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Heinson YW, Han JL, Entcheva E. OptoDyCE-plate as an affordable high throughput imager for all optical cardiac electrophysiology. JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR CARDIOLOGY PLUS 2023; 6:100054. [PMID: 38130942 PMCID: PMC10735237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmccpl.2023.100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
We present a simple low-cost system for comprehensive functional characterization of cardiac function under spontaneous and paced conditions, in standard 96 and 384-well plates. This full-plate actuator/imager, OptoDyCE-plate, uses optogenetic stimulation and optical readouts of voltage and calcium (parallel recordings from up to 100 wells in 384-well plates are demonstrated). The system is validated with syncytia of human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes, iPSC-CMs, grown as monolayers, or in quasi-3D isotropic and anisotropic constructs using electrospun matrices, in 96 and 384-well format. Genetic modifications, e.g. interference CRISPR (CRISPRi), and nine compounds of acute and chronic action were tested, including five histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis). Their effects on voltage and calcium were compared across growth conditions and pacing rates. We also demonstrated optogenetic point pacing via cell spheroids to study conduction in 96-well format, as well as temporal multiplexing to register voltage and calcium simultaneously on a single camera. Opto-DyCE-plate showed excellent performance even in the small samples in 384-well plates. Anisotropic structured constructs may provide some benefits in drug testing, although drug responses were consistent across tested configurations. Differential voltage vs. calcium responses were seen for some drugs, especially for non-traditional modulators of cardiac function, e.g. HDACi, and pacing rate was a powerful modulator of drug response, highlighting the need for comprehensive multiparametric assessment, as offered by OptoDyCE-plate. Increasing throughput and speed and reducing cost of screening can help stratify potential compounds early in the drug development process and accelerate the development of safer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emilia Entcheva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States of America
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2
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Heinson YW, Han JL, Entcheva E. OptoDyCE-plate as an affordable high throughput imager for all optical cardiac electrophysiology. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.29.555447. [PMID: 37693544 PMCID: PMC10491208 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.29.555447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a simple low-cost system for comprehensive functional characterization of cardiac function under spontaneous and paced conditions, in standard 96 and 384-well plates. This full-plate actuator/imager, OptoDyCE-plate, uses optogenetic stimulation and optical readouts of voltage and calcium from all wells in parallel. The system is validated with syncytia of human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes, iPSC-CMs, grown as monolayers, or in quasi-3D isotropic and anisotropic constructs using electrospun matrices, in 96 and 394-well format. Genetic modifications, e.g. interference CRISPR (CRISPRi), and nine compounds of acute and chronic action were tested, including five histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis). Their effects on voltage and calcium were compared across growth conditions and pacing rates. We also demonstrated deployment of optogenetic cell spheroids for point pacing to study conduction in 96-well format, and the use of temporal multiplexing to register voltage and calcium simultaneously on a single camera in this stand-alone platform. Opto-DyCE-plate showed excellent performance even in the small samples in 384-well plates, in the various configurations. Anisotropic structured constructs may provide some benefits in drug testing, although drug responses were consistent across tested configurations. Differential voltage vs. calcium responses were seen for some drugs, especially for non-traditional modulators of cardiac function, e.g. HDACi, and pacing rate was a powerful modulator of drug response, highlighting the need for comprehensive multiparametric assessment, as offered by OptoDyCE-plate. Increasing throughput and speed and reducing cost of screening can help stratify potential compounds early in the drug development process and accelerate the development of safer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emilia Entcheva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037
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3
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Han JL, Entcheva E. Gene Modulation with CRISPR-based Tools in Human iPSC-Cardiomyocytes. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:886-905. [PMID: 36656467 PMCID: PMC9851124 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10506-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Precise control of gene expression (knock-out, knock-in, knockdown or overexpression) is at the heart of functional genomics - an approach to dissect the contribution of a gene/protein to the system's function. The development of a human in vitro system that can be patient-specific, induced pluripotent stem cells, iPSC, and the ability to obtain various cell types of interest, have empowered human disease modeling and therapeutic development. Scalable tools have been deployed for gene modulation in these cells and derivatives, including pharmacological means, DNA-based RNA interference and standard RNA interference (shRNA/siRNA). The CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system, borrowed from bacteria and adopted for use in mammalian cells a decade ago, offers cell-specific genetic targeting and versatility. Outside genome editing, more subtle, time-resolved gene modulation is possible by using a catalytically "dead" Cas9 enzyme linked to an effector of gene transcription in combination with a guide RNA. The CRISPRi / CRISPRa (interference/activation) system evolved over the last decade as a scalable technology for performing functional genomics with libraries of gRNAs. Here, we review key developments of these approaches and their deployment in cardiovascular research. We discuss specific use with iPSC-cardiomyocytes and the challenges in further translation of these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Leann Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, 800 22nd St NW, Suite 5000, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Emilia Entcheva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, 800 22nd St NW, Suite 5000, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
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4
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Li MY, Peng LM, Chen XP. Pharmacogenomics in drug-induced cardiotoxicity: Current status and the future. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:966261. [PMID: 36312261 PMCID: PMC9606405 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.966261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced cardiotoxicity (DICT) is an important concern of drug safety in both drug development and clinical application. The clinical manifestations of DICT include cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, myocardial ischemia, heart failure, and a series of cardiac structural and functional changes. The occurrence of DICT has negative impacts on the life quality of the patients, brings additional social and economic burden. It is important to identify the potential factors and explore the mechanisms of DICT. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors can only partially explain the risk of DICT. Pharmacogenomic studies show accumulated evidence of genetics in DICT and suggest the potential to guide precision therapy to reduce risk of cardiotoxicity. The comprehensive application of technologies such as third-generation sequencing, human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells and genome editing has promoted the in-depth understanding of the functional role of susceptible genes in DICT. This paper reviewed drugs that cause DICT, the clinical manifestations and laboratory tests, as well as the related content of genetic variations associated with the risk of DICT, and further discussed the implication of new technologies in pharmacogenomics of DICT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo-Yun Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li-Ming Peng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China,Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Li-Ming Peng
| | - Xiao-Ping Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,Xiao-Ping Chen
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5
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Narita K. [Synthetic Study on Bicyclic Depsipeptides Containing an Intramolecular Disulfide Bond]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2022; 142:917-926. [PMID: 36047217 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.22-00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bicyclic depsipeptide natural products containing an intramolecular disulfide bond are potent histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Among them, FK228 (romidepsin) is approved for treating cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and peripheral T-cell lymphoma. This study focused on developing a new synthesis method for producing this class of natural products for use as HDAC inhibitors with high efficacy and low toxicity. In this paper, the total syntheses of FK228 as well as spiruchostatins A and B are described. The synthesis routes include a convergent way to assemble seco-acids via the amide condensation of amine segments with carboxylic acid segments. The syntheses of C4- and C7-modified FK228 analogs (FK-A1 to FK-A8) are also described. The evaluation of HDAC and cell growth inhibitory activities of the synthesized analogs revealed novel aspects of their structure-activity relationship. Potent and highly isoform-selective HDAC1 inhibitors were identified. Furthermore, the analogs showed phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitory activity. Structural optimization of the analogs as HDAC/PI3K dual inhibitors led to the identification of FK-A11 as the most potent analog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Narita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
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Pressler MP, Horvath A, Entcheva E. Sex-dependent transcription of cardiac electrophysiology and links to acetylation modifiers based on the GTEx database. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:941890. [PMID: 35935618 PMCID: PMC9354462 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.941890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of safer drugs based on epigenetic modifiers, e.g., histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), requires better understanding of their effects on cardiac electrophysiology. Using RNAseq data from the genotype-tissue-expression database (GTEx), we created models that link the abundance of acetylation enzymes (HDAC/SIRT/HATs), and the gene expression of ion channels (IC) via select cardiac transcription factors (TFs) in male and female adult human hearts (left ventricle, LV). Gene expression data (transcripts per million, TPM) from GTEx donors (21–70 y.o.) were filtered, normalized and transformed to Euclidian space to allow quantitative comparisons in 84 female and 158 male LVs. Sex-specific partial least-square (PLS) regression models, linking gene expression data for HDAC/SIRT/HATs to TFs and to ICs gene expression, revealed tight co-regulation of cardiac ion channels by HDAC/SIRT/HATs, with stronger clustering in the male LV. Co-regulation of genes encoding excitatory and inhibitory processes in cardiac tissue by the acetylation modifiers may help explain their predominantly net-neutral effects on cardiac electrophysiology. ATP1A1, encoding for the Na/K pump, represented an outlier—with orthogonal regulation by the acetylation modifiers to most of the ICs. The HDAC/SIRT/HAT effects were mediated by strong (+) TF regulators of ICs, e.g., MEF2A and TBX5, in both sexes. Furthermore, for male hearts, PLS models revealed a stronger (+/-) mediatory role on ICs for NKX25 and TGF1B/KLF4, respectively, while RUNX1 exhibited larger (-) TF effects on ICs in females. Male-trained PLS models of HDAC/SIRT/HAT effects on ICs underestimated the effects on some ICs in females. Insights from the GTEx dataset about the co-expression and transcriptional co-regulation of acetylation-modifying enzymes, transcription factors and key cardiac ion channels in a sex-specific manner can help inform safer drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Pressler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Anelia Horvath
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, McCormick Genomics and Proteomics Center, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Emilia Entcheva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
- *Correspondence: Emilia Entcheva,
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7
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Elmadbouh I. Generation of muscle progenitors from human-induced pluripotent stem cells. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00319-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Small molecules have a role in the differentiation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into different cell linages. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differentiation of hiPSCs into cardiac or skeletal myogenic progenitors with a single small molecule.
