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Wang R, Wang M, Fan YC, Wang WJ, Zhang DH, Andy Li P, Zhang JZ, Jing L. Hyperglycemia exacerbates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by up-regulating autophagy through p53-Sesn2-AMPK pathway. Neurosci Lett 2024; 821:137629. [PMID: 38191089 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia exacerbates ischemic brain injury by up-regulating autophagy. However, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. This study aims to determine whether hyperglycemia activates autophagy through the p53-Sesn2-AMPK signaling pathway. Rats were subjected to 30-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with reperfusion for 1- and 3-day under normo- and hyperglycemic conditions; and HT22 cells were exposed to oxygen deprivation (OG) or oxygen-glucose deprivation and re-oxygenation (OGD/R) with high glucose. Autophagy inhibitors, 3-MA and ARI, were used both in vivo and in vitro. The results showed that, compared with the normoglycemia group (NG), hyperglycemia (HG) increased infarct volume and apoptosis in penumbra area, worsened neurological deficit, and augmented autophagy. after MCAO followed by 1-day reperfusion. Further, HG promoted the conversion of LC-3I to LC-3II, decreased p62, increased protein levels of aldose reductase, p53, P-p53ser15, Sesn2, AMPK and numbers of autophagosomes and autolysosomes, detected by transmission electron microscopy and mRFP-GFP-LC3 molecular probe, in the cerebral cortex after ischemia and reperfusion injury in animals or in cultured HT22 cells exposed to hypoxia with high glucose content. Finally, experiments with autophagy inhibitors 3-MA and aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI) revealed that while both inhibitors reduced the number of TUNEL positive neurons and reversed the effects of hyperglycemic ischemia on LC3 and p62, only ARI decreased the levels of p53, P-p53ser15. These results suggested that hyperglycemia might induce excessive autophagy to aggravate the brain injury resulted from I/R and that hyperglycemia might activate the p53-Sesn2-AMPK signaling pathway, in addition to the classical PI3K/AKT/mTOR autophagy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Fan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, China
| | - Wen-Jun Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, China
| | - Deng-Hai Zhang
- The Shanghai Health Commission Key Lab of Al-Based Management of Inflammation and Chronic Diseases, the Gongli Hospital of Shanghai Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - P Andy Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute Technology Enterprise, College of Health and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Jian-Zhong Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, China.
| | - Li Jing
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, China.
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Hei C, Zhou Y, Zhang C, Gao F, Cao M, Yuan S, Qin Y, Li PA, Yang X. Rapamycin ameliorates brain damage and maintains mitochondrial dynamic balance in diabetic rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:409-418. [PMID: 35670992 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of rapamycin on mitochondrial dynamic balance in diabetic rats subjected to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (n = 78) were treated with high fat diet combined with streptozotocin injection to construct diabetic model in rats. Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) of 2 hours was induced and the brains were harvested after 1 and 3 days of reperfusion. Rapamycin was injected intraperitoneally for 3 days prior to and immediately after operation, once a day. The neurological function was assessed, infarct volumes were measured and HE staining as well as immunohistochemistry were performed. The protein of hippocampus was extracted and Western blotting were performed to detect the levels of mTOR, mitochondrial dynamin related proteins (DRP1, p-DRP1, OPA1), SIRT3, and Nix/BNIP3L. Diabetic hyperglycemia worsened the neurological function performance (p < 0.01), enlarged infarct size (p < 0.01) and increased ischemic neuronal cell death (p < 0.01). The increased damage was associated with elevations of p-mTOR, p-S6, and p-DRP1; and suppressions of SIRT3 and Nix/BNIP3L. Rapamycin ameliorated diabetes-enhanced ischemic brain damage and reversed the biomarker alterations caused by diabetes. High glucose activated mTOR pathway and caused mitochondrial dynamics toward fission. The protective effect of rapamycin against diabetes-enhanced ischemic brain damage was associated with inhibiting mTOR pathway, redressing mitochondrial dynamic imbalance, and elevating SIRT3 and Nix/BNIP3L expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchun Hei
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Ningxia Medical University, Key Laboratory for Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yujia Zhou
- Neuroscience Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- Neuroscience Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Furong Gao
- Medical Audit Department, Medical Security Bureau of Jiaxiang County, Jining, China
| | - Meiling Cao
- Neuroscience Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shilin Yuan
- Neuroscience Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yixin Qin
