Hsa_circ_0030042 regulates abnormal autophagy and protects atherosclerotic plaque stability by targeting eIF4A3

Non-coding RNAs in acute ischemic stroke: from brain to periphery

Acute ischemic stroke is a clinical emergency and a condition with high morbidity, mortality, and disability. Accurate predictive, diagnostic, and prognostic biomarkers and effective therapeutic targets for acute ischemic stroke remain undetermined. With innovations in high-throughput gene sequencing analysis, many aberrantly expressed non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in the brain and peripheral blood after acute ischemic stroke have been found in clinical samples and experimental models. Differentially expressed ncRNAs in the post-stroke brain were demonstrated to play vital roles in pathological processes, leading to neuroprotection or deterioration, thus ncRNAs can serve as therapeutic targets in acute ischemic stroke. Moreover, distinctly expressed ncRNAs in the peripheral blood can be used as biomarkers for acute ischemic stroke prediction, diagnosis, and prognosis. In particular, ncRNAs in peripheral immune cells were recently shown to be involved in the peripheral and brain immune response after acute ischemic stroke. In this review, we consolidate the latest progress of research into the roles of ncRNAs (microRNAs, long ncRNAs, and circular RNAs) in the pathological processes of acute ischemic stroke-induced brain damage, as well as the potential of these ncRNAs to act as biomarkers for acute ischemic stroke prediction, diagnosis, and prognosis. Findings from this review will provide novel ideas for the clinical application of ncRNAs in acute ischemic stroke.

CircTOP1 targeted regulation of PTBP1 expression promotes the progression of coronary artery calcification

Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is a hallmark event in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, involving the phenotypic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) towards an osteogenic state. Despite this understanding, the molecular mechanisms governing the VSMC osteogenic switch remain incompletely elucidated. Here, we sought to examine the potential role of circular RNA (circRNA) in the context of CAC. Through transcriptome analysis of circRNA-seq, we identified circTOP1 as a potential candidate circRNA in individuals with CAC. Furthermore, we observed that overexpression of circTOP1 exacerbated vascular calcification in a CAC model. Subsequent pull-down assays revealed an interaction between circTOP1 and PTBP1, a putative target gene of circTOP1 in the context of CAC. In both in vivo and in vitro experiments, we observed heightened expression of circTOP1 and PTBP1 in the CAC model, and noted that reducing circTOP1 expression effectively reduced calcium salt deposits and mineralized nodules in model mice. Additionally, in vitro experiments demonstrated that overexpression of PTBP1 reversed the weakening of signaling caused by silencing circTOP1, thereby exacerbating the osteogenic transition and calcification of VSMC. Collectively, our findings suggested that circTOP1 promotes CAC by modulating PTBP1 expression to mediate VSMC transdifferentiation.

Circulating circ_0069094 is Correlated with the Present and Endothelial Injury of Acute Coronary Syndrome

To investigate the impacts of circ_0069094 on acute coronary syndrome. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression levels of circ_0069094, and its diagnostic performance was evaluated using ROC curve. Spearman's method was performed for correlation analysis. The levels of SOD, MDA, vWF in ACS rat models were assessed by commercial kits. The activities of H/R cell models were detected by CCK-8, Transwell, flow cytometry. The GO and KEGG were performed to analyze the function of targeted genes of miR-484. The concentration of circ_0069094 was decreased in patients with ACS, ACS rat models and H/R HUVEC models. The dysfunction of SOD, MDA, vWF, LVIDs, LVDD, and LVEF in the ACS models was regulated by the increase of circ_0069094. The viability, migration, apoptosis of the H/R models were regulated by circ_0069094. MiR-484 was a ceRNA of circ_0069094 and mediated the function of circ_0069094.

Modulation of atherosclerosis-related signaling pathways by Chinese herbal extracts: Recent evidence and perspectives

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease remains a preeminent cause of morbidity and mortality globally. The onset of atherosclerosis underpins the emergence of ischemic cardiovascular diseases, including coronary heart disease (CHD). Its pathogenesis entails multiple factors such as inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, vascular endothelial damage, foam cell formation, and platelet activation. Furthermore, it triggers the activation of diverse signaling pathways including Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), NF-E2-related factor 2/antioxidant response element (Nrf2/ARE), the Notch signaling pathway, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), nucleotide oligo-structural domain-like receptor thermoprotein structural domain-associated protein 3 (NLRP3), silencing information regulator 2-associated enzyme 1 (Sirt1), nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB), Circular RNA (Circ RNA), MicroRNA (mi RNA), Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT). Over recent decades, therapeutic approaches for atherosclerosis have been dominated by the utilization of high-intensity statins to reduce lipid levels, despite significant adverse effects. Consequently, there is a growing interest in the development of safer and more efficacious drugs and therapeutic modalities. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) offers a vital strategy for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Numerous studies have detailed the mechanisms through which TCM active ingredients modulate signaling molecules and influence the atherosclerotic process. This article reviews the signaling pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and the advancements in research on TCM extracts for prevention and treatment, drawing on original articles from various databases including Google Scholar, Medline, CNKI, Scopus, and Pubmed. The objective is to furnish a reference for the clinical management of cardiovascular diseases.

SPAG5 deficiency activates autophagy to reduce atherosclerotic plaque formation in ApoE-/- mice

BACKGROUND

Autophagy, as a regulator of cell survival, plays an important role in atherosclerosis (AS). Sperm associated antigen 5 (SPAG5) is closely associated with the classical autophagy pathway, PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. This work attempted to investigate whether SPAG5 can affect AS development by regulating autophagy.

METHODS

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with oxidized-low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) to induce cell damage. ApoE-/- mice were fed a Western diet to establish an AS mouse model. Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and Oil Red O staining evaluated the pathological changes and in lipid deposition in aortic tissues. CCK-8 and flow cytometry detected cell proliferation and apoptosis. Immunohistochemistry, Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, qRT-PCR and western blotting assessed the levels of mRNA and proteins.

RESULTS

Ox-LDL treatment elevated SPAG5 expression and the expression of autophagy-related proteins, LC3-I, LC3-II, Beclin-1, and p62, in HUVECs. GFP-LC3 dots were increased in ox-LDL-treated HUVECs and LPS-treated HUVECs. SPAG5 knockdown reversed both ox-LDL and LPS treatment-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation and promotion of apoptosis in HUVECs. SPAG5 silencing further elevated autophagy and repressed the expression of PI3K, p-Akt/Akt, and p-mTOR/mTOR in ox-LDL-treated HUVECs. 3-MA (autophagy inhibitor) treatment reversed SPAG5 silencing-mediated increase of cell proliferation and decrease of apoptosis in ox-LDL-treated HUVECs. In vivo, SPAG5 knockdown reduced atherosclerotic plaques in AS mice through activating autophagy and inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

CONCLUSION

This work demonstrated that SPAG5 knockdown alleviated AS development through activating autophagy. Thus, SPAG5 may be a potential target for AS therapy.

Signature and function of plasma exosome-derived circular RNAs in patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is one of the major causes of death and disability, and hypertensive ICH (HICH) is the most common type of ICH. Currently, the outcomes of HICH patients remain poor after treatment, and early prognosis prediction of HICH is important. However, there are limited effective clinical treatments and biomarkers for HICH patients. Although circRNA has been widely studied in diseases, the role of plasma exosomal circRNAs in HICH remains unknown. The present study was conducted to investigate the characteristics and function of plasma exosomal circRNAs in six HICH patients using circRNA microarray and bioinformatics analysis. The results showed that there were 499 differentially expressed exosomal circRNAs between the HICH patients and control subjects. According to GO annotation and KEGG pathway analyses, the targets regulated by differentially expressed exosomal circRNAs were tightly related to the development of HICH via nerve/neuronal growth, neuroinflammation and endothelial homeostasis. And the differentially expressed exosomal circRNAs could mainly bind to four RNA-binding proteins (EIF4A3, FMRP, AGO2 and HUR). Moreover, of differentially expressed exosomal circRNAs, hsa_circ_00054843, hsa_circ_0010493 and hsa_circ_00090516 were significantly associated with bleeding volume and Glasgow Coma Scale score of the subjects. Our findings firstly revealed that the plasma exosomal circRNAs are significantly involved in the progression of HICH, and could be potent biomarkers for HICH. This provides the basis for further research to pinpoint the best biomarkers and illustrate the mechanism of exosomal circRNAs in HICH.

