1
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Jayaswal N, Srivastava S, Kumar S, Belagodu Sridhar S, Khalid A, Najmi A, Zoghebi K, Alhazmi HA, Mohan S, Tambuwala MM. Precision arrows: Navigating breast cancer with nanotechnology siRNA. Int J Pharm 2024:124403. [PMID: 38944167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, including siRNA, present an innovative approach to treating breast cancer, which disproportionately affects women. These systems enable personalized and targeted therapies, adept at managing drug resistance and minimizing off-target effects. This review delves into the current landscape of nanotechnology-derived siRNA transport systems for breast cancer treatment, discussing their mechanisms of action, preclinical and clinical research, therapeutic applications, challenges, and future prospects. Emphasis is placed on the importance of targeted delivery and precise gene silencing in improving therapeutic efficacy and patient outcomes. The review addresses specific hurdles such as specificity, biodistribution, immunological reactions, and regulatory approval, offering potential solutions and avenues for future research. SiRNA drug delivery systems hold promise in revolutionizing cancer care and improving patient outcomes, but realizing their full potential necessitates ongoing research, innovation, and collaboration. Understanding the intricacies of siRNA delivery mechanisms is pivotal for designing effective cancer treatments, overcoming challenges, and advancing siRNA-based therapies for various diseases, including cancer. The article provides a comprehensive review of the methods involved in siRNA transport for therapeutic applications, particularly in cancer treatment, elucidating the complex journey of siRNA molecules from extracellular space to intracellular targets. Key mechanisms such as endocytosis, receptor-mediated uptake, and membrane fusion are explored, alongside innovative delivery vehicles and technologies that enhance siRNA delivery efficiency. Moreover, the article discusses challenges and opportunities in the field, including issues related to specificity, biodistribution, immune response, and clinical translation. By comprehending the mechanisms of siRNA delivery, researchers can design and develop more effective siRNA-based therapies for various diseases, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandani Jayaswal
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mahayogi Gorakhnath University, Gorakhpur, 273007, India
| | - Shriyansh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi 273007, India; Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India.
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi 273007, India
| | | | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Asim Najmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Zoghebi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A Alhazmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syam Mohan
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India; Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, India
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- Lincoln Medical School, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool Campus, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK.
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2
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Sharma NK, Dwivedi P, Bhushan R, Maurya PK, Kumar A, Dakal TC. Engineering circular RNA for molecular and metabolic reprogramming. Funct Integr Genomics 2024; 24:117. [PMID: 38918231 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-024-01394-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in biological systems is extremely versatile. However, it's extremely short half-life poses a fundamental restriction on its application. Moreover, the translation efficiency of mRNA is also limited. On the contrary, circular RNAs, also known as circRNAs, are a common and stable form of RNA found in eukaryotic cells. These molecules are synthesized via back-splicing. Both synthetic circRNAs and certain endogenous circRNAs have the potential to encode proteins, hence suggesting the potential of circRNA as a gene expression machinery. Herein, we aim to summarize all engineering aspects that allow exogenous circular RNA (circRNA) to prolong the time that proteins are expressed from full-length RNA signals. This review presents a systematic engineering approach that have been devised to efficiently assemble circRNAs and evaluate several aspects that have an impact on protein production derived from. We have also reviewed how optimization of the key components of circRNAs, including the topology of vector, 5' and 3' untranslated sections, entrance site of the internal ribosome, and engineered aptamers could be efficiently impacting the translation machinery for molecular and metabolic reprogramming. Collectively, molecular and metabolic reprogramming present a novel way of regulating distinctive cellular features, for instance growth traits to neoplastic cells, and offer new possibilities for therapeutic inventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Kumar Sharma
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith (Deemed University), P.O. Banasthali Vidyapith Distt. Tonk, Rajasthan, 304 022, India.
| | - Pragya Dwivedi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith (Deemed University), P.O. Banasthali Vidyapith Distt. Tonk, Rajasthan, 304 022, India
| | - Ravi Bhushan
- Department of Zoology, M.S. College, Motihari, Bihar, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Maurya
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031, Haryana, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Tikam Chand Dakal
- Genome and Computational Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India.
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3
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M G A, K S A, B S U, P L R, H P S, J S, Joseph MM, T T S. HER2 siRNA Facilitated Gene Silencing Coupled with Doxorubicin Delivery: A Dual Responsive Nanoplatform Abrogates Breast Cancer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:25710-25726. [PMID: 38739808 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The present study investigated the concurrent delivery of antineoplastic drug, doxorubicin, and HER2 siRNA through a targeted theranostic metallic gold nanoparticle designed using polysaccharide, PSP001. The as-synthesized HsiRNA@PGD NPs were characterized in terms of structural, functional, physicochemical, and biological properties. HsiRNA@PGD NPs exposed adequate hydrodynamic size, considerable ζ potential, and excellent drug/siRNA loading and encapsulation efficiency. Meticulous exploration of the biocompatible dual-targeted nanoconjugate exhibited an appealing biocompatibility and pH-sensitive cargo release kinetics, indicating its safety for use in clinics. HsiRNA@PGD NPs deciphered competent cancer cell internalization, enhanced cytotoxicity mediated via the induction of apoptosis, and excellent downregulation of the overexpressing target HER2 gene. Further in vivo explorations in the SKBR3 xenograft breast tumor model revealed the appealing tumor reduction properties, selective accumulation in the tumor site followed by significant suppression of the HER2 gene which contributed to the exclusive abrogation of breast tumor mass by the HsiRNA@PGD NPs. Compared to free drugs or the monotherapy constructs, the dual delivery approach produced a synergistic suppression of breast tumors both in vitro and in vivo. Hence the drawings from these findings implicate that the as-synthesized HsiRNA@PGD NPs could offer a promising platform for chemo-RNAi combinational breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana M G
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals and Nanomedicine, Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre (RCC), Thiruvananthapuram 695011, Kerala, India
| | - Anusree K S
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals and Nanomedicine, Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre (RCC), Thiruvananthapuram 695011, Kerala, India
| | - Unnikrishnan B S
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals and Nanomedicine, Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre (RCC), Thiruvananthapuram 695011, Kerala, India
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Reshma P L
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals and Nanomedicine, Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre (RCC), Thiruvananthapuram 695011, Kerala, India
| | - Syama H P
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals and Nanomedicine, Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre (RCC), Thiruvananthapuram 695011, Kerala, India
| | - Sreekutty J
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals and Nanomedicine, Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre (RCC), Thiruvananthapuram 695011, Kerala, India
| | - Manu M Joseph
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), Organic Chemistry Section, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST University, Banglore 560029, India
| | - Sreelekha T T
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals and Nanomedicine, Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre (RCC), Thiruvananthapuram 695011, Kerala, India
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4
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Singh D, Singh L, Kaur S, Arora A. Nucleic acids based integrated macromolecular complexes for SiRNA delivery: Recent advancements. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024:1-24. [PMID: 38693628 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2024.2347499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of small interfering RNA (siRNA) is monumental, offering a pathway to silence disease-causing genes with precision. However, the delivery of siRNA to target cells in-vivo remains a formidable challenge, owing to degradation by nucleases, poor cellular uptake and immunogenicity. This overview examines recent advancements in the design and application of nucleic acid-based integrated macromolecular complexes for the efficient delivery of siRNA. We dissect the innovative delivery vectors developed in recent years, including lipid-based nanoparticles, polymeric carriers, dendrimer complexes and hybrid systems that incorporate stimuli-responsive elements for targeted and controlled release. Advancements in bioconjugation techniques, active targeting strategies and nanotechnology-enabled delivery platforms are evaluated for their contribution to enhancing siRNA delivery. It also addresses the complex interplay between delivery system design and biological barriers, highlighting the dynamic progress and remaining hurdles in translating siRNA therapies from bench to bedside. By offering a comprehensive overview of current strategies and emerging technologies, we underscore the future directions and potential impact of siRNA delivery systems in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilpreet Singh
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
- University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Lovedeep Singh
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Simranjeet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Akshita Arora
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
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5
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Uppalapati SS, Guha L, Kumar H, Mandoli A. Nanotechnological Advancements for the Theranostic Intervention in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer: Current Perspectives and Future Direction. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2024; 24:245-270. [PMID: 37424349 DOI: 10.2174/1568009623666230707155145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer is the rarest, most aggressive, and undifferentiated class of thyroid cancer, accounting for nearly forty percent of all thyroid cancer-related deaths. It is caused by alterations in many cellular pathways like MAPK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, ALK, Wnt activation, and TP53 inactivation. Although many treatment strategies, such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy, have been proposed to treat anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, they are usually accompanied by concerns such as resistance, which may lead to the lethality of the patient. The emerging nanotechnology-based approaches cater the purposes such as targeted drug delivery and modulation in drug release patterns based on internal or external stimuli, leading to an increase in drug concentration at the site of the action that gives the required therapeutic action as well as modulation in diagnostic intervention with the help of dye property materials. Nanotechnological platforms like liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, exosomes, and various nanoparticles are available and are of high research interest for therapeutic intervention in anaplastic thyroid cancer. The pro gression of the disease can also be traced by using magnetic probes or radio-labeled probes and quantum dots that serve as a diagnostic intervention in anaplastic thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Swetha Uppalapati
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Lahanya Guha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Amit Mandoli
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, India
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6
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Bharadwaj A, Kaur R, Gupta S. Emerging Treatment Approaches for COVID-19 Infection: A Critical Review. Curr Mol Med 2024; 24:435-448. [PMID: 37070448 DOI: 10.2174/1566524023666230417112543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
In the present scenario, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has imposed enormous damage on human survival and the global financial system. It has been estimated that around 111 million people all around the world have been infected, and about 2.47 million people died due to this pandemic. The major symptoms were sneezing, coughing, cold, difficulty breathing, pneumonia, and multi-organ failure associated 1with SARS-CoV-2. Currently, two key problems, namely insufficient attempts to develop drugs against SARSCoV-2 and the lack of any biological regulating process, are mostly responsible for the havoc caused by this virus. Henceforth, developing a few novel drugs is urgently required to cure this pandemic. It has been noticed that the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is caused by two main events: infection and immune deficiency, that occur during the pathological process. Antiviral medication can treat both the virus and the host cells. Therefore, in the present review, the major approaches for the treatment have been divided into "target virus" and "target host" groups. These two mechanisms primarily rely on drug repositioning, novel approaches, and possible targets. Initially, we discussed the traditional drugs per the physicians' recommendations. Moreover, such therapeutics have no potential to fight against COVID-19. After that, detailed investigation and analysis were conducted to find some novel vaccines and monoclonal antibodies and conduct a few clinical trials to check their effectiveness against SARSCoV- 2 and mutant strains. Additionally, this study presents the most successful methods for its treatment, including combinatorial therapy. Nanotechnology was studied to build efficient nanocarriers to overcome the traditional constraints of antiviral and biological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Bharadwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, UP, India
| | - Rasanpreet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, UP, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, UP, India
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7
