China
| | - Jiacai He
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei 230001, China
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15
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The Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in the Treatment of Chemotherapy-Induced Tissue Damage. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 15:356-373. [PMID: 30937640 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09886-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy constitutes one of the key treatment modalities for solid and hematological malignancies. Albeit being an effective treatment, chemotherapy application is often limited by its damage to healthy tissues, and curative treatment options for chemotherapy-related side effects are largely missing. As mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are known to exhibit regenerative capacity mainly by supporting a beneficial microenvironment for tissue repair, MSC-based therapies may attenuate chemotherapy-induced tissue injuries. An increasing number of animal studies shows favorable effects of MSC-based treatments; however, clinical trials for MSC therapies in the context of chemotherapy-related side effects are rare. In this concise review, we summarize the current knowledge of the effects of MSCs on chemotherapy-induced tissue toxicities. Both preclinical and early clinical trials investigating MSC-based treatments for chemotherapy-related side reactions are presented, and mechanistic explanations about the regenerative effects of MSCs in the context of chemotherapy-induced tissue damage are discussed. Furthermore, challenges of MSC-based treatments are outlined that need closer investigations before these multipotent cells can be safely applied to cancer patients. As any pro-tumorigenicity of MSCs needs to be ruled out prior to clinical utilization of these cells for cancer patients, the pro- and anti-tumorigenic activities of MSCs are discussed in detail.
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McIntyre LL, Greilach SA, Othy S, Sears-Kraxberger I, Wi B, Ayala-Angulo J, Vu E, Pham Q, Silva J, Dang K, Rezk F, Steward O, Cahalan MD, Lane TE, Walsh CM. Regulatory T cells promote remyelination in the murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of multiple sclerosis following human neural stem cell transplant. Neurobiol Dis 2020. [PMID: 32276110 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.14868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS) for which there is no cure. In MS, encephalitogenic T cells infiltrate the CNS causing demyelination and neuroinflammation; however, little is known about the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in CNS tissue repair. Transplantation of neural stem and progenitor cells (NSCs and NPCs) is a promising therapeutic strategy to promote repair through cell replacement, although recent findings suggest transplanted NSCs also instruct endogenous repair mechanisms. We have recently described that dampened neuroinflammation and increased remyelination is correlated with emergence of Tregs following human NPC transplantation in a murine viral model of immune-mediated demyelination. In the current study we utilized the prototypic murine autoimmune model of demyelination experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) to test the efficacy of hNSC transplantation. Eight-week-old, male EAE mice receiving an intraspinal transplant of hNSCs during the chronic phase of disease displayed remyelination, dampened neuroinflammation, and an increase in CNS CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Importantly, ablation of Tregs abrogated histopathological improvement. Tregs are essential for maintenance of T cell homeostasis and prevention of autoimmunity, and an emerging role for Tregs in maintenance of tissue homeostasis through interactions with stem and progenitor cells has recently been suggested. The data presented here provide direct evidence for collaboration between CNS Tregs and hNSCs promoting remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L McIntyre
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America.
| | - Scott A Greilach
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Shivashankar Othy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States of America
| | - Ilse Sears-Kraxberger
- Reeve-Irvine Research Center, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Brian Wi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Julio Ayala-Angulo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Estelle Vu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Quan Pham
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Jorge Silva
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Kody Dang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Fady Rezk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Oswald Steward
- Reeve-Irvine Research Center, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Michael D Cahalan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States of America
| | - Thomas E Lane
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States of America
| | - Craig M Walsh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America.
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17
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Regulatory T cells promote remyelination in the murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of multiple sclerosis following human neural stem cell transplant. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 140:104868. [PMID: 32276110 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS) for which there is no cure. In MS, encephalitogenic T cells infiltrate the CNS causing demyelination and neuroinflammation; however, little is known about the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in CNS tissue repair. Transplantation of neural stem and progenitor cells (NSCs and NPCs) is a promising therapeutic strategy to promote repair through cell replacement, although recent findings suggest transplanted NSCs also instruct endogenous repair mechanisms. We have recently described that dampened neuroinflammation and increased remyelination is correlated with emergence of Tregs following human NPC transplantation in a murine viral model of immune-mediated demyelination. In the current study we utilized the prototypic murine autoimmune model of demyelination experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) to test the efficacy of hNSC transplantation. Eight-week-old, male EAE mice receiving an intraspinal transplant of hNSCs during the chronic phase of disease displayed remyelination, dampened neuroinflammation, and an increase in CNS CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Importantly, ablation of Tregs abrogated histopathological improvement. Tregs are essential for maintenance of T cell homeostasis and prevention of autoimmunity, and an emerging role for Tregs in maintenance of tissue homeostasis through interactions with stem and progenitor cells has recently been suggested. The data presented here provide direct evidence for collaboration between CNS Tregs and hNSCs promoting remyelination.
