Green Tea Catechin-Based Complex Micelles Combined with Doxorubicin to Overcome Cardiotoxicity and Multidrug Resistance

Nanomedicine And Nanotheranostics: Special Focus on Imaging of Anticancer Drugs Induced Cardiac Toxicity

Cardiotoxicity, the often-overlooked second leading cause of death in cancer patients, has been associated with certain anticancer drugs. These drugs can induce cardiac damage through various pathways, and their adverse effects on the heart are not fully understood. Cardiotoxicity is a major issue in cancer treatment, particularly with chemotherapeutics, because it can cause cardiac dysfunction such as hypotension, heart failure, and even death. Doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, and trastuzumab, all of which are very potent anticancer drugs, are known to cause cardiotoxicity. When it comes to lowering cardiotoxicity and alleviating the harmful effects of chemotherapy medications, nanomedicine has the potential to transport therapeutic molecules. Nanotheranostics offers novel options for identifying and treating cardiotoxicity resulting from a wide range of substances, including anticancer medications. Additionally, theranostics platforms such as micellar systems, carbon-based nanomedicine, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, and liposomes can transport chemotherapeutic medications while minimising their cardiotoxicity. The present level of understanding of the molecular and cellular processes that lead to cardiotoxicity in reaction to both traditional chemotherapy and targeted drug delivery systems is summarised in this article. This review delves into nanomedicine and nanotheranostics, with an emphasis on reducing anticancer medication-induced cardiac toxicity. Nanotheranostics provide potential solutions for early diagnosis and tailored therapy of heart injury by combining diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities into nanomedicine.

Single Molecular Nanomedicines Based on Macrocyclic Carrier-Drug Conjugates for Concentration-Independent Encapsulation and Precise Activation of Drugs

Nanomedicines often rely on noncovalent self-assembly and encapsulation for drug loading and delivery. However, challenges such as reproducibility issues due to the multicomponent nature, off-target activation caused by premature drug release, and complex pharmacokinetics arising from assembly dissociation have hindered their clinical translation. In this study, we introduce an innovative design concept termed single molecular nanomedicine (SMNM) based on macrocyclic carrier-drug conjugates. Through the covalent linkage of two chemotherapy drugs to a hypoxia-cleavable macrocyclic carrier, azocalix[4]arene, we obtained two self-included complexes to serve as SMNMs. The intramolecular inclusion feature of the SMNMs has not only demonstrated comprehensive shielding and protection for the drugs but also effectively prevented off-target drug leakage, thereby significantly reducing their side effects and enhancing their antitumor therapeutic efficacy. Additionally, the attributes of being a single component and molecularly dispersed confer advantages such as ease of preparation and good reproducibility for SMNMs, which is desirable for clinical applications.

EGCG-based nanoparticles: synthesis, properties, and applications

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a natural phenolic substance found in foods and beverages (especially tea) that exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. Its potential in cardiovascular and brain health has garnered significant attention. However, its clinical application remains limited due to its poor physicochemical stability and low oral bioavailability. Nanotechnology can be used to improve the stability, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic profile of EGCG by encapsulating it within nanoparticles. This article reviews the interactions of EGCG with various compounds, the synthesis of EGCG-based nanoparticles, the functional attributes of these nanoparticles, and their prospective applications in drug delivery, diagnosis, and therapy. The potential application of nanoencapsulated EGCG in functional foods and beverages is also emphasized. Top-down and bottom-up approaches can be used to construct EGCG-based nanoparticles. EGCG-based nanoparticles exhibit enhanced stability and bioavailability compared to free EGCG, making them promising candidates for biomedical and food applications. Notably, the non-covalent and covalent interactions of EGCG with other substances significantly contribute to the improved properties of these nanoparticles. EGCG-based nanoparticles appear to have a wide range of applications in different industries, but further research is required to enhance their efficacy and ensure their safety.

Tea-break with epigallocatechin gallate derivatives - Powerful polyphenols of great potential for medicine

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a polyphenol present in green tea (Camellia sinensis), which has revealed anti-cancer effects toward a variety of cancer cells in vitro and protective potential against neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Unfortunately, EGCG presents disappointing bioavailability after oral administration, primarily due to its chemical instability and poor absorption. Due to these limitations, EGCG is currently not used in medication, but only as a dietary supplement in the form of green tea extract. Therefore, it needs further modifications before being considered suitable for extensive medical applications. In this article, we review the scientific literature about EGCG derivatives focusing on their biological properties and potential medical applications. The most common chemical modifications of epigallocatechin gallate rely on introducing fatty acid chains or sugar molecules to its chemical structure to modify solubility. Another frequently employed procedure is based on blocking EGCG's hydroxyl groups with various substituents. Novel derivatives reveal interesting properties, of which, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and antimicrobial, are especially important. It is worth noting that the most promising EGCG derivatives present higher stability and activity than base EGCG.

Enhanced therapeutic efficacy of doxorubicin against multidrug-resistant breast cancer with reduced cardiotoxicity

Doxorubicin (DOX), a commonly used anti-cancer drug, is limited by its cardiotoxicity and multidrug resistance (MDR) of tumor cells. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a natural antioxidant component, can effectively reduce the cardiotoxicity of DOX. Meanwhile, EGCG can inhibit the expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and reverse the MDR of tumor cells. In this study, DOX is connected with low molecular weight polyethyleneimine (PEI) via hydrazone bond to get the pH-sensitive PEI-DOX, which is then combined with EGCG to prevent the cardiotoxicity of DOX and reverse the MDR of cancer cells. In addition, folic acid (FA) modified polyethylene glycol (PEG) (PEG-FA) is added to get the targeted system PEI-DOX/EGCG/FA. The MDR reversal and targeting ability of PEI-DOX/EGCG/FA is performed by cytotoxicity and in vivo anti-tumor activity on multidrug resistant MCF-7 cells (MCF-7/ADR). Additionally, we investigate the anti-drug resistant mechanism by Western Blot. The ability of EGCG to reduce DOX cardiotoxicity is confirmed by cardiotoxicity assay. In conclusion, PEI-DOX/EGCG/FA can inhibit the expression of P-gp and reverse the MDR in tumor cells. It also shows the ability of remove oxygen free radicals effectively to prevent the cardiotoxicity of DOX.