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Ebrahimi N, Manavi MS, Nazari A, Momayezi A, Faghihkhorasani F, Rasool Riyadh Abdulwahid AH, Rezaei-Tazangi F, Kavei M, Rezaei R, Mobarak H, Aref AR, Fang W. Nano-scale delivery systems for siRNA delivery in cancer therapy: New era of gene therapy empowered by nanotechnology. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 239:117263. [PMID: 37797672 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a unique treatment approach used to decrease a disease's excessive gene expression, including cancer. SiRNAs may find and destroy homologous mRNA sequences within the cell thanks to RNAi processes. However, difficulties such poor cellular uptake, off-target effects, and susceptibility to destruction by serum nucleases in the bloodstream restrict the therapeutic potential of siRNAs. Since some years ago, siRNA-based therapies have been in the process of being translated into the clinic. Therefore, the primary emphasis of this work is on sophisticated nanocarriers that aid in the transport of siRNA payloads, their administration in combination with anticancer medications, and their use in the treatment of cancer. The research looks into molecular manifestations, difficulties with siRNA transport, the design and development of siRNA-based delivery methods, and the benefits and drawbacks of various nanocarriers. The trapping of siRNA in endosomes is a challenge for the majority of delivery methods, which affects the therapeutic effectiveness. Numerous techniques for siRNA release, including as pH-responsive release, membrane fusion, the proton sponge effect, and photochemical disruption, have been studied to overcome this problem. The present state of siRNA treatments in clinical trials is also looked at in order to give a thorough and systematic evaluation of siRNA-based medicines for efficient cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Ebrahimi
- Genetics Division, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Ahmad Nazari
- Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirali Momayezi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science, and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Fatemeh Rezaei-Tazangi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Science, Fasa, Iran
| | - Mohammed Kavei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - Roya Rezaei
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Agriculture and Modern Technology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Halimeh Mobarak
- Clinical Pathologist, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Xsphera Biosciences, Translational Medicine Group, 6 Tide Street, Boston, MA, 02210, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Wei Fang
- Department of Laser and Aesthetic Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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8
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Batool S, Sohail S, Ud Din F, Alamri AH, Alqahtani AS, Alshahrani MA, Alshehri MA, Choi HG. A detailed insight of the tumor targeting using nanocarrier drug delivery system. Drug Deliv 2023; 30:2183815. [PMID: 36866455 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2023.2183815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human struggle against the deadly disease conditions is continued since ages. The contribution of science and technology in fighting against these diseases cannot be ignored exclusively due to the invention of novel procedure and products, extending their size ranges from micro to nano. Recently nanotechnology has been gaining more consideration for its ability to diagnose and treat different cancers. Different nanoparticles have been used to evade the issues related with conservative anticancer delivery systems, including their nonspecificity, adverse effects and burst release. These nanocarriers including, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), liposomes, nano lipid carriers (NLCs), nano micelles, nanocomposites, polymeric and magnetic nanocarriers, have brought revolutions in antitumor drug delivery. Nanocarriers improved the therapeutic efficacy of anticancer drugs with better accumulation at the specific site with sustained release, improved bioavailability and apoptosis of the cancer cells while bypassing the normal cells. In this review, the cancer targeting techniques and surface modification on nanoparticles are discussed briefly with possible challenges and opportunities. It can be concluded that understanding the role of nanomedicine in tumor treatment is significant, and therefore, the modern progressions in this arena is essential to be considered for a prosperous today and an affluent future of tumor patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibgha Batool
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saba Sohail
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fakhar Ud Din
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Nanomedicine Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali H Alamri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad S Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacy, Mental Health Hospital, Ministry of Health, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A Alshahrani
- Department of Medical Supply in Khamis Mushet General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Khamis Mushet, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Alshehri
- Department of Pharmacy, Abha Maternity and Children Hospital, Ministry of Health, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Han Gon Choi
- College of Pharmacy & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
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9
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Isazadeh H, Oruji F, Shabani S, Behroozi J, Nasiri H, Isazadeh A, Akbari M. Advances in siRNA delivery approaches in cancer therapy: challenges and opportunities. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:9529-9543. [PMID: 37741808 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08749-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in the clinical applications of small interfering RNA (siRNA) in cancer therapy have opened up new possibilities for precision medicine. siRNAs, as powerful genetic tools, have shown potential in targeting and suppressing the expression of specific genes associated with cancer progression. Their effectiveness has been further enhanced by incorporating them into nanoparticles, which protect siRNAs from degradation and enable targeted delivery. However, despite these promising developments, several challenges persist in the clinical translation of siRNA-based cancer therapy. This comprehensive review explores the progress and challenges associated with the clinical applications of siRNA in cancer therapy. This review highlights the use of siRNA-loaded nanoparticles as an effective delivery system for optimizing siRNA efficacy in various types of carcinomas and the potential of siRNA-based therapy as a genetic approach to overcome limitations associated with conventional chemotherapeutic agents, including severe drug toxicities and organ damage. Moreover, it emphasizes on the key challenges, including off-target effects, enzymatic degradation of siRNAs in serum, low tumor localization, stability issues, and rapid clearance from circulation that need to be addressed for successful clinical development of siRNA-based cancer therapy. Despite these challenges, the review identifies significant avenues for advancing siRNA technology from the laboratory to clinical settings. The ongoing progress in siRNA-loaded nanoparticles for cancer treatment demonstrates potential antitumor activities and safety profiles. By understanding the current state of siRNA-based therapy and addressing the existing challenges, we aim to pave the way for translating siRNA technology into effective oncologic clinics as an improved treatment options for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houman Isazadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshghah Ave, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farshid Oruji
- College of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Shima Shabani
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Javad Behroozi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Nasiri
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshghah Ave, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Isazadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshghah Ave, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Akbari
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshghah Ave, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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10
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Chavda VP, Balar PC, Nalla LV, Bezbaruah R, Gogoi NR, Gajula SNR, Peng B, Meena AS, Conde J, Prasad R. Conjugated Nanoparticles for Solid Tumor Theranostics: Unraveling the Interplay of Known and Unknown Factors. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:37654-37684. [PMID: 37867666 PMCID: PMC10586263 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Cancer diagnoses have been increasing worldwide, and solid tumors are among the leading contributors to patient mortality, creating an enormous burden on the global healthcare system. Cancer is responsible for around 10.3 million deaths worldwide. Solid tumors are one of the most prevalent cancers observed in recent times. On the other hand, early diagnosis is a significant challenge that could save a person's life. Treatment with existing methods has pitfalls that limit the successful elimination of the disorder. Though nanoparticle-based imaging and therapeutics have shown a significant impact in healthcare, current methodologies for solid tumor treatment are insufficient. There are multiple complications associated with the diagnosis and management of solid tumors as well. Recently, surface-conjugated nanoparticles such as lipid nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, and quantum dots have shown positive results in solid tumor diagnostics and therapeutics in preclinical models. Other nanotheranostic material platforms such as plasmonic theranostics, magnetotheranostics, hybrid nanotheranostics, and graphene theranostics have also been explored. These nanoparticle theranostics ensure the appropriate targeting of tumors along with selective delivery of cargos (both imaging and therapeutic probes) without affecting the surrounding healthy tissues. Though they have multiple applications, nanoparticles still possess numerous limitations that need to be addressed in order to be fully utilized in the clinic. In this review, we outline the importance of materials and design strategies used to engineer nanoparticles in the treatment and diagnosis of solid tumors and how effectively each method overcomes the drawbacks of the current techniques. We also highlight the gaps in each material platform and how design considerations can address their limitations in future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P. Chavda
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380001, India
| | - Pankti C. Balar
- Pharmacy
Section, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380001, India
| | - Lakshmi Vineela Nalla
- Department
of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education
Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh 522302, India
| | - Rajashri Bezbaruah
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science
and Engineering, Dibrugarh, 786004 Assam, India
| | - Niva Rani Gogoi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science
and Engineering, Dibrugarh, 786004 Assam, India
| | - Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Analysis, GITAM School of Pharmacy, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530045, India
| | - Berney Peng
- Department
of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University
of California at Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Avtar S. Meena
- Department
of Biotechnology, All India Institute of
Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Ansari
Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - João Conde
- ToxOmics,
NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas,
NMS|FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa 1169-056, Portugal
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- School
of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
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11
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Kang H, Ga YJ, Kim SH, Cho YH, Kim JW, Kim C, Yeh JY. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based therapeutic applications against viruses: principles, potential, and challenges. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:88. [PMID: 37845731 PMCID: PMC10577957 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00981-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA has emerged as a revolutionary and important tool in the battle against emerging infectious diseases, with roles extending beyond its applications in vaccines, in which it is used in the response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Since their development in the 1990s, RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutics have demonstrated potential in reducing the expression of disease-associated genes. Nucleic acid-based therapeutics, including RNAi therapies, that degrade viral genomes and rapidly adapt to viral mutations, have emerged as alternative treatments. RNAi is a robust technique frequently employed to selectively suppress gene expression in a sequence-specific manner. The swift adaptability of nucleic acid-based therapeutics such as RNAi therapies endows them with a significant advantage over other antiviral medications. For example, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are produced on the basis of sequence complementarity to target and degrade viral RNA, a novel approach to combat viral infections. The precision of siRNAs in targeting and degrading viral RNA has led to the development of siRNA-based treatments for diverse diseases. However, despite the promising therapeutic benefits of siRNAs, several problems, including impaired long-term protein expression, siRNA instability, off-target effects, immunological responses, and drug resistance, have been considerable obstacles to the use of siRNA-based antiviral therapies. This review provides an encompassing summary of the siRNA-based therapeutic approaches against viruses while also addressing the obstacles that need to be overcome for their effective application. Furthermore, we present potential solutions to mitigate major challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hara Kang
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Academy-Ro 119, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, 22012, South Korea
| | - Yun Ji Ga
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Academy-Ro 119, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, 22012, South Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Academy-Ro 119, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, 22012, South Korea
| | - Young Hoon Cho
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Academy-Ro 119, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, 22012, South Korea
| | - Jung Won Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Academy-Ro 119, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, 22012, South Korea
- Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, Academy-Ro 119, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, 22012, South Korea
| | - Chaeyeon Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Academy-Ro 119, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, 22012, South Korea
| | - Jung-Yong Yeh
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Academy-Ro 119, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, 22012, South Korea.