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18
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Baharvand Z, Nabiuni M, Tahmaseb M, Amini E, Pandamooz S. Investigating the synergic effects of valproic acid and crocin on BDNF and GDNF expression in epidermal neural crest stem cells. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2020. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2020-004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Mirhosseini M, Shiari R, Esmaeili Motlagh P, Farivar S. Cerebrospinal Fluid and Photobiomodulation Effects on Neural Gene Expression in Dental Pulp Stem Cells. J Lasers Med Sci 2019; 10:S30-S36. [PMID: 32021670 DOI: 10.15171/jlms.2019.s6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Dental pulp cells, a unique source of ectomesenchymal pluripotent stem cells, are originated from the skull neural crest. They are considered as one ideal source of cells for the regenerative medicine applications. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a transparent fluid found in the brain and spinal cord, is enriched with electrolytes, proteins, and growth factors such as EGF, bFGF, BDNF, GDNF, and neuropeptides and can be utilized as a trigger in order to induce the neural differentiation. On the other hand, photobiomodulation (PBM), with the ability to prevent cell apoptosis, can induce cell proliferation by means of increasing the ATP synthesis in mitochondria and facilitating the secretion of the growth factors. In this research, we first aimed to isolate and culture the dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and subsequently to investigate their potential for neural differentiation. Methods: Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) were isolated from the pulp tissues using an outgrowth method and subsequently cultured. In order to access the cells' differentiation potential, cells were firstly classified into four groups which were treated with CSF, gallium aluminum arsenide diode laser irradiation (808 nm; 30 mW power output) and a combination of both, while the fourth group was considered as the control. MTT assay was then used to examine the viability of cells following the treatments. After 4, 7, and 14 days the cell morphology in the treated groups was evaluated while RT-PCR was used in order to evaluate the Nestin and β-tubulinIII neural gene marker expressions. Results: It was shown that PBM has the ability to elevate the proliferation of DPSCs. Also, the differentiated morphology was obvious in the CSF treated group, especially on day 14 with the formation of three-dimensional (3D) structures. The results of gene expression analysis showed that on the fourth day of post-treatment, Nestin and β-tubulinIII gene expressions were reduced in all groups while a rising trend in their expression was observed subsequently on days 7 and 14. Conclusion: In accordance with previous studies, including functional and protein base researches, it has been demonstrated that CSF has a direct role in neural induction. Although past works have been significant, none of them shows a 3D structure. In this article, we investigated the dual effect of PBM and CSF. Initial results confirmed the upregulation of neural-related transcription factors. The 3D organization of the formed tissue could imply the initiation of organogenesis which has not been reported before. In sum, the dual effect of CSF and PBM has been shown to have the potential for contributing to the initiation of neurogenesis and organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Mirhosseini
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, General Campus, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Shiari
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Esmaeili Motlagh
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, General Campus, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Farivar
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, General Campus, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Facchin F, Alviano F, Canaider S, Bianconi E, Rossi M, Bonsi L, Casadei R, Biava PM, Ventura C. Early Developmental Zebrafish Embryo Extract to Modulate Senescence in Multisource Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112646. [PMID: 31146388 PMCID: PMC6600478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells undergo senescence both in vivo, contributing to the progressive decline in self-healing mechanisms, and in vitro during prolonged expansion. Here, we show that an early developmental zebrafish embryo extract (ZF1) could act as a modulator of senescence in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) isolated from both adult tissues, including adipose tissue (hASCs), bone marrow (hBM-MSCs), dental pulp (hDP-MSCs), and a perinatal tissue such as the Wharton’s Jelly (hWJ-MSCs). In all the investigated hMSCs, ZF1 decreased senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA β-gal) activity and enhanced the transcription of TERT, encoding the catalytic telomerase core. In addition, it was associated, only in hASCs, with a transcriptional induction of BMI1, a pleiotropic repressor of senescence. In hBM-MSCs, hDP-MSCs, and hWJ-MSCs, TERT over-expression was concomitant with a down-regulation of two repressors of TERT, TP53 (p53), and CDKN1A (p21). Furthermore, ZF1 increased the natural ability of hASCs to perform adipogenesis. These results indicate the chance of using ZF1 to modulate stem cell senescence in a source-related manner, to be potentially used as a tool to affect stem cell senescence in vitro. In addition, its anti-senescence action could also set the basis for future in vivo approaches promoting tissue rejuvenation bypassing stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Facchin
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
- National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Bioengineering of the National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (NIBB)-Eldor Lab, at the Innovation Accelerator, CNR, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Francesco Alviano
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Silvia Canaider
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
- National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Bioengineering of the National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (NIBB)-Eldor Lab, at the Innovation Accelerator, CNR, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Eva Bianconi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
- National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Bioengineering of the National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (NIBB)-Eldor Lab, at the Innovation Accelerator, CNR, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Martina Rossi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Laura Bonsi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Raffaella Casadei
- Department for Life Quality Studies (QuVi), University of Bologna, Corso D'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy.
| | - Pier Mario Biava
- Scientific Institute of Research and Care Multimedica, Via Milanese 300, 20099 Sesto San Giovanni (Milano), Italy.
| | - Carlo Ventura
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
- National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Bioengineering of the National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (NIBB)-Eldor Lab, at the Innovation Accelerator, CNR, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
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21
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Li G, Yu H, Liu N, Zhang P, Tang Y, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Pan C, Deng H, Wang J, Li Q, Tang Z. Overexpression of CX3CR1 in Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Promotes Cell Migration and Functional Recovery After Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:462. [PMID: 31133793 PMCID: PMC6517499 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy has emerged as a new promising therapeutic strategy for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, the efficiency of stem cell therapy is partially limited by low retention and engraftment of the delivered cells. Therefore, it’s necessary to improve the migration ability of stem cells to the injured area in order to save the costs and duration of cell preparation. This study aimed to investigate whether overexpression of CX3CR1, the specific receptor of chemokine fractalkine (FKN), in adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) can stimulate the cell migration to the injured area in the brain, improve functional recovery and protect against cell death following experimental ICH. ADSCs were isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissues of rats. ICH was induced by means of an injection of collagenase type VII. ELISA showed that the expression levels of fractalkine/FKN were increased at early time points, with a peak at day 3 after ICH. And it was found that different passages of ADSCs could express the chemokine receptor CX3CR1. Besides, the chemotactic movements of ADSCs toward fractalkine have been verified by transwell migration assay. ADSCs overexpressing CX3CR1 were established through lentivirus transfection. We found that after overexpression of CX3CR1 receptor, the migration ability of ADSCs was increased both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, reduced cell death and improved sensory and motor functions were seen in the mice ICH model. Thus, ADSCs overexpression CX3CR1 might be taken as a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaigai Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haihan Yu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingxin Tang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Pan
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Deng
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhouping Tang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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22
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Pandamooz S, Salehi MS, Safari A, Azarpira N, Heravi M, Ahmadiani A, Dargahi L. Enhancing the expression of neurotrophic factors in epidermal neural crest stem cells by valproic acid: A potential candidate for combinatorial treatment. Neurosci Lett 2019; 704:8-14. [PMID: 30904572 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Effective delivery of trophic factors to cure neurological disorders and traumatic injuries is a major challenge. With promising therapeutic effects of epidermal neural crest stem cells (EPI-NCSCs) in preclinical spinal cord injury, there is an implication that these stem cells might provide supportive role through releasing various trophic agents. Hence, the present study was designed to assess the influence of valproic acid (VPA), a well-known histone deacetylases inhibitor, on mRNA expression of selected trophic factors. In this study, following stem cell migration from explanted hair bulges, immunostaining against Nestin, SOX-10, DCX, β-III tubulin and GFAP was carried out. Then, cells were treated with various clinically relevant concentrations of VPA and the survival rate was defined by MTT assay. Finally, stem cells were treated with 0.1 and 1 mM VPA and the drug impact on the transcription level of BDNF, GDNF, VEGF, NGF and NT3 at 6, 24, 72, 168 h was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. The examined proteins expressions in the population of migrated cells confirmed the identity of stem cells as EPI-NCSCs. In addition, MTT assay showed that all three tested concentrations of VPA were suitable to treat these cells. Trophic factors assessment, following treatment revealed the mRNA expression level of BDNF, GDNF and VEGF could be significantly up- regulated at various time points, mainly by 1 mM VPA. However, NGF and NT3 transcripts were enhanced at few limited time points. Our findings showed that EPI-NCSCs due to secretion of various trophic factors are potential candidate to deliver the required trophic agents and their potential can be enhanced by 1 mM VPA, predominantly following 168 h treatment. Hence, these cells can be utilized to modulate destructive context of neurological disorders and injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareh Pandamooz
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saied Salehi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Anahid Safari
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mansooreh Heravi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- NeuroBiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 19615-1178, Velenjak, Iran.