Methods
hiPSCs were treated with three different small molecules such as Isoxazole-9, Danazol and Givinostat in serum-free medium for 7 days. Cell viability, qRT-PCR, western blots, and immunostaining were assessed after treatment of hiPSCs with small molecules.
Results
Higher hiPSC viability was observed in hiPSCs treated with Isoxazole-9 (25 µM), Danazol (25 µM) and Givinostat (150 nM) versus control (P < 0.05). Givinostat had dual effect by generating both skeletal and cardiac progenitor cells versus Isoxazole-9 and Danazol after 7 days. Givinostat treatment induced upregulation of skeletal myogenic genes and their protein expression levels on day 4 and further increased on day 8 (P < 0.05) versus control. Furthermore,positive stained cells for Pax3, Myf5, MyoD1, dystrophin, desmin, myogenin, and β-catenin at 1 month. Givinostat increased upregulation of cardiac gene expression levels versus control after day 4 (P < 0.05), with positive stained cells for Nkx2.5, GATA4, TnT, TnI, connexin 43 and α-sarcomeric actinin at 1 month.
Conclusions
Pretreatment of hiPSCs with Givinostat represents a viable strategy for producing both cardiac/skeletal myogenic progenitors in vitro for cell therapies against myocardial infarction and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
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Wang L, Wu Z, Xia Y, Lu X, Li J, Fan L, Qiao C, Qiu H, Gu D, Xu W, Li J, Jin H. Single-cell profiling-guided combination therapy of c-Fos and histone deacetylase inhibitors in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e798. [PMID: 35522945 PMCID: PMC9076017 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) have been widely applied in multiple tumours, but the expected efficacy was not observed in DLBCL. Therefore, this study is aimed to explore superior HDACis and optimise a relative combinational therapeutic strategy. Methods The antitumour effects of the drug were evaluated by Cell Counting Kit‐8 (CCK‐8) assay and apoptosis analysis. Single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐Seq) was used to analyse the intratumoural heterogeneity of DLBCL cells. Whole‐exome sequencing and RNA sequencing were performed to analyse the genetic and transcriptional features. Western blotting, qRT–PCR, protein array, immunohistochemistry, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were applied to explore the involved pathways. The antitumour effects of the compounds were assessed using subcutaneous xenograft tumour models. Results LAQ824 was screened and confirmed to kill DLBCL cells effectively. Using scRNA‐Seq, we characterised the heterogeneity of DLBCL cells under different drug pressures, and c‐Fos was identified as a critical factor in the survival of residual tumour cells. Moreover, we demonstrated that combinatorial treatment with LAQ824 and a c‐Fos inhibitor more potently inhibited tumour cells both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion Altogether, we found an HDACi, LAQ824, with high efficacy in DLBCL and provided a promising HDACi‐based combination therapy strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqiao Wang
- Department of Hematology, Pukou CLL Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zijuan Wu
- Department of Hematology, Pukou CLL Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Xia
- Department of Hematology, Pukou CLL Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueying Lu
- Department of Hematology, Pukou CLL Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ji Li
- Singleron Biotechnologies, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Fan
- Department of Hematology, Pukou CLL Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chun Qiao
- Department of Hematology, Pukou CLL Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hairong Qiu
- Department of Hematology, Pukou CLL Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Danling Gu
- Department of Hematology, Pukou CLL Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Hematology, Pukou CLL Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianyong Li
- Department of Hematology, Pukou CLL Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Hematology, Pukou CLL Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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9
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Narkar A, Willard JM, Blinova K. Chronic Cardiotoxicity Assays Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063199. [PMID: 35328619 PMCID: PMC8953833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes (CMs) differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are increasingly used in cardiac safety assessment, disease modeling and regenerative medicine. A vast majority of cardiotoxicity studies in the past have tested acute effects of compounds and drugs; however, these studies lack information on the morphological or physiological responses that may occur after prolonged exposure to a cardiotoxic compound. In this review, we focus on recent advances in chronic cardiotoxicity assays using hiPSC-CMs. We summarize recently published literature on hiPSC-CMs assays applied to chronic cardiotoxicity induced by anticancer agents, as well as non-cancer classes of drugs, including antibiotics, anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) and antidiabetic drugs. We then review publications on the implementation of hiPSC-CMs-based assays to investigate the effects of non-pharmaceutical cardiotoxicants, such as environmental chemicals or chronic alcohol consumption. We also highlight studies demonstrating the chronic effects of smoking and implementation of hiPSC-CMs to perform genomic screens and metabolomics-based biomarker assay development. The acceptance and wide implementation of hiPSC-CMs-based assays for chronic cardiotoxicity assessment will require multi-site standardization of assay protocols, chronic cardiac maturity marker reproducibility, time points optimization, minimal cellular variation (commercial vs. lab reprogrammed), stringent and matched controls and close clinical setting resemblance. A comprehensive investigation of long-term repeated exposure-induced effects on both the structure and function of cardiomyocytes can provide mechanistic insights and recapitulate drug and environmental cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Narkar
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA;
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA;
| | - James M. Willard
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA;
| | - Ksenia Blinova
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA;
- Correspondence:
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10
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Human iPSC-Cardiomyocytes as an Experimental Model to Study Epigenetic Modifiers of Electrophysiology. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020200. [PMID: 35053315 PMCID: PMC8774228 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The epigenetic landscape and the responses to pharmacological epigenetic regulators in each human are unique. Classes of epigenetic writers and erasers, such as histone acetyltransferases, HATs, and histone deacetylases, HDACs, control DNA acetylation/deacetylation and chromatin accessibility, thus exerting transcriptional control in a tissue- and person-specific manner. Rapid development of novel pharmacological agents in clinical testing—HDAC inhibitors (HDACi)—targets these master regulators as common means of therapeutic intervention in cancer and immune diseases. The action of these epigenetic modulators is much less explored for cardiac tissue, yet all new drugs need to be tested for cardiotoxicity. To advance our understanding of chromatin regulation in the heart, and specifically how modulation of DNA acetylation state may affect functional electrophysiological responses, human-induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived cardiomyocyte (hiPSC-CM) technology can be leveraged as a scalable, high-throughput platform with ability to provide patient-specific insights. This review covers relevant background on the known roles of HATs and HDACs in the heart, the current state of HDACi development, applications, and any adverse cardiac events; it also summarizes relevant differential gene expression data for the adult human heart vs. hiPSC-CMs along with initial transcriptional and functional results from using this new experimental platform to yield insights on epigenetic control of the heart. We focus on the multitude of methodologies and workflows needed to quantify responses to HDACis in hiPSC-CMs. This overview can help highlight the power and the limitations of hiPSC-CMs as a scalable experimental model in capturing epigenetic responses relevant to the human heart.