- Research Institute for New Drug Development, Incheon National University, Academy-Ro 119, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, 22012, South Korea.
- Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, Academy-Ro 119, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, 22012, South Korea.
- KU Center for Animal Blood Medical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-Ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, 05029, South Korea.
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12
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Zhu M, Chen D, Ruan C, Yang P, Zhu J, Zhang R, Li Y. CircRNAs: A Promising Star for Treatment and Prognosis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14194. [PMID: 37762497 PMCID: PMC10532269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
CircRNAs are a class of endogenous long non-coding RNAs with a single-stranded circular structure. Most circRNAs are relatively stable, highly conserved, and specifically expressed in tissue during the cell and developmental stages. Many circRNAs have been discovered in OSCC. OSCC is one of the most severe and frequent forms of head and neck cancer today, with a poor prognosis and low overall survival rate. Due to its prevalence, OSCC is a global health concern, characterized by genetic and epigenomic changes. However, the mechanism remains vague. With the advancement of biotechnology, a large number of circRNAs have been discovered in mammalian cells. CircRNAs are dysregulated in OSCC tissues and thus associated with the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of OSCC patients. Research studies have demonstrated that circRNAs can serve as biomarkers for OSCC diagnosis and treatment. Here, we summarized the properties, functions, and biogenesis of circRNAs, focusing on the progress of current research on circRNAs in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rongxin Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (M.Z.); (D.C.); (C.R.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (M.Z.); (D.C.); (C.R.); (J.Z.)
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13
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Khan S, Rehman U, Parveen N, Kumar S, Baboota S, Ali J. siRNA therapeutics: insights, challenges, remedies and future prospects. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1167-1187. [PMID: 37642354 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2251890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Among conventional and novel therapeutic approaches, the siRNA strategy stands out for treating disease by silencing the gene responsible for the corresponding disorder. Gene silencing is supposedly intended to target any disease-causing gene, and therefore, several attempts and investments were made to exploit siRNA gene therapy and advance it into clinical settings. Despite the remarkable beneficial prospects, the applicability of siRNA therapeutics is very challenging due to various pathophysiological barriers that hamper its target reach, which is the cytosol, and execution of gene silencing action. AREAS COVERED The present review provides insights into the field of siRNA therapeutics, significant in vivo hurdles that mitigate the target accessibility of siRNA, and remedies to overcome these siRNA delivery challenges. Nonetheless, the current review also highlights the on-going clinical trials and the regulatory aspects of siRNA modalities. EXPERT OPINION The siRNAs have the potential to reach previously untreated target sites and silence the concerned gene owing to their modification as polymeric or lipidic nanoparticles, conjugates, and the application of advanced drug delivery strategies. With such mounting research attempts to improve the delivery of siRNA to target tissue, we might shortly witness revolutionary therapeutic outcomes, new approvals, and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Urushi Rehman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Neha Parveen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Shobhit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjula Baboota
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Javed Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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14
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Kurakula H, Vaishnavi S, Sharif MY, Ellipilli S. Emergence of Small Interfering RNA-Based Gene Drugs for Various Diseases. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:20234-20250. [PMID: 37323391 PMCID: PMC10268023 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Small molecule, peptide, and protein-based drugs have been developed over decades to treat various diseases. The importance of gene therapy as an alternative to traditional drugs has increased after the discovery of gene-based drugs such as Gendicine for cancer and Neovasculgen for peripheral artery disease. Since then, the pharma sector is focusing on developing gene-based drugs for various diseases. After the discovery of the RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism, the development of siRNA-based gene therapy has been accelerated immensely. siRNA-based treatment for hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis (hATTR) using Onpattro and acute hepatic porphyria (AHP) by Givlaari and three more FDA-approved siRNA drugs has set up a milestone and further improved the confidence for the development of gene therapeutics for a spectrum of diseases. siRNA-based gene drugs have more advantages over other gene therapies and are under study to treat different types of diseases such as viral infections, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and many more. However, there are a few bottlenecks to realizing the full potential of siRNA-based gene therapy. They include chemical instability, nontargeted biodistribution, undesirable innate immune responses, and off-target effects. This review provides a comprehensive view of siRNA-based gene drugs: challenges associated with siRNA delivery, their potential, and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshini Kurakula
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Engineering and Sciences, SRM University-AP, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh 522240, India
| | - Swetha Vaishnavi
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Engineering and Sciences, SRM University-AP, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh 522240, India
| | - Mohammed Yaseen Sharif
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Engineering and Sciences, SRM University-AP, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh 522240, India
| | - Satheesh Ellipilli
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Engineering and Sciences, SRM University-AP, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh 522240, India
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15
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Elmehrath S, Nguyen HL, Karam SM, Amin A, Greish YE. BioMOF-Based Anti-Cancer Drug Delivery Systems. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:953. [PMID: 36903831 PMCID: PMC10005089 DOI: 10.3390/nano13050953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A variety of nanomaterials have been developed specifically for biomedical applications, such as drug delivery in cancer treatment. These materials involve both synthetic and natural nanoparticles and nanofibers of varying dimensions. The efficacy of a drug delivery system (DDS) depends on its biocompatibility, intrinsic high surface area, high interconnected porosity, and chemical functionality. Recent advances in metal-organic framework (MOF) nanostructures have led to the achievement of these desirable features. MOFs consist of metal ions and organic linkers that are assembled in different geometries and can be produced in 0, 1, 2, or 3 dimensions. The defining features of MOFs are their outstanding surface area, interconnected porosity, and variable chemical functionality, which enable an endless range of modalities for loading drugs into their hierarchical structures. MOFs, coupled with biocompatibility requisites, are now regarded as highly successful DDSs for the treatment of diverse diseases. This review aims to present the development and applications of DDSs based on chemically-functionalized MOF nanostructures in the context of cancer treatment. A concise overview of the structure, synthesis, and mode of action of MOF-DDS is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Elmehrath
- Department of Chemistry, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ha L. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry University of California—Berkeley, Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at UC Berkeley, and Berkeley Global Science Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Joint UAEU−UC Berkeley Laboratories for Materials Innovations, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sherif M. Karam
- Department of Anatomy, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Centre for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amr Amin
- Zayed Centre for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yaser E. Greish
- Department of Chemistry, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Joint UAEU−UC Berkeley Laboratories for Materials Innovations, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Centre for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
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16
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Huang H, Yi X, Wei Q, Li M, Cai X, Lv Y, Weng L, Mao Y, Fan W, Zhao M, Weng Z, Zhao Q, Zhao K, Cao M, Chen J, Cao P. Edible and cation-free kiwi fruit derived vesicles mediated EGFR-targeted siRNA delivery to inhibit multidrug resistant lung cancer. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:41. [PMID: 36740689 PMCID: PMC9901103 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01766-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinically, activated EGFR mutation associated chemo-drugs resistance has severely threaten NSCLC patients. Nanoparticle based small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapy representing another promising alternative by silencing specific gene while still suffered from charge associated toxicity, strong immunogenicity and poor targetability. Herein, we reported a novel EGFR-mutant NSCLC therapy relying on edible and cation-free kiwi-derived extracellular vesicles (KEVs), which showed sevenfold enhancement of safe dosage compared with widely used cationic liposomes and could be further loaded with Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 interfering RNA (siSTAT3). siSTAT3 loaded KEVs (STAT3/KEVs) could be easily endowed with EGFR targeting ability (STAT3/EKEVs) and fluorescence by surface modification with tailor-making aptamer through hydrophobic interaction. STAT3/EKEVs with a controlled size of 186 nm displayed excellent stability, high specificity and good cytotoxicity towards EGFR over-expressing and mutant PC9-GR4-AZD1 cells. Intriguingly, the systemic administration of STAT3/EKEVs significantly suppressed subcutaneous PC9-GR4-AZD1 tumor xenografts in nude mice by STAT3 mediated apoptosis. This safe and robust KEVs has emerged as the next generation of gene delivery platform for NSCLC therapy after multiple drug-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoying Huang
- grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China ,grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaohan Yi
- grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China ,grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028 Jiangsu China
| | - Qingyun Wei
- grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China ,grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028 Jiangsu China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Xueting Cai
- grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China ,grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028 Jiangsu China
| | - Yan Lv
- grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Ling Weng
- grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Yujie Mao
- grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Weiwei Fan
- grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028 Jiangsu China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Zhongpei Weng
- Gaoyou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou, 225600 Jiangsu China
| | - Qing Zhao
- grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No.261 and 263, Longxi Avenue, Guangzhou, 510378 China
| | - Kewei Zhao
- grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No.261 and 263, Longxi Avenue, Guangzhou, 510378 China
| | - Meng Cao
- grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China ,grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028 Jiangsu China
| | - Jing Chen
- grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China
| | - Peng Cao
- grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 China ,grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028 Jiangsu China ,Zhenjiang Hospital of Chinese Traditional and Western Medicine, Zhenjiang, 212000 China ,Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Jinghai District, No.10 Poyanghu Road, 301617 Tianjin, China
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Fernandes DA. Review on Metal-Based Theranostic Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy and Imaging. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2023; 22:15330338231191493. [PMID: 37642945 PMCID: PMC10467409 DOI: 10.1177/15330338231191493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Theranostic agents are promising due to their ability to diagnose, treat and monitor different types of cancer using a variety of imaging modalities. The advantage specifically of nanoparticles is that they can accumulate easily at the tumor site due to the large gaps in blood vessels near tumors. Such high concentration of theranostic agents at the target site can lead to enhancement in both imaging and therapy. This article provides an overview of nanoparticles that have been used for cancer theranostics, and the different imaging, treatment options and signaling pathways that are important when using nanoparticles for cancer theranostics. In particular, nanoparticles made of metal elements are emphasized due to their wide applications in cancer theranostics. One important aspect discussed is the ability to combine different types of metals in one nanoplatform for use as multimodal imaging and therapeutic agents for cancer.