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23
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Comparative Analysis of Biological Properties of Large-Scale Expanded Adult Neural Crest-Derived Stem Cells Isolated from Human Hair Follicle and Skin Dermis. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:9640790. [PMID: 30915126 PMCID: PMC6399535 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9640790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The adult neural crest-derived stem cells (NCSCs) have significant perspectives for use in regenerative medicine. The most attractive sources for adult NCSC isolation are the hair follicles (HF) and skin dermis (SD) because of easy access and minimally invasive biopsy. The aim of this study was to compare the biological properties of HF- and SD-derived NCSCs after their large-scale expansion. Methods The conventional explant method was used to obtain HF NCSCs. For the isolation of SD NCSCs, a new combined technique consisting of preplating and subsequent culturing in 3D blood plasma-derived fibrin hydrogel was applied. The studied cells were characterized by flow cytometry, ICC, qPCR, Bio-Plex multiplex assay, and directed multilineage differentiation assays. Results We have obtained both adult SD and HF NCSCs from each skin sample (n = 5). Adult SD and HF NCSCs were positive for key neural crest markers: SOX10, P75 (CD271), NESTIN, SOX2, and CD349. SD NCSCs showed a higher growth rate during the large-scale expansion compared to HF NCSCs (p < 0.01). Final population of SD NCSCs also contained more clonogenic cells (p < 0.01) and SOX10+, CD271+, CD105+, CD140a+, CD146+, CD349+ cells (p < 0.01). Both HF and SD NCSCs had similar gene expression profiling and produced growth factors, but some quantitative differences were detected. Adult HF and SD NCSCs were able to undergo directed differentiation into neurons, Schwann cells, adipocytes, and osteoblasts. Conclusion The HF and SD are suitable sources for large-scale manufacturing of adult NCSCs with similar biological properties. We demonstrated that the NCSC population from SD was homogenous and displayed significantly higher growth rate than HF NCSCs. Moreover, SD NCSC isolation is cheaper, easier, and minimally time-consuming method.
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Duru LN, Quan Z, Qazi TJ, Qing H. Stem cells technology: a powerful tool behind new brain treatments. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2018; 8:1564-1591. [PMID: 29916013 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-018-0548-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell research has recently become a hot research topic in biomedical research due to the foreseen unlimited potential of stem cells in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. For many years, medicine has been facing intense challenges, such as an insufficient number of organ donations that is preventing clinicians to fulfill the increasing needs. To try and overcome this regrettable matter, research has been aiming at developing strategies to facilitate the in vitro culture and study of stem cells as a tool for tissue regeneration. Meanwhile, new developments in the microfluidics technology brought forward emerging cell culture applications that are currently allowing for a better chemical and physical control of cellular microenvironment. This review presents the latest developments in stem cell research that brought new therapies to the clinics and how the convergence of the microfluidics technology with stem cell research can have positive outcomes on the fields of regenerative medicine and high-throughput screening. These advances will bring new translational solutions for drug discovery and will upgrade in vitro cell culture to a new level of accuracy and performance. We hope this review will provide new insights into the understanding of new brain treatments from the perspective of stem cell technology especially regarding regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucienne N Duru
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Quan
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Talal Jamil Qazi
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Qing
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Separation and Analysis in Biomedical and Pharmaceuticals, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Alhazzani A, Rajagopalan P, Albarqi Z, Devaraj A, Mohamed MH, Al-Hakami A, Chandramoorthy HC. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) Coculture Protects [Ca 2+] i Orchestrated Oxidant Mediated Damage in Differentiated Neurons In Vitro. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120250. [PMID: 30563298 PMCID: PMC6315478 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-therapy modalities using mesenchymal stem (MSCs) in experimental strokes are being investigated due to the role of MSCs in neuroprotection and regeneration. It is necessary to know the sequence of events that occur during stress and how MSCs complement the rescue of neuronal cell death mediated by [Ca2+]i and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the current study, SH-SY5Y-differentiated neuronal cells were subjected to in vitro cerebral ischemia-like stress and were experimentally rescued from cell death using an MSCs/neuronal cell coculture model. Neuronal cell death was characterized by the induction of proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and -12, up to 35-fold with corresponding downregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, IL-6 and -10 by approximately 1 to 7 fold. Increased intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i and ROS clearly reaffirmed oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis, while upregulation of nuclear factor NF-κB and cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 expressions, along with ~41% accumulation of early and late phase apoptotic cells, confirmed ischemic stress-mediated cell death. Stressed neuronal cells were rescued from death when cocultured with MSCs via increased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β, 17%; IL-6, 4%; and IL-10, 13%), significantly downregulated NF-κB and proinflammatory COX-2 expression. Further accumulation of early and late apoptotic cells was diminished to 23%, while corresponding cell death decreased from 40% to 17%. Low superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) expression at the mRNA level was rescued by MSCs coculture, while no significant changes were observed with catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Interestingly, increased serotonin release into the culture supernatant was proportionate to the elevated [Ca2+]i and corresponding ROS, which were later rescued by the MSCs coculture to near normalcy. Taken together, all of these results primarily support MSCs-mediated modulation of stressed neuronal cell survival in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Alhazzani
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
- Center for Stem Cell Research, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Prasanna Rajagopalan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Zaher Albarqi
- Center for Stem Cell Research, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Anantharam Devaraj
- Center for Stem Cell Research, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology, College of Medicine King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohamed Hessian Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta City 31512, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Al-Hakami
- Center for Stem Cell Research, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology, College of Medicine King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Harish C Chandramoorthy
- Center for Stem Cell Research, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology, College of Medicine King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
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Potential Roles of Dental Pulp Stem Cells in Neural Regeneration and Repair. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:1731289. [PMID: 29853908 PMCID: PMC5964589 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1731289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes current advances in dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and their potential applications in the nervous diseases. Injured adult mammalian nervous system has a limited regenerative capacity due to an insufficient pool of precursor cells in both central and peripheral nervous systems. Nerve growth is also constrained by inhibitory factors (associated with central myelin) and barrier tissues (glial scarring). Stem cells, possessing the capacity of self-renewal and multicellular differentiation, promise new therapeutic strategies for overcoming these impediments to neural regeneration. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) derive from a cranial neural crest lineage, retain a remarkable potential for neuronal differentiation, and additionally express multiple factors that are suitable for neuronal and axonal regeneration. DPSCs can also express immunomodulatory factors that stimulate formation of blood vessels and enhance regeneration and repair of injured nerve. These unique properties together with their ready accessibility make DPSCs an attractive cell source for tissue engineering in injured and diseased nervous systems. In this review, we interrogate the neuronal differentiation potential as well as the neuroprotective, neurotrophic, angiogenic, and immunomodulatory properties of DPSCs and its application in the injured nervous system. Taken together, DPSCs are an ideal stem cell resource for therapeutic approaches to neural repair and regeneration in nerve diseases.