Nanobiotechnology-based strategies in alleviation of chemotherapy-mediated cardiotoxicity

The cardiovascular diseases have been among the most common malignancies and the first leading cause of death, even higher than cancer. The cardiovascular diseases can be developed as a result of cardiac dysfunction and damages to heart tissue. Exposure to toxic agents and chemicals that induce cardiac dysfunction has been of interest in recent years. The chemotherapy drugs are commonly used for cancer therapy and in these patients, cardiovascular diseases have been widely observed that is due to negative impact of chemotherapy drugs on the heart. These drugs increase oxidative damage and inflammation, and mediate apoptosis and cardiac dysfunction. Hence, nanotechnological approaches have been emerged as new strategies in attenuation of chemotherapy-mediated cardiotoxicity. The first advantage of nanoparticles can be explored in targeted and selective delivery of drugs to reduce their accumulation in heart tissue. Nanostructures can deliver bioactive and therapeutic compounds in reducing cardiotoxicity and alleviation toxic impacts of chemotherapy drugs. The functionalization of nanostructures increases their selectivity against tumor cells and reduces accumulation of drugs in heart tissue. The bioplatforms such as chitosan and alginate nanostructures can also deliver chemotherapy drugs and reduce their cardiotoxicity. The function of nanostructures is versatile in reduction of cardiotoxicity by chemotherapy drugs and new kind of platforms is hydrogels that can mediate sustained release of drug to reduce its toxic impacts on heart tissue. The various kinds of nanoplatforms have been developed for alleviation of cardiotoxicity and their future clinical application depends on their biocompatibility. High concentration level of chitosan nanoparticles can stimulate cardiotoxicity. Therefore, if nanotechnology is going to be deployed for drug delivery and reducing cardiotoxicity, the first pre-requirement is to lack toxicity on normal cells and have high biocompatibility.

Engineering Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 as a microbial chassis for therapeutic and industrial applications

Genetically engineered microbes, especially Escherichia coli, have been widely used in the biosynthesis of proteins and metabolites for medical and industrial applications. As a traditional probiotic with a well-established safety record, E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) has recently emerged as a microbial chassis for generating living therapeutics, drug delivery vehicles, and microbial platforms for industrial production. Despite the availability of genetic tools for engineering laboratory E. coli K-12 and B strains, new genetic engineering systems are still greatly needed to expand the application range of EcN. In this review, we have summarized the latest progress in the development of genetic engineering systems in EcN, as well as their applications in the biosynthesis and delivery of valuable small molecules and biomacromolecules of medical and/or industrial interest, followed by a glimpse of how this rapidly growing field will evolve in the future.

Active Ingredients from Chinese Medicine for Combination Cancer Therapy

Combination therapy against cancer has gained increasing attention because it can help to target multiple pathways to tackle oncologic progression and improve the limited antitumor effect of single-agent therapy. Chinese medicine has been studied extensively in cancer therapy and proven to be efficacious in many cases due to its wide spectrum of anticancer activities. In this review, we aim to summarize the recent progress of active ingredients from Chinese medicine (AIFCM) in combination with various cancer therapeutic modalities, including chemotherapy, gene therapy, radiotherapy, phototherapy and immunotherapy. In addition to highlighting the potential contribution of AIFCM in combination cancer therapy, we also elucidate the underlying mechanisms behind their synergistic effect and improved anticancer efficacy, thereby encouraging the inclusion of these AIFCM as part of effective armamentarium in fighting intractable cancers. Finally, we present the challenges and future perspectives of AIFCM combination therapy as a feasible and promising strategy for the optimization of cancer treatment and better clinical outcomes.

Unification of medicines and excipients: The roles of natural excipients for promoting drug delivery

INTRODUCTION

Drug delivery systems (DDSs) formed by natural active compounds be instrumental in developing new green excipients and novel DDS from natural active compounds (NACs). 'Unification of medicines and excipients'(UME), the special inherent nature of the natural active compounds, provides the inspiration and conduction to achieve this goal.

AREAS COVERED

This review summarizes the typical types of NACs from herbal medicine, such as saponins, flavonoids, polysaccharides, etc. that act as excipients and their main application in DDS. The comparison of the drug delivery systems formed by NACs and common materials and the primary formation mechanisms of these NACs are also introduced to provide a deepened understanding of their performance in DDS.

EXPERT OPINION

Many natural bioactive compounds, such as saponins, polysaccharides, etc. have been used in DDS. Diversity of structure and pharmacological effects of NACs turn out the unique advantages in improving the performance of DDSs like targeting ability, adhesion, encapsulation efficiency(EE), etc. and enhancing the bioavailability of loaded drugs.

Recent Advances of Fe(III)/Fe(II)-MPNs in Biomedical Applications

Metal-phenolic networks (MPNs) are a new type of nanomaterial self-assembled by metal ions and polyphenols that have been developed rapidly in recent decades. They have been widely investigated, in the biomedical field, for their environmental friendliness, high quality, good bio-adhesiveness, and bio-compatibility, playing a crucial role in tumor treatment. As the most common subclass of the MPNs family, Fe-based MPNs are most frequently used in chemodynamic therapy (CDT) and phototherapy (PTT), where they are often used as nanocoatings to encapsulate drugs, as well as good Fenton reagents and photosensitizers to improve tumor therapeutic efficiency substantially. In this review, strategies for preparing various types of Fe-based MPNs are first summarized. We highlight the advantages of Fe-based MPNs under the different species of polyphenol ligands for their application in tumor treatments. Finally, some current problems and challenges of Fe-based MPNs, along with a future perspective on biomedical applications, are discussed.