- Neuroscience Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - P Andy Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute Technology Enterprise (BRITE), College of Health and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiao Yang
- Neuroscience Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
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FDA-Approved Kinase Inhibitors in Preclinical and Clinical Trials for Neurological Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121546. [PMID: 36558997 PMCID: PMC9784968 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers and neurological disorders are two major types of diseases. We previously developed a new concept termed "Aberrant Cell Cycle Diseases" (ACCD), revealing that these two diseases share a common mechanism of aberrant cell cycle re-entry. The aberrant cell cycle re-entry is manifested as kinase/oncogene activation and tumor suppressor inactivation, which are hallmarks of both tumor growth in cancers and neuronal death in neurological disorders. Therefore, some cancer therapies (e.g., kinase inhibition, tumor suppressor elevation) can be leveraged for neurological treatments. The United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) has so far approved 74 kinase inhibitors, with numerous other kinase inhibitors in clinical trials, mostly for the treatment of cancers. In contrast, there are dire unmet needs of FDA-approved drugs for neurological treatments, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), ischemic stroke (IS), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and others. In this review, we list these 74 FDA-approved kinase-targeted drugs and identify those that have been reported in preclinical and/or clinical trials for neurological disorders, with a purpose of discussing the feasibility and applicability of leveraging these cancer drugs (FDA-approved kinase inhibitors) for neurological treatments.
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Li X, Li L, Si X, Zhang Z, Ni Z, Zhou Y, Liu K, Xia W, Zhang Y, Gu X, Huang J, Yin C, Shao A, Jiang L. The regulatory roles of circular RNAs via autophagy in ischemic stroke. Front Neurol 2022; 13:963508. [PMID: 36330428 PMCID: PMC9623297 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.963508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a severe disease with a high disability, recurrence, and mortality rates. Autophagy, a highly conserved process that degrades damaged or aging organelles and excess cellular components to maintain homeostasis, is activated during IS. It influences the blood–brain barrier integrity and regulates apoptosis. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are novel non-coding RNAs involved in IS-induced autophagy and participate in various pathological processes following IS. In addition, they play a role in autophagy regulation. This review summarizes current evidence on the roles of autophagy and circRNA in IS and the potential mechanisms by which circRNAs regulate autophagy to influence IS injury. This review serves as a basis for the clinical application of circRNAs as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Li
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingfei Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Si
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhumei Ni
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongji Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Keqin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenqing Xia
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuyao Zhang
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Gu
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinyu Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Congguo Yin
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Congguo Yin
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Disease, Hangzhou, China
- Anwen Shao
| | - Lin Jiang
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Lin Jiang
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Nrf2 Pathway and Autophagy Crosstalk: New Insights into Therapeutic Strategies for Ischemic Cerebral Vascular Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091747. [PMID: 36139821 PMCID: PMC9495910 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular disease is highly prevalent and has a complex etiology and variable pathophysiological activities. It thus poses a serious threat to human life and health. Currently, pathophysiological research on cerebrovascular diseases is gradually improving, and oxidative stress and autophagy have been identified as important pathophysiological activities that are gradually attracting increasing attention. Many studies have found some effects of oxidative stress and autophagy on cerebrovascular diseases, and studies on the crosstalk between the two in cerebrovascular diseases have made modest progress. However, further, more detailed studies are needed to determine the specific mechanisms. This review discusses nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) molecules, which are closely associated with oxidative stress and autophagy, and the crosstalk between them, with the aim of providing clues for studying the two important pathophysiological changes and their crosstalk in cerebrovascular diseases as well as exploring new target treatments.