Noncoding RNAs in atherosclerosis: regulation and therapeutic potential

Atherosclerosis, a chronic disease of arteries, results in high mortality worldwide as the leading cause of cardiovascular disease. The development of clinically relevant atherosclerosis involves the dysfunction of endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. A large amount of evidence indicates that noncoding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are involved in various physiological and pathological processes. Recently, noncoding RNAs were identified as key regulators in the development of atherosclerosis, including the dysfunction of endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells and it is pertinent to understand the potential function of noncoding RNAs in atherosclerosis development. In this review, the latest available research relates to the regulatory role of noncoding RNAs in the progression of atherosclerosis and the therapeutic potential for atherosclerosis is summarized. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the regulatory and interventional roles of ncRNAs in atherosclerosis and to inspire new insights for the prevention and treatment of this disease.

Qufeng tongluo decoction decreased proteinuria in diabetic mice by protecting podocytes via promoting autophagy

Background

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of diabetic complications, which has become the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease. In addition to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker(ACEI/ARB) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i), traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an effective alternative treatment for DKD. In this study, the effect of Qufeng Tongluo (QFTL) decoction in decreasing proteinuria has been observed and its mechanism has been explored based on autophagy regulation in podocyte.

Methods

In vivo study, db/db mice were used as diabetes model and db/m mice as blank control. Db/db mice were treated with QFTL decoction, rapamycin, QFTL + 3-Methyladenine (3-MA), trehalose, chloroquine (CQ) and QFTL + CQ. Mice urinary albumin/creatinine (UACR), nephrin and autophagy related proteins (LC3 and p62) in kidney tissue were detected after intervention of 9 weeks. Transcriptomics was operated with the kidney tissue from model group and QFTL group. In vitro study, mouse podocyte clone-5 (MPC-5) cells were stimulated with hyperglycemic media (30 mmol/L glucose) or cultured with normal media. High-glucose-stimulated MPC-5 cells were treated with QFTL freeze-drying powder, rapamycin, CQ, trehalose, QFTL+3-MA and QFTL + CQ. Cytoskeletal actin, nephrin, ATG-5, ATG-7, Beclin-1, cathepsin L and cathepsin B were assessed. mRFP-GFP-LC3 was established by stubRFP-sensGFP-LC3 lentivirus transfection.

Results

QFTL decoction decreased the UACR and increased the nephrin level in kidney tissue and high-glucose-stimulated podocytes. Autophagy inhibitors, including 3-MA and chloroquine blocked the effects of QFTL decoction. Further study showed that QFTL decoction increased the LC3 expression and relieved p62 accumulation in podocytes of db/db mice. In high-glucose-stimulated MPC-5 cells, QFTL decoction rescued the inhibited LC3 and promoted the expression of ATG-5, ATG-7, and Beclin-1, while had no effect on the activity of cathepsin L and cathepsin B. Results of transcriptomics also showed that 51 autophagy related genes were regulated by QFTL decoction, including the genes of ATG10, SCOC, ATG4C, AMPK catalytic subunit, PI3K catalytic subunit, ATG3 and DRAM2.

Conclusion

QFTL decoction decreased proteinuria and protected podocytes in db/db mice by regulating autophagy.

A unique circ_0067716/EIF4A3 double-negative feedback loop impacts malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells induced by benzo(a)pyrene

Benzo(a)pyrene as a pervasive environmental contaminant is characterized by its substantial genotoxicity, and epidemiological investigations have established a correlation between benzo(a)pyrene exposure and the susceptibility to human lung cancer. Notably, much research has focused on the link between epigenetic alterations and lung cancer induced by chemicals, although circRNAs are also emerging as relevant contributors to the carcinogenic process of benzo(a)pyrene. In this study, we identified circ_0067716 as being significantly upregulated in response to stress injury and downregulated during malignant transformation induced by benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE) in human bronchial epithelial cells. The observed differential expression of circ_0067716 in cells treated with BPDE for varying durations suggests a strong correlation between this circRNA and BPDE exposure. The tissue samples of lung cancer patients also suggest that a lower circ_0067716 expression is associated with BPDE-DNA adduct levels. Remarkably, we demonstrate that EIF4A3, located in the nucleus, interacts with the flanking sequences of circ_0067716 and inhibits its biogenesis. Conversely, circ_0067716 is capable of sequestering EIF4A3 in the cytoplasm, thereby preventing its translocation into the nucleus. EIF4A3 and circ_0067716 can form a double-negative feedback loop that could be affected by BPDE. During the initial phase of BPDE exposure, the expression of circ_0067716 was increased in response to stress injury, resulting in cell apoptosis through the involvement of miR-324-5p/DRAM1/BAX axis. Subsequently, as cellular adaptation progressed, long-term induction due to BPDE exposure led to an elevated EIF4A3 and a reduced circ_0067716 expression, which facilitated the proliferation of cells by stabilizing the PI3K/AKT pathway. Thus, our current study describes the effects of circ_0067716 on the genotoxicity and carcinogenesis induced by benzo(a)pyrene and puts forwards to the possible regulatory mechanism on the occurrence of smoking-related lung cancer, providing a unique insight based on epigenetics.

CircHIPK3 targets DRP1 to mediate hydrogen peroxide-induced necroptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells and atherosclerotic vulnerable plaque formation

INTRODUCTION

Necroptosis triggered by H2O2 is hypothesized to be a critical factor in the rupture of atherosclerotic plaques, which may precipitate acute cardiovascular events. Nevertheless, the specific regulatory molecules of this development remain unclear. We aims to elucidate a mechanism from the perspective of circular RNA.

OBJECTIVES

There are few studies on circRNA in VSMCs necroptosis. The objective of our research is to shed light on the intricate roles that circHIPK3 plays in the process of necroptosis in VSMCs and the development of atherosclerotic plaques that are prone to rupture. Our study elucidates the specific molecular mechanisms by which circHIPK3 regulates necroptosis and atherosclerotic vulnerable plaque formation through targeted proteins. Identifying this mechanism at the cellular level offers a molecular framework for understanding plaque progression and stability regulation, as well as a potential biomarker for the prognosis of susceptible atherosclerotic plaques.

METHODS

We collected clinical vascular tissue for HE staining and Masson staining to determine the presence and stability of plaques. Then, NCBI database was used to screen out circRNA with elevated expression level in plaque tissue, and the up-regulated circRNA, circHIPK3, was verified by qRT-PCR and FISH. Further, we synthesized circHIPK3's small interference sequence and overexpressed plasmid in vitro, and verified its regulation effect on necroptosis of VSMCs under physiological and pathological conditions by WB, qRT-PCR and PI staining. Through RNA pull down, mass spectrometry and RNA immunoprecipitation, DRP1 was identified as circHIPK3 binding protein and was positively regulated by circHIPK3. Meanwhile, on the basis of silencing of DRP1, the regulation of circHIPK3 on necroptosis is verified to be mediated by DRP1. Finally, we validated the regulation of circHIPK3 on vulnerable plaque formation in ApoE-/- mice.

RESULTS

We investigated that circHIPK3 was highly expressed in vulnerable plaques, and the increase in expression level promoted H2O2 induced necroptosis of VSMCs. CircHIPK3 targeted the protein DRP1, leading to an elevation in mitochondrial division rate, resulting in increased reactive oxygen species and impaired mitochondrial function, ultimately leading to necroptosis of VSMCs and vulnerable plaque formation.

CONCLUSION

CircHIPK3 interact with DRP1 involve in H2O2 induced Mitochondrial damage and necroptosis of VSMCs, and Silencing circHIPK3 in vivo can reduce atherosclerotic vulnerable plaque formation. Our research findings may have applications in providing diagnostic biomarkers for vulnerable plaques.

Role of Hsa_circ_0000880 in the Regulation of High Glucose-Induced Apoptosis of Retinal Microvascular Endothelial Cells

Purpose

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been verified to participate in multiple biological processes and disease progression. Yet, the role of circRNAs in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR) is still poorly understood and deserves further study. This study aimed to investigate the role of circRNAs in the regulation of high glucose (HG)-induced apoptosis of retinal microvascular endothelial cells (RMECs).

Methods

Epiretinal membranes from patients with DR and nondiabetic patients with idiopathic macular epiretinal membrane were collected for this study. The circRNA microarrays were performed using high-throughput sequencing. Hierarchical clustering, functional enrichment, and network regulation analyses were used to analyze the data generated by high-throughput sequencing. Next, RMECs were subjected to HG (25 mM) conditions to induce RMECs apoptosis in vitro. A series of experiments, such as Transwell, the Scratch wound, and tube formation, were conducted to explore the regulatory effect of circRNA on RMECs. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), immunofluorescence staining, and Western blot were used to study the mechanism underlying circRNA-mediated regulation.