EGCG adjuvant chemotherapy: Current status and future perspectives

The resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs greatly reduces the therapeutic effect in cancer patients, and the toxic side effects caused by chemotherapy also seriously affect the quality of life of patients. The combination of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the main active ingredient in tea, with cisplatin, 5-FU, doxorubicin and paclitaxel enhances their sensitizing effect on tumors and combats the drug resistance of cancer cells. These effects seem to be mediated by a variety of mechanisms, including combating drug resistance mediated by cancer stem cells, enhancing drug sensitivity, inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and blocking angiogenesis. In addition, EGCG can suppress a series of adverse effects caused by chemotherapy, such as gastrointestinal disorders, nephrotoxicity and cardiotoxicity, through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and improve the quality of life of patients. However, the low bioavailability and off-target effects of EGCG and its reactivity with some chemotherapeutic agents limit its clinical application. The nanomodification of EGCG and chemotherapeutic drugs not only enhances the antitumor activity but also prolongs the survival time of tumor-bearing mice, and has the advantage of low toxicity. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the current status and challenges regarding the use of EGCG in combination with chemotherapy drugs in the treatment of cancer. In general, EGCG is a promising adjuvant for chemotherapy.

Integrative Hematology: State of the Art

Blood cancers are a group of diseases with thus far frequently poor prognosis. Although many new drugs, including target therapies, have been developed in recent years, there is still a need to expand our therapeutic armamentarium to better deal with these diseases. Integrative hematology was conceived as a discipline that enriches the patient's therapeutic possibilities with the use of supplements, vitamins and a nutritional approach aiming at improving the response to therapies and the clinical outcome. We will analyze the substances that have proved most useful in preclinical and clinical studies in some of the most frequent blood diseases or in those where these studies are more numerous; the importance of the nutritional approach and the role of the intestinal microbiota will also be emphasized.

Self-Assembled Daunorubicin/Epigallocatechin Gallate Nanocomplex for Synergistic Reversal of Chemoresistance in Leukemia

Chemoresistance is one of the major challenges for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a bioactive polyphenol from green tea, has attracted immense interest as a potential chemosensitizer, but its application is limited due to the need for effective formulations capable of co-delivering EGCG and anti-leukemic drugs. Herein, we describe the formation and characterization of a micellar nanocomplex self-assembled from EGCG and daunorubicin, an anthracycline drug for the first-line treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. This nanocomplex was highly stable at pH 7.4 but stimulated to release the incorporated daunorubicin at pH 5.5, mimicking an acidic endosomal environment. More importantly, the nanocomplex exhibited superior cytotoxic efficacy against multidrug-resistant human leukemia cells over free daunorubicin by achieving a strong synergism, as supported by median-effect plot analysis. The observed chemosensitizing effect was in association with enhanced nucleus accumulation of daunorubicin, elevation of intracellular reactive oxygen species and caspase-mediated apoptosis induction. Our study presents a promising strategy for circumventing chemoresistance for more effective leukemia therapy.

Nano-drug co-delivery system of natural active ingredients and chemotherapy drugs for cancer treatment: a review

Chemotherapy drugs have been used for a long time in the treatment of cancer, but serious side effects are caused by the inability of the drug to be solely delivered to the tumor when treating cancer with chemotherapy. Natural products have attracted more and more attention due to the antitumor effect in multiple ways, abundant resources and less side effects. Therefore, the combination of natural active ingredients and chemotherapy drugs may be an effective antitumor strategy, which can inhibit the growth of tumor and multidrug resistance, reduce side effects of chemotherapy drugs. Nano-drug co-delivery system (NDCDS) can play an important role in the combination of natural active ingredients and chemotherapy drugs. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the research status and application prospect of nano-delivery strategies for the combination of natural active ingredients and chemotherapy drugs, aiming to provide a basis for the development of anti-tumor drugs.

Co-delivery of Interleukin-12 and Doxorubicin Loaded Nano-delivery System for Enhanced Immunotherapy with Polarization toward M1-type Macrophages

Chemo-immunotherapy has gained increasing attention as one of the most promising combination therapy strategies to battle cancer. In this study, the therapeutic nanoparticles (TNPs) co-delivering doxorubicin (DOX) and IL-12 (IL-12) were developed for chemo-immunotherapy combination therapy on liver cancer. TNPs were synthesized based on the ionic interactions between cationic chitosan (Ch) and anionic poly-(glutamic acid) (PGA). DOX and IL-12 loaded in TNPs presented prolonged circulation in blood, efficient accumulation in tumors, and internalization in tumor cells. After that, DOX and IL-12 were co-released in the tumor microenvironment. The locally responsive property of TNPs could subsequently re-educate macrophages. More significantly, TNPs with no obvious side effects can remarkably inhibit the H22 tumor growth in vivo. A low dosage of loaded IL-12 in TNPs can effectively polarize macrophages toward the M1 phenotype to reduce tumor burden, further enhancing the antitumor efficacy. Our results suggest that the self-stabilized TNPs could be a secure and effective drug carrier for intravenous administration when deprived of protective agents.

Hybrid PEGylated chitosan/PLGA nanoparticles designed as pH-responsive vehicles to promote intracellular drug delivery and cancer chemotherapy

To achieve effective intracellular anticancer drug release for boosted antitumor efficacy, the acidity-responsive nanovehicles for doxorubicin (DOX) delivery were fabricated by tailor-made co-assembly of amphiphilic PEGylated chitosan_20k and hydrophobic poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) segments at pH 8.5. The attained DOX-loaded PEGylated chitosan_20k/PLGA nanoparticles (DOX-PC_20kPNs) were characterized to have a spherical shape composed of drug-encapsulated chitosan_20k/PLGA-constituted solid core surrounded by hydrophilic PEG shells. Compared to non-pH-sensitive DOX-loaded PLGA nanoparticles (DOX-PNs), the DOX-PC_20kPNs displayed outstanding colloidal stability under serum-containing condition and tended to swell in weak acidic milieu upon increased protonation of chitosan_20k within hybrid cores, thus accelerating drug release. The in vitro cellular uptake and cytotoxicity studies revealed that the DOX-PC_20kPNs after being endocytosed by prostate TRAMP-C1 cancer cells rapidly liberated drug, thus promoting drug accumulation in nuclei to enhance anticancer potency. Moreover, the hydrated PEG shells of DOX-PC_20kPNs remarkably reduced their uptake by macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells. Importantly, in vivo animal findings showed that the DOX-PC_20kPNs exhibited the capability of inhibiting TRAMP-C1 tumor growth superior to free hydrophobic DOX molecules and DOX-PNs, demonstrating the great potential in cancer chemotherapy.