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Rapamycin Pretreatment Attenuates High Glucose-induced Alteration of Synaptic Transmission in Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus Neurons. Neuroscience 2022; 490:182-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kalra P, Khan H, Kaur A, Singh TG. Mechanistic Insight on Autophagy Modulated Molecular Pathways in Cerebral Ischemic Injury: From Preclinical to Clinical Perspective. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:825-843. [PMID: 34993703 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03500-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is one of the most devastating brain injuries and a primary cause of acquired and persistent disability worldwide. Despite ongoing therapeutic interventions at both the experimental and clinical levels, options for stroke-related brain injury are still limited. Several evidence suggests that autophagy is triggered in response to cerebral ischemia, therefore targeting autophagy-related signaling pathways can provide a new direction for the therapeutic implications in the ischemic injury. Autophagy is a highly conserved lysosomal-dependent pathway that degrades and recycles damaged or non-essential cellular components to maintain neuronal homeostasis. But, whether autophagy activation promotes cell survival against ischemic injury or, on the contrary, causes neuronal death is still under debate. We performed an extensive literature search from PubMed, Bentham and Elsevier for various aspects related to molecular mechanisms and pathobiology involved in autophagy and several pre-clinical studies justifiable further in the clinical trials. Autophagy modulates various downstream molecular cascades, i.e., mTOR, NF-κB, HIF-1, PPAR-γ, MAPK, UPR, and ROS pathways in cerebral ischemic injury. In this review, the various approaches and their implementation in the translational research in ischemic injury into practices has been covered. It will assist researchers in finding a way to cross the unbridgeable chasm between the pre-clinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak Kalra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Heena Khan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Amarjot Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India.
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Wang X, Li J, Zhao D, Li J. |Therapeutic and preventive effects of apigenin in cerebral ischemia: a review. Food Funct 2022; 13:11425-11437. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02599j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
APG can exert various protective effects against cerebral ischemia. Moreover, APG has shown a highly promising ability to prevent cerebral ischemia in terms of regulating blood glucose, blood pressure, lipids and gut microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Jinjian Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Dexi Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
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9
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Zhu Y, Zhao H, Zhang W, Ma X, Liu Y. Dexmedetomidine attenuates neuronal injury induced by cerebral ischemia‑reperfusion by regulating miR‑199a. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:574. [PMID: 34109426 PMCID: PMC8201450 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As is well known, dexmedetomidine (DEX) serves a neuroprotective role in cerebral ischemia‑reperfusion (CIR) injury, and microRNA (miR)‑199a has been re‑ported to be associated with IR injury. However, the association between DEX and miR‑199a in CIR injury remains unknown. Thus, the aim of the present study was to verify whether the neuroprotective effect of DEX on cerebral ischemia‑reperfusion rats is associated with miR‑199a. A rat model of CIR was established, and the modified neurological severity score (mNSS) was evaluated. The effect of DEX on the patholog‑ical structure of the cerebral cortex in CIR rats was observed by hematoxylin and eosin and Nissl staining. Reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR was used to analyze the expression levels of miR‑199a in brain tissue following intracerebroventricular injection of miR‑199a antagomir. The co‑expression of NeuN and microtubule‑associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B in the cerebral cortex was analyzed by immunofluorescence staining. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed to analyze the expression of autophagy‑associated proteins in the brain tissue. DEX inhibited the expression of miR‑199a, decreased the mNSS and improved pathological damage to the cerebral cortex. DEX also inhibited autophagy and expression levels of associated proteins and decreased nerve cell injury. In conclusion, DEX inhibited expression of miR‑199a and improved neurocyte injury induced by CIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Huatang Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Liaocheng Affiliated to Shan-dong First Medical University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Wenshan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laixi People's Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266600, P.R. China
| | - Xingang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zibo Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Zibo, Shandong 255000, P.R. China
| | - Ye Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zibo Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Zibo, Shandong 255000, P.R. China