Results

A total of 53 differentially expressed circRNAs were found in patients with DR. Among these, hsa_circ_0000880 was significantly upregulated in both the diabetic epiretinal membranes and in an in vitro DR model of HG-treated RMECs. Hsa_circ_0000880 knockout facilitated RMECs vitality and decreased the paracellular permeability of RMECs under hyperglycemia. More importantly, silencing of hsa_circ_0000880 significantly inhibited HG-induced ROS production and RMECs apoptosis. Hsa_circ_0000880 acted as an endogenous sponge for eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-III (EIF4A3). Knockout of hsa_circ_0000880 reversed HG-induced decrease in EIF4A3 protein level.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that hsa_circ_0000880 is a novel circRNA can induce RMECs apoptosis in response to HG conditions by sponging EIF4A3, offering an innovative treatment approach against DR.

Translational Relevance

The circRNAs participate in the dysregulation of microvascular endothelial function induced by HG conditions, indicating a promising therapeutic target for DR.

Circular RNAs: characteristics, functions, mechanisms, and potential applications in thyroid cancer

Thyroid cancer (TC) is one of the most common endocrine malignancies, and its incidence has increased globally. Despite extensive research, the underlying molecular mechanisms of TC remain partially understood, warranting continued exploration of molecular markers for diagnostic and prognostic applications. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have recently garnered significant attention owing to their distinct roles in cancers. This review article introduced the classification and biological functions of circRNAs and summarized their potential as diagnostic and prognostic markers in TC. Further, the interplay of circRNAs with PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Wnt/β-catenin, MAPK/ERK, Notch, JAK/STAT, and AMPK pathways is elaborated upon. The article culminates with an examination of circRNA's role in drug resistance of TC and highlights the challenges in circRNA research in TC.

Crosstalk between ubiquitin ligases and ncRNAs drives cardiovascular disease progression

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are multifactorial chronic diseases and have the highest rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays a crucial role in posttranslational modification and quality control of proteins, maintaining intracellular homeostasis via degradation of misfolded, short-lived, or nonfunctional regulatory proteins. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs, such as microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, circular RNAs and small interfering RNAs) serve as epigenetic factors and directly or indirectly participate in various physiological and pathological processes. NcRNAs that regulate ubiquitination or are regulated by the UPS are involved in the execution of target protein stability. The cross-linked relationship between the UPS, ncRNAs and CVDs has drawn researchers' attention. Herein, we provide an update on recent developments and perspectives on how the crosstalk of the UPS and ncRNAs affects the pathological mechanisms of CVDs, particularly myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and ischemic stroke. In addition, we further envision that RNA interference or ncRNA mimics or inhibitors targeting the UPS can potentially be used as therapeutic tools and strategies.

Circ_0030042 inhibits trophoblast cell growth, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition process in preeclampsia via miR-942-5p/LITAF

BACKGROUND

There is increasing evidence that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in the processes of preeclampsia (PE). Circ_0030042 was found to be abnormally expressed in PE patients. However, the role and molecular mechanism of circ_0030042 in PE progression remains unclear.

METHODS

Quantitative real-time PCR was used for determining the expression of circ_0030042, microRNA (miR)- 942-5p and lipopolysaccharide induced TNF-α factor (LITAF). Trophoblast cell functions were determined using cell counting kit 8 assay, EdU assay, flow cytometry and transwell assay. The protein levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related markers and LITAF were examined using western blot analysis. Dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA pull-down assay were used to verify RNA interaction.

RESULTS

Circ_0030042 had an elevated expression in PE patients, and its overexpression inhibited trophoblast cell growth, invasion, and EMT process. Circ_0030042 served as miR-942-5p sponge, and miR-942-5p inhibitor also reversed the regulation of circ_0030042 on trophoblast cell growth, invasion and EMT process. LITAF was targeted by miR-942-5p, and its knockdown abolished the inhibition effect of miR-942-5p on trophoblast cell growth, invasion, and EMT process. Also, circ_0030042 regulated LITAF expression via sponging miR-942-5p.

CONCLUSION

Circ_0030042 regulated trophoblast cell growth, invasion, and EMT process via the miR-942-5p/LITAF axis, providing a novel insight for PE treatment.

Circular RNAs: Regulators of endothelial cell dysfunction in atherosclerosis

Endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction is associated with atherosclerosis. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are covalently closed loops formed by back-splicing, are highly expressed in a tissue-specific or cell-specific manner, and regulate ECs mainly through miRNAs (mircoRNAs) or protein sponges. This review describes the regulatory mechanisms and physiological functions of circRNAs, as well as the differential expression of circRNAs in aberrant ECs. This review focuses on their roles in inflammation, proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, apoptosis, senescence, and autophagy in ECs from the perspective of signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-repeat family, pyrin-domain-containing 3 (NLRP3)/caspase-1, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), and phosphoinositide-3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt). Finally, we address the issues and recent advances in circRNAs as well as circRNA-mediated regulation of ECs to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of atherosclerosis and provide a reference for studies on circRNAs that regulate EC dysfunction and thus affect atherosclerosis.

CircLZIC regulates ox-LDL-induced HUVEC cell proliferation and apoptosis via Micro-330-5p/NOTCH2 axis in atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a major chronic non-communicable disease and a primary cause of cardiovascular disease. Recent studies have shown that circRNAs are potential epigenetic factors that regulate vascular endothelial inflammatory responses and AS progression. Therefore, identification of the circRNAs that regulate ox-LDL levels is a critical step to understanding the pathology of AS. Our study is aim to investigate how circLZIC regulates atherosclerosis (AS) via the Micro-330-5p/NOTCH2 regulatory axis. The results showed that CircLZIC and NOTCH2 are highly expressed in human AS clinical samples, while Micro-330-5p is expressed locally. The CCK-8 experiment results showed that circLZIC promotes the proliferation of HUVECS cells. Flow cytometry analysis showed that circLZIC act as an inhibitor of HUVEC cell apoptosis. The expression level of Micro-330-5p can be up-regulated by transfection of small interfering RNA against circLZIC. Further, Starbase predicted that Micro-330-5p could target and regulate NOTCH2. Next, we confirmed that overexpression of Micro-330-5p could significantly reduce the expression of fluorescein using the double Luciferase reporter assay. RIP-qRT-PCR experiment showed that Micro-330-5p and NOTCH2 mRNAs are effectively enriched by ago2 protein. Further, we found that knocking down circLZIC increases the expression of Micro-330-5p and promotes cell apoptosis, while inhibiting the expression of NOTCH2 and cell activity. On the other hand, co-transfection of Micro-330-5p inhibitor decreases Micro-330-5p expression and inhibit cell apoptosis, while increasing NOTCH2 expression and cell activity. In conclusion, CircLZIC regulates HUVEC cell activity by the Micro-330-5p/NOTCH2 signaling pathway, suggesting that circLZIC plays a key role in atherosclerosis development.

Circ-USP9X interacts with EIF4A3 to promote endothelial cell pyroptosis by regulating GSDMD stability in atherosclerosis

Endothelial pyroptosis is a pathological mechanism of atherosclerosis (AS). Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are vital in AS progression by regulating endothelial cell functions. The study aimed to explore whether circ-USP9× regulated pyroptosis of endothelial cell to involve in AS development and the molecular mechanism. Pyroptosis was determined using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry, propidium iodide (PI) staining assay, and western blot. The mechanism of circ-USP9× was determined using RNA pull-down and RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. Results showed that circ-USP9× was upregulated in AS and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Knockdown of circ-USP9× suppressed ox-LDL induced pyroptosis of HUVECs. Mechanically, circ-USP9× could bind to EIF4A3 in the cytoplasm. Moreover, EIF4A3 was bound to GSDMD and further affects GSDMD stability. Overexpression of EIF4A3 rescued cell pyroptosis induced by circ-USP9× depletion. In short, circ-USP9× interacted with EIF4A3 to enhance GSDMD stability, thus further promoting ox-LDL-induced pyroptosis of HUVECs. These findings suggested that circ-USP9× participates in AS progression and may be a potential therapeutic target for AS.