VB12-Sericin-PBLG-IR780 Nanomicelles for Programming Cell Pyroptosis via Photothermal (PTT)/Photodynamic (PDT) Effect-Induced Mitochondrial DNA (mitoDNA) Oxidative Damage

Pyroptosis, a kind of programmed cell death involving inflammation, might be a powerful way to fight against tumors, for example, using immunotherapy. However, how to trigger pyroptosis in cancer cells is an important issue. Photothermal (PTT)/photodynamic (PDT) therapy is a crucial strategy for inducing cancer cell pyroptosis with noninvasiveness. In this work, a sericin derivative modified with poly(γ-benzyl-l-glutamate) (PBLG) could self-assemble and was stable in an aqueous environment. Furthermore, the sericin derivative was conjugated with the tumor-targeting agent VB12 and loaded with IR780. Finally, we successfully synthesized VB12-sericin-PBLG-IR780 nanomicelles. The as-designed nanomicelles showed appropriate particle sizes, spherical morphology, improved photothermal stability, and high photothermal conversion efficiency (∼40%), which generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) simultaneously. Through enhanced cellular uptake, VB12-sericin-PBLG-IR780 could deliver more IR780 into cancer cells. With near-infrared (NIR), the VB12-sericin-PBLG-IR780 could significantly inhibit the expression of ATP synthase, called ATP5MC3, followed by mitochondrial damage. The presence of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mitoROS) led to oxidative damage of mitochondrial DNA (mitoDNA), which further activates NLRP3/Caspase-1/gasdermin D (GSDMD)-dependent pyroptosis and could promote dendritic cell (DC) maturation by pyroptosis. Furthermore, our data showed that VB12-sericin-PBLG-IR780 could achieve a brilliant antitumor effect and could activate DC maturation, initiate T-cell recruiting, and prime adaptive antitumor efficiency. Overall, our well-prepared nanomicelles might offer a tumor-targeted approach for programmed cell pyroptosis and inducing antitumor immunity via photothermal PTT/PDT effect-induced mitoDNA oxidative damage.

Recent Advances of Manganese-Based Hybrid Nanomaterials for Cancer Precision Medicine

Cancer precision medicine (CPM) could tailor the best treatment for individual cancer patients, while imaging techniques play important roles in its application. With the characteristics of noninvasion, nonionized, radiation-free, multidimensional imaging function, and real-time monitoring, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an effective way for early tumor detection, and it has become a tower of strength in CPM imaging techniques. Due to linkage with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agent (CA), which was long used in MRI, has been restricted by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In this review, we would like to introduce the manganese (Mn)-based CAs that could significantly increase the safety of MRI CAs by realizing more superior performance and functions simultaneously in the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. Also, recent advances in Mn-based hybrid nanomaterials for CPM are summarized and discussed.

Poly(α-l-lysine)-based nanomaterials for versatile biomedical applications: Current advances and perspectives

Poly(α-l-lysine) (PLL) is a class of water-soluble, cationic biopolymer composed of α-l-lysine structural units. The previous decade witnessed tremendous progress in the synthesis and biomedical applications of PLL and its composites. PLL-based polymers and copolymers, till date, have been extensively explored in the contexts such as antibacterial agents, gene/drug/protein delivery systems, bio-sensing, bio-imaging, and tissue engineering. This review aims to summarize the recent advances in PLL-based nanomaterials in these biomedical fields over the last decade. The review first describes the synthesis of PLL and its derivatives, followed by the main text of their recent biomedical applications and translational studies. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of PLL-based nanomaterials in biomedical fields are addressed.

Polyphenol-Containing Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Properties, and Therapeutic Delivery

Polyphenols, the phenolic hydroxyl group-containing organic molecules, are widely found in natural plants and have shown beneficial effects on human health. Recently, polyphenol-containing nanoparticles have attracted extensive research attention due to their antioxidation property, anticancer activity, and universal adherent affinity, and thus have shown great promise in the preparation, stabilization, and modification of multifunctional nanoassemblies for bioimaging, therapeutic delivery, and other biomedical applications. Additionally, the metal-polyphenol networks, formed by the coordination interactions between polyphenols and metal ions, have been used to prepare an important class of polyphenol-containing nanoparticles for surface modification, bioimaging, drug delivery, and disease treatments. By focusing on the interactions between polyphenols and different materials (e.g., metal ions, inorganic materials, polymers, proteins, and nucleic acids), a comprehensive review on the synthesis and properties of the polyphenol-containing nanoparticles is provided. Moreover, the remarkable versatility of polyphenol-containing nanoparticles in different biomedical applications, including biodetection, multimodal bioimaging, protein and gene delivery, bone repair, antibiosis, and cancer theranostics is also demonstrated. Finally, the challenges faced by future research regarding the polyphenol-containing nanoparticles are discussed.