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Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells protect against n-hexane-induced neuropathy through beclin 1-independent inhibition of autophagy. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29540747 PMCID: PMC5852116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22857-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to n-hexane, a widely used organic solvent in industry, induces central-peripheral neuropathy, which is mediated by its active metabolite, 2,5-hexanedione (HD). We recently reported that transplantation of bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) significantly ameliorated HD-induced neuronal damage and motor deficits in rats. However, the mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we reported that inhibition of HD-induced autophagy contributed to BMSC-afforded protection. BMSC transplantation significantly reduced the levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3-II) and the degradation of sequestosome-1 (p62) in the spinal cord and sciatic nerve of HD-intoxicated rats. Downregulation of autophagy by BMSC was also confirmed in VSC4.1 cells exposed to HD. Moreover, inhibition of autophagy by PIK III mitigated the neurotoxic effects of HD and, meanwhile, abolished BMSC-afforded neuroprotection. Furthermore, we found that BMSC failed to interfere with Beclin 1, but promoted activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Unc-like kinse 1 (ULK1) was further recognized as the downstream target of mTOR responsible for BMSC-mediated inhibition of autophagy. Altogether, BMSC transplantation potently ameliorated HD-induced autophagy through beclin 1-independent activation of mTOR pathway, providing a novel insight for the therapeutic effects of BMSC against n-hexane and other environmental toxicants-induced neurotoxicity.
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Resveratrol Prevents the Cellular Damages Induced by Monocrotophos via PI3K Signaling Pathway in Human Cord Blood Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2018. [PMID: 29526017 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0986-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of resveratrol (RV) as a neuroprotectant is well recognized, and cellular molecules involved in imparting the physiological effect have been well illustrated. However, some ambiguity still prevails as the specific receptor, and downstream signaling molecules are not yet clearly stated. So, we investigated the signaling pathway(s) involved in its cellular protection in the human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cell (hUCB-MSC) derived neuronal cells. The mesenchymal stem cells were exposed to various concentrations (10, 100, 1000 μM) of monocrotophos (MCP), a known developmental neurotoxic organophosphate pesticide, for a period of 24 h. The MAPK signaling pathways (JNK, p38, and ERK) known to be associated with MCP-induced damages were also taken into consideration to identify the potential connection. The biological safe dose of RV (10 μM) shows a significant restoration in the MCP-induced alterations. Under the specific growth conditions, RV exposure was found to promote neuronal differentiation in the hUCB-MSCs. The exposure of cells to a specific pharmacological inhibitor (LY294002) of PI3K confirms the significant involvement of PI3K-mediated pathway in the ameliorative responses of RV against MCP exposure. Our data identifies the substantial role of RV in the restoration of MCP-induced cellular damages, thus proving to have a therapeutic potential against organophosphate pesticide-induced neurodegeneration.
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Abstract
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases aim at halting clinical deterioration by regeneration and by providing local support for damaged tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great potential for cell therapy as they can be efficiently derived from adult tissue, ex vivo expanded in culture and safely transplanted autologously. MSCs were also shown to be able to differentiate toward neural fates and to secrete a broad range of factors able to promote nervous tissue maintenance and repair. Moreover, upon transplantation, MSCs were shown capable of homing toward lesioned areas, implying their potential use as vehicles for therapeutic agents administration. Indeed, various advantageous effects were reported following human MSCs transplantation into rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as neurotrophic factor-mediated protection, enhanced neurogenesis, modulation of inflammation, and abnormal protein aggregate clearance. Recent studies have also used ex vivo manipulation for enhanced expression of potentially favorable factors, by so exploiting the homing capacity of MSCs for effective expression at the lesion site. Here, we will summarize current advancements in MSCs-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. We will examine the roles of central mechanisms suggested to mediate the beneficial effects of MSCs-based therapy and consider the augmentation of these mechanisms for superior clinical outcomes in rodent models of neurodegeneration as well as in clinical trials.
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Volkman R, Offen D. Concise Review: Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Stem Cells 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2651 and extractvalue(5426,concat(0x5c,0x717a6a6b71,(select (elt(5426=5426,1))),0x71707a7a71))-- ncmy] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases aim at halting clinical deterioration by regeneration and by providing local support for damaged tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great potential for cell therapy as they can be efficiently derived from adult tissue, ex vivo expanded in culture and safely transplanted autologously. MSCs were also shown to be able to differentiate toward neural fates and to secrete a broad range of factors able to promote nervous tissue maintenance and repair. Moreover, upon transplantation, MSCs were shown capable of homing toward lesioned areas, implying their potential use as vehicles for therapeutic agents administration. Indeed, various advantageous effects were reported following human MSCs transplantation into rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as neurotrophic factor-mediated protection, enhanced neurogenesis, modulation of inflammation, and abnormal protein aggregate clearance. Recent studies have also used ex vivo manipulation for enhanced expression of potentially favorable factors, by so exploiting the homing capacity of MSCs for effective expression at the lesion site. Here, we will summarize current advancements in MSCs-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. We will examine the roles of central mechanisms suggested to mediate the beneficial effects of MSCs-based therapy and consider the augmentation of these mechanisms for superior clinical outcomes in rodent models of neurodegeneration as well as in clinical trials.
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Abstract
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases aim at halting clinical deterioration by regeneration and by providing local support for damaged tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great potential for cell therapy as they can be efficiently derived from adult tissue, ex vivo expanded in culture and safely transplanted autologously. MSCs were also shown to be able to differentiate toward neural fates and to secrete a broad range of factors able to promote nervous tissue maintenance and repair. Moreover, upon transplantation, MSCs were shown capable of homing toward lesioned areas, implying their potential use as vehicles for therapeutic agents administration. Indeed, various advantageous effects were reported following human MSCs transplantation into rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as neurotrophic factor-mediated protection, enhanced neurogenesis, modulation of inflammation, and abnormal protein aggregate clearance. Recent studies have also used ex vivo manipulation for enhanced expression of potentially favorable factors, by so exploiting the homing capacity of MSCs for effective expression at the lesion site. Here, we will summarize current advancements in MSCs-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. We will examine the roles of central mechanisms suggested to mediate the beneficial effects of MSCs-based therapy and consider the augmentation of these mechanisms for superior clinical outcomes in rodent models of neurodegeneration as well as in clinical trials.
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Abstract
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases aim at halting clinical deterioration by regeneration and by providing local support for damaged tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great potential for cell therapy as they can be efficiently derived from adult tissue, ex vivo expanded in culture and safely transplanted autologously. MSCs were also shown to be able to differentiate toward neural fates and to secrete a broad range of factors able to promote nervous tissue maintenance and repair. Moreover, upon transplantation, MSCs were shown capable of homing toward lesioned areas, implying their potential use as vehicles for therapeutic agents administration. Indeed, various advantageous effects were reported following human MSCs transplantation into rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as neurotrophic factor-mediated protection, enhanced neurogenesis, modulation of inflammation, and abnormal protein aggregate clearance. Recent studies have also used ex vivo manipulation for enhanced expression of potentially favorable factors, by so exploiting the homing capacity of MSCs for effective expression at the lesion site. Here, we will summarize current advancements in MSCs-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. We will examine the roles of central mechanisms suggested to mediate the beneficial effects of MSCs-based therapy and consider the augmentation of these mechanisms for superior clinical outcomes in rodent models of neurodegeneration as well as in clinical trials.