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11
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Ryan CT, Patel V, Rosengart TK. Clinical potential of angiogenic therapy and cellular reprogramming. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 6:108-115. [PMID: 34746874 PMCID: PMC8570572 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjon.2020.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Ryan
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Vivek Patel
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Todd K Rosengart
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
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12
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Torres HM, VanCleave AM, Vollmer M, Callahan DL, Smithback A, Conn JM, Rodezno-Antunes T, Gao Z, Cao Y, Afeworki Y, Tao J. Selective Targeting of Class I Histone Deacetylases in a Model of Human Osteosarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4199. [PMID: 34439353 PMCID: PMC8394112 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of histone deacetylases (HDACs) is associated with the pathogenesis of human osteosarcoma, which may present an epigenetic vulnerability as well as a therapeutic target. Domatinostat (4SC-202) is a next-generation class I HDAC inhibitor that is currently being used in clinical research for certain cancers, but its impact on human osteosarcoma has yet to be explored. In this study, we report that 4SC-202 inhibits osteosarcoma cell growth in vitro and in vivo. By analyzing cell function in vitro, we show that the anti-tumor effect of 4SC-202 involves the combined induction of cell-cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and apoptotic program, as well as a reduction in cell invasion and migration capabilities. We also found that 4SC-202 has little capacity to promote osteogenic differentiation. Remarkably, 4SC-202 revised the global transcriptome and induced distinct signatures of gene expression in vitro. Moreover, 4SC-202 decreased tumor growth of established human tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice in vivo. We further reveal key targets regulated by 4SC-202 that contribute to tumor cell growth and survival, and canonical signaling pathways associated with progression and metastasis of osteosarcoma. Our study suggests that 4SC-202 may be exploited as a valuable drug to promote more effective treatment of patients with osteosarcoma and provide molecular insights into the mechanism of action of class I HDAC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haydee M. Torres
- Cancer Biology & Immunotherapies Group at Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; (H.M.T.); (A.M.V.); (T.R.-A.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Ashley M. VanCleave
- Cancer Biology & Immunotherapies Group at Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; (H.M.T.); (A.M.V.); (T.R.-A.); (Y.C.)
| | - Mykayla Vollmer
- Medical Student Research Program, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA;
| | - Dakota L. Callahan
- Sanford Program for Undergraduate Research, University of Sioux Falls, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA;
| | - Austyn Smithback
- Sanford PROMISE Scholar Program, Harrisburg High School, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA;
| | - Josephine M. Conn
- Sanford Program for Undergraduate Research, Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057, USA;
| | - Tania Rodezno-Antunes
- Cancer Biology & Immunotherapies Group at Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; (H.M.T.); (A.M.V.); (T.R.-A.); (Y.C.)
| | - Zili Gao
- Flow Cytometry Core at Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA;
| | - Yuxia Cao
- Cancer Biology & Immunotherapies Group at Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; (H.M.T.); (A.M.V.); (T.R.-A.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yohannes Afeworki
- Functional Genomics & Bioinformatics Core Facility at Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA;
| | - Jianning Tao
- Cancer Biology & Immunotherapies Group at Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; (H.M.T.); (A.M.V.); (T.R.-A.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
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13
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Rahm AK, Wieder T, Gramlich D, Müller ME, Wunsch MN, El Tahry FA, Heimberger T, Sandke S, Weis T, Most P, Katus HA, Thomas D, Lugenbiel P. Differential regulation of K Ca 2.1 (KCNN1) K + channel expression by histone deacetylases in atrial fibrillation with concomitant heart failure. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14835. [PMID: 34111326 PMCID: PMC8191401 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) with concomitant heart failure (HF) poses a significant therapeutic challenge. Mechanism‐based approaches may optimize AF therapy. Small‐conductance, calcium‐activated K+ (KCa, KCNN) channels contribute to cardiac action potential repolarization. KCNN1 exhibits predominant atrial expression and is downregulated in chronic AF patients with preserved cardiac function. Epigenetic regulation is suggested by AF suppression following histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition. We hypothesized that HDAC‐dependent KCNN1 remodeling contributes to arrhythmogenesis in AF complicated by HF. The aim of this study was to assess KCNN1 and HDAC1–7 and 9 transcript levels in AF/HF patients and in a pig model of atrial tachypacing‐induced AF with reduced left ventricular function. In HL‐1 atrial myocytes, tachypacing and anti‐Hdac siRNAs were employed to investigate effects on Kcnn1 mRNA levels. KCNN1 expression displayed side‐specific remodeling in AF/HF patients with upregulation in left and suppression in right atrium. In pigs, KCNN1 remodeling showed intermediate phenotypes. HDAC levels were differentially altered in humans and pigs, reflecting highly variable epigenetic regulation. Tachypacing recapitulated downregulation of Hdacs1, 3, 4, 6, and 7 with a tendency towards reduced Kcnn1 levels in vitro, indicating that atrial high rates induce remodeling. Finally, Kcnn1 expression was decreased by knockdown of Hdacs2, 3, 6, and 7 and enhanced by genetic Hdac9 inactivation, while anti‐Hdac1, 4, and 5 siRNAs did not affect Kcnn1 transcript levels. In conclusion, KCNN1 and HDAC expression is differentially remodeled in AF complicated by HF. Direct regulation of KCNN1 by HDACs in atrial myocytes provides a basis for mechanism‐based antiarrhythmic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Rahm
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,HCR (Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Teresa Wieder
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,HCR (Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Gramlich
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,HCR (Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mara Elena Müller
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,HCR (Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maximilian N Wunsch
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,HCR (Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fadwa A El Tahry
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tanja Heimberger
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steffi Sandke
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tanja Weis
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Most
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,HCR (Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hugo A Katus
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,HCR (Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dierk Thomas
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,HCR (Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Lugenbiel
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,HCR (Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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14
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Tsimberidou AM, Beer PA, Cartwright CA, Haymaker C, Vo HH, Kiany S, Cecil ARL, Dow J, Haque K, Silva FA, Coe L, Berryman H, Bone EA, Nogueras-Gonzalez GM, Vining D, McElwaine-Johnn H, Wistuba II. Preclinical Development and First-in-Human Study of KA2507, a Selective and Potent Inhibitor of Histone Deacetylase 6, for Patients with Refractory Solid Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:3584-3594. [PMID: 33947698 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inhibition of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is predicted to deliver both direct antitumor activity and modulation of the antitumor immune response. This study describes the development of a novel HDAC6 inhibitor. PATIENTS AND METHODS KA2507 was characterized in HDAC biochemical and cellular target engagement assays and in preclinical efficacy models of melanoma and colorectal cancer. In a phase I study, KA2507 was administered orally using a 3+3 dose-escalation design (NCT03008018). RESULTS KA2507 is a potent and selective inhibitor of HDAC6 (biochemical IC50 = 2.5 nmol/L). Preclinical models demonstrated antitumor efficacy in syngeneic tumor-bearing mice, with translational studies highlighting modulation of the antitumor immune response. Twenty patients were treated in a phase I study. KA2507 was well tolerated; dose-limiting toxicity was not observed up to the maximum dose administered. Pharmacokinetic profiling supported twice-daily oral dosing. Pharmacodynamic analysis demonstrated selective HDAC6 target engagement in peripheral blood cells, free from off-target class I HDAC activity. Stable disease was the best clinical response (7 patients). Three of these patients (adenoid cystic carcinoma, n = 2; rectal adenocarcinoma, n = 1) had prolonged disease stabilization that lasted for 16.4, 12.6, and 9.0 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS KA2507 is a potent and selective inhibitor of HDAC6 showing antitumor efficacy and immune modulatory effects in preclinical models. In a phase I study, KA2507 showed selective target engagement, no significant toxicities, and prolonged disease stabilization in a subset of patients. Further clinical studies of KA2507 are warranted, as a single agent or, preferably, combined with other immuno-oncology drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip A Beer