Targeting Lactate Dehydrogenase A with Catechin Resensitizes SNU620/5FU Gastric Cancer Cells to 5-Fluorouracil

Resistance to anticancer therapeutics occurs in virtually every type of cancer and becomes a major difficulty in cancer treatment. Although 5-fluorouracil (5FU) is the first-line choice of anticancer therapy for gastric cancer, its effectiveness is limited owing to drug resistance. Recently, altered cancer metabolism, including the Warburg effect, a preference for glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation for energy production, has been accepted as a pivotal mechanism regulating resistance to chemotherapy. Thus, we investigated the detailed mechanism and possible usefulness of antiglycolytic agents in ameliorating 5FU resistance using established gastric cancer cell lines, SNU620 and SNU620/5FU. SNU620/5FU, a gastric cancer cell harboring resistance to 5FU, showed much higher lactate production and expression of glycolysis-related enzymes, such as lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), than those of the parent SNU620 cells. To limit glycolysis, we examined catechin and its derivatives, which are known anti-inflammatory and anticancer natural products because epigallocatechin gallate has been previously reported as a suppressor of LDHA expression. Catechin, the simplest compound among them, had the highest inhibitory effect on lactate production and LDHA activity. In addition, the combination of 5FU and catechin showed additional cytotoxicity and induced reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated apoptosis in SNU620/5FU cells. Thus, based on these results, we suggest catechin as a candidate for the development of a novel adjuvant drug that reduces chemoresistance to 5FU by restricting LDHA.

A novel GSH-triggered polymeric nanomicelles for reversing MDR and enhancing antitumor efficiency of hydroxycamptothecin

Tumor multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the main reasons for the failure of clinical chemotherapy. Here, a bio-responsive anti-drug-resistant polymer micelle that can respond to the reductive GSH in the tumor microenvironment (TME) for delivery of HCPT was designed. A new type of polymer with anti-drug resistance and anti-tumor effect was synthesized and used to encapsulated HCPT to form reduction-sensitive micelles (PDSAH) by a thin-film dispersion method. It is demonstrated that the micelle formulation improves the anti-tumor activity and biosafety of HCPT, and also plays a significant role in reversing the drug resistance, which contributes to inhibiting the tumor growth and prolonging the survival time of H22 tumor-bearing mice. The results indicate that this nanoplatform can serve as a flexible and powerful system for delivery of other drugs that are tolerated by tumors or bacteria.

Designing a high-performance smart drug delivery system for the synergetic co-absorption of DOX and EGCG on ZIF-8

Due to the extreme pore volume and valuable surface area, zeolitic imidazole frameworks (ZIFs) are promising vehicles that enhance the delivery of therapeutic agents to tissues. Furthermore, these nanoporous materials have high stability in the pH and temperature of the surrounding healthy cells (37 °C and pH = 7) and an exotic potential to deform in carcinogenic environment (T > 37 °C and pH ∼ 5.5), which make them perfect smart drug delivery vehicle candidates. In this work, a series of molecular dynamics (MD) and metadynamics simulations have been performed to gain molecular insight into the mechanisms involved in the process of co-loading of doxorubicin (DOX) and EpiGalloCatechin-3 Gallate (EGCG) on ZIF-8, which form a smart drug delivery system (SDDS). The obtained results revealed that DOX was adsorbed on the carrier mostly through electrostatic interactions (E coul = ∼-1200 kJ mol-1, E tot = -1700 kJ mol-1), and EGCG was stacked on ZIF-8 mainly via van der Waals interactions (E L-J = ∼-600 kJ mol-1, E tot = ∼-1200 kJ mol-1). It is worth mentioning that the drug-drug L-J interactions (E L-J = ∼500 kJ mol-1) were also important in the co-loading process. The insertion of DOX and EGCG as additive agents to the initial ZIF-8/EGCG and ZIF-8/DOX systems led to the enhancement of the drug-carrier pair interactions to about ∼-2300 kJ mol-1 and ∼-2000 kJ mol-1, respectively. This finding implied that the drug-drug interactions had a complementary role in the development of SDDS via ZIF-8. From the metadynamics simulation, it was found that the geometry of the drugs is a determining factor in an efficient co-loading SDDS.

Catechins within the Biopolymer Matrix-Design Concepts and Bioactivity Prospects

Epidemiological studies and clinical investigations proposed that catechins extracts alone may not provide a sufficient level of bioactivities and promising therapeutic effects to achieve health benefits due to a number of constraints related to poor oral absorption, limited bioavailability, sensitivity to oxidation, etc. Modern scientific studies have reported numerous techniques for the design of micro- and nano-bio-delivery systems as novel and promising strategies to overcome these obstacles and to enhance catechins' therapeutic activity. The objective assessment of their benefits, however, requires a critical comparative estimation of the advantages and disadvantages of the designed catechins-biocarrier systems, their biological activities and safety administration aspects. In this respect, the present review objectively outlines, compares and assesses the recent advances related to newly developed design concepts of catechins' encapsulation into various biopolymer carriers and their release behaviour, with a special emphasis on the specific physiological biofunctionalities of the innovative bioflavonoid/biopolymer delivery systems.

Nanotheranostics With the Combination of Improved Targeting, Therapeutic Effects, and Molecular Imaging

There is an increasing interest in the design of targeted carrier systems with combined therapeutic and diagnostic modalities. Therapeutic modalities targeting tumors with single ligand-based targeting nanocarriers are insufficient for proficient delivery and for targeting two different surface receptors that are overexpressed in cancer cells. Here, we evaluated an activated nanoparticle delivery system comprising fucoidan/hyaluronic acid to improve therapeutic efficacy. The system comprised polyethylene glycol-gelatin-encapsulated epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide; PLGA), and stable iron oxide nanoparticles (IOs). The latter enables targeting of prostate cancers in their molecular images. We demonstrate the transfer of nanoparticles and their entry into prostate cancer cells through ligand-specific recognition. This system may prove the benefits of drug delivery that enhances the inhibition of cell growth through apoptosis induction. Moreover, the improved targeting of nanotheranostics significantly suppressed orthotopic prostate tumor growth and more accurately targeted tumors compared with systemic combination therapy. In the presence of nanoparticles with iron oxides, the hypointensity of the prostate tumor was visualized on a T2-weignted magnetic resonance image. The diagnostic ability of this system was demonstrated by accumulating fluorescent nanoparticles in the prostate tumor from the in vivo imaging system, computed tomography. It is suggested that theranostic nanoparticles combined with a molecular imaging system can be a promising cancer therapy in the future.