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Volkman R, Offen D. Concise Review: Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Stem Cells 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2651 order by 1-- hpcc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases aim at halting clinical deterioration by regeneration and by providing local support for damaged tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great potential for cell therapy as they can be efficiently derived from adult tissue, ex vivo expanded in culture and safely transplanted autologously. MSCs were also shown to be able to differentiate toward neural fates and to secrete a broad range of factors able to promote nervous tissue maintenance and repair. Moreover, upon transplantation, MSCs were shown capable of homing toward lesioned areas, implying their potential use as vehicles for therapeutic agents administration. Indeed, various advantageous effects were reported following human MSCs transplantation into rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as neurotrophic factor-mediated protection, enhanced neurogenesis, modulation of inflammation, and abnormal protein aggregate clearance. Recent studies have also used ex vivo manipulation for enhanced expression of potentially favorable factors, by so exploiting the homing capacity of MSCs for effective expression at the lesion site. Here, we will summarize current advancements in MSCs-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. We will examine the roles of central mechanisms suggested to mediate the beneficial effects of MSCs-based therapy and consider the augmentation of these mechanisms for superior clinical outcomes in rodent models of neurodegeneration as well as in clinical trials.
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Abstract
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases aim at halting clinical deterioration by regeneration and by providing local support for damaged tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great potential for cell therapy as they can be efficiently derived from adult tissue, ex vivo expanded in culture and safely transplanted autologously. MSCs were also shown to be able to differentiate toward neural fates and to secrete a broad range of factors able to promote nervous tissue maintenance and repair. Moreover, upon transplantation, MSCs were shown capable of homing toward lesioned areas, implying their potential use as vehicles for therapeutic agents administration. Indeed, various advantageous effects were reported following human MSCs transplantation into rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as neurotrophic factor-mediated protection, enhanced neurogenesis, modulation of inflammation, and abnormal protein aggregate clearance. Recent studies have also used ex vivo manipulation for enhanced expression of potentially favorable factors, by so exploiting the homing capacity of MSCs for effective expression at the lesion site. Here, we will summarize current advancements in MSCs-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. We will examine the roles of central mechanisms suggested to mediate the beneficial effects of MSCs-based therapy and consider the augmentation of these mechanisms for superior clinical outcomes in rodent models of neurodegeneration as well as in clinical trials.
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Abstract
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases aim at halting clinical deterioration by regeneration and by providing local support for damaged tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great potential for cell therapy as they can be efficiently derived from adult tissue, ex vivo expanded in culture and safely transplanted autologously. MSCs were also shown to be able to differentiate toward neural fates and to secrete a broad range of factors able to promote nervous tissue maintenance and repair. Moreover, upon transplantation, MSCs were shown capable of homing toward lesioned areas, implying their potential use as vehicles for therapeutic agents administration. Indeed, various advantageous effects were reported following human MSCs transplantation into rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as neurotrophic factor-mediated protection, enhanced neurogenesis, modulation of inflammation, and abnormal protein aggregate clearance. Recent studies have also used ex vivo manipulation for enhanced expression of potentially favorable factors, by so exploiting the homing capacity of MSCs for effective expression at the lesion site. Here, we will summarize current advancements in MSCs-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. We will examine the roles of central mechanisms suggested to mediate the beneficial effects of MSCs-based therapy and consider the augmentation of these mechanisms for superior clinical outcomes in rodent models of neurodegeneration as well as in clinical trials.
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Abstract
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases aim at halting clinical deterioration by regeneration and by providing local support for damaged tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great potential for cell therapy as they can be efficiently derived from adult tissue, ex vivo expanded in culture and safely transplanted autologously. MSCs were also shown to be able to differentiate toward neural fates and to secrete a broad range of factors able to promote nervous tissue maintenance and repair. Moreover, upon transplantation, MSCs were shown capable of homing toward lesioned areas, implying their potential use as vehicles for therapeutic agents administration. Indeed, various advantageous effects were reported following human MSCs transplantation into rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as neurotrophic factor-mediated protection, enhanced neurogenesis, modulation of inflammation, and abnormal protein aggregate clearance. Recent studies have also used ex vivo manipulation for enhanced expression of potentially favorable factors, by so exploiting the homing capacity of MSCs for effective expression at the lesion site. Here, we will summarize current advancements in MSCs-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. We will examine the roles of central mechanisms suggested to mediate the beneficial effects of MSCs-based therapy and consider the augmentation of these mechanisms for superior clinical outcomes in rodent models of neurodegeneration as well as in clinical trials.
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Volkman R, Offen D. Concise Review: Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Stem Cells 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2651 order by 1-- asnk] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases aim at halting clinical deterioration by regeneration and by providing local support for damaged tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great potential for cell therapy as they can be efficiently derived from adult tissue, ex vivo expanded in culture and safely transplanted autologously. MSCs were also shown to be able to differentiate toward neural fates and to secrete a broad range of factors able to promote nervous tissue maintenance and repair. Moreover, upon transplantation, MSCs were shown capable of homing toward lesioned areas, implying their potential use as vehicles for therapeutic agents administration. Indeed, various advantageous effects were reported following human MSCs transplantation into rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as neurotrophic factor-mediated protection, enhanced neurogenesis, modulation of inflammation, and abnormal protein aggregate clearance. Recent studies have also used ex vivo manipulation for enhanced expression of potentially favorable factors, by so exploiting the homing capacity of MSCs for effective expression at the lesion site. Here, we will summarize current advancements in MSCs-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. We will examine the roles of central mechanisms suggested to mediate the beneficial effects of MSCs-based therapy and consider the augmentation of these mechanisms for superior clinical outcomes in rodent models of neurodegeneration as well as in clinical trials.
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Abstract
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases aim at halting clinical deterioration by regeneration and by providing local support for damaged tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great potential for cell therapy as they can be efficiently derived from adult tissue, ex vivo expanded in culture and safely transplanted autologously. MSCs were also shown to be able to differentiate toward neural fates and to secrete a broad range of factors able to promote nervous tissue maintenance and repair. Moreover, upon transplantation, MSCs were shown capable of homing toward lesioned areas, implying their potential use as vehicles for therapeutic agents administration. Indeed, various advantageous effects were reported following human MSCs transplantation into rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as neurotrophic factor-mediated protection, enhanced neurogenesis, modulation of inflammation, and abnormal protein aggregate clearance. Recent studies have also used ex vivo manipulation for enhanced expression of potentially favorable factors, by so exploiting the homing capacity of MSCs for effective expression at the lesion site. Here, we will summarize current advancements in MSCs-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. We will examine the roles of central mechanisms suggested to mediate the beneficial effects of MSCs-based therapy and consider the augmentation of these mechanisms for superior clinical outcomes in rodent models of neurodegeneration as well as in clinical trials.