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18
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Zhang F, Li L, Fan Z. circRNAs and their relationship with breast cancer: a review. World J Surg Oncol 2022; 20:373. [PMID: 36443878 PMCID: PMC9703749 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-022-02842-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, an increasing number of studies have been conducted on circular RNAs (circRNAs) that have demonstrated their different roles in a variety of biological processes. Moreover, a large number of circRNAs have been shown to be involved in the occurrence and development of breast cancer (BC). MAIN BODY Both functional and mechanistic experiments have shown that circular RNAs (circRNAs) can act as competing endogenous RNAs by sponging miRNAs, encoding proteins, and regulating parental genes. In doing so, circRNAs modulate the proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and invasion of BC cells in vitro as well as tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Moreover, scores of circRNAs have been demonstrated to be related to clinicopathological features, prognosis, and treatment sensitivity in patients with BC; many circRNAs have shown potential as biomarkers for diagnosis, drug sensitivity, and prognosis prediction. Furthermore, researchers have focused on circRNAs as potential therapeutic targets. CONCLUSION In this review, we briefly summarize the functions and categories of circRNAs, their different roles in BC, and recent research and therapeutic progress related to circRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- grid.430605.40000 0004 1758 4110Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021 China
| | - Liying Li
- grid.430605.40000 0004 1758 4110Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021 China
| | - Zhimin Fan
- grid.430605.40000 0004 1758 4110Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021 China
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19
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Wu C, Zhang Y, Li F, Bei S, Pan M, Feng L. Precise engineering of cholesterol-loaded chitosan micelles as a promising nanocarrier system for co-delivery drug-siRNA for the treatment of gastric cancer therapy. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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20
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Goyal R, Chopra H, singh I, Dua K, Gautam RK. Insights on prospects of nano-siRNA based approaches in treatment of Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:985670. [PMID: 36091772 PMCID: PMC9452808 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.985670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
siRNA interference, commonly referred to as gene silence, is a biological mechanism that inhibits gene expression in disorders such as cancer. It may enhance the precision, efficacy, and stability of medicines, especially genetic therapies to some extent. However, obstacles such as the delivery of oligonucleotide drugs to inaccessible areas of the body and the prevalence of severe side effects must be overcome. To maximize their potential, it is thus essential to optimize their distribution to target locations and limit their toxicity to healthy cells. The action of siRNA may be harnessed to delete a similar segment of mRNA that encodes a protein that causes sickness. The absence of an efficient delivery mechanism that shields siRNA from nuclease degradation, delivers it to cancer cells and releases it into the cytoplasm of specific cancer cells without causing side effects is currently the greatest obstacle to the practical implementation of siRNA therapy. This article focuses on combinations of siRNA with chemotherapeutic drug delivery systems for the treatment of cancer and gives an overview of several nanocarrier formulations in both research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Goyal
- MM School of Pharmacy, MM University, Sadopur-Ambala, Haryana, India
- MM College of Pharmacy, MM (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Hitesh Chopra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Inderbir singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy Graduate School of Health Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine (ARCCIM) University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Kamal Dua, ; Rupesh K. Gautam,
| | - Rupesh K. Gautam
- MM School of Pharmacy, MM University, Sadopur-Ambala, Haryana, India
- *Correspondence: Kamal Dua, ; Rupesh K. Gautam,
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21
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Azlyna ASN, Ahmad S, Husna SMN, Sarmiento ME, Acosta A, Norazmi MN, Mohamud R, Kadir R. Review: Liposomes in the prophylaxis and treatment of infectious diseases. Life Sci 2022; 305:120734. [PMID: 35760094 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases remain as one of the major burdens among health communities as well as in the general public despite the advances in prevention and treatment. Although vaccination and vector eliminations have greatly prevented the transmission of these diseases, the effectiveness of these strategies is no longer guaranteed as new challenges such as drug resistance and toxicity as well as the missing effective therapeutics arise. Hence, the development of new tools to manage these challenges is anticipated, in which nano technology using liposomes as effective nanostructure is highly considered. In this review, we concentrate on the advantages of liposomes in the drug delivery system and the development of vaccine in the treatment of three major infectious diseases; tuberculosis (TB), malaria and HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suhana Ahmad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Siti Muhamad Nur Husna
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Maria E Sarmiento
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Armando Acosta
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nor Norazmi
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Rohimah Mohamud
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ramlah Kadir
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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22
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Abid R, Shahzad MK, Sulaman SM, Faheem M, Naeem M, Khan R, Khalil AAK, Haider A, Ahmad B, Gul R, Bukhari N, Jamal SB. Therapeutic significance of nano- and biosensor technology in combating SARS-CoV-2: a review. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022; 12:3127-3140. [PMID: 35677529 PMCID: PMC9162894 DOI: 10.1007/s13204-022-02465-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has gained the spotlight of the world's scientific community since December 2019 and it remains an important issue due to the emergence of novel variants around the globe. Early diagnosis of coronavirus is captious to prevent and hard to control. This pandemic can be eradicated by implementing suppressing strategies which can lead to better outcomes and more lives being saved. Therefore, the analysis showed that COVID-19 can only be managed by adopting public health measures, such as testing, isolation and social distancing. Much work has been done to diagnose coronavirus. Various testing technologies have been developed, opted and modified for rapid and accurate detection. The advanced molecular diagnosis relies on the detection of SARS-CoV-2 as it has been considered the main causative agent of this pandemic. Studies have shown that several molecular tests are considered essential for the confirmation of coronavirus infection. Various serology-based tests are also used in the detection and diagnosis of coronavirus including point-of-care assays and high-throughput enzyme immunoassays that aid in the diagnosis of COVID-19. Both these assays are time-consuming and have less diagnostic accuracy. Nanotechnology has the potential to develop new strategies to combat COVID-19 by developing diagnostics and therapeutics. In this review, we have focused on the nanotechnology-based detection techniques including nanoparticles and biosensors to obstruct the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameesha Abid
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Punjab Pakistan
| | | | | | - Muhammad Faheem
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Raees Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Atif Ali Khan Khalil
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Haider
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Ahmad
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082 People’s Republic of China
| | - Rukhsana Gul
- Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, KPK Pakistan
| | - Nausheen Bukhari
- Mohammad College of Medicine, Budni Road, Yaseen Abad, Peshawar, KPK Pakistan
| | - Syed Babar Jamal
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Gao Y, Chen X, Tian T, Zhang T, Gao S, Zhang X, Yao Y, Lin Y, Cai X. A Lysosome-Activated Tetrahedral Nanobox for Encapsulated siRNA Delivery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201731. [PMID: 35511782 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs) have attracted extensive attention as drug nanocarriers because of their excellent cellular uptake. However, for oligonucleotide cargos, tFNA mainly acts as a static delivery platform generated via sticky-ended ligation. Here, inspired by the original stable space inside the tetrahedral scaffold, a dynamic lysosome-activated tFNA nanobox is fabricated for completely encapsulating a short interfering RNA (siRNA) of interest. The closed tetrahedral structure endows cargo siRNA with greater resistance against RNase and serum and enables solid integration with the vehicle during delivery. Moreover, the pH-responsive switch of nanobox allows the controlled release of siRNA upon entry into lysosomes at cell culture temperature. Based on protective loading and active unloading, an excellent silencing effect on the target tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) gene is achieved in in vitro and in vivo experiments. Conclusively, the nanobox offers a dynamic pH-sensitive confinement delivery system for siRNA and can be an extendable strategy for other small RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Sichuan Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Sichuan Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Taoran Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Sichuan Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Sichuan Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Shaojingya Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Sichuan Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Sichuan Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Yangxue Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Sichuan Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Sichuan Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Sichuan Chengdu 610041 China
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Ranjbar S, Fatahi Y, Atyabi F. The quest for a better fight: How can nanomaterials address the current therapeutic and diagnostic obstacles in the fight against COVID-19? J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022; 67:102899. [PMID: 34630635 PMCID: PMC8489264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The inexorable coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic with around 226 million people diagnosed and approximately 4.6 million deaths, is still moving toward more frightening statistics, calling for the urgent need to explore solutions for the current challenges in therapeutic and diagnostic approaches. The challenges associated with existing therapeutics in COVID-19 include lack of in vivo stability, efficacy, and safety. Nanoparticles (NPs) can offer a handful of tools to tackle these problems by enabling efficacious and safe delivery of both virus- and host-directed therapeutics. Furthermore, they can enable maximized clinical outcome while eliminating the chance of resistance to therapy by tissue-targeting and concomitant delivery of multiple therapeutics. The promising application of NPs as vaccine platforms is reflected by the major advances in developing novel COVID-19 vaccines. Two of the most critical COVID-19 vaccines are mRNA-based vaccines delivered via NPs, making them the first FDA-approved mRNA vaccines. Besides, NPs have been deployed as simple, rapid, and precise tools for point of care disease diagnosis. Not enough said NPs can also be exploited in novel ways to expedite the drug discovery process. In light of the above, this review discusses how NPs can overcome the hurdles associated with therapeutic and diagnostic approaches against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheyda Ranjbar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran,Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Yousef Fatahi
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Atyabi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran,Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran,Corresponding author. Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran, PO Box 14155-6451, 1417614411, Iran
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25
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Microfluidics Technology for the Design and Formulation of Nanomedicines. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11123440. [PMID: 34947789 PMCID: PMC8707902 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In conventional drug administration, drug molecules cross multiple biological barriers, distribute randomly in the tissues, and can release insufficient concentrations at the desired pathological site. Controlling the delivery of the molecules can increase the concentration of the drug in the desired location, leading to improved efficacy, and reducing the unwanted effects of the molecules under investigation. Nanoparticles (NPs), have shown a distinctive potential in targeting drugs due to their unique properties, such as large surface area and quantum properties. A variety of NPs have been used over the years for the encapsulation of different drugs and biologics, acting as drug carriers, including lipid-based and polymeric NPs. Applying NP platforms in medicines significantly improves the disease diagnosis and therapy. Several conventional methods have been used for the manufacturing of drug loaded NPs, with conventional manufacturing methods having several limitations, leading to multiple drawbacks, including NPs with large particle size and broad size distribution (high polydispersity index), besides the unreproducible formulation and high batch-to-batch variability. Therefore, new methods such as microfluidics (MFs) need to be investigated more thoroughly. MFs, is a novel manufacturing method that uses microchannels to produce a size-controlled and monodispersed NP formulation. In this review, different formulation methods of polymeric and lipid-based NPs will be discussed, emphasizing the different manufacturing methods and their advantages and limitations and how microfluidics has the capacity to overcome these limitations and improve the role of NPs as an effective drug delivery system.