Reversal of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance by novel curcumin analogues in paclitaxel-resistant human breast cancer cells

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major obstacle for successful cancer chemotherapy, and the main cause of MDR has been attributed to overexpression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). In this present study, four P-gp modulators (E,E)-4,6-bis(styryl)-2-(substituted amino)-pyrimidines were evaluated for their activity in a breast cancer cell line overexpressing P-gp (LCC6MDR). The four modulators displayed significantly better P-gp modulating activity compared with the positive control verapamil (RF = 5.4), with a relative fold (RF) increase in activity ranging from 33.3 to 86.0. In contrast to compounds a and c that exhibited lower cytotoxicity, compounds b and d were nontoxic towards both cancer cells and normal cells, with IC50 values greater than 100 μmol/L. The qRT-PCR results demonstrated that after exposure to 2 μmol/L of compounds a, b, c, and d, the mRNA expression level of MDR1 in LCC6MDR cells decreased to 45%, 50%, 38%, and 51%, respectively. However, the Western-blot results indicated that compound c could reverse P-gp mediated MDR, but not via decreases in protein expression. DOX and Rh123 accumulation and efflux results further confirmed that the reversal of MDR activity happens via inhibition of P-gp efflux and increases in intracellular drug accumulation. These results demonstrated that compound c has low toxicity and is an efficient P-gp modulator, highlighting its potential as a promising candidate for P-gp-mediated reversal of MDR.

Screening for in-vivo regional contractile defaults to predict the delayed Doxorubicin Cardiotoxicity in Juvenile Rat

Anthracyclines are key chemotherapeutic agents used in various adult and pediatric cancers, however, their clinical use is limited due to possible congestive heart failure (HF) caused by acute and irreversible cardiotoxicity. Currently, there is no method to predict the future development of the HF in these patients. In order to identify early biomarkers to predict anthracycline cardiotoxicity in long-term survivors of childhood cancer, this longitudinal study aimed to analyze early and late in-vivo regional myocardial anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity, related to in-vitro cardiac myocytes dysfunction, in a juvenile rat model. Methods: Young male Wistar rats (4 weeks-old) were treated with different cumulative doses of doxorubicin (7.5, 10 or 12.5 mg/kg) or NaCl (0.9%) once a week for 6 weeks by intravenous injection. Cardiac function was evaluated in-vivo by conventional (left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEF) and regional two-dimensional (2D) speckle tracking echocardiography over the 4 months after the last injection. The animals were assigned to preserved (pEF) or reduced EF (rEF) groups at the end of the protocol and were compared to controls. Results: We observed a preferential contractile dysfunction of the base of the heart, further altered in the posterior segment, even in pEF group. The first regional alterations appeared 1 month after chemotherapy. Functional investigation of cardiomyocytes isolated from the LV base 1 month after doxorubicin treatment showed that early in-vivo contractile alterations were associated with both decreased myofilament Ca²⁺ sensitivity and length-dependent activation. Changes in post-translational modifications (phosphorylation; S-glutathionylation) and protein degradation of the cardiac myosin binding protein-C may contribute to these alterations. Conclusion: Our data suggest that screening of the contractile defaults of the base of the heart by regional 2D strain echocardiography is useful to detect subclinical myocardial dysfunction prior to the development of delayed anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy in pediatric onco-cardiology.

Stimulus-responsive tea polyphenols as nanocarrier for selective intracellular drug delivery

Nanodrug delivery systems have been widely researched to achieve efficient antitumor drug delivery. However, the controlled drug delivery at tumor cells remains the main challenge for antitumor therapy. Herein, a pH and reduction-responsive nanocarrier based on green tea polyphenols was employed as a smart excipient for chemotherapy drug delivery. Paclitaxel, as a chemotherapy drug, was loaded in the nanocarrier, noted as green tea polyphenol/paclitaxel. The green tea polyphenol/paclitaxel kept constant diameter at physiological condition (i.e. pH 7.4), while gradually enlarged at acid environment (pH = 5.5) and the reductive environment. The in vitro paclitaxel release results indicated that the release of paclitaxel from the green tea polyphenol/paclitaxel at pH 7.4 was slow, whereas obviously accelerated at the acid environment (pH = 5.5) and the reductive environment. The in vitro antitumor assay showed more efficient tumor cells inhibition of green tea polyphenol/paclitaxel than free paclitaxel. Meanwhile, due to the proper size (∼100 nm), green tea polyphenol/paclitaxel could effectively accumulate at tumor sites. In the in vivo mice bearing A549 xenograft mouse models, green tea polyphenol/paclitaxel exhibited satisfactory antitumor effect and depressed system toxicity when compared with free paclitaxel, owing to the enhanced paclitaxel accumulation and controlled paclitaxel release in the tumor cells. With simple compositions and satisfactory antitumor effects, this green tea polyphenol-based nanocarrier can be a promising nanodrug delivery system for the therapy of cancers.

Nanocarrier-mediated antioxidant delivery for liver diseases

Liver is the principal detoxifying organ and metabolizes various compounds that produce free radicals (FR) constantly. To maintain the oxidative/antioxidative balance in the liver, antioxidants would scavenge FR by preventing tissue damage through FR formation, scavenging, or by enhancing their decomposition. The disruption of this balance therefore leads to oxidative stress and in turn leads to the onset of various diseases. Supplying the liver with exogeneous antioxidants is an effective way to recreate the oxidative/antioxidative balance in the liver homeostasis. Nevertheless, due to the short half-life and instability of antioxidants in circulation, the methodology for delivering antioxidants to the liver needs to be improved. Nanocarrier mediated delivery of antioxidants proved to be an ingenious way to safely and efficiently deliver a high payload of antioxidants into the liver for circumventing liver diseases. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the role of reactive oxygen species (oxidant) and ROS scavengers (antioxidant) in liver diseases. Subsequently, current nanocarrier mediated antioxidant delivery methods for liver diseases are discussed.