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10
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Liu T, Ye P, Ye Y, Han B. MicroRNA-216b targets HK2 to potentiate autophagy and apoptosis of breast cancer cells via the mTOR signaling pathway. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:2970-2983. [PMID: 34345220 PMCID: PMC8326127 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.48933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients suffering from breast cancer (BC) still have a poor response to treatments, even though early detection and improved therapy have contributed to a reduced mortality. Recent studies have been inspired on the association between microRNAs (miRs) and therapies of BC. The current study set out to investigate the role of miR-216b in BC, and further analyze the underlining mechanism. Firstly, hexokinase 2 (HK2) and miR-216b were characterized in BC tissues and cells by RT-qPCR and Western blot assay. In addition, the interaction between HK2 and miR-216b was analyzed using dual luciferase reporter assay. BC cells were further transfected with a series of miR-126b mimic or inhibitor, or siRNA targeting HK2, so as to analyze the regulatory mechanism of miR-216b, HK2 and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, and to further explore their regulation in BC cellular behaviors. The results demonstrated that HK2 was highly expressed and miR-216b was poorly expressed in BC cells and tissues. HK2 was also verified as a target of miR-216b with online databases and dual luciferase reporter assay. Functionally, miR-216b was found to be closely associated with BC progression via inactivating mTOR signaling pathway by targeting HK2. Moreover, cell viability, migration and invasion were reduced as a result of miR-216b upregulation or HK2 silencing, while autophagy, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were induced. Taken together, our findings indicated that miR-216 down-regulates HK2 to inactivate the mTOR signaling pathway, thus inhibiting the progression of BC. Hence, this study highlighted a novel target for BC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, P.R. China
| | - Ping Ye
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Ye
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, P.R. China
| | - Baosan Han
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, P.R. China
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11
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He M, Ma Y, Wang R, Zhang J, Jing L, Li PA. Deletion of Mitochondrial Uncoupling Protein 2 Exacerbates Mitochondrial Damage in Mice Subjected to Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury under both Normo- and Hyperglycemic Conditions. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:2788-2802. [PMID: 33061796 PMCID: PMC7545711 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.48204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Deletion of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) has been shown to aggravate ischemic damage in the brain. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. The objective of this study is to explore the impact of homozygous UCP2 deletion (UCP2-/-) on mitochondrial fission and fusion dynamic balance in ischemic mice under normo- and hyperglycemic conditions. UCP2-/- and wildtype mice were subjected to a 60 min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and allowed reperfusion for 6h, 24h and 72h. Our results demonstrated that deletion of UCP2 enlarged infarct volumes and increased numbers of cell death in both normo- and hyperglycemic ischemic mice compared with their wildtype counterparts subjected to the same duration of ischemia and reperfusion. The detrimental effects of UCP deletion were associated with increased ROS production, elevated mitochondrial fission markers Drp1 and Fis1 and suppressed fusion markers Opa1 and Mfn2 in UCP2-/- mice. Electron microscopic study demonstrated a marked mitochondrial swolling after 6h of reperfusion in UCP2-/- mice, contrasting to a mild mitochondrial swolling in wildtype ischemic animals. It is concluded that the exacerbating effects of UCP2-/- on ischemic outcome in both normo- and hyperglycemic animals are associated with increased ROS production, disturbed mitochondrial dynamic balance towards fission and early damage to mitochondrial ultrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maotao He
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Ningxia Medical University; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technological Enterprise (BRITE), College of Health and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Yanmei Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Ningxia Medical University; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Ningxia Medical University; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Ningxia Medical University; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Li Jing
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Ningxia Medical University; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - P Andy Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technological Enterprise (BRITE), College of Health and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
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12