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Lin L, Du L. The role of secreted factors in stem cells-mediated immune regulation. Cell Immunol 2017; 326:24-32. [PMID: 28778535 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are characterized by self-renew and multipotent differentiation abilities. Besides their roles in cell compensation, stem cells are also rich sources of growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, micro-RNAs and exosomes and serve as drug stores to maintain tissue homeostasis. Recent studies have revealed that the secretome of stem cells is regulated by the local inflammatory cues and highlighted the roles of these secretory factors in stem cell based therapies. Importantly, stem cell conditioned medium, in the absence of stem cell engraftment, have shown efficiency in treating diseases involves immune disorders. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in understanding the regulatory effects of stem cells secreted factors on different immune cells including macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, NK cells, T cells, and B cells. We also discuss how stem cells released factors participate in the initiation, maintenance and resolution of inflammation. The in depth understanding of interaction between stem cells secreted factors and immune system would lead to new strategies to restore tissue homeostasis and improve the efficiency of stem cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Liming Du
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200025, China.
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40
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Volkman R, Offen D. Concise Review: Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Stem Cells 2017; 35:1867-1880. [PMID: 28589621 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases aim at halting clinical deterioration by regeneration and by providing local support for damaged tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great potential for cell therapy as they can be efficiently derived from adult tissue, ex vivo expanded in culture and safely transplanted autologously. MSCs were also shown to be able to differentiate toward neural fates and to secrete a broad range of factors able to promote nervous tissue maintenance and repair. Moreover, upon transplantation, MSCs were shown capable of homing toward lesioned areas, implying their potential use as vehicles for therapeutic agents administration. Indeed, various advantageous effects were reported following human MSCs transplantation into rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as neurotrophic factor-mediated protection, enhanced neurogenesis, modulation of inflammation, and abnormal protein aggregate clearance. Per journal style, most nonstandard abbreviations must be used at least two times in the abstract to be retained; NTF was used once and thus has been deleted. Recent studies have also used ex vivo manipulation for enhanced expression of potentially favorable factors, by so exploiting the homing capacity of MSCs for effective expression at the lesion site. Here, we will summarize current advancements in MSCs-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. We will examine the roles of central mechanisms suggested to mediate the beneficial effects of MSCs-based therapy and consider the augmentation of these mechanisms for superior clinical outcomes in rodent models of neurodegeneration as well as in clinical trials. Stem Cells 2017;35:1867-1880.
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Peng Z, Gao W, Yue B, Jiang J, Gu Y, Dai J, Chen L, Shi Q. Promotion of neurological recovery in rat spinal cord injury by mesenchymal stem cells loaded on nerve-guided collagen scaffold through increasing alternatively activated macrophage polarization. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e1725-e1736. [PMID: 27863083 DOI: 10.1002/term.2358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are characterized by multidifferentiation and immunoregulatory potential and have been used in the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI), but direct transplantation may limit effectiveness due to their quick diffusion. The role of macrophages in healing is being increasingly recognized because of their ability to polarize into pro- and anti-inflammatory phenotypes. In the present study, nerve-guide collagen scaffold (CS) combined with rat MSCs was developed. After CS was confirmed to minimize MSC distribution in vivo by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, the repair capacity of combined implantation of CS and MSCs and the effect on classically activated macrophage/alternatively activated macrophage (M2) polarization was assessed in a hemisected SCI rat model. In vivo studies showed that, compared to the control group, the rats in the combined implantation group exhibited more significant recovery of nerve function evidenced by the 21-point Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan score and footprint analysis. Morphological staining showed less macrophage infiltration, apoptosis and glial fibrillary acidic protein, and more neurofilaments, and the fibres were guided to grow through the implant. More M2 were observed in the combined implantation group. The data suggest that the combined implantation could support MSCs to play a protective role of SCI, not only through inhibiting chronic scar formation and providing linear guidance for the nerve, but also benefitting M2 polarization to form an anti-inflammatory environment. Thus, the combination of biomaterial and MSCs might be a prominent therapeutic treatment for SCI. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University. Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University. Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Bing Yue
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University. Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University. Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yong Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University. Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jianwu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University. Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qin Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University. Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
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Zorzopulos J, Opal SM, Hernando-Insúa A, Rodriguez JM, Elías F, Fló J, López RA, Chasseing NA, Lux-Lantos VA, Coronel MF, Franco R, Montaner AD, Horn DL. Immunomodulatory oligonucleotide IMT504: Effects on mesenchymal stem cells as a first-in-class immunoprotective/immunoregenerative therapy. World J Stem Cells 2017; 9:45-67. [PMID: 28396715 PMCID: PMC5368622 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v9.i3.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune responses of humans and animals to insults (i.e., infections, traumas, tumoral transformation and radiation) are based on an intricate network of cells and chemical messengers. Abnormally high inflammation immediately after insult or abnormally prolonged pro-inflammatory stimuli bringing about chronic inflammation can lead to life-threatening or severely debilitating diseases. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplant has proved to be an effective therapy in preclinical studies which evaluated a vast diversity of inflammatory conditions. MSCs lead to resolution of inflammation, preparation for regeneration and actual regeneration, and then ultimate return to normal baseline or homeostasis. However, in clinical trials of transplanted MSCs, the expectations of great medical benefit have not yet been fulfilled. As a practical alternative to MSC transplant, a synthetic drug with the capacity to boost endogenous MSC expansion and/or activation may also be effective. Regarding this, IMT504, the prototype of a major class of immunomodulatory oligonucleotides, induces in vivo expansion of MSCs, resulting in a marked improvement in preclinical models of neuropathic pain, osteoporosis, diabetes and sepsis. IMT504 is easily manufactured and has an excellent preclinical safety record. In the small number of patients studied thus far, IMT504 has been well-tolerated, even at very high dosage. Further clinical investigation is necessary to demonstrate the utility of IMT504 for resolution of inflammation and regeneration in a broad array of human diseases that would likely benefit from an immunoprotective/immunoregenerative therapy.