- Karus Therapeutics LTD, Oxfordshire, England, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Cara Haymaker
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Henry H Vo
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Simin Kiany
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - James Dow
- Karus Therapeutics LTD, Oxfordshire, England, United Kingdom
| | - Kemal Haque
- Karus Therapeutics LTD, Oxfordshire, England, United Kingdom
| | - Franck A Silva
- Karus Therapeutics LTD, Oxfordshire, England, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Coe
- Karus Therapeutics LTD, Oxfordshire, England, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Berryman
- Karus Therapeutics LTD, Oxfordshire, England, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - David Vining
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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15
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Pasyukova EG, Symonenko AV, Rybina OY, Vaiserman AM. Epigenetic enzymes: A role in aging and prospects for pharmacological targeting. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 67:101312. [PMID: 33657446 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of interventions aimed at improving healthspan is one of the priority tasks for the academic and public health authorities. It is also the main objective of a novel branch in biogerontological research, geroscience. According to the geroscience concept, targeting aging is an effective way to combat age-related disorders. Since aging is an exceptionally complex process, system-oriented integrated approaches seem most appropriate for such an interventional strategy. Given the high plasticity and adaptability of the epigenome, epigenome-targeted interventions appear highly promising in geroscience research. Pharmaceuticals targeted at mechanisms involved in epigenetic control of gene activity are actively developed and implemented to prevent and treat various aging-related conditions such as cardiometabolic, neurodegenerative, inflammatory disorders, and cancer. In this review, we describe the roles of epigenetic mechanisms in aging; characterize enzymes contributing to the regulation of epigenetic processes; particularly focus on epigenetic drugs, such as inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases and histone deacetylases that may potentially affect aging-associated diseases and longevity; and discuss possible caveats associated with the use of epigenetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G Pasyukova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Sq. 2, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - Alexander V Symonenko
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Sq. 2, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - Olga Y Rybina
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Sq. 2, Moscow, 123182, Russia; Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Moscow Pedagogical State University», M. Pirogovskaya Str. 1/1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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16
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Ghiboub M, Elfiky AMI, de Winther MPJ, Harker NR, Tough DF, de Jonge WJ. Selective Targeting of Epigenetic Readers and Histone Deacetylases in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. J Pers Med 2021; 11:336. [PMID: 33922725 PMCID: PMC8145108 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11050336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) and bromodomain-containing proteins (BCPs) play a key role in chromatin remodeling. Based on their ability to regulate inducible gene expression in the context of inflammation and cancer, HDACs and BCPs have been the focus of drug discovery efforts, and numerous small-molecule inhibitors have been developed. However, dose-limiting toxicities of the first generation of inhibitors, which typically target multiple HDACs or BCPs, have limited translation to the clinic. Over the last decade, an increasing effort has been dedicated to designing class-, isoform-, or domain-specific HDAC or BCP inhibitors, as well as developing strategies for cell-specific targeted drug delivery. Selective inhibition of the epigenetic modulators is helping to elucidate the functions of individual epigenetic proteins and has the potential to yield better and safer therapeutic strategies. In accordance with this idea, several in vitro and in vivo studies have reported the ability of more selective HDAC/BCP inhibitors to recapitulate the beneficial effects of pan-inhibitors with less unwanted adverse events. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances with these strategies, discussing advantages and limitations of these approaches as well as some therapeutic perspectives, focusing on autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ghiboub
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.G.); (A.M.I.E.)
- Adaptive Immunity Research Unit, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK; (N.R.H.); (D.F.T.)
| | - Ahmed M. I. Elfiky
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.G.); (A.M.I.E.)
- Adaptive Immunity Research Unit, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK; (N.R.H.); (D.F.T.)
| | - Menno P. J. de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Nicola R. Harker
- Adaptive Immunity Research Unit, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK; (N.R.H.); (D.F.T.)
| | - David F. Tough
- Adaptive Immunity Research Unit, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK; (N.R.H.); (D.F.T.)
| | - Wouter J. de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.G.); (A.M.I.E.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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17
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Cox MJ, Jaensch S, Van de Waeter J, Cougnaud L, Seynaeve D, Benalla S, Koo SJ, Van Den Wyngaert I, Neefs JM, Malkov D, Bittremieux M, Steemans M, Peeters PJ, Wegner JK, Ceulemans H, Gustin E, Chong YT, Göhlmann HWH. Tales of 1,008 small molecules: phenomic profiling through live-cell imaging in a panel of reporter cell lines. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13262. [PMID: 32764586 PMCID: PMC7411054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69354-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenomic profiles are high-dimensional sets of readouts that can comprehensively capture the biological impact of chemical and genetic perturbations in cellular assay systems. Phenomic profiling of compound libraries can be used for compound target identification or mechanism of action (MoA) prediction and other applications in drug discovery. To devise an economical set of phenomic profiling assays, we assembled a library of 1,008 approved drugs and well-characterized tool compounds manually annotated to 218 unique MoAs, and we profiled each compound at four concentrations in live-cell, high-content imaging screens against a panel of 15 reporter cell lines, which expressed a diverse set of fluorescent organelle and pathway markers in three distinct cell lineages. For 41 of 83 testable MoAs, phenomic profiles accurately ranked the reference compounds (AUC-ROC ≥ 0.9). MoAs could be better resolved by screening compounds at multiple concentrations than by including replicates at a single concentration. Screening additional cell lineages and fluorescent markers increased the number of distinguishable MoAs but this effect quickly plateaued. There remains a substantial number of MoAs that were hard to distinguish from others under the current study's conditions. We discuss ways to close this gap, which will inform the design of future phenomic profiling efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Cox
- Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Steffen Jaensch
- Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | - Seong Joo Koo
- Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Jean-Marc Neefs
- Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Mart Bittremieux
- Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Margino Steemans
- Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Pieter J Peeters
- Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jörg Kurt Wegner
- Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Hugo Ceulemans
- Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Gustin
- Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Yolanda T Chong
- Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium.,Recursion, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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18
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Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of dual targeting inhibitors of histone deacetylase 6/8 and bromodomain BRPF1. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 200:112338. [PMID: 32497960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Histone modifying proteins, specifically histone deacetylases (HDACs) and bromodomains, have emerged as novel promising targets for anticancer therapy. In the current work, based on available crystal structures and docking studies, we designed dual inhibitors of both HDAC6/8 and the bromodomain and PHD finger containing protein 1 (BRPF1). Biochemical and biophysical tests showed that compounds 23a,b and 37 are nanomolar inhibitors of both target proteins. Detailed structure-activity relationships were deduced for the synthesized inhibitors which were supported by extensive docking and molecular dynamics studies. Cellular testing in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells showed only a weak effect, most probably because of the poor permeability of the inhibitors. We also aimed to analyse the target engagement and the cellular activity of the novel inhibitors by determining the protein acetylation levels in cells by western blotting (tubulin vs histone acetylation), and by assessing their effects on various cancer cell lines.