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Yang L, Ma YM, Shen XL, Fan YC, Zhang JZ, Li PA, Jing L. The Involvement of Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Selenium Reduced Hyperglycemia-Aggravated Cerebral Ischemia Injury. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:1888-1901. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Zimmerman MA, Wilkison S, Qi Q, Chen G, Li PA. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to Rapamycin-induced apoptosis of Human Glioblastoma Cells - A synergistic effect with Temozolomide. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:2831-2843. [PMID: 33162811 PMCID: PMC7645350 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.40159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is upregulated in a high percentage of glioblastomas. While a well-known mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, has been shown to reduce glioblastoma survival, the role of mitochondria in achieving this therapeutic effect is less well known. Here, we examined mitochondrial dysfunction mechanisms that occur with the suppression of mTOR signaling. We found that, along with increased apoptosis, and a reduction in transformative potential, rapamycin treatment significantly affected mitochondrial health. Specifically, increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and altered mitochondrial dynamics were observed. Furthermore, we verified the therapeutic potential of rapamycin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction through co-treatment with temzolomide (TMZ), the current standard of care for glioblastoma. Together these results demonstrate that the mitochondria remain a promising target for therapeutic intervention against human glioblastoma and that TMZ and rapamycin have a synergistic effect in suppressing glioblastoma viability, enhancing ROS production, and depolarizing MMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Zimmerman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute Biotechnology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, 1801 Fayetteville St, Durham, NC, 27707, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, 1725 State St, La Crosse, WI, 54601, USA
| | - Samantha Wilkison
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute Biotechnology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, 1801 Fayetteville St, Durham, NC, 27707, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Qi Qi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute Biotechnology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, 1801 Fayetteville St, Durham, NC, 27707, USA.,Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Guisheng Chen
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - P Andy Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute Biotechnology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, 1801 Fayetteville St, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
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Wang J, Yue X, Meng C, Wang Z, Jin X, Cui X, Yang J, Shan C, Gao Z, Yang Y, Li J, Chang B, Chang B. Acute Hyperglycemia May Induce Renal Tubular Injury Through Mitophagy Inhibition. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:536213. [PMID: 33424763 PMCID: PMC7793649 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.536213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Acute hyperglycemia is closely related to kidney injury. Oxidative stress activation and notable mitochondria damages were found under acute hyperglycemia treatment in our previous work. In the present study, we explored the dose-effect relationship and the pivotal role of mitophagy in acute hyperglycemia induced tubular injuries. METHODS Forty non-diabetic SD rats were randomly divided and treated with different concentrations of hyperglycemia respectively during the 6-h clamp experiment. Renal morphological and functional alterations were detected. Rat renal tubular epithelial cells were treated with different concentrations of glucose for 6 h. Markers and the regulation pathway of mitophagy were analyzed. RESULTS Significant tubular injuries but not glomeruli were observed under both light and electron microscope after acute hyperglycemia treatment, which manifested as enlargement of tubular epithelial cells, disarrangement of epithelial cell labyrinths and swelling of mitochondria. Urinary microalbumin, β2-MG, CysC, NAG, GAL, and NGAL were increased significantly with the increase of blood glucose (P < 0.05). ROS was activated, mitochondrial membrane potential and LC3-II/LC3-I ratio were decreased but P62 and BNIP3L/Nix were increased in hyperglycemia groups (P < 0.05), which were reversed by AMPK activation or mTOR inhibition. CONCLUSION Acute hyperglycemia causes obvious tubular morphological and functional injuries in a dose-dependent manner. Acute hyperglycemia could inhibit mitophagy through AMPK/mTOR pathway, which would aggravate mitochondria damage and renal tubular impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaodan Yue
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Site, Tianjin, China
| | - Cheng Meng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ziyan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaofang Jin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao Cui
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Juhong Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunyan Shan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhongai Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanhui Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bai Chang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Baocheng Chang, ; Bai Chang,