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Ye Y, Peng YR, Hu SQ, Yan XL, Chen J, Xu T. In Vitro Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Neuron-Like Cells by Cerebrospinal Fluid Improves Motor Function of Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Rats. Front Neurol 2016; 7:183. [PMID: 27833584 PMCID: PMC5081354 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) represent a promising tool for stem cell-based therapies. However, the majority of BMSC transplants only allow for limited recovery of the lost functions. We previously found that human cerebrospinal fluid (hCSF) is more potent than growth factors in differentiating human BMSCs into neuron-like cells in vitro. In this study, we studied the effect of transplantation of rat BMSC-derived neuron-like cells (BMSC-Ns) induced by hCSF into rat brain with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The survival and differentiation of the transplanted cells were determined using immunofluorescence staining of bromodeoxyuridine. The recovery of neurological function were observed by the modified neurological severity score (modified NSS) at 4, 15, and 32 days after cell transplantation, HE staining for determination of the infarct volume at day 32 after cell transplantation. Transplantation of BMSC-Ns or BMSCs significantly improved indexes of neurological function and reduced infarct size in rats previously subjected to MCAO compared with those in the control group. Remarkably, 32 days after transplantation, rats treated with BMSC-Ns presented a smaller infarct size, higher number of neuron-specific, enolase-positive, and BrdU-positive cells, and improved neurological function compared with BMSC group. Our results demonstrate that transplantation of hCSF-treated BMSC-Ns significantly improves neurological function and reduces infarct size in rats subjected to MCAO. This study may pave a new avenue for the treatment of MCAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ye
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Institute of Emergency Rescue Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Emergency Center, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Ran Peng
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou , China
| | - Shu-Qun Hu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Institute of Emergency Rescue Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou, Jiangsu , China
| | - Xian-Liang Yan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Institute of Emergency Rescue Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Emergency Center, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Institute of Emergency Rescue Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou, Jiangsu , China
| | - Tie Xu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Institute of Emergency Rescue Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Emergency Center, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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44
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Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells attenuate 2,5-hexanedione-induced neuronal apoptosis through a NGF/AKT-dependent pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34715. [PMID: 27703213 PMCID: PMC5050456 DOI: 10.1038/srep34715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that the increased neuronal apoptosis is involved in n-hexane-induced neuropathy. We have recently reported that bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells-derived conditioned medium (BMSC-CM) attenuated 2,5-hexanedione (HD, the active metabolite of n-hexane)-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. Here, we explored the anti-apoptotic efficacy of BMSC in vivo. HD-treated rats received BMSC by tail vein injection 5 weeks after HD intoxication. We found that in grafted rats, BMSC significantly attenuated HD-induced neuronal apoptosis in the spinal cord, which was associated with elevation of nerve growth factor (NGF). Neutralization of NGF in BMSC-CM blocked the protection against HD-induced apoptosis in VSC4.1 cells, suggesting that NGF is essential for BMSC-afforded anti-apoptosis. Mechanistically, we found that the decreased activation of Akt induced by HD was significantly recovered in the spinal cord by BMSC and in VSC4.1 cells by BMSC-CM in a TrkA-dependent manner, leading to dissociation of Bad/Bcl-xL complex in mitochondria and release of anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL. The importance of Akt was further corroborated by showing the reduced anti-apoptotic potency of BMSC in HD-intoxicated VSC4.1 cells in the presence of Akt inhibitor, MK-2206. Thus, our findings show that BMSC attenuated HD-induced neuronal apoptosis in vivo through a NGF/Akt-dependent manner, providing a novel solution against n-hexane-induced neurotoxicity.
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45
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Li SY, Qi Y, Hu SH, Piao FY, Guan H, Wang ZM, Chen RL, Liu S. Mesenchymal stem cells-conditioned medium protects PC12 cells against 2,5-hexanedione-induced apoptosis via inhibiting mitochondria-dependent caspase 3 pathway. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 33:107-118. [PMID: 26419259 DOI: 10.1177/0748233715598267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies suggested that the conditioned medium of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-CM) inhibited the increased apoptosis in various cells. However, there are no reports underlying the protection of MSC-CM against 2,5-hexanedione (HD)-induced apoptosis in neural cells. In the present study, the viability was observed in PC12 cells that received HD alone or with MSC-CM by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Apoptosis was estimated by Hoechst 33342 staining and flow cytometry. Mitochondrial transmembrane potential was examined by rhodamine 123. Moreover, we investigated the expression of Bax and Bcl-2, cytochrome c translocation, and caspase 3 activity by real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunochemistry. Nerve growth factor (NGF) was examined in MSCs and MSC-CM. Our results showed that MSC-CM promoted cell survival and reduced apoptosis in HD-exposed PC12 cells. Moreover, MSC-CM significantly reversed disturbance of Bax and Bcl-2, ameliorated disruption of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and reduced release of cytochrome c and activity of caspase 3 in HD-exposed PC12 cells. In the meantime, NGF was detected in MSCs and MSC-CM. These findings demonstrate that MSC-CM protects against HD-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells via inhibiting mitochondrial pathway. Our results indicate that NGF in MSC-CM may be involved in the protection of MSC-CM against HD-induced apoptosis. Our study clarifies the protection of MSC-CM on HD neurotoxicity and its underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Yue Li
- 1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuan Qi
- 1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Shu-Hai Hu
- 2 College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Feng-Yuan Piao
- 1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Huai Guan
- 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhe-Min Wang
- 1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Ruo-Lin Chen
- 1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- 1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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Ouchi T, Morikawa S, Shibata S, Fukuda K, Okuno H, Fujimura T, Kuroda T, Ohyama M, Akamatsu W, Nakagawa T, Okano H. LNGFR +THY-1 + human pluripotent stem cell-derived neural crest-like cells have the potential to develop into mesenchymal stem cells. Differentiation 2016; 92:270-280. [PMID: 27178356 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are defined as non-hematopoietic, plastic-adherent, self-renewing cells that are capable of tri-lineage differentiation into bone, cartilage or fat in vitro. Thus, MSCs are promising candidates for cell-based medicine. However, classifications of MSCs have been defined retrospectively; moreover, this conventional criterion may be inaccurate due to contamination with other hematopoietic lineage cells. Human MSCs can be enriched by selection for LNGFR and THY-1, and this population may be analogous to murine PDGFRα+Sca-1+ cells, which are developmentally derived from neural crest cells (NCCs). Murine NCCs were labeled by fluorescence, which provided definitive proof of neural crest lineage, however, technical considerations prevent the use of a similar approach to determine the origin of human LNGFR+THY-1+ MSCs. To further clarify the origin of human MSCs, human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were used in this study. Under culture conditions required for the induction of neural crest cells, human ESCs and iPSCs-derived cells highly expressed LNGFR and THY-1. These LNGFR+THY-1+ neural crest-like cells, designated as LT-NCLCs, showed a strong potential to differentiate into both mesenchymal and neural crest lineages. LT-NCLCs proliferated to form colonies and actively migrated in response to serum concentration. Furthermore, we transplanted LT-NCLCs into chick embryos, and traced their potential for survival, migration and differentiation in the host environment. These results suggest that LNGFR+THY-1+ cells identified following NCLC induction from ESCs/iPSCs shared similar potentials with multipotent MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehito Ouchi
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Morikawa
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Shibata
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimiko Fukuda
- Department of Biological Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironobu Okuno
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi Fujimura
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kuroda
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Ohyama
- Department of Dermatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wado Akamatsu
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taneaki Nakagawa
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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47
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Shi H, Gong Y, Qiang L, Li X, Zhang S, Gao J, Li K, Ji X, Tian L, Gu X, Ding F. Derivation of Schwann cell precursors from neural crest cells resident in bone marrow for cell therapy to improve peripheral nerve regeneration. Biomaterials 2016; 89:25-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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48
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Using Stem Cells to Grow Artificial Tissue for Peripheral Nerve Repair. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:7502178. [PMID: 27212954 PMCID: PMC4861803 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7502178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury continues to pose a clinical hurdle despite its frequency and advances in treatment. Unlike the central nervous system, neurons of the peripheral nervous system have a greater ability to regenerate. However, due to a number of confounding factors, this is often both incomplete and inadequate. The lack of supportive Schwann cells or their inability to maintain a regenerative phenotype is a major factor. Advances in nervous system tissue engineering technology have led to efforts to build Schwann cell scaffolds to overcome this and enhance the regenerative capacity of neurons following injury. Stem cells that can differentiate along a neural lineage represent an essential resource and starting material for this process. In this review, we discuss the different stem cell types that are showing promise for nervous system tissue engineering in the context of peripheral nerve injury. We also discuss some of the biological, practical, ethical, and commercial considerations in using these different stem cells for future clinical application.