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19
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Targeting the Cancer Epigenome with Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors in Osteosarcoma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1258:55-75. [PMID: 32767234 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-43085-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic deregulation is an emerging hallmark of cancer that enables tumor cells to escape surveillance by tumor suppressors and ultimately progress. The structure of the epigenome consists of covalent modifications of chromatin components, including acetylation by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and deacetylation by histone deacetylases (HDACs). Targeting these enzymes with inhibitors to restore epigenetic homeostasis has been explored for many cancers. Osteosarcoma, an aggressive bone malignancy that primarily affects children and young adults, is notable for widespread genetic and epigenetic instability. This may explain why therapy directed at unique molecular pathways has failed to substantially improve outcomes in osteosarcoma over the past four decades. In this review, we discuss the potential of targeting the cancer epigenome, with a focus on histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) for osteosarcoma. We additionally highlight the safety and tolerance of HDACi, combination chemotherapy with HDACi, and the ongoing challenges in the development of these agents.
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20
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Wiggers CRM, Govers AMAP, Lelieveld D, Egan DA, Zwaan CM, Sonneveld E, Coffer PJ, Bartels M. Epigenetic drug screen identifies the histone deacetylase inhibitor NSC3852 as a potential novel drug for the treatment of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2019; 66:e27785. [PMID: 31044544 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.27785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease regarding morphology, immunophenotyping, genetic abnormalities, and clinical behavior. The overall survival rate of pediatric AML is 60% to 70%, and has not significantly improved over the past two decades. Children with Down syndrome (DS) are at risk of developing acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL), which can be preceded by a transient myeloproliferative disorder during the neonatal period. Intensification of current treatment protocols is not feasible due to already high treatment-related morbidity and mortality. Instead, more targeted therapies with less severe side effects are highly needed. PROCEDURE To identify potential novel therapeutic targets for myeloid disorders in children, including DS-AMKL and non-DS-AML, we performed an unbiased compound screen of 80 small molecules targeting epigenetic regulators in three pediatric AML cell lines that are representative for different subtypes of pediatric AML. Three candidate compounds were validated and further evaluated in normal myeloid precursor cells during neutrophil differentiation and in (pre-)leukemic pediatric patient cells. RESULTS Candidate drugs LMK235, NSC3852, and bromosporine were effective in all tested pediatric AML cell lines with antiproliferative, proapoptotic, and differentiation effects. Out of these three compounds, the pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor NSC3852 specifically induced growth arrest and apoptosis in pediatric AML cells, without disrupting normal neutrophil differentiation. CONCLUSION NSC3852 is a potential candidate drug for further preclinical testing in pediatric AML and DS-AMKL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline R M Wiggers
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anita M A P Govers
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Center for Molecular Medicine and Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Daphne Lelieveld
- Cell Screening Core, Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - David A Egan
- Cell Screening Core, Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - C Michel Zwaan
- Prinsess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin Sonneveld
- Prinsess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Dutch Childhood Oncology Group (DCOG), Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul J Coffer
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marije Bartels
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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21
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Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are expressed at increased levels in cells of various malignancies, and the use of HDAC inhibitors has improved outcomes in patients with haematological malignancies (T-cell lymphomas and multiple myeloma). However, they are not as effective in solid tumours. Five agents are currently approved under various jurisdictions, namely belinostat, chidamide, panobinostat, romidepsin and vorinostat. These agents are associated with a range of class-related and agent-specific serious and/or severe adverse effects, notably myelosuppression, diarrhoea and various cardiac effects. Among the cardiac effects are ST-T segment abnormalities and QTc interval prolongation of the electrocardiogram, isolated cases of atrial fibrillation and, in rare instances, ventricular tachyarrhythmias. In order to improve the safety profile of this class of drugs as well as their efficacy in indications already approved and to further widen their indications, a large number of newer HDAC inhibitors with varying degrees of HDAC isoform selectivity have been synthesised and are currently under clinical development. Preliminary evidence from early studies suggests that they may be effective in non-haematological cancers as well when used in combination with other therapeutic modalities, but that they too appear to be associated with the above class-related adverse effects. As the database accumulates, the safety, efficacy and risk/benefit of the newer agents and their indications will become clearer.
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22
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Pinheiro EA, Fetterman KA, Burridge PW. hiPSCs in cardio-oncology: deciphering the genomics. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 115:935-948. [PMID: 30689737 PMCID: PMC6452310 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomic predisposition to oncology-drug-induced cardiovascular toxicity has been postulated for many decades. Only recently has it become possible to experimentally validate this hypothesis via the use of patient-specific human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and suitably powered genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Identifying the individual single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) responsible for the susceptibility to toxicity from a specific drug is a daunting task as this precludes the use of one of the most powerful tools in genomics: comparing phenotypes to close relatives, as these are highly unlikely to have been treated with the same drug. Great strides have been made through the use of candidate gene association studies (CGAS) and increasingly large GWAS studies, as well as in vivo whole-organism studies to further our mechanistic understanding of this toxicity. The hiPSC model is a powerful technology to build on this work and identify and validate causal variants in mechanistic pathways through directed genomic editing such as CRISPR. The causative variants identified through these studies can then be implemented clinically to identify those likely to experience cardiovascular toxicity and guide treatment options. Additionally, targets identified through hiPSC studies can inform future drug development. Through careful phenotypic characterization, identification of genomic variants that contribute to gene function and expression, and genomic editing to verify mechanistic pathways, hiPSC technology is a critical tool for drug discovery and the realization of precision medicine in cardio-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Pinheiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Searle 8-525, 320 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - K Ashley Fetterman
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Searle 8-525, 320 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paul W Burridge
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Searle 8-525, 320 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL, USA
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Zhou W, Graham K, Lucendo-Villarin B, Flint O, Hay DC, Bagnaninchi P. Combining stem cell-derived hepatocytes with impedance sensing to better predict human drug toxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 15:77-83. [PMID: 30572740 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1558208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background: The liver plays a central role in human drug metabolism. To model drug metabolism, the major cell type of the liver, the hepatocyte, is commonly used. Hepatocytes can be derived from human and animal sources, including pluripotent stem cells. Cell-based models have shown promise in modeling human drug exposure. The assays used in those studies are normally 'snap-shot' in nature, and do not provide the complete picture of human drug exposure. Research design and methods: In this study, we employ stem cell-derived hepatocytes and impedance sensing to model human drug toxicity. This impedance-based stem cell assay reports hepatotoxicity in real time after treatment with compounds provided by industry. Results: Using electric cell-substrate impedance Sensing (ECIS), we were able to accurately measure drug toxicity post-drug exposure in real time and more quickly than gold standard biochemical assays. Conclusions: ECIS is robust and non-destructive methodology capable of monitoring human drug exposure with superior performance to current gold standard 'snapshot' assays. We believe that the methodology presented within this article could prove valuable in the quest to better predict off-target effects of drugs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Zhou
- a Department of Medical Oncology , Changzheng Hospital, Navy medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Karen Graham
- b MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Baltasar Lucendo-Villarin
- b MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Oliver Flint
- b MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - David C Hay
- b MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Pierre Bagnaninchi
- b MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
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Kreysing E, Hassani H, Hampe N, Offenhäusser A. Nanometer-Resolved Mapping of Cell-Substrate Distances of Contracting Cardiomyocytes Using Surface Plasmon Resonance Microscopy. ACS NANO 2018; 12:8934-8942. [PMID: 30180539 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that quantitative measurements of the cell-substrate distance of steady cells are possible with scanning surface plasmon resonance microscopy setups in combination with an angle resolved analysis. However, the accuracy of the determined cell-substrate distances as well as the capabilities for the investigation of cell dynamics remained limited due to the assumption of a homogeneous refractive index of the cytosol. Strong spatial or temporal deviations between the local refractive index and the average value can result in errors in the calculated cell-substrate distance of around 100 nm, while the average accuracy was determined to 37 nm. Here, we present a combination of acquisition and analysis techniques that enables the measurement of the cell-substrate distance of contractile cells as well as the study of intracellular processes through changes in the refractive index at the diffraction limit. By decoupling the measurement of the cell-substrate distance and the refractive index of the cytoplasm, we could increase the accuracy of the distance measurement on average by a factor of 25 reaching 1.5 nm under ideal conditions. We show a temporal and spatial mapping of changes in the refractive index and the cell-substrate distance which strongly correlate with the action potentials and reconstruct the three-dimensional profile of the basal cell membrane and its dynamics, while we reached an actual measurement accuracy of 2.3 nm.