| | - Baocheng Chang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Baocheng Chang, ; Bai Chang,
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15
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Yang X, Hei C, Liu P, Li PA. Prevention of post-ischemic seizure by rapamycin is associated with deactivation of mTOR and ERK1/2 pathways in hyperglycemic rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 520:47-53. [PMID: 31564412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.09.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pre-ischemic hyperglycemia increases the occurrence of post-ischemic seizures both in experimental and clinical settings. The underlying mechanisms are not fully delineated; however, activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has been shown to be engaged in the pathogenesis of epilepsy, in which seizures are a regular occurrence. Therefore, we wanted to explore specifically the capacity of an mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, in preventing post-ischemic seizures in hyperglycemic rats and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. The results showed that none of the rats in the sham control, EG ischemic, or within 3 h of I/R in hyperglycemic ischemic groups experienced seizures. Generalized tonic-clonic seizures were observed in all 8/8 of hyperglycemic ischemic rats at 16 h of I/R. Treatment with rapamycin successfully blocked post-ischemic seizures in 7/8 hyperglycemic ischemic animals. Rapamycin also lessened the neuronal death extraordinarily in hyperglycemic ischemic animals as revealed by histopathological studies. Protein analysis revealed that transient ischemia resulted in increases in p-mTOR and p-S6, especially in the hippocampi of the hyperglycemic ischemic rats. Rapamycin treatment completely blocked mTOR activation. Furthermore, hyperglycemic ischemia induced a much prominent rise of p-ERK1/2 both in the cortex and the hippocampi compared with EG counterparts; whereas rapamycin suppressed it. We conclude that the development of post-ischemic seizures in the hyperglycemic animals may be associated with activations of mTOR and ERK1/2 pathways and that rapamycin treatment inhibited the post-ischemic seizures effectively by suppressing the mTOR and ERK1/2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yang
- Neuroscience Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Key Laboratory for Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute Technology Enterprise (BRITE), College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, USA
| | - Changchun Hei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute Technology Enterprise (BRITE), College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, USA; Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute Technology Enterprise (BRITE), College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, USA; Department of Endocrinology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - P Andy Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute Technology Enterprise (BRITE), College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, USA.
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A 2-Min Transient Ischemia Confers Cerebral Ischemic Tolerance in Non-Obese Gerbils, but Results in Neuronal Death in Obese Gerbils by Increasing Abnormal mTOR Activation-Mediated Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101126. [PMID: 31546722 PMCID: PMC6830098 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A brief episode of transient ischemia (TI) can confer cerebral ischemic tolerance against a subsequent severer TI under standard condition. The brain under obesity’s conditions is more sensitive to ischemic injury. However, the impact of a brief episode of TI under obesity’s conditions has not been fully addressed yet. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of a brief TI in the hippocampus of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese gerbils and related mechanisms. Gerbils were maintained on HFD or normal diet (ND) for 12 weeks and subjected to 2 min TI. HFD gerbils were heavier, with higher blood glucose, serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and leptin levels. Massive loss of pyramidal neurons occurred in the hippocampal cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) field of HFD animals at 5 days after 2 min of TI, but 2 min of TI did not elicit death of pyramidal neurons in ND gerbils. The HFD group showed significantly increased levels of oxidative stress indicators (dihydroethidium and 4-hydroxynonenal) and proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β) and microglial activation in pre- and/or post-ischemic phases compared to the ND group. Levels of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and phosphorylated-mTOR in the CA1 field of the HFD group were also significantly higher than the ND group. On the other hand, inhibition of mTOR activation by rapamycin (an allosteric mTOR inhibitor) significantly attenuated neuronal death induced by HFD, showing reduction of HFD-induced increases of oxidative stress indicators and proinflammatory cytokines, and microglia activation. Taken together, a brief episode of TI can evoke neuronal death under obesity’s conditions. It might be closely associated with an abnormal increase of mTOR activation-mediated, severe oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in pre- and/or post-ischemic phases.