Superfamily II helicases: the potential therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) still maintain high morbidity and mortality globally. Helicases, a unique class of enzymes, are extensively implicated in the processes of nucleic acid (NA) metabolism across various organisms. They play a pivotal role in gene expression, inflammatory response, lipid metabolism, and so forth. However, abnormal helicase expression has been associated with immune response, cancer, and intellectual disability in humans. Superfamily II (SFII) is one of the largest and most diverse of the helicase superfamilies. Increasing evidence has implicated SFⅡ helicases in the pathogenesis of multiple CVDs. In this review, we comprehensively review the regulation mechanism of SFⅡ helicases in CVDs including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathies, and heart failure, which will contribute to the investigation of ideal therapeutic targets for CVDs.

Evaluation of long noncoding RNA (LncRNA) in pathogenesis of HELLP syndrome: diagnostic and future approach

HELLP syndrome is a disorder during pregnancy which is defined by elevation of liver enzymes, haemolysis, and low platelet count. This syndrome is a multifactorial one and both genetic and environmental components can have a crucial role in this syndrome's pathogenesis. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), are defined as long non-protein coding molecules (more than 200 nucleotides), which are functional units in most cellular processes such as cell cycle, differentiation, metabolism and some diseases progression. As these markers discovered, there has been some evidence that they have an important role in the function of some organs, such as placenta; therefore, alteration and dysregulation of these RNAs can develop or alleviate HELLP disorder. Although the role of lncRNAs has been shown in HELLP syndrome, the process is still unclear. In this review, our purpose is to evaluate the association between molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs and HELLP syndrome pathogenicity to elicit some novel approaches for HELLP diagnosis and treatment.

Tongqiao Mingmu formula alleviates retinal ganglion cell autophagy through PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway

Glaucoma is a severe blindness-causing optic nerve disease characterized by a loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Previous studies have shown that the Tongqiao Mingmu (TQMM) formula can reduce retinal and optic nerve damage, but its mechanism of action requires further elucidation. In this study, an RGC injury model was prepared using glutamate and then treated with serum-containing drug from the TQMM formula (hereafter called "TQMM formula serum"). In the glutamate-induced RGC injury model, cell viability decreased with an increase in glutamate concentration, whereas the expression of autophagy-related biomarkers LC3 and Belicin-1 increased. An adenovirus transfection experiment revealed that glutamate markedly promoted autophagic flux in RGCs. Notably, TQMM formula serum inhibited the expression of autophagy-related biomarkers, reduced autophagy flux, and reversed the damage caused by glutamate to RGCs. Furthermore, the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 was used to intervene in the RGC autophagy model and was found to suppress the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and enhance RGC autophagy. However, TQMM formula serum could generate an opposite effect and upregulate the expressions of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway genes and proteins. In conclusion, the TQMM formula can prevent glutamate-induced autophagy in RGCs, possibly by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and reducing the expression of autophagy-related biomarkers LC3 and Belicin-1 to attenuate autophagy and maintain RGC viability.

Noncoding RNAs: Versatile regulators of endothelial dysfunction

Noncoding RNAs have recently emerged as versatile regulators of endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of plaques within the arterial walls. Through their ability to modulate gene expression, noncoding RNAs, including microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs, play crucial roles in various cellular processes involved in endothelial dysfunction (ECD), such as inflammation, pyroptosis, migration, proliferation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and angiogenesis. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the regulatory roles of noncoding RNAs in endothelial dysfunction during atherosclerosis. It highlights the specific noncoding RNAs that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of ECD, their target genes, and the mechanisms by which they contribute to ECD. Furthermore, we have reviewed the current therapeutics in atherosclerosis and explore their interaction with noncoding RNAs. Understanding the intricate regulatory network of noncoding RNAs in ECD may open up new opportunities for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to combat ECD.

Circular RNA ZBTB46 depletion alleviates the progression of Atherosclerosis by regulating the ubiquitination and degradation of hnRNPA2B1 via the AKT/mTOR pathway

BACKGROUND

CircZBTB46 has been identified as being associated with the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) and has the potential to be a diagnostic biomarker for CAD. However, the specific function and detailed mechanism of circZBTB46 in CAD are still unknown.

METHODS

The expression levels and properties of circRNAs were examined using qRT‒PCR, RNA FISH, and subcellular localization analysis. ApoE-/- mice fed a high-fat diet were used to establish an atherosclerosis model. HE, Masson, and Oil Red O staining were used to analyze the morphological features of the plaque. CCK-8, Transwell, and wound healing assays, and flow cytometric analysis were used to evaluate cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. RNA pull-down, silver staining, mass spectrometry analysis, and RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) were performed to identify the interacting proteins of circZBTB46.

RESULTS

CircZBTB46 is highly conserved and is significantly upregulated in atherosclerotic lesions. Functional studies revealed that knockdown of circZBTB46 significantly decreased the atherosclerotic plaque area, attenuating the progression of atherosclerosis. In addition, silencing circZBTB46 inhibited cell proliferation and migration and induced apoptosis. Mechanistically, circZBTB46 physically interacted with hnRNPA2B1 and suppressed its degradation, thereby regulating cell functions and the formation of aortic atherosclerotic plaques. Additionally, circZBTB46 was identified as a functional mediator of PTEN-dependent regulation of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and thus affected cell proliferation and migration and induced apoptosis.

CONCLUSION

Our study provides the first direct evidence that circZBTB46 functions as an important regulatory molecule for CAD progression by interacting with hnRNPA2B1 and regulating the PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway.

A novel circular RNA, circSQSTM1, protects the endothelial function in atherosclerosis

A novel circRNA named circSQSTM1 (hsa_circRNA_075320) was screened out in atorvastatin (ATV) stimulated endothelial cells (ECs) by our group. Considering the anti-atherosclerotic function of ATV, we hypothesized the circSQSTM1 could protect ECs functions in AS progression. The effects of circSQSTM1 on ECs inflammation, oxidative stress and autophagy were measured by qRT-PCR, Western blotting, monocyte-endothelial adhesion assay, dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate and mCherry-GFP-LC3 labeling. A luciferase reporter assay, RNA immunoprecipitation, MS2-tagging system and fluorescence in situ hybridization were performed to identify the biological functions of circSQSTM1. The partial left carotid artery ligation model and atherosclerosis model were established to analyze the effects of circSQSTM1 on atherosclerosis progression in vivo. Our results revealed that ATV induced the accumulation of circSQSTM1 in ECs via suppressing m6A modified degradation. In the cytoplasm, circSQSTM1 could relieve Sirt1 by competitively sponging miR-23b-3p. In the nucleus, circSQSTM1 directly interacts with eIF4A3 and promoting the efficient nuclear export of FOXO1 mRNA, which encodes FOXO1 transcription factor to directly activate Sirt1 promoter activity. Hence, circSQSTM1 reduced inflammation, inhibited oxidative stress and promoted autophagy by upregulating Sirt1 in ECs. Moreover, circSQSTM1 overexpression in ECs attenuated the progression of atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. Taken together, the unique noncoding RNA known as circSQSTM1 took a protective role to the ECs in atherosclerosis.

The regulation of circRNA and lncRNAprotein binding in cardiovascular diseases: Emerging therapeutic targets

Noncoding ribonucleic acids (ncRNAs) are a class of ribonucleic acids (RNAs) that carry cellular information and perform essential functions. This class encompasses various RNAs, such as small nuclear ribonucleic acids (snRNA), small interfering ribonucleic acids (siRNA) and many other kinds of RNA. Of these, circular ribonucleic acids (circRNAs) and long noncoding ribonucleic acids (lncRNAs) are two types of ncRNAs that regulate crucial physiological and pathological processes, including binding, in several organs through interactions with other RNAs or proteins. Recent studies indicate that these RNAs interact with various proteins, including protein 53, nuclear factor-kappa B, vascular endothelial growth factor, and fused in sarcoma/translocated in liposarcoma, to regulate both the histological and electrophysiological aspects of cardiac development as well as cardiovascular pathogenesis, ultimately leading to a variety of genetic heart diseases, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, rheumatic heart disease and cardiomyopathies. This paper presents a thorough review of recent studies on circRNA and lncRNAprotein binding within cardiac and vascular cells. It offers insight into the molecular mechanisms involved and emphasizes potential implications for treating cardiovascular diseases.