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49
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Nagpal A, Kremer KL, Hamilton-Bruce MA, Kaidonis X, Milton AG, Levi C, Shi S, Carey L, Hillier S, Rose M, Zacest A, Takhar P, Koblar SA. TOOTH (The Open study Of dental pulp stem cell Therapy in Humans): Study protocol for evaluating safety and feasibility of autologous human adult dental pulp stem cell therapy in patients with chronic disability after stroke. Int J Stroke 2016; 11:575-85. [PMID: 27030504 DOI: 10.1177/1747493016641111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Stroke represents a significant global disease burden. As of 2015, there is no chemical or biological therapy proven to actively enhance neurological recovery during the chronic phase post-stroke. Globally, cell-based therapy in stroke is at the stage of clinical translation and may improve neurological function through various mechanisms such as neural replacement, neuroprotection, angiogenesis, immuno-modulation, and neuroplasticity. Preclinical evidence in a rodent model of middle cerebral artery ischemic stroke as reported in four independent studies indicates improvement in neurobehavioral function with adult human dental pulp stem cell therapy. Human adult dental pulp stem cells present an exciting potential therapeutic option for improving post-stroke disability. AIMS TOOTH (The Open study Of dental pulp stem cell Therapy in Humans) will investigate the use of autologous stem cell therapy for stroke survivors with chronic disability, with the following objectives: (a) determine the maximum tolerable dose of autologous dental pulp stem cell therapy; (b) define that dental pulp stem cell therapy at the maximum tolerable dose is safe and feasible in chronic stroke; and (c) estimate the parameters of efficacy required to design a future Phase 2/3 clinical trial. METHODS AND DESIGN TOOTH is a Phase 1, open-label, single-blinded clinical trial with a pragmatic design that comprises three stages: Stage 1 will involve the selection of 27 participants with middle cerebral artery ischemic stroke and the commencement of autologous dental pulp stem cell isolation, growth, and testing in sequential cohorts (n = 3). Stage 2 will involve the transplantation of dental pulp stem cell in each cohort of participants with an ascending dose and subsequent observation for a 6-month period for any dental pulp stem cell-related adverse events. Stage 3 will investigate the neurosurgical intervention of the maximum tolerable dose of autologous dental pulp stem cell followed by 9 weeks of intensive task-specific rehabilitation. Advanced magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography neuro-imaging, and clinical assessment will be employed to probe any change afforded by stem cell therapy in combination with rehabilitation. SAMPLE SIZE ESTIMATES Nine participants will step-wise progress in Stage 2 to a dose of up to 10 million dental pulp stem cell, employing a cumulative 3 + 3 statistical design with low starting stem cell dose and subsequent dose escalation, assuming that an acceptable probability of dose-limiting complications is between 1 in 6 (17%) and 1 in 3 (33%) of patients. In Stage 3, another 18 participants will receive an intracranial injection with the maximum tolerable dose of dental pulp stem cell. OUTCOMES The primary outcomes to be measured are safety and feasibility of intracranial administration of autologous human adult DPSC in patients with chronic stroke and determination of the maximum tolerable dose in human subjects. Secondary outcomes include estimation of the measures of effectiveness required to design a future Phase 2/3 clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Nagpal
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Karlea L Kremer
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Monica A Hamilton-Bruce
- Neurology Department, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Xenia Kaidonis
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Austin G Milton
- Neurology Department, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia
| | - Christopher Levi
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Songtao Shi
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Leeanne Carey
- Neurorehabilitation and Recovery research group, Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susan Hillier
- Health Sciences Divisional Office School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Miranda Rose
- School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Zacest
- Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Parabjit Takhar
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Simon A Koblar
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia SAHMRI & Basil Hetzel Institute, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia
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50
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Matsumoto Y, Ikeya M, Hino K, Horigome K, Fukuta M, Watanabe M, Nagata S, Yamamoto T, Otsuka T, Toguchida J. New Protocol to Optimize iPS Cells for Genome Analysis of Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva. Stem Cells 2016; 33:1730-42. [PMID: 25773749 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Successful in vitro disease-recapitulation using patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) requires two fundamental technical issues: appropriate control cells and robust differentiation protocols. To investigate fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), a rare genetic disease leading to extraskeletal bone formation through endochondral ossification, gene-corrected (rescued) iPSC clones (resFOP-iPSC) were generated from patient-derived iPSC (FOP-iPSC) as genetically matched controls, and the stepwise induction method of mesenchymal stromal cells (iMSCs) through neural crest cell (NCC) lineage was used to recapitulate the disease phenotype. FOP-iMSCs possessing enhanced chondrogenic ability were transcriptionally distinguishable from resFOP-iMSCs and activated the SMAD1/5/8 and SMAD2/3 pathways at steady state. Using this method, we identified MMP1 and PAI1 as genes responsible for accelerating the chondrogenesis of FOP-iMSCs. These data indicate that iMSCs through NCC lineage are useful for investigating the molecular mechanism of FOP and corresponding drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Matsumoto
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Makoto Ikeya
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Hino
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,iPS Cell-Based Drug Discovery Group, Innovative Drug Discovery Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Horigome
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,iPS Cell-Based Drug Discovery Group, Innovative Drug Discovery Laboratories, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Fukuta
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Makoto Watanabe
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Life Science Research Center, Technology Research Laboratory, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sanae Nagata
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Department of Reprogramming Science, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takanobu Otsuka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Junya Toguchida
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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