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Sun Y, Zhu Y, Zhong X, Chen X, Wang J, Ying G. Crosstalk Between Autophagy and Cerebral Ischemia. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:1022. [PMID: 30692904 PMCID: PMC6339887 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With the use of advanced electron microscopy and molecular biology tools, several studies have shown that autophagy is involved in the development of ischemic stroke. A series of molecular mechanisms are involved in the regulation of autophagy. In this work, the possible molecular mechanisms involved in autophagy during ischemic stroke were reviewed and new potential targets for the study and treatment of ischemic stroke were provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yuanhan Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Xinle Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Guozheng Ying
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
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18
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Zimmerman MA, Biggers CD, Li PA. Rapamycin treatment increases hippocampal cell viability in an mTOR-independent manner during exposure to hypoxia mimetic, cobalt chloride. BMC Neurosci 2018; 19:82. [PMID: 30594149 PMCID: PMC6310999 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-018-0482-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cobalt chloride (CoCl2) induces chemical hypoxia through activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α). Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a multifaceted protein capable of regulating cell growth, angiogenesis, metabolism, proliferation, and survival. In this study, we tested the efficacy of a well-known mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, in reducing oxidative damage and increasing cell viability in the mouse hippocampal cell line, HT22, during a CoCl2-simulated hypoxic insult. RESULTS CoCl2 caused cell death in a dose-dependent manner and increased protein levels of cleaved caspase-9 and caspase-3. Rapamycin increased viability of HT22 cells exposed to CoCl2 and reduced activation of caspases-9 and -3. Cells exposed to CoCl2 displayed increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, both of which rapamycin successfully blocked. mTOR protein itself, along with its downstream signaling target, phospho-S6 ribosomal protein (pS6), were significantly inhibited with CoCl2 and rapamycin addition did not significantly lower expression further. Rapamycin promoted protein expression of Beclin-1 and increased conversion of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3)-I into LC3-II, suggesting an increase in autophagy. Pro-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2 associated × (Bax), exhibited a slight, but significant decrease with rapamycin treatment, while its anti-apoptotic counterpart, B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), was to a similar degree upregulated. Finally, the protein expression ratio of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase (pMAPK) to its unphosphorylated form (MAPK) was dramatically increased in rapamycin and CoCl2 co-treated cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that rapamycin confers protection against CoCl2-simulated hypoxic insults to neuronal cells. This occurs, as suggested by our results, independent of mTOR modification, and rather through stabilization of the mitochondrial membrane with concomitant decreases in ROS production. Additionally, inhibition of caspase-9 and -3 activation and stimulation of protective autophagy reduces cell death, while a decrease in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and an increase in pMAPK promotes cell survival during CoCl2 exposure. Together these results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of rapamycin against hypoxic injury and highlight potential pathways mediating the protective effects of rapamycin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A. Zimmerman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute Biotechnology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Christan D. Biggers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute Biotechnology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC USA
| | - P. Andy Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute Biotechnology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC USA
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19
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Yamamoto S, Mutoh T, Sasaki K, Mutoh T, Taki Y. Central action of rapamycin on early ischemic injury and related cardiac depression following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. Brain Res Bull 2018; 144:85-91. [PMID: 30481554 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Early brain injury and related cardiac consequences play a key role in the devastating outcomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We reported that rapamycin exerts neuroprotection against cortical hypoxia early after SAH, but its mechanism is poorly understood. This in vivo study aimed to determine the potential role of the transcription factor STAT3 in the rapamycin-mediated neuroprotection in a mouse model of SAH. Forty C57BL/6 N mice were treated with an intracerebroventricular injection of rapamycin or vehicle (control) given after SAH induction by a filament perforation method, with or without STAT3 (Stattic) or ERK (PD98059) inhibitor pretreatment. Cerebral blood flow signals (%vascularity), brain tissue oxygen saturation (SbtO2), and cardiac output (CO) were analyzed using an ultrasound/photoacoustic imaging system. Clinically relevant neurocardiac depression was notable in severe SAH mice. Rapamycin improved %vascularity, SbtO2, and CO on day 1 after SAH onset. The beneficial effects of rapamycin on cerebral blood flow and oxygenation persisted until day 3, resulting in a significant reduction in post-SAH new cerebral infarctions and survival, as well as improved neurological functions, compared to the control group. All of the effects were attenuated by pretreatment with Stattic or PD98059. These data suggest that ERK and JAK/STAT3 pathways play an important role in the neurocardiac protection by rapamycin after SAH. We propose that rapamycin is a novel pharmacological strategy to target STAT3 activation, with a possible crosstalk through the ERK pathway, for the treatment of post-SAH early brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzo Yamamoto