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Becker BV, Majewski M, Abend M, Palnek A, Nestler K, Port M, Ullmann R. Gene expression changes in human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes after X-ray irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:1095-1103. [PMID: 30247079 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1516908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Radiation-induced heart disease caused by cardiac exposure to ionizing radiation comprises a variety of cardiovascular effects. Research in this field has been hampered by limited availability of clinical samples and appropriate test models. In this study, we wanted to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying electrophysiological changes, which we have observed in a previous study. Materials and methods: We employed RNA deep-sequencing of human-induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) 48 h after 5 Gy X-ray irradiation. By comparison to public data from hiPSC-CMs and human myocardium, we verified the expression of cardiac-specific genes in hiPSC-CMs. Results were validated by qRT-PCR. Results: Differentially gene expression analysis identified 39 and 481 significantly up- and down-regulated genes after irradiation, respectively. Besides, a large fraction of genes associated with cell cycle processes, we identified genes implicated in cardiac calcium homeostasis (PDE3B), oxidative stress response (FDXR and SPATA18) and the etiology of cardiomyopathy (SGCD, BBC3 and GDF15). Conclusions: Notably, observed gene expression characteristics specific to hiPSC-CMs might be relevant regarding further investigations of the response to external stressors like radiation. The genes and biological processes highlighted in our study present promising starting points for functional follow-up studies for which hiPSC-CMs could pose an appropriate cell model when cell type specific peculiarities are taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin V Becker
- a Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to Ulm University , Munich , Germany
| | - Matthäus Majewski
- a Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to Ulm University , Munich , Germany
| | - Michael Abend
- a Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to Ulm University , Munich , Germany
| | - Andreas Palnek
- a Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to Ulm University , Munich , Germany
| | - Kai Nestler
- b Bundeswehr Institute for Preventive Medicine , Koblenz , Germany
| | - Matthias Port
- a Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to Ulm University , Munich , Germany
| | - Reinhard Ullmann
- a Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to Ulm University , Munich , Germany
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Wang F, Kong J, Cui YY, Liu P, Wen JY. Is Human-induced Pluripotent Stem Cell the Best Optimal? Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 131:852-856. [PMID: 29578130 PMCID: PMC5887745 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.228231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Since the advent of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology a decade ago, enormous progress has been made in stem cell biology and regenerative medicine. Human iPSCs have been widely used for disease modeling, drug discovery, and cell therapy development. In this review, we discuss the progress in applications of iPSC technology that are particularly relevant to drug discovery and regenerative medicine, and consider the remaining challenges and the emerging opportunities in the field. Data Sources: Articles in this review were searched from PubMed database from January 2014 to December 2017. Study Selection: Original articles about iPSCs and cardiovascular diseases were included and analyzed. Results: iPSC holds great promises for human disease modeling, drug discovery, and stem cell-based therapy, and this potential is only beginning to be realized. However, several important issues remain to be addressed. Conclusions: The recent availability of human cardiomyocytes derived from iPSCs opens new opportunities to build in vitro models of cardiac disease, screening for new drugs and patient-specific cardiac therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100029; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jie Kong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yi-Yao Cui
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100029; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jian-Yan Wen
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100029; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
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Differences in Functional Expression of Connexin43 and Na V1.5 by Pan- and Class-Selective Histone Deacetylase Inhibition in Heart. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082288. [PMID: 30081552 PMCID: PMC6121244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Class-selective histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors were designed to improve safety profiles and therapeutic effectiveness in the treatment of multiple cancers relative to pan-HDAC inhibitors. However, the underlying mechanisms for their therapeutic and cardiotoxic potentials remain poorly understood. Cardiac sodium currents (INa) and gap junction conductance (gj) were measured by whole cell patch clamp techniques on primary cultures of neonatal cardiomyocytes. Cardiac NaV1.5 sodium channel and connexin43 (Cx43) gap junction protein levels were assessed by Western blot analyses. Panobinostat produced concentration-dependent reductions in ventricular gj, peak INa density, and NaV1.5 protein expression levels. Membrane voltage (Vm)-dependent activation of INa was shifted by +3 to 6 mV with no effect on inactivation. Entinostat (1 μM) did not affect ventricular gj, peak INa density, or INa activation. However, the INa half-inactivation voltage (V½) was shifted by −3.5 mV. Ricolinostat had only minor effects on ventricular gj and INa properties, though INa activation was shifted by −4 mV. Cx43 and NaV1.5 protein expression levels were not altered by class-selective HDAC inhibitors. The lack of effects of class-selective HDAC inhibitors on ventricular gj and INa may help explain the improved cardiac safety profile of entinostat and ricolinostat.