Role of Circular RNAs in Atherosclerosis through Regulation of Inflammation, Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Apoptosis: Focus on Atherosclerotic Cerebrovascular Disease

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a disease dangerous to human health and the main pathological cause of ischemic cardiovascular diseases. Although its pathogenesis is not fully understood, numerous basic and clinical studies have shown that AS is a chronic inflammatory disease existing in all stages of atherogenesis. It may be a common link or pathway in the pathogenesis of multiple atherogenic factors. Inflammation is associated with AS complications, such as plaque rupture and ischemic cerebral infarction. In addition to inflammation, apoptosis plays an important role in AS. Apoptosis is a type of programmed cell death, and different apoptotic cells have different or even opposite roles in the process of AS. Unlike linear RNA, circular RNA (circRNA) a covalently closed circular non-coding RNA, is stable and can sponge miRNA, which can affect the stages of AS by regulating downstream pathways. Ultimately, circRNAs play very important roles in AS by regulating inflammation, apoptosis, and some other mechanisms. The study of circular RNAs can provide new ideas for the prediction, prevention, and treatment of AS.

LncRNA CASC11 upregulation promotes HDAC4 to alleviate oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced injury of cardiac microvascular endothelial cells

Long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) are essential to regulate the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD). This study was conducted to analyze the functionality of long noncoding RNA cancer susceptibility candidate 11 (lncRNA CASC11) in oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced injury of cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs). CMECs were treated with ox-LDL to induce the CAD cell model. The cellular expression levels of CASC11 and histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) were determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction or Western blot assay. Cell absorbance, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and inflammation were evaluated by cell counting kit-8, flow cytometry, tube formation, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The subcellular localization of CASC11 was examined by the nuclear/cytoplasmic fractionation assay. The binding of human antigen R (HuR) to CASC11 and HDAC4 was analyzed by RNA immunoprecipitation. HDAC4 stability was determined after actinomycin D treatment. CASC11 was found to be decreased in the CAD cell model. CASC11 upregulation increased cell viability and angiogenesis and reduced apoptosis and inflammation. CASC11 bound to HuR and improved HDAC4 expression. HDAC4 downregulation counteracted the protective role of CASC11 overexpression in CMECs. In summary, CASC11 alleviated ox-LDL-induced injury of CMECs by binding to HuR and stabilizing HDAC4.

Circular RNA as Therapeutic Targets in Atherosclerosis: Are We Running in Circles?

Much attention has been paid lately to harnessing the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of non-coding circular ribonucleic acids (circRNAs) and micro-RNAs (miRNAs) for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The genetic environment that contributes to atherosclerosis pathophysiology is immensely complex. Any potential therapeutic application of circRNAs must be assessed for risks, benefits, and off-target effects in both the short and long term. A search of the online PubMed database for publications related to circRNA and atherosclerosis from 2016 to 2022 was conducted. These studies were reviewed for their design, including methods for developing atherosclerosis and the effects of the corresponding atherosclerotic environment on circRNA expression. Investigated mechanisms were recorded, including associated miRNA, genes, and ultimate effects on cell mechanics, and inflammatory markers. The most investigated circRNAs were then further analyzed for redundant, disparate, and/or contradictory findings. Many disparate, opposing, and contradictory effects were observed across experiments. These include levels of the expression of a particular circRNA in atherosclerotic environments, attempted ascertainment of the in toto effects of circRNA or miRNA silencing on atherosclerosis progression, and off-target, cell-specific, and disease-specific effects. The high potential for detrimental and unpredictable off-target effects downstream of circRNA manipulation will likely render the practice of therapeutic targeting of circRNA or miRNA molecules not only complicated but perilous.

CircRNA7632 down-regulation alleviates endothelial cell dysfunction in Kawasaki disease via regulating IL-33 expression

Kawasaki disease (KD) is a form of idiopathic vasculitis frequently accompanied by coronary artery lesions, which involves endothelial dysfunction. Recent studies have demonstrated that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are implicated in many cardiovascular diseases. However, few studies have examined the role of circRNAs on endothelial dysfunction in KD. In this study, we investigated the role of circ7632 on endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) in KD and then explored the underlying mechanism. Children diagnosed with KD and age-matched healthy controls (HC) were included. Sera samples were collected. Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were obtained and incubated with 15% HC and KD serum for 48 h. The mRNA and protein expression of mesenchymal markers vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and endothelial marker zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in HUVECs transfected with plasmid-circ7632 and si-circ7632 were detected by RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis. CCK8, scratch test, and migration test were performed to examine the effect of circ7632 on the cell proliferation and migration. The circ7632 level was higher in HUVECs treated by KD serum than in HUVECs treated with HC serum. Overexpression of circ7632 significantly increased vimentin and α-SMA expression, decreased ZO-1 expression, and also decreased cell proliferation. Down-regulation of circ7632 expression got the opposite results. RNA-seq analysis, and confirmatory experiment displayed that down-regulation of circ7632 decreased IL-33 expression, and IL-33 silencing mitigated KD serum-mediated EndoMT. Our study revealed that circ7632 level was elevated in KD serum-treated HUVECs. Circ7632 down-regulation could alleviate EndoMT likely through decreasing IL-33 expression. The circ7632 may become a potential therapeutic target for KD.

Interaction between the expression of hsa_circRPRD1A and hsa_circHERPUD2 and classical coronary risk factors promotes the development of coronary artery disease

BACKGROUND

Recent studies suggest that classical coronary risk factors play a significant role in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease. Our study aims to explore the interaction of circRNA with classical coronary risk factors in coronary atherosclerotic disease.

METHOD

Combined analysis of RNA sequencing results from coronary segments and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with coronary atherosclerotic disease was employed to identify critical circRNAs. Competing endogenous RNA networks were constructed by miRanda-3.3a and TargetScan7.0. The relative expression quantity of circRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was determined by qRT-PCR in a large cohort including 256 patients and 49 controls. Spearman's correlation test, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, multivariable logistic regression analysis, one-way analysis of variance, and crossover analysis were performed.

RESULTS

A total of 34 circRNAs were entered into our study, hsa_circRPRD1A, hsa_circHERPUD2, hsa_circLMBR1, and hsa_circDHTKD1 were selected for further investigation. A circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network is composed of 20 microRNAs and 66 mRNAs. The expression of hsa_circRPRD1A (P = 0.004) and hsa_circHERPUD2 (P = 0.003) were significantly down-regulated in patients with coronary artery disease compared to controls. The area under the curve of hsa_circRPRD1A and hsa_circHERPUD2 is 0.689 and 0.662, respectively. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses identified hsa_circRPRD1A (OR = 0.613, 95%CI:0.380-0.987, P = 0.044) as a protective factor for coronary artery disease. Based on the additive model, crossover analysis demonstrated that there was an antagonistic interaction between the expression of hsa_circHERPUD2 and alcohol consumption in subjects with coronary artery disease.

CONCLUSION

Our findings imply that hsa_circRPRD1A and hsa_circHERPUD2 could be used as biomarkers for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease and provide epidemiological support for the interactions between circRNAs and classical coronary risk factors.

Mechanisms of Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction in the treatment of coronary heart disease based on integrated metabolomics and network pharmacology approach

Coronary heart disease (CHD) has become the leading cause of mortality, morbidity, and disability worldwide. Though the therapeutic effect of Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction (XFZY) on CHD has been demonstrated in China, the active ingredients and molecular mechanisms of XFZY have not been elucidated. The purpose of the current study is to explore the molecular mechanisms of XFZY in the treatment of CHD via network pharmacology, metabolomics, and experimental validation. First, we established a CHD rat model by permanently ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), and evaluated the therapeutic effect of XFZY by hemorheology and histopathology. Second, network pharmacology was employed to screen the active ingredients and potential targets of XFZY for the treatment of CHD. Metabolomic was applied to identify the molecules present in the serum after XFZY treatment. Third, the results of network pharmacology and metabolomics were further analyzed by Cytoscape to elucidate the core ingredients and pathways. Finally, the obtained key pathways were verified by transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence assay. The results showed that XFZY was effective in the treatment of CHD in the rat model, and the highest dose exerted the best effect. Network pharmacology analysis revealed 215 active ingredients and 129 key targets associated with XFZY treatment of CHD. These targets were enriched in pathways of cancer, lipid and atherosclerosis, fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, proteoglycans in cancer, chemical carcinogenesis - receptor activation, HIF-1 signaling, et al. Serum metabolomic identified 1081 metabolites involved in the therapeutic effect of XFZY on CHD. These metabolites were enriched in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, histidine metabolism, retrograde endocannabinoid signaling pathways, et al. Cytoscape analysis combining the data from serum metabolomic and network pharmacology revealed that energy metabolism as the core pathway for XFZY treatment of CHD. Electron microscope observation identified changes in the level of autophagy in the mitochondrial structure of cardiomyocytes. Immunofluorescence assay showed that the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins LC3-B and P62/SQSTM1 were consistent with the levels of autophagy observed in mitochondria. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the possible mechanisms of XFZY in the treatment of CHD are reducing the level of autophagy, improving energy metabolism, and maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis in cardiomyocytes. Our study also shows that the combined strategies of network pharmacology, metabolomics, and experimental validation may provide a powerful approach for TCM pharmacology study.