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26
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Pan L, Li B, Chen J, Zhang H, Wang X, Shou J, Yang D, Yan X. Nanotechnology-Based Weapons to Combat Human Papillomavirus Infection Associated Diseases. Front Chem 2021; 9:798727. [PMID: 34869242 PMCID: PMC8635520 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.798727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection will eventually lead to clinical problems, varying from verrucous lesions to malignancies like cervical cancer, oral cancer, anus cancer, and so on. To address the aforementioned problems, nanotechnology-based strategies have been applied to detect the virus, prevent the interaction between virus and mammalian cells, and treat the virus-infected cells, due mainly to the unique physicochemical properties of nanoparticles. In this regard, many nanotechnology-based chemotherapies, gene therapy, vaccination, or combination therapy have been developed. In this Minireview, we outline the pathogenesis of HPV infection and the recent advances in nanotechnology-based weapons that can be applied in combating HPV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Pan
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Bingxin Li
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiahua Chen
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haofeng Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Shou
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dejun Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaojian Yan
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Wu Y, Battalapalli D, Hakeem MJ, Selamneni V, Zhang P, Draz MS, Ruan Z. Engineered CRISPR-Cas systems for the detection and control of antibiotic-resistant infections. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:401. [PMID: 34863214 PMCID: PMC8642896 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01132-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is spreading rapidly around the world and seriously impeding efforts to control microbial infections. Although nucleic acid testing is widely deployed for the detection of antibiotic resistant bacteria, the current techniques-mainly based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-are time-consuming and laborious. There is an urgent need to develop new strategies to control bacterial infections and the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The CRISPR-Cas system is an adaptive immune system found in many prokaryotes that presents attractive opportunities to target and edit nucleic acids with high precision and reliability. Engineered CRISPR-Cas systems are reported to effectively kill bacteria or even revert bacterial resistance to antibiotics (resensitizing bacterial cells to antibiotics). Strategies for combating antimicrobial resistance using CRISPR (i.e., Cas9, Cas12, Cas13, and Cas14) can be of great significance in detecting bacteria and their resistance to antibiotics. This review discusses the structures, mechanisms, and detection methods of CRISPR-Cas systems and how these systems can be engineered for the rapid and reliable detection of bacteria using various approaches, with a particular focus on nanoparticles. In addition, we summarize the most recent advances in applying the CRISPR-Cas system for virulence modulation of bacterial infections and combating antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuye Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Mohammed J Hakeem
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Venkatarao Selamneni
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Mohamed S Draz
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Zhi Ruan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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Scalisi S, Pennacchietti F, Keshavan S, Derr ND, Diaspro A, Pisignano D, Pierzynska-Mach A, Dante S, Cella Zanacchi F. Quantitative Super-Resolution Microscopy to Assess Adhesion of Neuronal Cells on Single-Layer Graphene Substrates. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:878. [PMID: 34832107 PMCID: PMC8621106 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11110878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Single Layer Graphene (SLG) has emerged as a critically important nanomaterial due to its unique optical and electrical properties and has become a potential candidate for biomedical applications, biosensors, and tissue engineering. Due to its intrinsic 2D nature, SLG is an ideal surface for the development of large-area biosensors and, due to its biocompatibility, can be easily exploited as a substrate for cell growth. The cellular response to SLG has been addressed in different studies with high cellular affinity for graphene often detected. Still, little is known about the molecular mechanism that drives/regulates the cellular adhesion and migration on SLG and SLG-coated interfaces with respect to other substrates. Within this scenario, we used quantitative super-resolution microscopy based on single-molecule localization to study the molecular distribution of adhesion proteins at the nanoscale level in cells growing on SLG and glass. In order to reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying the higher affinity of biological samples on SLG, we exploited stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) imaging and cluster analysis, quantifying the super-resolution localization of the adhesion protein vinculin in neurons and clearly highlighting substrate-related correlations. Additionally, a comparison with an epithelial cell line (Chinese Hamster Ovary) revealed a cell dependent mechanism of interaction with SLG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Scalisi
- Nanoscopy and NIC@IIT, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16152 Genoa, Italy; (S.S.); (F.P.); (A.D.); (A.P.-M.)
- DIFILAB, Department of Physics, University of Genoa, 16146 Genoa, Italy
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38122 Trento, Italy
| | - Francesca Pennacchietti
- Nanoscopy and NIC@IIT, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16152 Genoa, Italy; (S.S.); (F.P.); (A.D.); (A.P.-M.)
| | - Sandeep Keshavan
- Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Nathan D. Derr
- Center for Microscopy and Imaging & Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, 44 College Lane, Northampton, MA 01063, USA;
| | - Alberto Diaspro
- Nanoscopy and NIC@IIT, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16152 Genoa, Italy; (S.S.); (F.P.); (A.D.); (A.P.-M.)
- DIFILAB, Department of Physics, University of Genoa, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Dario Pisignano
- Physics Department ‘E. Fermi’, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy;
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Agnieszka Pierzynska-Mach
- Nanoscopy and NIC@IIT, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16152 Genoa, Italy; (S.S.); (F.P.); (A.D.); (A.P.-M.)
| | - Silvia Dante
- Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Francesca Cella Zanacchi
- Nanoscopy and NIC@IIT, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16152 Genoa, Italy; (S.S.); (F.P.); (A.D.); (A.P.-M.)