A Y1 receptor ligand synergized with a P-glycoprotein inhibitor improves the therapeutic efficacy of multidrug resistant breast cancer

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the main reasons for the inefficiency of cancer chemotherapy. As a consequence of MDR, the expression level of membrane proteins might be changed, which can thus be used to develop a novel strategy for its treatment. Based on the high overexpression of Y1 receptor (Y1R) protein and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in the multidrug resistant breast cancer cell line, a selective Y1R ligand [Asn6, Pro34]-NPY (AP) was employed to stabilize the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX) and P-gp inhibitor tariquidar (Tar) co-loaded nanomicelles at the physiological level. This also improved the targeted delivery of DOX and Tar into MCF-7/ADR cells. Co-delivered Tar further impedes the efflux of DOX and enhances its accumulation in the nuclei of drug resistant cancer cells, thereby inducing significant inhibition of cell growth. The synergistic effect of AP and Tar generates an excellent in vivo tumor targeting and antitumor efficacy of DOX with prolonged survival and minimized side effects, especially for liver metastasis. In general, Y1R as a novel target site and its selective ligand AP synergized with the P-gp inhibitor can be used for a more precise MDR breast cancer treatment.

Ameliorative effect of rosiglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator gamma agonist on adriamycin-induced cardio toxicity via suppressing oxidative stress and apoptosis

We investigated the rosiglitazone (RSG) effect on adriamycin (ADM)-induced cardio toxicity in experimental animals. Forty adult Wistar male rats were separated into four groups as follows: normal control; RSG (10 mg/kg)-treated; ADM (10 mg/kg)-administered; and ADM (10 mg/kg) + RSG (10 mg/kg)-treated. Serum lipid level, different biochemical biomarkers, histological analysis, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor/heme oxygenase-1 (Nrf2/HO-1), Caspase 3, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), and Bax gene expression were assessed in serum and cardiac tissue samples. Our results show that RSG treatment in ADM-administered animals significantly diminished low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and total cholesterol, and increases high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) in comparison with the ADM group. RSG treatment reduced the effect of ADM administration on cardiac dysfunction markers such as cardiac troponin T Creatine Kinase-MB, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase, showing the amelioration of cardio toxicity in ADM-administered rats. Additionally, RSG treatment significantly decreased the level of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide in cardiovascular tissue. RSG-treated rats in combination with ADM likewise showed a significant increase in reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase content, and the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) as compared with ADM group. Moreover, RSG treatment in ADM rats significantly increased an Nrf2 and HO-1 expression in comparison with ADM group. While in apoptosis parameters, RSG treatment in ADM rats significantly diminished a cleaved caspase-3 and Bax expression as well as expanded Bcl-2 expression when contrasted with ADM group of rats. In conclusion, RSG is capable of protecting heart toxicity in ADM-treated animals through defensive effects on oxidative stress and biochemical markers.

Carrier-Free Supramolecular Hydrogel Composed of Dual Drugs for Conquering Drug Resistance

The resistance of tumor cells to anticancer drugs has become one of the principal causes of the failure in clinical chemotherapy. To overcome this issue, developing feasible drug delivery systems for effective cancer therapy is urgently needed. In this work, we construct an amphiphilic drug self-delivery system consisting of Taxol and tyroservatide (YSV) to overcome drug resistance. The carrier-free supramolecular hydrogel composed of nanofibers is formed by the involved ester bond self-hydrolysis process, which has high drug loading efficiency and facilitates the delivery of both the hydrophobic Taxol and hydrophilic YSV. Because of the dual inhibitory function of YSV on histone deacetylase and P-glycoprotein, an improved combinational anticancer effect of the molecule against drug-resistant tumor cells in vitro is achieved. Furthermore, the designed drug self-delivery system exhibited enhanced antitumor efficiency and favorable biocompatibility in vivo when administered by tail vein injection. Our study provides a new strategy for fabricating a carrier-free supramolecular hydrogel to overcome drug resistance, which might open up an alternative avenue for the tumor combinational therapy.

Dietary flavonoids: Nano delivery and nanoparticles for cancer therapy

Application of nanotechnologies to cancer therapy might increase solubility and/or bioavailability of bioactive compounds of natural or synthetic origin and offers other potential benefits in cancer therapy, including selective targeting. In the present review we aim to evaluate in vivo studies on the anticancer activity of nanoparticles (NPs) obtained from food-derived flavonoids. From a systematic search a total of 60 studies were identified. Most of the studies involved the flavanol epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate and the flavonol quercetin, in both delivery and co-delivery (with anti-cancer drugs) systems. Moreover, some studies investigated the effects of other flavonoids, such as anthocyanins aglycones anthocyanidins, flavanones, flavones and isoflavonoids. NPs inhibited tumor growth in both xenograft and chemical-induced animal models of cancerogenesis. Encapsulation improved bioavailability and/or reduced toxicity of both flavonoids and/or co-delivered drugs, such as doxorubicin, docetaxel, paclitaxel, honokiol and vincristine. Moreover, flavonoids have been successfully applied in molecular targeted nanosystems. Selectivity for cancer cells involves pH- and/or reactive oxygen species-mediated mechanisms. Furthermore, flavonoids are good candidates as drug delivery for anticancer drugs in green synthesis systems. In conclusion, although human studies are needed, NPs obtained from food-derived flavonoids have promising anticancer effects in vivo.