Insights into circular RNAs : Biogenesis, function and their regulatory roles in cardiovascular disease

As a distinctive member of the noncoding RNA family, circular RNAs (circRNAs) are generated from single-stranded, covalently closed structures and are ubiquitous in mammalian cells and tissues. Due to its atypical circular architecture, it was conventionally deemed insignificant dark matter for a prolonged duration. Nevertheless, studies conducted over the last decade have demonstrated that this abundant, structurally stable and tissue-specific RNA has been increasingly relevant in diverse diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Therefore, regulatory pathways controlled by circRNAs are widely involved in the occurrence and pathological processes of CVDs through their function as miRNA sponges, protein sponges and protein scaffolds. To better understand the role of circRNAs and their complex regulatory networks in CVDs, we summarize current knowledge of their biogenesis and function and the latest research on circRNAs in CVDs, with the hope of paving the way for the identification of promising biomarkers and therapeutic strategies for CVDs.

RNA Sequencing Reveals the Differentially Expressed circRNAs between Stable and Unstable Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaques

Objective. This study aimed to identify circular RNA profiles (circRNAs) via high-throughput RNA sequencing and distinguish the differentially expressed (DE) circRNAs between stable and unstable plaques. Methods. RNA sequencing was performed on unstable and stable carotid plaque samples obtained from patients with carotid artery stenosis. DE circRNAs were screened, and six DE circRNAs were verified using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Functional evaluation of the DE circRNAs was conducted via Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses. Results. We screened 344 DE circRNAs in unstable plaques, consisting of 342 upregulated and 2 downregulated circRNAs. GO analysis showed that the host genes of the upregulated circRNAs were related to ER to Golgi transport vesicle membrane, endocytic vesicle membrane, and Ran GTPase binding. KEGG analysis revealed that the host genes of the upregulated circRNAs were primarily associated with protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, lysine degradation, homologous recombination, epithelial cell signaling in Helicobacter pylori infection, and yersinia infection. The results of qRT-PCR verified three upregulated DE circRNAs and two downregulated DE circRNAs in unstable plaques. Conclusion. Hsa-circ-0001523, hsa-circ-0008950, hsa-circ-0000571, hsa-circ-0001946, and hsa-circ-0000745 may be involved in regulating the stability of atherosclerotic plaques and serves as a therapeutic target for unstable plaques.

LINC00659 exacerbates endothelial progenitor cell dysfunction in deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities by activating DNMT3A-mediated FGF1 promoter methylation

It has been shown that long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) LINC00659 was markedly upregulated in the peripheral blood of patients with deep venous thrombosis (DVT). However, the function of LINC00659 in lower extremity DVT (LEDVT) remains to be largely unrevealed. A total of 30 inferior vena cava (IVC) tissue samples and peripheral blood (60 ml per subject) were obtained from LEDVT patients (n = 15) and healthy donors (n = 15), and then LINC00659 expression was detected by RT-qPCR. The results displayed that LINC00659 is upregulated in IVC tissues and isolated endothelial group cells (EPCs) of patients with LEDVT. LINC00659 knock-down promoted the proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis ability of EPCs, while an pcDNA-eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A3 (EIF4A3), a EIF4A3 overexpression vector, or fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) small interfering RNA (siRNA) combined with LINC00659 siRNA could not enhance this effect. Mechanistically, LINC00659 bound with EIF4A3 promoter to upregulated EIF4A3 expression. Besides, EIF4A3 could facilitate FGF1 methylation and its downregulated expression by recruiting DNA methyltransferases 3A (DNMT3A) to the FGF1 promoter region. Additionally, LINC00659 inhibition could alleviate LEDVT in mice. In summary, the data indicated the roles of LINC00659 in the pathogenesis of LEDVT, and the LINC00659/EIF4A3/FGF1 axis could be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of LEDVT.

CircRnas in atherosclerosis, with special emphasis on the spongy effect of circRnas on miRnas

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease, which leads to atherosclerotic rupture, lumen stenosis and thrombosis, and often endangers life. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a special class of non-coding RNA molecules, whose abnormal expression has been proved to be closely related to human diseases, including AS. Both the abnormal regulation of circRNAs and the sponging effect on miRNAs would lead to changes in gene expression in the form of epigenetic modification, ultimately leading to the formation of AS. CircRNAs can be used as peripheral blood markers of AS, and play an important regulatory role in the proliferation, migration, inflammation and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells and macrophage, which are key cells for the development of AS. The in-depth understanding of circRNAs in AS not only provides a new method for the diagnosis of AS, but also provides a new idea for the treatment of AS.

The Intricate Role of Non-Coding RNAs in Sepsis-Associated Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is a type of tissue and organ dysregulation in sepsis, due mainly to the effect of the inflammation on the coagulation system. Unfortunately, the underlying molecular mechanisms that lead to this disorder are not fully understood. Moreover, current biomarkers for DIC, including biological and clinical parameters, generally provide a poor diagnosis and prognosis. In recent years, non-coding RNAs have been studied as promising and robust biomarkers for a variety of diseases. Thus, their potential in the diagnosis and prognosis of DIC should be further studied. Specifically, the relationship between the coagulation cascade and non-coding RNAs should be established. In this review, microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs are studied in relation to DIC. Specifically, the axis between these non-coding RNAs and the corresponding affected pathway has been identified, including inflammation, alteration of the coagulation cascade, and endothelial damage. The main affected pathway identified is PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis, where several ncRNAs participate in its regulation, including miR-122-5p which is sponged by circ_0005963, ciRS-122, and circPTN, and miR-19a-3p which is modulated by circ_0000096 and circ_0063425. Additionally, both miR-223 and miR-24 were found to affect the PI3K/AKT pathway and were regulated by lncGAS5 and lncKCNQ1OT1, respectively. Thus, this work provides a useful pipeline of inter-connected ncRNAs that future research on their impact on DIC can further explore.

Key circRNAs from goat: discovery, integrated regulatory network and their putative roles in the differentiation of intramuscular adipocytes

BACKGROUND

The procession of preadipocytes differentiation into mature adipocytes involves multiple cellular and signal transduction pathways. Recently. a seirces of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including circular RNAs (circRNAs) were proved to play important roles in regulating differentiation of adipocytes.

RESULT

In this study, we aimed to identificate the potential circRNAs in the early and late stages of goat intramuscular adipocytes differentiation. Using bioinformatics methods to predict their biological functions and map the circRNA-miRNA interaction network. Over 104 million clean reads in goat intramuscular preadipocytes and adipocytes were mapped, of which16 circRNAs were differentially expressed (DE-circRNAs). Furthermore, we used real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) technology to randomly detect the expression levels of 8 circRNAs among the DE-circRNAs, and our result verifies the accuracy of the RNA-seq data. From the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of the DE-circRNAs, two circRNAs, circ_0005870 and circ_0000946, were found in Focal adhesion and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Then we draw the circRNA-miRNA interaction network and obtained the miRNAs that possibly interact with circ_0005870 and circ_0000946. Using TargetScan, miRTarBase and miR-TCDS online databases, we further obtained the mRNAs that may interact with the miRNAs, and generated the final circRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction network. Combined with the following GO (Gene Ontology) and KEGG enrichment analysis, we obtained 5 key mRNAs related to adipocyte differentiation in our interaction network, which are FOXO3(forkhead box O3), PPP2CA (protein phosphatase 2 catalytic subunit alpha), EEIF4E (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4), CDK6 (cyclin dependent kinase 6) and ACVR1 (activin A receptor type 1).

CONCLUSIONS

By using Illumina HiSeq and online databases, we generated the final circRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction network that have valuable functions in adipocyte differentiation. Our work serves as a valuable genomic resource for in-depth exploration of the molecular mechanism of ncRNAs interaction network regulating adipocyte differentiation.