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Moggs J, Terranova R. Chromatin dynamics underlying latent responses to xenobiotics. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:606-617. [PMID: 30090610 PMCID: PMC6062062 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00317j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleiotropic xenobiotics can trigger dynamic alterations in mammalian chromatin structure and function but many of these are likely non-adverse and simply reflect short-term changes in DNA transactions underlying normal homeostatic, adaptive and protective cellular responses. However, it is plausible that a subset of xenobiotic-induced perturbations of somatic tissue or germline epigenomes result in delayed-onset and long-lasting adverse effects, in particular if they occur during critical stages of growth and development. These could include reprogramming, dedifferentiation, uncontrolled growth, and cumulative toxicity effects through molecular memory of prior xenobiotic exposures or altered susceptibility to subsequent xenobiotic exposures. Here we discuss the current evidence for epigenetic mechanisms underlying latent responses to xenobiotics, and the potential for identifying molecular epigenetic changes that are prodromal to overt morphologic or functional toxicity phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Moggs
- Preclinical Safety , Translational Medicine , Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Rémi Terranova
- Preclinical Safety , Translational Medicine , Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland
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Kopljar I, Hermans AN, Teisman A, Gallacher DJ, Lu HR. Impact of calcium-sensitive dyes on the beating properties and pharmacological responses of human iPS-derived cardiomyocytes using the calcium transient assay. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2018; 91:80-86. [PMID: 29421525 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Calcium-based screening of hiPS-CMs is a useful preclinical safety evaluation platform with the ability to generate robust signals that facilitates high-throughput screening and data analysis. However, due to the potential inherent toxicities, it is important to understand potential effects of different calcium-sensitive dyes on the hiPS-CMs model. METHODS We compared three calcium-sensitive fluorescence dyes (Cal520, ACTOne and Calcium 5) for their impact on the variability, the beating properties and the pharmacological responses of hiPS-CMs using the Hamamatsu FDSS/μCell imaging platform. Direct effects of three dyes on the electrophysiological properties of hiPS-CMs were evaluated with the multi-electrode array (MEA) Axion Maestro platform. RESULTS We propose a specific experimental protocol for each dye which gives the most optimal assay conditions to minimize variability and possible adverse effects. We showed that Cal520 had the smallest effect on hiPS-CMs together with the longest-lasting stable amplitude signal (up to 4 h). Although all dyes had a (minor) acute effect on hiPS-CMs, in the form of reduced beat rate and prolonged field potential duration, the selection of the dye did not influence the pharmacological response of four cardioactive drugs (dofetilide, moxifloxacin, nimodipine and isoprenaline). DISCUSSION In conclusion, we have documented that different calcium sensitive dyes have only minor direct (acute) effects on hiPS-CMs with Cal520 showing the least effects and the longest lasting signal amplitude. Importantly, drug-induced pharmacological responses in hiPS-CMs were comparable between the three dyes. These findings should help further improve the robustness of the hiPS-CMs-based calcium transient assay as a predictive, preclinical cardiac safety evaluation tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kopljar
- Global Safety Pharmacology, Preclinical Safety & Development, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium.
| | - An N Hermans
- Global Safety Pharmacology, Preclinical Safety & Development, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ard Teisman
- Global Safety Pharmacology, Preclinical Safety & Development, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - David J Gallacher
- Global Safety Pharmacology, Preclinical Safety & Development, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Hua Rong Lu
- Global Safety Pharmacology, Preclinical Safety & Development, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium.
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Li P, Kurata Y, Endang M, Ninomiya H, Higaki K, Taufiq F, Morikawa K, Shirayoshi Y, Horie M, Hisatome I. Restoration of mutant hERG stability by inhibition of HDAC6. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 115:158-169. [PMID: 29355491 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) encodes the α subunit of a rapidly activating delayed-rectifier potassium (IKr) channel. Mutations of the hERG cause long QT syndrome type 2 (LQT2). Acetylation of lysine residues occurs in a subset of non-histone proteins and this modification is controlled by both histone acetyltransferases and deacetylases (HDACs). The aim of this study was to clarify effects of HDAC(s) on wild-type (WT) and mutant hERG proteins. WThERG and two trafficking-defective mutants (G601S and R752W) were transiently expressed in HEK293 cells, which were treated with a pan-HDAC inhibitor Trichostatin A (TSA) or an isoform-selective HDAC6 inhibitor Tubastatin A (TBA). Both TSA and TBA increased protein levels of WThERG and induced expression of mature forms of the two mutants. Immunoprecipitation showed an interaction between HDAC6 and immature forms of hERG. Coexpression of HDAC6 decreased acetylation and, reciprocally, increased ubiquitination of hERG, resulting in its decreased expression. siRNA against HDAC6, as well as TBA, exerted opposite effects. Immunochemistry revealed that HDAC6 knockdown increased expression of the WThERG and two mutants both in the endoplasmic reticulum and on the cell surface. Electrophysiology showed that HDAC6 knockdown or TBA treatment increased the hERG channel current corresponding to the rapidly activating delayed-rectifier potassium current (IKr) in HEK293 cells stably expressing the WT or mutants. Three lysine residues (K116, K495 and K757) of hERG were predicted to be acetylated. Substitution of these lysine residues with arginine eliminated HDAC6 effects. In HL-1 mouse cardiomyocytes, TBA enhanced endogenous ERG expression, increased IKr, and shortened action potential duration. These results indicate that hERG is a substrate of HDAC6. HDAC6 inhibition induced acetylation of hERG which counteracted ubiquitination leading its stabilization. HDAC6 inhibition may be a novel therapeutic option for LQT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peili Li
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Regenerative Therapeutics, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Tottori University, 86-1, Nishimachi, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan.
| | - Yasutaka Kurata
- Department of Physiology II, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Mahati Endang
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Regenerative Therapeutics, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Tottori University, 86-1, Nishimachi, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Haruaki Ninomiya
- Department of Biological Regulation, Tottori University, 86-1, Nishimachi, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Katsumi Higaki
- Research Center for Bioscience and Technology, Tottori University, 86-1, Nishimachi, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Fikri Taufiq
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Regenerative Therapeutics, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Tottori University, 86-1, Nishimachi, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kumi Morikawa
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Regenerative Therapeutics, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Tottori University, 86-1, Nishimachi, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Shirayoshi
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Regenerative Therapeutics, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Tottori University, 86-1, Nishimachi, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Minoru Horie
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Ichiro Hisatome
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Regenerative Therapeutics, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Tottori University, 86-1, Nishimachi, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
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Zeng H, Balasubramanian B, Lagrutta A, Sannajust F. Response of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes to several pharmacological agents when intrinsic syncytial pacing is overcome by acute external stimulation. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2018; 91:18-26. [PMID: 29330131 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We challenged human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte (hiPSC-CM) syncytia, mainly, CDI iCells with several classes of well-characterized pharmacological agents (including hERG blocker, Nav1.5 blocker, Cav1.2 blocker and opener, β-adrenergic agonist, and If blocker) under pacing conditions, utilizing the Cardio-ECR instrument, a non-invasive platform featuring simultaneous and continuous measurement of synchronized beating rate and contractility (both signals were acquired simultaneously and well aligned). We found that: 1) with increasing acute stimulation rates (no pacing; 1, 1.5, and 2Hz), beat interval was gradually shortened mainly in the relaxation phase of each beat cycle; 2) typical responses of iCells hiPSC-CMs to all tested pharmacological agents were either attenuated or even eliminated by pacing, in a concentration- and stimulation rate-dependent manner; and 3) when iCells were influenced by pharmacological agents and cannot follow pacing rates, they still beat regularly at exactly 1/2 or 1/3 of pacing rates. We concluded that when intrinsic syncytial pacing was overcome by faster, external stimulations, beat intervals of hiPSC-CMs were mainly shortened in the relaxation phase, instead of proportionally in each beat cycle, with increasing pacing rates. In addition, in response to pharmacological agents upon pacing, hiPSC-CMs exhibited distinct patterns of refractoriness, manifested by skipped beats in pacing-rate dependent manner, and attenuation (or even abolition) of the typical response evoked under spontaneous beating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Zeng
- Merck & Co., Inc., Safety & Exploratory Pharmacology Department, West Point, PA, USA.
| | | | - Armando Lagrutta
- Merck & Co., Inc., Safety & Exploratory Pharmacology Department, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Frederick Sannajust
- Merck & Co., Inc., Safety & Exploratory Pharmacology Department, West Point, PA, USA
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Humanity in a Dish: Population Genetics with iPSCs. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 28:46-57. [PMID: 29054332 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are powerful tools for investigating the relationship between genotype and phenotype. Recent publications have described iPSC cohort studies of common genetic variants and their effects on gene expression and cellular phenotypes. These in vitro quantitative trait locus (QTL) studies are the first experiments in a new paradigm with great potential: iPSC-based functional population genetic studies. iPSC collections from large cohorts are currently under development to facilitate the next wave of these studies, which have the potential to discover the effects of common genetic variants on cellular phenotypes and to uncover the molecular basis of common genetic diseases. Here, we describe the recent advances in this developing field, and provide a road map for future in vitro functional population genetic studies and trial-in-a-dish experiments.