- Physics Department ‘E. Fermi’, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy;
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Su X, Wang P, Lin W. The Value of Circulating Circular RNA in Cancer Diagnosis, Monitoring, Prognosis, and Guiding Treatment. Front Oncol 2021; 11:736546. [PMID: 34722285 PMCID: PMC8551378 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.736546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsy includes non-invasive analysis of circulating tumor-derived substances. It is a novel, innovative cancer screening tool that overcomes the limitations of current invasive tissue examinations in precision oncology. Circular RNA (circRNA) is a recent, novel, and attractive liquid biomarker showing stability, abundance, and high specificity in various diseases, especially in human cancers. This review focused on the emerging potential of human circRNA in body fluids as the liquid biopsy biomarkers for cancers and the methods used to detect the circRNA expression and summarized the construction of circRNA biomarkers in body fluids for treating human cancers and their limitations before they become part of routine clinical medicine. Furthermore, the future opportunities and challenges of translating circRNAs in liquid biopsy into clinical practices were explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjing Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Xinwan Su
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiqiang Lin
- Department of Nephrology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
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DHAHIR RK, AL-NIMA AM, AL-BAZZAZ F. Nanoemulsions as Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems. Turk J Pharm Sci 2021; 18:652-664. [PMID: 34708428 PMCID: PMC8562122 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2020.59319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanoemulsions are liquid-in-liquid dispersion with a droplet size of about 100 nm. They have a transparent appearance, high rate of bioavailability, and increased shelf life. Nanoemulsions mainly consist of oil, water, surfactant, and cosurfactant and can be prepared by high- and low-energy methods. Diluted nanoemulsions are utilized for the delivery of ophthalmic drugs due to their capability to penetrate the deep layers of the ocular structure, provide a sustained release effect, and reduce the frequency of administration and side effects. These nanoemulsions are subjected to certain tests, such as safety, stability, pH profile, rheological studies, and so on. Cationic nanoemulsions are prepared for topical ophthalmic delivery of active ingredients from cationic agents to increase the drug residence time on the ocular surface, reducing their clearance from the ocular surface and improving drug bioavailability. This review article summarizes the main characteristics of nanoemulsions, ophthalmic nanoemulsions, and cationic nanoemulsions and their components, methods of preparation, and the evaluation parameters for ophthalmic nanoemulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Khalid DHAHIR
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | | | - Fadia AL-BAZZAZ
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
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31
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Xie D, Wang J, Hu G, Chen C, Yang H, Ritter JK, Qu Y, Li N. Kidney-Targeted Delivery of Prolyl Hydroxylase Domain Protein 2 Small Interfering RNA with Nanoparticles Alleviated Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 378:235-243. [PMID: 34103333 PMCID: PMC11047054 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) has been shown to protect against various kidney diseases. However, there are controversial reports on the effect of PHD inhibition in renoprotection. The present study determined whether delivery of PHD2 small interfering RNA (siRNA) using an siRNA carrier, folic acid (FA)-decorated polyamidoamine dendrimer generation 5 (G5-FA), would mainly target kidneys and protect against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R). The renal I/R was generated by clipping the renal pedicle for 30 minutes in uninephrectomized mice. Mice were sacrificed 48 hours after I/R. Normal saline or G5-FA complexed with control or PHD2 siRNA was injected via tail vein 24 hours before ischemia. After the injection of near-infrared fluorescent dye-labeled G5-FA, the fluorescence was mainly detected in kidneys but not in other organs. The reduction of PHD2 mRNA and protein was only observed in kidneys but not in other organs after injection of PHD2-siRNA-G5-FA complex. The injection of PHD2-siRNA-G5-FA significantly alleviated renal I/R injury, as shown by the inhibition of increases in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, the blockade of increases in kidney injury molecule-1 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and the improvement of histologic damage compared with mice treated with control siRNA. PHD2 siRNA can be delivered specifically into kidneys using G5-FA, and that local knockdown of PHD2 gene expression within the kidney alleviates renal I/R injury. Therefore, G5-FA is an efficient siRNA carrier to deliver siRNA into the kidney, and that local inhibition of PHD2 within the kidney may be a potential strategy for the management of acute I/R injury. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Folic acid (FA)-decorated polyamidoamine dendrimer generation 5 (G5-FA) was demonstrated to be an effective carrier to deliver small interfering RNA (siRNA) into kidneys. Delivery of prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 siRNA with G5-FA effectively protected the kidneys against the acute renal ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengpiao Xie
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (D.X., G.H., C.C., J.K.R., N.L.); College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.W.); Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri (H.Y.); and Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (Y.Q.)
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (D.X., G.H., C.C., J.K.R., N.L.); College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.W.); Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri (H.Y.); and Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (Y.Q.)
| | - Gaizun Hu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (D.X., G.H., C.C., J.K.R., N.L.); College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.W.); Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri (H.Y.); and Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (Y.Q.)
| | - Chaoling Chen
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (D.X., G.H., C.C., J.K.R., N.L.); College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.W.); Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri (H.Y.); and Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (Y.Q.)
| | - Hu Yang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (D.X., G.H., C.C., J.K.R., N.L.); College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.W.); Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri (H.Y.); and Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (Y.Q.)
| | - Joseph K Ritter
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (D.X., G.H., C.C., J.K.R., N.L.); College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.W.); Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri (H.Y.); and Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (Y.Q.)
| | - Yun Qu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (D.X., G.H., C.C., J.K.R., N.L.); College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.W.); Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri (H.Y.); and Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (Y.Q.)
| | - Ningjun Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia (D.X., G.H., C.C., J.K.R., N.L.); College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (J.W.); Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri (H.Y.); and Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (Y.Q.)
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Tieu T, Wei Y, Cifuentes‐Rius A, Voelcker NH. Overcoming Barriers: Clinical Translation of siRNA Nanomedicines. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Terence Tieu
- Parkville Campus 381 Royal Parade Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville VIC 3052 Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing Bayview Avenue Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Yingkai Wei
- Parkville Campus 381 Royal Parade Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Anna Cifuentes‐Rius
- Parkville Campus 381 Royal Parade Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Nicolas H. Voelcker
- Parkville Campus 381 Royal Parade Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville VIC 3052 Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing Bayview Avenue Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication 151 Wellington Road Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility Clayton VIC 3168 Australia
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Guo W, Lakshminarayanan H, Rodriguez-Palacios A, Salata RA, Xu K, Draz MS. Glycan Nanostructures of Human Coronaviruses. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:4813-4830. [PMID: 34290504 PMCID: PMC8289332 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s302516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human coronaviruses present a substantial global disease burden, causing damage to populations’ health, economy, and social well-being. Glycans are one of the main structural components of all microbes and organismic structures, including viruses—playing multiple essential roles in virus infection and immunity. Studying and understanding virus glycans at the nanoscale provide new insights into the diagnosis and treatment of viruses. Glycan nanostructures are considered potential targets for molecular diagnosis, antiviral therapeutics, and the development of vaccines. This review article describes glycan nanostructures (eg, glycoproteins and glycolipids) that exist in cells, subcellular structures, and microbes. We detail the structure, characterization, synthesis, and functions of virus glycans. Furthermore, we describe the glycan nanostructures of different human coronaviruses, such as human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63), human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1), the Middle East respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and how glycan nanotechnology can be useful to prevent and combat human coronaviruses infections, along with possibilities that are not yet explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanru Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Harini Lakshminarayanan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alex Rodriguez-Palacios
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Germ-Free and Gut Microbiome Core, Cleveland Digestive Diseases Research Core Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,University Hospitals Research and Education Institute, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Robert A Salata
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kaijin Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mohamed S Draz
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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The Nanosystems Involved in Treating Lung Cancer. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11070682. [PMID: 34357054 PMCID: PMC8307574 DOI: 10.3390/life11070682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though there are various types of cancer, this pathology as a whole is considered the principal cause of death worldwide. Lung cancer is known as a heterogeneous condition, and it is apparent that genome modification presents a significant role in the occurrence of this disorder. There are conventional procedures that can be utilized against diverse cancer types, such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy, but they are hampered by the numerous side effects. Owing to the many adverse events observed in these therapies, it is imperative to continuously develop new and improved strategies for managing individuals with cancer. Nanomedicine plays an important role in establishing new methods for detecting chromosomal rearrangements and mutations for targeted chemotherapeutics or the local delivery of drugs via different types of nano-particle carriers to the lungs or other organs or areas of interest. Because of the complex signaling pathways involved in developing different types of cancer, the need to discover new methods for prevention and detection is crucial in producing gene delivery materials that exhibit the desired roles. Scientists have confirmed that nanotechnology-based procedures are more effective than conventional chemotherapy or radiotherapy, with minor side effects. Several nanoparticles, nanomaterials, and nanosystems have been studied, including liposomes, dendrimers, polymers, micelles, inorganic nanoparticles, such as gold nanoparticles or carbon nanotubes, and even siRNA delivery systems. The cytotoxicity of such nanosystems is a debatable concern, and nanotechnology-based delivery systems must be improved to increase the bioavailability, biocompatibility, and safety profiles, since these nanosystems boast a remarkable potential in many biomedical applications, including anti-tumor activity or gene therapy. In this review, the nanosystems involved in treating lung cancer and its associated challenges are discussed.
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Liu Z, Wang S, Tapeinos C, Torrieri G, Känkänen V, El-Sayed N, Python A, Hirvonen JT, Santos HA. Non-viral nanoparticles for RNA interference: Principles of design and practical guidelines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 174:576-612. [PMID: 34019958 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi) is an innovative treatment strategy for a myriad of indications. Non-viral synthetic nanoparticles (NPs) have drawn extensive attention as vectors for RNAi due to their potential advantages, including improved safety, high delivery efficiency and economic feasibility. However, the complex natural process of RNAi and the susceptible nature of oligonucleotides render the NPs subject to particular design principles and requirements for practical fabrication. Here, we summarize the requirements and obstacles for fabricating non-viral nano-vectors for efficient RNAi. To address the delivery challenges, we discuss practical guidelines for materials selection and NP synthesis in order to maximize RNA encapsulation efficiency and protection against degradation, and to facilitate the cytosolic release of oligonucleotides. The current status of clinical translation of RNAi-based therapies and further perspectives for reducing the potential side effects are also reviewed.