LINC00926 is involved in hypoxia-induced vascular endothelial cell dysfunction via miR-3194-5p regulating JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway

Vascular endothelial cell (VEC) dysfunction is associated with the development of coronary heart disease (CHD). Long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 926 (LINC00926), a kind of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), has been found to be abnormally expressed in CHD patients. However, the biological role of LINC00926 has not been reported. In our research, we intended to explore the regulatory mechanism of LINC00926 in hypoxia-exposed HUVEC cells (HUVECs). In our in vitro study, HUVECs were exposed under hypoxic conditions (5% O2) for 24 h. RT-qPCR and Western blotting assay were used to detect the mRNA and protein levels. CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, transwell assay and in vitro angiogenesis assay were performed to measure cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and tube formation, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis was applied to predict the target of LINC00926 and miR-3194-5p, which was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assays. The results showed that LINC00926 was highly expressed in CHD patients and hypoxia-exposed HUVECs. LINC00926 overexpression suppressed cell proliferation, migration and tube formation and increased cell apoptosis. MiR-3194-5p was a target of LINC00926 and can target binding to JAK1 3'UTR. LINC00926 could up-regulate JAK1 and p-STAT3 levels via miR-3194-5p. In addition, overexpressed LINC00926 suppressed cell proliferation, migration and tube formation and increased cell apoptosis via miR-3194-5p/JAK1/STAT3 axis. In summary, LINC00926 aggravated endothelial cell dysfunction via miR-3194-5p regulating JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway in hypoxia-exposed HUVECs.

Oxygenized Low-Density Lipoprotein-Induced ASMC Dysregulation Depends on circ_0000345-Mediated Regulatory Mechanism

AIMS

Vascular smooth muscle cells are key participants in atherosclerosis. Circular RNA hsa_circ_0000345 (circ_0000345) and miR-647 are related to oxygenized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced arterial smooth muscle cell (ASMC) dysregulation. However, the relationship between circ_0000345 and miR-647 in ox-LDL-induced ASMC dysregulation is unclear.

METHODS

Relative levels of circ_0000345, miR-647, and PAP-associated domain containing 5 (PAPD5) mRNA in AS patient's serum and ox-LDL-induced ASMCs were detected via RT-qPCR. Gain-of-function experiments were utilized to analyze the effects of circ_0000345 upregulation on ox-LDL-induced cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and inflammatory response in ASMCs. The relationship between circ_0000345 or PAPD5 and miR-647 was validated by dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation assays.

RESULTS

Circ_0000345 and PAPD5 were lowly expressed in AS patient's serum and ox-LDL-induced ASMCs, while miR-647 expression had an opposing trend. Mechanistically, circ_0000345 was verified as a miR-647 sponge, and miR-647 overexpression impaired the inhibitory effects of circ_0000345 upregulation on ox-LDL-induced ASMC proliferation, migration, invasion, and inflammatory response. Further experiments demonstrated that PAPD5 was a miR-647 target, and circ_0000345 adsorbed miR-647 to mediate PAPD5 expression. Also, PAPD5 inhibition relieved miR-647 silencing-mediated suppression on ox-LDL-induced ASMC proliferation, migration, invasion, and inflammatory response.

CONCLUSIONS

Circ_0000345 elevated PAPD5 expression via acting as a miR-647 sponge, resulting in alleviating ox-LDL-induced ASMC dysregulation. The study highlighted the critical role of circ_0000345 in AS.

Non-Coding RNAs in Regulating Plaque Progression and Remodeling of Extracellular Matrix in Atherosclerosis

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) regulate cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, inflammation, metabolism of clinically important biomolecules, and other cellular processes. They do not encode proteins but are involved in the regulatory network of various proteins that are directly related to the pathogenesis of diseases. Little is known about the ncRNA-associated mechanisms of atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular disorders. Remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is critical in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and related disorders; however, its regulatory proteins are the potential subjects to explore with special emphasis on epigenetic regulatory components. The activity of regulatory proteins involved in ECM remodeling is regulated by various ncRNA molecules, as evident from recent research. Thus, it is important to critically evaluate the existing literature to enhance the understanding of nc-RNAs-regulated molecular mechanisms regulating ECM components, remodeling, and progression of atherosclerosis. This is crucial since deregulated ECM remodeling contributes to atherosclerosis. Thus, an in-depth understanding of ncRNA-associated ECM remodeling may identify novel targets for the treatment of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases.

circ_0086296 induced atherosclerotic lesions via the IFIT1/STAT1 feedback loop by sponging miR-576-3p

Extensive inflammation of endothelial cells (ECs) facilitates atherosclerotic lesion formation. Circular RNA (circRNA) participates in atherosclerosis (AS)-related inflammation responses; however, whether and how circ_0086296 regulates atherosclerotic inflammation and lesions have not been investigated. Microarray analysis, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and fluorescence in situ hybridization assay were performed to detect the expression and location of hsa_circ_0086296 in human carotid artery plaques, aorta of atherosclerotic mice, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Sanger sequencing was used to verify the loop structure of circ_0086296. The relationship among circ_0086296, miR-576-3p, IFIT1, STAT1, and EIF4A3 was validated using bioinformatics, luciferase assay, RNA pull-down assay, and RNA immunoprecipitation. The atherosclerosis mouse model was used to evaluate the function of circ_0086296 in vivo. circ_0086296 expression was significantly upregulated in human carotid artery plaques, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-treated HUVECs, and the aorta of atherosclerotic mice. Functional analysis indicated that circ_0086296 promotes ECs injury in vitro and atherosclerosis progression in vivo. The mechanism analysis indicated that circ_0086296 sponged miR-576-3p to promote IFIT1–STAT1 expression. Moreover, STAT1 upregulated circ_0086296 expression, forming the circ_0086296/miR-576-3p/IFIT1/STAT1 feedback loop. Notably, inhibition of the circ_0086296/miR-576-3p/IFIT1 axis could block atherosclerotic lesion formation both in vivo and in vitro. Finally, circ_0086296 was overexpressed in exosomes of patients with atherosclerosis and exosomes of ox-LDL-treated ECs. Therefore, the circ_0086296/miR-576-3p/IFIT1/STAT1 feedback loop participates in atherosclerosis progression and contributes to the high circ_0086296 expression observed in the exosomes of serum of patients with atherosclerosis. This study sought to provide a deep understanding of the mechanisms underlying the aberrant EC phenotype in AS.

Salvia chinensia Benth induces autophagy in esophageal cancer cells via AMPK/ULK1 signaling pathway

Salvia chinensia Benth (Shijianchuan in Chinese, SJC) has been used as a traditional anti-cancer herb. SJC showed good anti-esophageal cancer efficacy based on our clinical application. However, the current research on SJC is minimal, and its anti-cancer effect lacks scientific certification. This study aims to clarify the inhibitory effect of SJC on esophageal cancer and explore its underlying mechanism. Q-Orbitrap high-resolution LC/MS was used to identify the primary chemical constituents in SJC. Cell proliferation and colony formation assays showed that SJC could effectively inhibit the growth of esophageal tumor cells in vitro. To clarify its mechanism of action, proteomic and bioinformatic analyses were carried out by combining tandem mass labeling and two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD035823. The results indicated that SJC could activate AMPK signaling pathway and effectively promote autophagy in esophageal cancer cells. Therefore, we further used western blotting to confirm that SJC activated autophagy in esophageal cancer cells through the AMPK/ULK1 signaling pathway. The results showed that P-AMPK and P-ULK1 were significantly up-regulated after the treatment with SJC. The ratio of autophagosomes marker proteins LC3II/I was significantly increased. In addition, the expression of the autophagy substrate protein P62 decreased with the degradation of autophagosomes. Using lentiviral transfection of fluorescent label SensGFP-StubRFP-LC3 protein and revalidation of LC3 expression before and after administration by laser confocal microscopy. Compared with the control group, the fluorescence expression of the SJC group was significantly enhanced, indicating that it promoted autophagy in esophageal cancer cells. Cell morphology and the formation of autophagosomes were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Our study shows that the tumor suppressor effect of SJC is related to promoting autophagy in esophageal tumor cells via the AMPK/ULK1 signaling pathway.