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Mutoh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Kazumasu Sasaki
- Department of Preclinical Evaluation, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomoko Mutoh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Taki
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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20
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Song M, Ahn JH, Kim H, Kim DW, Lee TK, Lee JC, Kim YM, Lee CH, Hwang IK, Yan BC, Won MH, Park JH. Chronic high-fat diet-induced obesity in gerbils increases pro-inflammatory cytokines and mTOR activation, and elicits neuronal death in the striatum following brief transient ischemia. Neurochem Int 2018; 121:75-85. [PMID: 30267768 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that obesity and its related metabolic dysfunction exacerbate outcomes of ischemic brain injuries in some brain areas, such as the hippocampus and cerebral cortex when they are subjected to transient ischemia. However, the impact of obesity in the striatum after brief transient ischemia has not yet been addressed. The objective of this study was to investigate effects of obesity on neuronal damage and inflammation in the striatum after transient ischemia and to examine the role of mTOR which is involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic and neurological diseases. Gerbils were fed with normal diet (ND) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks and subjected to 5 min of transient ischemia. HFD-fed gerbils showed significant increase in body weight, blood glucose level, serum triglycerides, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol without affecting food intake. Neuronal death/loss in the HFD-fed gerbils occurred in the dorsolateral striatum 2 days after transient ischemia, and neuronal loss was increased 5 days after transient ischemia, although no neuronal loss was observed in ND-fed gerbils at any time after transient ischemia. The HFD-fed gerbils showed hypertrophied microglia and further increased expressions of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interukin-1beta, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and phosphorylated-mTOR during pre- and post-ischemic phases compared with the ND-fed gerbils. Additionally, we found that treatment with mTOR inhibitor rapamycin in the HFD-fed gerbils significantly attenuated transient ischemia-induced neuronal death in the dorsolateral striatum. These findings reveal that chronic HFD-induced obesity results in severe neuroinflammation and significant increase of mTOR activation, which could contribute to neuronal death in the stratum following 5 min of transient ischemia. Especially, abnormal mTOR activation would play a key role in mediating obesity-induced severe ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minah Song
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangnung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon, 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong-Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bing Chun Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese, Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225001, PR China
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24252, Republic of Korea.
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Effect of sirolimus on liver cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy of common bile duct-ligated rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 824:133-139. [PMID: 29444470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cirrhosis is often associated with portal hypertension and portal-systemic collateral vessels formation attributed to angiogenesis, which leads to severe complications as hepatic encephalopathy. Sirolimus has anti-fibrosis and anti-angiogenesis effects, but whether it influences the severity of portal-systemic collaterals and hepatic encephalopathy is unknown. This study was thus designed to address this issue in rats with common bile duct ligation-induced liver cirrhosis. Sham-operated rats were surgical controls. Rats were intraperitoneally administered with 0.5 and 2 mg/kg/day sirolimus or vehicle for 2 weeks. Four weeks post operations, motor activities, body weight, biochemistry and hemodynamic data were measured. The liver was dissected for histopathology, immunohistochemical stains and protein analysis. On the parallel cirrhotic groups, the portal-systemic shunting was determined. The results showed that the body weight gain was significantly lower in sirolimus-treated rats. Sirolimus reduced portal pressure and plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and ammonia, and attenuated hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in cirrhotic rats. In addition, the hepatic phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and P70S6K protein expressions were significantly downregulated and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression upregulated by sirolimus. Sirolimus did not influence portal-systemic shunting and motor activities of cirrhotic rats. In conclusion, sirolimus significantly improved hepatic inflammation and fibrosis accompanied by portal pressure reduction in cirrhotic rats, in which down-regulated mTOR/P70S6K and up-regulated eNOS expressions might play a role. However, sirolimus did not significantly change the severity of portal-systemic collaterals and motor activities, suggesting that the multifactorial pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy could not be fully overcome by sirolimus.
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