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Zhao R, Cao J, Yang X, Zhang Q, Iqbal MZ, Lu J, Kong X. Inorganic material based macrophage regulation for cancer therapy: basic concepts and recent advances. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:4568-4590. [PMID: 34113942 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00508a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages with the M1 phenotype are a type of immune cell with exciting prospects for cancer therapy; however, when these macrophages infiltrate into tumours, many of them are induced by the tumour microenvironment to transform into the M2 type, which can enable tumour defence against external therapeutic strategies, assisting in tumour development. Macrophages have strong plasticity and functional heterogeneity, and their phenotypic transformation is complex and still poorly understood in relation to cancer therapy. Recent material advances in inorganic nanomaterials, especially inorganic elements in vivo, have accelerated the development of macrophage regulation-based cancer treatments. This review summarizes the basics of recent research on macrophage phenotype transformation and discusses the current challenges in macrophage type regulation. Then, the current achievements involving inorganic material-based macrophage regulation and the related anticancer effects of induced macrophages and their extracellular secretions are reviewed systematically. Importantly, inorganic nanomaterial-based macrophage phenotype regulation is flexible and can be adapted for different types of cancer therapies, presenting a possible novel approach for the generation of immune materials for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibo Zhao
- Institute of Smart Biomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China. and Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinping Cao
- Institute of Smart Biomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China. and Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyan Yang
- School of Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Institute of Smart Biomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China. and Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Muhammad Zubair Iqbal
- Institute of Smart Biomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China. and Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaju Lu
- Institute of Smart Biomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China. and Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangdong Kong
- Institute of Smart Biomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China. and Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
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Sajid M, Moazzam M, Cho Y, Kato S, Xu A, Way JJ, Lohan S, Tiwari RK. siRNA Therapeutics for the Therapy of COVID-19 and Other Coronaviruses. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2105-2121. [PMID: 33945284 PMCID: PMC9896947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic of global concern has killed about three million humans and affected around 151 million people worldwide, as of April 30, 2021. Although recently approved vaccines for COVID-19 are engendering hope, finding new ways to cure the viral pandemic is still a quest for researchers worldwide. Major pandemics in history have been of viral origin, such as SARS, MERS, H1NI, Spanish flu, and so on. A larger emphasis has been on discovering potential vaccines, novel antiviral drugs, and agents that can mitigate the viral infection symptoms; however, a relatively new area, RNA interference (RNAi), has proven effective as an antiviral agent. The RNAi phenomenon has been largely exploited to cure cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and some rare diseases. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has recently approved three siRNA products for human use that garner significant hope in siRNA therapeutics for coronaviruses. There have been some commentaries and communications addressing this area. We have summarized and illustrated the significance and the potential of the siRNA therapeutics available as of April 30, 2021 to combat the ongoing viral pandemic and the emerging new variants such as B.1.1.7 and B.1.351. Numerous successful in vitro studies and several investigations to address the clinical application of siRNA therapeutics provide great hope in this field. This seminal Review describes the significance of siRNA-based therapy to treat diverse viral infections in addition to the current coronavirus challenge. In addition, we have thoroughly reviewed the patents approved for coronaviruses, the major challenges in siRNA therapy, and the potential approaches to address them, followed by innovation and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad
Imran Sajid
- Center
for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, California 92618, United States
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54700, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Moazzam
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54700, Pakistan
| | - Yeseom Cho
- Center
for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, California 92618, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Schmid College of Science and
Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California 92866, United States
| | - Shun Kato
- Center
for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, California 92618, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Schmid College of Science and
Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California 92866, United States
| | - Ava Xu
- Center
for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, California 92618, United States
| | - J. J. Way
- Center
for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, California 92618, United States
| | - Sandeep Lohan
- Center
for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, California 92618, United States
| | - Rakesh K. Tiwari
- Center
for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, California 92618, United States
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Meena M, Zehra A, Swapnil P, Harish, Marwal A, Yadav G, Sonigra P. Endophytic Nanotechnology: An Approach to Study Scope and Potential Applications. Front Chem 2021; 9:613343. [PMID: 34113600 PMCID: PMC8185355 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.613343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has become a very advanced and popular form of technology with huge potentials. Nanotechnology has been very well explored in the fields of electronics, automobiles, construction, medicine, and cosmetics, but the exploration of nanotecnology's use in agriculture is still limited. Due to climate change, each year around 40% of crops face abiotic and biotic stress; with the global demand for food increasing, nanotechnology is seen as the best method to mitigate challenges in disease management in crops by reducing the use of chemical inputs such as herbicides, pesticides, and fungicides. The use of these toxic chemicals is potentially harmful to humans and the environment. Therefore, using NPs as fungicides/ bactericides or as nanofertilizers, due to their small size and high surface area with high reactivity, reduces the problems in plant disease management. There are several methods that have been used to synthesize NPs, such as physical and chemical methods. Specially, we need ecofriendly and nontoxic methods for the synthesis of NPs. Some biological organisms like plants, algae, yeast, bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi have emerged as superlative candidates for the biological synthesis of NPs (also considered as green synthesis). Among these biological methods, endophytic microorganisms have been widely used to synthesize NPs with low metallic ions, which opens a new possibility on the edge of biological nanotechnology. In this review, we will have discussed the different methods of synthesis of NPs, such as top-down, bottom-up, and green synthesis (specially including endophytic microorganisms) methods, their mechanisms, different forms of NPs, such as magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs), copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs), chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs), β-d-glucan nanoparticles (GNPs), and engineered nanoparticles (quantum dots, metalloids, nonmetals, carbon nanomaterials, dendrimers, and liposomes), and their molecular approaches in various aspects. At the molecular level, nanoparticles, such as mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) and RNA-interference molecules, can also be used as molecular tools to carry genetic material during genetic engineering of plants. In plant disease management, NPs can be used as biosensors to diagnose the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Meena
- Laboratory of Phytopathology and Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India
| | - Andleeb Zehra
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Prashant Swapnil
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- Department of Botany, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Harish
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India
| | - Avinash Marwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Vigyan Bhawan, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India
| | - Garima Yadav
- Laboratory of Phytopathology and Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India
| | - Priyankaraj Sonigra
- Laboratory of Phytopathology and Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India
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He AT, Liu J, Li F, Yang BB. Targeting circular RNAs as a therapeutic approach: current strategies and challenges. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:185. [PMID: 34016945 PMCID: PMC8137869 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00569-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in circular RNA (circRNA) research in recent years. Increasing evidence suggests that circRNAs play important roles in many cellular processes, and their dysregulation is implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases. CircRNAs are highly stable and usually expressed in a tissue- or cell type-specific manner. Therefore, they are currently being explored as potential therapeutic targets. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches are typically performed using circRNA expression plasmids and RNA interference-based strategies, respectively. These strategies have limitations that can be mitigated using nanoparticle and exosome delivery systems. Furthermore, recent developments show that the cre-lox system can be used to knockdown circRNAs in a cell-specific manner. While still in the early stages of development, the CRISPR/Cas13 system has shown promise in knocking down circRNAs with high specificity and efficiency. In this review, we describe circRNA properties and functions and highlight their significance in disease. We summarize strategies that can be used to overexpress or knockdown circRNAs as a therapeutic approach. Lastly, we discuss major challenges and propose future directions for the development of circRNA-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina T. He
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Jinglei Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics, ATCGene Inc, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feiya Li
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Burton B. Yang
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
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Dash BS, Jose G, Lu YJ, Chen JP. Functionalized Reduced Graphene Oxide as a Versatile Tool for Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2989. [PMID: 33804239 PMCID: PMC8000837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases in human history with extremely poor prognosis. Although many traditional therapeutic modalities-such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy-have proved to be successful in inhibiting the growth of tumor cells, their side effects may vastly limited the actual benefits and patient acceptance. In this context, a nanomedicine approach for cancer therapy using functionalized nanomaterial has been gaining ground recently. Considering the ability to carry various anticancer drugs and to act as a photothermal agent, the use of carbon-based nanomaterials for cancer therapy has advanced rapidly. Within those nanomaterials, reduced graphene oxide (rGO), a graphene family 2D carbon nanomaterial, emerged as a good candidate for cancer photothermal therapy due to its excellent photothermal conversion in the near infrared range, large specific surface area for drug loading, as well as functional groups for functionalization with molecules such as photosensitizers, siRNA, ligands, etc. By unique design, multifunctional nanosystems could be designed based on rGO, which are endowed with promising temperature/pH-dependent drug/gene delivery abilities for multimodal cancer therapy. This could be further augmented by additional advantages offered by functionalized rGO, such as high biocompatibility, targeted delivery, and enhanced photothermal effects. Herewith, we first provide an overview of the most effective reducing agents for rGO synthesis via chemical reduction. This was followed by in-depth review of application of functionalized rGO in different cancer treatment modalities such as chemotherapy, photothermal therapy and/or photodynamic therapy, gene therapy, chemotherapy/phototherapy, and photothermal/immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banendu Sunder Dash
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (B.S.D.); (G.J.)
| | - Gils Jose
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (B.S.D.); (G.J.)
| | - Yu-Jen Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
| | - Jyh-Ping Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (B.S.D.); (G.J.)
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Kwei-San, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Tai-Shan, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
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Sanghani A, Kafetzis KN, Sato Y, Elboraie S, Fajardo-Sanchez J, Harashima H, Tagalakis AD, Yu-Wai-Man C. Novel PEGylated Lipid Nanoparticles Have a High Encapsulation Efficiency and Effectively Deliver MRTF-B siRNA in Conjunctival Fibroblasts. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:382. [PMID: 33805660 PMCID: PMC7998417 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The master regulator of the fibrosis cascade is the myocardin-related transcription factor/serum response factor (MRTF/SRF) pathway, making it a key target for anti-fibrotic therapeutics. In the past, inhibitors and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting the MRTF-B gene have been deployed to counter fibrosis in the eye, with the latter showing promising results. However, the biggest challenge in implementing siRNA therapeutics is the method of delivery. In this study, we utilised the novel, pH-sensitive, cationic lipid CL4H6, which has previously demonstrated potent targeting of hepatocytes and endosomal escape, to safely and efficiently deliver an MRTF-B siRNA into human conjunctival fibroblasts. We prepared two lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulations, incorporating targeting cleavable peptide cY in one of them, and measured their physicochemical properties and silencing effect in human conjunctival fibroblasts. Both proved to be non-cytotoxic at a concentration of 50 nM and effectively silenced the MRTF-B gene in vitro, with the targeting cleavable peptide not affecting the silencing efficiency [LNP with cY: 62.1% and 81.5% versus LNP without cY: 77.7% and 80.2%, at siRNA concentrations of 50 nM (p = 0.06) and 100 nM (p = 0.09), respectively]. On the other hand, the addition of the targeting cleavable peptide significantly increased the encapsulation efficiency of the LNPs from 92.5% to 99.3% (p = 0.0005). In a 3D fibroblast-populated collagen matrix model, both LNP formulations significantly decreased fibroblast contraction after a single transfection. We conclude that the novel PEGylated CL4H6-MRTF-B siRNA-loaded LNPs represent a promising therapeutic approach to prevent conjunctival fibrosis after glaucoma filtration surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amisha Sanghani
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK; (A.S.); (J.F.-S.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | | | - Yusuke Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (Y.S.); (H.H.)
| | - Salsabil Elboraie
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk L39 4QP, UK; (K.N.K.); (S.E.)
| | - Julia Fajardo-Sanchez
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK; (A.S.); (J.F.-S.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (Y.S.); (H.H.)