Hsa_circ_0030042 Ameliorates Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein-Induced Endothelial Cell Injury via the MiR-616-3p/RFX7 Axis

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a common etiology of cardiovascular disease. As an emerging functional biomarker, circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in various diseases, including cardiovascular disease. However, the mechanism of action of circ_0030042 in AS has not been reported.Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) stimulated by ox-LDL served as a cellular model of AS. Gene expression was detected using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The influence of circ_0030042 on cell viability, proliferation, and apoptosis was verified using Cell Counting Kit-8, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine, and flow cytometry assays. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to measure the contents of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL) -6, and IL-1β. Western blot assay was utilized to determine the protein levels of Bax, Bcl-2, PCNA, and regulatory factor X 7 (RFX7). The interrelationship between miR-616-3p and circ_0030042 or RFX7 was validated using dual-luciferase reporter, RNA immunoprecipitation, and RNA pull-down assays.The expression of circ_0030042 was downregulated in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs. It was found that overexpression of circ_0030042 facilitated cell proliferation, repressed apoptosis, and reduced the level of inflammatory factors in HUVECs. Circ_0030042 and miR-616-3p had a targeting relationship, and the miR-616-3p mimic eliminated the effects of overexpressed circ_0030042 on ox-LDL-induced HUVECs. RFX7 was a downstream gene of miR-616-3p and was lowly expressed in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs. The miR-616-3p inhibitor stimulated cell proliferation, arrested apoptosis, and caused a decline in the levels of inflammatory factors, whereas knockdown of RFX7 abolished the effects.Circ_0030042 weakened ox-LDL-induced HUVEC injury by regulating the miR-616-3p/RFX7 pathway, thereby influencing AS progression. Circ_0030042 is likely to be a potential biomarker for the future treatment of patients with AS.

Icariin Regulates the hsa_circ_0003159/eIF4A3/bcl-2 Axis to Promote Gastric Cancer Cell Apoptosis

Objective

To clarify the mechanism of icariin (ICA) promoting gastric cancer (GC) cell apoptosis by regulating circ_0003159/eIF4A3/bcl-2 axis.

Methods

The mRNA or protein levels were detected by qRT-PCR or the western blot. The interaction between eIF4A3 protein and circ_0003159 or eIF4A3 protein and bcl-2 mRNA were validated by RNA pull down assays and the RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay. The cell viability was measured by the cell counting kit (CCK)-8 kit. The cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry.

Results

Compared with the group Vector, the ratio of cytoplasmic eIF4A3/nuclear eIF4A3 in the cell with circ_0003159 overexpression was significantly higher. RIP and RNA pull down results proved the interaction between eIF4A3 and circ_0003159. The RIP assay further validated the interaction between eIF4A3 and bcl-2. By gain or loss of the functional experiment, hsa_circ_0003159 was proved to recruit eIF4A3 to inhibit bcl-2 expression. Hsa_circ_0003159 regulates eIF4A3/bcl-2 to reduce GC cell viability and increase apoptosis Furthermore, ICA regulates hsa_circ_0003159/eIF4A3/bcl-2 axis to inhibit GC cell activity and induce GC cell apoptosis in vitro.

Conclusion

These data showed that ICA could effectively reduce the GC cell activity and induce GC cell apoptosis via hsa_circ_0003159/eIF4A3/bcl-2 axis, which provides new theoretical evidence for the treatment of GC by ICA.

Identification of Biomarkers of Autophagy-Related Genes Between Early and Advanced Carotid Atherosclerosis

Background

Accumulating evidence demonstrates that autophagy is important in inhibiting inflammation and cholesterol efflux. It suggested the autophagy may be a treatment of atherosclerosis. Thus, we screened autophagy-related mRNA to explore their mechanism of scientific basis for early diagnosis and therapy of atherosclerosis.

Methods

The GSE28829 datasets were assessed to analyze differentially expressed genes by GEO2R. And autophagy-related hub genes were identified by HADb. The biological function of autophagy-related DEmRNAs was examined by Metascape. The construction of a protein–protein network was explored by String. Cytohubba was utilized to screen hub genes. Analysis of DEmiRNA-mRNA pairs was executed by DIANA microT-CDS database. Finally, correlation analysis was carried out to identify the relationship between DEARGs and clinical and prognostic factors.

Results

A number of 1087 DEGs and 19 autophagy-related DEmRNAs were identified in advanced carotid atherosclerotic plaque compared with the early. The biological function containing development and growth was enriched. Moreover, we screened the top hub nodes with the highest degrees. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are confirmed to participate in genesis and progression of atherosclerosis, so we further analyzed the miRNA–mRNA regulatory network genes with four hub genes to explore their potential mechanism in atherosclerosis. Then, we revealed co-expression of four key genes CTSB, ITGB1, CXCR4, TNFSF10 and autophagy-related genes. As for the clinical factors, hypertension factor showed higher expression of ITGB1. The probability of coronary heart disease factor was significantly increased with high expression of CTSB and CXCR4, as well as low expression of ITGB1 and TNFSF10. Diabetes factor tended to express distinguished levels of CTSB and ITGB1. TNFSF10 was highly expressed in both hyperlipidemia and ischemic stroke factor.

Conclusion

CTSB, ITGB1, CXCR4 and TNFSF10 may be critical in atherosclerosis development and were thought to be potential diagnostic biomarkers for atherosclerosis.

Circular RNA expression profile of H2O2 induced ferroptosis model of human coronary artery endothelial cells

Background and aims

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is among the most common type of cardiovascular diseases. The role of circular RNAs (circRNAs) and ferroptosis in CAD remains largely unexplored. The aim of this study was to evaluate the circRNAs expression profile in ferroptosis of human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs).

Methods

The ferroptosis induced by H₂O₂-stimulated oxidative stress in HCAECs and the role of Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) was assessed by the levels of CCK8, oxidized and reduced glutathione (GSSH and GSH), ferrous irons, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), lipid reactive oxygen species (Lipid ROS), PTGS2 and GPX4. The expression profile of circRNAs was characterized by RNA sequencing.

Results

LDH, MDA, Lipid ROS, ferrous ions, GSSH and PTGS2 were significantly increased, CCK8, GSH and GPX4 were significantly decreased in H₂O₂ induced cell damage. Moreover, Fer-1 increased CCK8, GSH and GPX4 levels and decreased LDH, MDA, Lipid ROS, GSSH and PTGS2 levels, which alleviated H₂O₂ induced cell damage. The circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network and circRNA-protein interactions network were constructed based on differentially expressed circRNAs. In total, 17 downregulated and 18 upregulated circRNAs were identified in H₂O₂ treated HCAECs by RNA sequencing. Parental genes of circRNAs were analyzed by KEGG and GO, detecting pathways related to ferroptosis. 10 differentially expressed circRNAs were verified by qRT-PCR.

Conclusions

These results provide new sight to the character of circRNAs in the progress of HCAECs ferroptosis and contribute a significant data for further investigating the potential mechanisms of CAD.

Clinical Parameters and Epigenetic Biomarkers of Plaque Vulnerability in Patients with Carotid Stenosis

Atheromatous disease is the first cause of death and dependency in developed countries and carotid artery atherosclerosis is one of the main causes of severe ischaemic strokes. Current management strategies are mainly based on the degree of stenosis and patient selection has limited accuracy. This information could be complemented by the identification of biomarkers of plaque vulnerability, which would permit patients at greater and lesser risk of stroke to be distinguished, thus enabling a better selection of patients for surgical or intensive medical treatment. Although several circulating protein-based biomarkers with significance for both the diagnosis of carotid artery disease and its prognosis have been identified, at present, none have been clinically implemented. This review focuses especially on the most relevant clinical parameters to take into account in routine clinical practice and summarises the most up-to-date data on epigenetic biomarkers of carotid atherosclerosis and plaque vulnerability.

Circular RNA Sirtuin1 represses pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration and autophagy to ameliorate pulmonary hypertension via targeting microRNA-145-5p/protein kinase-B3 axis

Recently, several studies have been clarified that circular RNA (circRNA) was a vital regulatory gene of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Nevertheless, the action of circRNA in PH was not yet explored. This study was to figure out the biological function and potential molecular mechanism of circSirtuin1 (SIRT1) in PH. Construction of the PH rat model and hypoxia pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) model was performed, and test of circSIRT1/microRNA (miR)-145-5p/protein kinase-B3 (Akt3) was conducted. The influence of the circSIRT1/miR-145-5p/Akt3 axis on the histopathology, hemodynamics with autophagy of the pulmonary artery in rats was examined. Additionally, the impact of circSIRT1/miR-145-5p/Akt3 on the proliferation, migration and apoptosis with autophagy of PASMC under hypoxic environment was also determined. The targeting of circSIRT1/miR-145-5p/Akt3 was testified. The results manifested that circSIRT1 and Akt3 were elevated in PH, while miR-145-5p was declined. Knockdown of circSIRT1 ameliorated rat PH, suppressed PASMC proliferation, migration with autophagy in hypoxic environment. CircSIRT1 competitively combined with miR-145-5p to mediate Akt3. To sum up, circSIRT1/miR-145-5p/Akt3 was supposed to perform as a prospective molecular target for the treatment of PH.