PEG-Derivatized Dual-Functional Nanomicelles for Improved Cancer Therapy

Polymeric micelles have attracted considerable attention for effective delivery of poorly water-soluble cancer drugs. Polyethylene glycol (PEG), which has been approved for human use by the US Food and Drug Administration, is the most commonly used hydrophilic component of polymeric micelles because it is biocompatible and biodegradable. One disadvantage of traditional polymeric micelles is that they include a large amount of inert carrier materials, which do not contribute to therapeutic activity but increase cost and toxicity risk. A better alternative may be "dual-functional" micellar carriers, in which the hydrophobic carrier material (conjugated to PEG) has intrinsic therapeutic activity that complements, or even synergizes with, the antitumor activity of the drug cargo. This review summarizes recent progress in the development of PEG-derivatized dual-functional nanomicelles and surveys the evidence of their feasibility and promise for cancer therapy.

Anti-oxidative effects of catechins and theaflavins on glutamate-induced HT22 cell damage

Background: Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter that is involved in cell stress caused by oxidation. Polyphenolic compounds display various potential neuroprotective properties due to their ability to donate electrons and hydrogen atoms. Method: In this study, we evaluate the protective effect towards glutamate-induced HT22 cell damage. Two families of polyphenolic compounds are investigated, including the monomer polyphenol catechins, as well as the dimerized theaflavins. The cell apoptosis and intercellular ROS production are quantified by flow cytometry, and the protective mechanism is evaluated by quantifying the expression of cell apoptosis and energy related proteins. Result: Both sets of compounds protect cells against glutamate-induced oxidative stress, partially restore the cell viability, and prevent cells from apoptosis via bcl-2 and bax regulation, and attenuate intercellular ROS production. We demonstrate here that the protective effect is mediated by multiple factors, including reducing intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration, increasing glutathione level and related enzyme activity. Thus, the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) show inverse correlation of activity after catechins and theaflavins stimulation. Conclusion: These results suggest both catechins and theaflavins compounds protect cells from glutamate-induced damage via cell apoptosis-related proteins and indirect regulation of cellular energy enzymes. These natural sourced antioxidants provide potential therapeutic agents for glutamate accumulation and toxicity related diseases.

Self-assembled green tea polyphenol-based coordination nanomaterials to improve chemotherapy efficacy by inhibition of carbonyl reductase 1

Nanomedicine has become a promising approach to improve cancer chemotherapy. It remains a major challenge how to enhance anti-drug efficacy and reduce side effects of anti-cancer drugs. Herein, we report a self-assembled nanoplatform (FDEP NPs) by integration of doxorubicin (DOX) and epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) with the help of coordination between Fe3+ ions and polyphenols. The EGCG from FDEP NPs could inhibit the expression of carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1) protein and thereby inhibit the doxorubicinol (DOXOL) generation from DOX both in vitro and in vivo, thus the efficacy of DOX to cancerous cells is improved significantly. More importantly, the FDEP NPs could reduce cardiac toxicity and the DOX mediated toxicity to blood cells due to the repression of DOXOL production. Moreover, the blood half-life of FDEP NPs is longer than 23 h as determined by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of biodistribution of radiolabelled NPs and HPLC measurement of plasma level of DOX, ensuring high tumor accumulation of FDEP NPs by enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. The FDEP NPs also exhibited much improved antitumor effect over free drugs. Our work sheds new light on the engineering of nanomaterials for combination chemotherapy and may find unique clinical applications in the near future.

Polyphenol-Based Particles for Theranostics

Polyphenols, due to their high biocompatibility and wide occurrence in nature, have attracted increasing attention in the engineering of functional materials ranging from films, particles, to bulk hydrogels. Colloidal particles, such as nanogels, hollow capsules, mesoporous particles and core-shell structures, have been fabricated from polyphenols or their derivatives with a series of polymeric or biomolecular compounds through various covalent and non-covalent interactions. These particles can be designed with specific properties or functionalities, including multi-responsiveness, radical scavenging capabilities, and targeting abilities. Moreover, a range of cargos (e.g., imaging agents, anticancer drugs, therapeutic peptides or proteins, and nucleic acid fragments) can be incorporated into these particles. These cargo-loaded carriers have shown their advantages in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, especially of cancer. In this review, we summarize the assembly of polyphenol-based particles, including polydopamine (PDA) particles, metal-phenolic network (MPN)-based particles, and polymer-phenol particles, and their potential biomedical applications in various diagnostic and therapeutic applications.

Ingredients in Zijuan Pu'er Tea Extract Alleviate β-Amyloid Peptide Toxicity in a Caenorhabditis elegans Model of Alzheimer's Disease Likely through DAF-16

Amyloid-β, one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), is toxic to neurons and can also cause brain cell death. Oxidative stress is known to play an important role in AD, and there is strong evidence that oxidative stress is associated with amyloid-β. In the present study we report the protective effect of Zijuan Pu'er tea water extract (ZTWE) and the mixture of main ingredients (+)-catechins, caffeine and procyanidin (MCCP) in ZTWE on β-amyloid-induced toxicity in transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) CL4176 expressing the human Aβ_1⁻42 gene. ZTWE, (+)-catechins, caffeine, procyanidin and MCCP delayed the β-amyloid-induced paralysis to different degrees. The MCCP treatment did not affect the transcript abundance of amyloid-β transgene (amy-1); however, Thioflavin T staining showed a significant decrease in Aβ accumulation compared to untreated worms. Further research using transgenic worms found that MCCP promoted the translocation of DAF-16 from cytoplasm to nucleus and increased the expression of superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD-3). In addition, MCCP decreased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and increased the SOD activity in CL4176 worms. In conclusion, the results suggested that MCCP had a significant protective effect on β-amyloid-induced toxicity in C. elegans by reducing β-amyloid aggregation and inducing DAF-16 nuclear translocation that could activate the downstream signal pathway and enhance resistance to oxidative stress.

DOX-assisted functionalization of green tea polyphenol nanoparticles for effective chemo-photothermal cancer therapy

Green tea polyphenol nanoparticles with chemotherapeutic and photothermal performance exhibited effective anti-tumor effects in vivo with intravenous injection.