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Koci B, Luerman G, Duenbostell A, Kettenhofen R, Bohlen H, Coyle L, Knight B, Ku W, Volberg W, Woska JR, Brown MP. An impedance-based approach using human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes significantly improves in vitro prediction of in vivo cardiotox liabilities. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 329:121-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Kopljar I, De Bondt A, Vinken P, Teisman A, Damiano B, Goeminne N, Van den Wyngaert I, Gallacher DJ, Lu HR. Chronic drug-induced effects on contractile motion properties and cardiac biomarkers in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3766-3779. [PMID: 28094846 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In the pharmaceutical industry risk assessments of chronic cardiac safety liabilities are mostly performed during late stages of preclinical drug development using in vivo animal models. Here, we explored the potential of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPS-CMs) to detect chronic cardiac risks such as drug-induced cardiomyocyte toxicity. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Video microscopy-based motion field imaging was applied to evaluate the chronic effect (over 72 h) of cardiotoxic drugs on the contractile motion of hiPS-CMs. In parallel, the release of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), heart fatty acid binding protein (FABP3) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) was analysed from cell medium, and transcriptional profiling of hiPS-CMs was done at the end of the experiment. KEY RESULTS Different cardiotoxic drugs altered the contractile motion properties of hiPS-CMs together with increasing the release of cardiac biomarkers. FABP3 and cTnI were shown to be potential surrogates to predict cardiotoxicity in hiPS-CMs, whereas NT-proBNP seemed to be a less valuable biomarker. Furthermore, drug-induced cardiotoxicity produced by chronic exposure of hiPS-CMs to arsenic trioxide, doxorubicin or panobinostat was associated with different profiles of changes in contractile parameters, biomarker release and transcriptional expression. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS We have shown that a parallel assessment of motion field imaging-derived contractile properties, release of biomarkers and transcriptional changes can detect diverse mechanisms of chronic drug-induced cardiac liabilities in hiPS-CMs. Hence, hiPS-CMs could potentially improve and accelerate cardiovascular de-risking of compounds at earlier stages of drug discovery. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on New Insights into Cardiotoxicity Caused by Chemotherapeutic Agents. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.21/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kopljar
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - An De Bondt
- Computational Sciences, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Petra Vinken
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ard Teisman
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bruce Damiano
- Preclinical Safety and Development, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Nick Goeminne
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ilse Van den Wyngaert
- Computational Sciences, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - David J Gallacher
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Hua Rong Lu
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
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Xu Q, Patel D, Zhang X, Veenstra RD. Changes in cardiac Nav1.5 expression, function, and acetylation by pan-histone deacetylase inhibitors. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H1139-H1149. [PMID: 27638876 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00156.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are small molecule anticancer therapeutics that exhibit limiting cardiotoxicities including QT interval prolongation and life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. Because the molecular mechanisms for HDAC inhibitor-induced cardiotoxicity are poorly understood, we performed whole cell patch voltage-clamp experiments to measure cardiac sodium currents (INa) from wild-type neonatal mouse ventricular or human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes treated with trichostatin A (TSA), vorinostat (VOR), or romidepsin (FK228). All three pan-HDAC inhibitors dose dependently decreased peak INa density and shifted the voltage activation curve 3- to 8-mV positive. Increases in late INa were not observed despite a moderate slowing of the inactivation rate at low activating potentials (<-40 mV). Scn5a mRNA levels were not significantly altered but NaV1.5 protein levels were significantly reduced. Immunoprecipitation with anti-NaV1.5 and Western blotting with anti-acetyl-lysine antibodies indicated that NaV1.5 acetylation is increased in vivo after HDAC inhibition. FK228 inhibited total cardiac HDAC activity with two apparent IC50s of 5 nM and 1.75 μM, consistent with previous findings with TSA and VOR. FK228 also decreased ventricular gap junction conductance (gj), again consistent with previous findings. We conclude that pan-HDAC inhibition reduces cardiac INa density and NaV1.5 protein levels without affecting late INa amplitude and, thus, probably does not contribute to the reported QT interval prolongation and arrhythmias associated with pan-HDAC inhibitor therapies. Conversely, reductions in gj may enhance the occurrence of triggered activity by limiting electrotonic inhibition and, combined with reduced INa, slow myocardial conduction and increase vulnerability to reentrant arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; and
| | - Dakshesh Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; and
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; and
| | - Richard D Veenstra
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; and .,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
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Bellin M, Mummery CL. Inherited heart disease - what can we expect from the second decade of human iPS cell research? FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2482-93. [PMID: 27391414 PMCID: PMC5113704 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were first generated 10 years ago. Their ability to differentiate into any somatic cell type of the body including cardiomyocytes has already made them a valuable resource for modelling cardiac disease and drug screening. Initially human iPSCs were used mostly to model known disease phenotypes; more recently, and despite a number of recognised shortcomings, they have proven valuable in providing fundamental insights into the mechanisms of inherited heart disease with unknown genetic cause using surprisingly small cohorts. In this review, we summarise the progress made with human iPSCs as cardiac disease models with special focus on the latest mechanistic insights and related challenges. Furthermore, we suggest emerging solutions that will likely move the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Bellin
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Christine L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.,Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Warren CR, Cowan CA. [Leukocyte count of puerperal sows]. BERLINER UND MUNCHENER TIERARZTLICHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1996; 109:330-5. [PMID: 9054332 PMCID: PMC5828525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
147 blood samples of postparturient sows of a secluded housing were taken. The samples were conserved with ACD-solution. The influence of the number and week of the lactation and the health of the sow, determined by puerperal diseases was studied. Hematological values of healthy postparturient sows are: leucocytes 12.6 +/- 2.2 G/l; basophile granulocytes 0.1 +/- 0.1 G/l, eosinophile granulocytes 0.5 +/- 0.4 G/l; banded neutrophile granulocytes 1.3 +/- 0.6 G/l, segmented neutrophile granulocytes 5.2 +/- 1.4 G/l; lymphocytes 5.5 +/- 1.4 G/l, monocytes 0.3 +/- 0.3 G/l. The leucocyte number is lower in the investigated herd compared with quotations in the literature. This is based on the good health conditions in the herd. Changes due to the number and week of the lactation have no clinical relevance. Health status, here described by puerperal diseases is the significant influencing factor of the leucocyte number. The severity of puerperal diseases is significant. Due to puerperal diseases the leucocyte number rises quickly after a short drop about 2 G/l. The number of the neutrophile granulocytes increases, but the lymphocyte number is reduced at the beginning of the illness. The application of ACD-solution for stabilizing of great amounts of blood samples under practical conditions is demonstrated. It is possible to stabilize pigs blood well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis R. Warren
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chad A. Cowan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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