| | | | - Cynthia Yu-Wai-Man
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK; (A.S.); (J.F.-S.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
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Tieu T, Irani S, Bremert KL, Ryan NK, Wojnilowicz M, Helm M, Thissen H, Voelcker NH, Butler LM, Cifuentes‐Rius A. Patient-Derived Prostate Cancer Explants: A Clinically Relevant Model to Assess siRNA-Based Nanomedicines. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001594. [PMID: 33274851 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Over the last thirty years, research in nanomedicine has widely been focused on applications in cancer therapeutics. However, despite the plethora of reported nanoscale drug delivery systems that can successfully eradicate solid tumor xenografts in vivo, many of these formulations have not yet achieved clinical translation. This issue particularly pertains to the delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA), a highly attractive tool for selective gene targeting. One of the likely reasons behind the lack of translation is that current in vivo models fail to recapitulate critical elements of clinical solid tumors that may influence drug response, such as cellular heterogeneity in the tumor microenvironment. This study incorporates a more clinically relevant model for assessing siRNA delivery systems; ex vivo culture of prostate cancer harvested from patients who have undergone radical prostatectomy, denoted patient-derived explants (PDE). The model retains native human tissue architecture, microenvironment, and cell signaling pathways. Porous silicon nanoparticles (pSiNPs) behavior in this model is investigated and compared with commonly used 3D cancer cell spheroids for their efficacy in the delivery of siRNA directed against the androgen receptor (AR), a key driver of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Tieu
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville Campus, 381 Royal Parade Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing Bayview Avenue Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Swati Irani
- South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute Adelaide SA 5001 Australia
- Adelaide Medical School & Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Kayla L. Bremert
- South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute Adelaide SA 5001 Australia
- Adelaide Medical School & Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Natalie K. Ryan
- South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute Adelaide SA 5001 Australia
- Adelaide Medical School & Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | | | - Madison Helm
- South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute Adelaide SA 5001 Australia
- Adelaide Medical School & Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Helmut Thissen
- CSIRO Manufacturing Bayview Avenue Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Nicolas H. Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville Campus, 381 Royal Parade Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing Bayview Avenue Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility 151 Wellington Road Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Lisa M. Butler
- South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute Adelaide SA 5001 Australia
- Adelaide Medical School & Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Anna Cifuentes‐Rius
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville Campus, 381 Royal Parade Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
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Gangopadhyay S, Nikam RR, Gore KR. Folate Receptor-Mediated siRNA Delivery: Recent Developments and Future Directions for RNAi Therapeutics. Nucleic Acid Ther 2021; 31:245-270. [PMID: 33595381 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2020.0882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi), a gene regulatory process mediated by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), has made remarkable progress as a potential therapeutic agent against various diseases. However, RNAi is associated with fundamental challenges such as poor systemic delivery and susceptibility to the nucleases. Targeting ligand-bound delivery vehicles has improved the accumulation of drug at the target site, which has resulted in high transfection efficiency and enhanced gene silencing. Recently, folate receptor (FR)-mediated targeted delivery of siRNAs has garnered attention due to their enhanced cellular uptake and high transfection efficiency toward tumor cells. Folic acid (FA), due to its small size, low immunogenicity, high in vivo stability, and high binding affinity toward FRs, has attracted much attention for targeted siRNA delivery. FRs are overexpressed in a large number of tumors, including ovarian, breast, kidney, and lung cancer cells. In this review, we discuss recent advances in FA-mediated siRNA delivery to treat cancers and inflammatory diseases. This review summarizes various FA-conjugated nanoparticle systems reported so far in the literature, including liposome, silica, metal, graphene, dendrimers, chitosan, organic copolymers, and RNA nanoparticles. This review will help in the design and development of potential delivery vehicles for siRNA drug targeting to tumor cells using an FR-mediated approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Gangopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Rahul R Nikam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India
| | - Kiran R Gore
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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Yang D. Application of Nanotechnology in the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:623-649. [PMID: 33531805 PMCID: PMC7847377 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s296383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, has been prevalent worldwide for almost a year. In early 2000, there was an outbreak of SARS-CoV, and in early 2010, a similar dissemination of infection by MERS-CoV occurred. However, no clear explanation for the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and a massive increase in the number of infections has yet been proposed. The best solution to overcome this pandemic is the development of suitable and effective vaccines and therapeutics. Fortunately, for SARS-CoV-2, the genome sequence and protein structure have been published in a short period, making research and development for prevention and treatment relatively easy. In addition, intranasal drug delivery has proven to be an effective method of administration for treating viral lung diseases. In recent years, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems have been applied to intranasal drug delivery to overcome various limitations that occur during mucosal administration, and advances have been made to the stage where effective drug delivery is possible. This review describes the accumulated knowledge of the previous SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections and aims to help understand the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, it elucidates the achievements in developing COVID-19 vaccines and therapeutics to date through existing approaches. Finally, the applicable nanotechnology approach is described in detail, and vaccines and therapeutic drugs developed based on nanomedicine, which are currently undergoing clinical trials, have presented the potential to become innovative alternatives for overcoming COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongki Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, South Korea
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Zhang L, Mu C, Zhang T, Yang D, Wang C, Chen Q, Tang L, Fan L, Liu C, Shen J, Li H. Development of targeted therapy therapeutics to sensitize triple-negative breast cancer chemosensitivity utilizing bacteriophage phi29 derived packaging RNA. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:13. [PMID: 33413427 PMCID: PMC7792131 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00758-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To date, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) treatment options are limited because of the loss of target receptors and, as a result, are only managed with chemotherapy. What is worse is that TNBC is frequently developing resistance to chemotherapy. By using small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based therapeutics, our recent work demonstrated X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) was linked to human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive (HER2+) breast cancer development and chemoresistance. Given the instability, off-target effects, net negative charge, and hydrophobicity of siRNA in vivo utilization and clinical transformation, its use in treatment is hampered. Thus, the development of a siRNA-based drug delivery system (DDS) with ultra-stability and specificity is necessary to address the predicament of siRNA delivery. Results Here, we assembled RNase resistant RNA nanoparticles (NPs) based on the 3WJ structure from Phi29 DNA packaging motor. To improved targeted therapy and sensitize TNBC to chemotherapy, the RNA NPs were equipped with an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) targeting aptamer and XBP1 siRNA. We found our RNA NPs could deplete XBP1 expression and suppress tumor growth after intravenous administration. Meanwhile, RNA NPs treatment could promote sensitization to chemotherapy and impede angiogenesis in vivo. Conclusions The results further demonstrate that our RNA NPs could serve as an effective and promising platform not only for siRNA delivery but also for chemotherapy-resistant TNBC therapy.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325011, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaofeng Mu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Tinghong Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China. .,Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325011, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dejun Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325011, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenou Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Tang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Luhui Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianliang Shen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China. .,Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325011, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huaqiong Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China. .,Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325011, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Siafaka PI, Okur NÜ, Karantas ID, Okur ME, Gündoğdu EA. Current update on nanoplatforms as therapeutic and diagnostic tools: A review for the materials used as nanotheranostics and imaging modalities. Asian J Pharm Sci 2021; 16:24-46. [PMID: 33613728 PMCID: PMC7878458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, the use of nanotheranostics as emerging diagnostic and therapeutic tools for various diseases, especially cancer, is held great attention. Up to date, several approaches have been employed in order to develop smart nanotheranostics, which combine bioactive targeting on specific tissues as well as diagnostic properties. The nanotheranostics can deliver therapeutic agents by concomitantly monitor the therapy response in real-time. Consequently, the possibility of over- or under-dosing is decreased. Various non-invasive imaging techniques have been used to quantitatively monitor the drug delivery processes. Radiolabeling of nanomaterials is widely used as powerful diagnostic approach on nuclear medicine imaging. In fact, various radiolabeled nanomaterials have been designed and developed for imaging tumors and other lesions due to their efficient characteristics. Inorganic nanoparticles as gold, silver, silica based nanomaterials or organic nanoparticles as polymers, carbon based nanomaterials, liposomes have been reported as multifunctional nanotheranostics. In this review, the imaging modalities according to their use in various diseases are summarized, providing special details for radiolabeling. In further, the most current nanotheranostics categorized via the used nanomaterials are also summed up. To conclude, this review can be beneficial for medical and pharmaceutical society as well as material scientists who work in the field of nanotheranostics since they can use this research as guide for producing newer and more efficient nanotheranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panoraia I. Siafaka
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Neslihan Üstündağ Okur
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ioannis D. Karantas
- 2nd Clinic of Internal Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Mehmet Evren Okur
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
Cell-Penetrating Peptides (CPP) are valuable tools capable of crossing the plasma membrane to deliver therapeutic cargo inside cells. Small interfering RNAs (siRNA) are double-stranded RNA molecules capable of silencing the expression of a specific protein triggering the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, but they are unable to cross the plasma membrane and have a short half-life in the bloodstream. In this overview, we assessed the many different approaches used and developed in the last two decades to deliver siRNA through the plasma membrane through different CPPs sorted according to three different loading strategies: covalent conjugation, complex formation, and CPP-decorated (functionalized) nanocomplexes. Each of these strategies has pros and cons, but it appears the latter two are the most commonly reported and emerging as the most promising strategies due to their simplicity of synthesis, use, and versatility. Recent progress with siRNA delivered by CPPs seems to focus on targeted delivery to reduce side effects and amount of drugs used, and it appears to be among the most promising use for CPPs in future clinical applications.
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48
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Freitag F, Wagner E. Optimizing synthetic nucleic acid and protein nanocarriers: The chemical evolution approach. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 168:30-54. [PMID: 32246984 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Optimizing synthetic nanocarriers is like searching for a needle in a haystack. How to find the most suitable carrier for intracellular delivery of a specified macromolecular nanoagent for a given disease target location? Here, we review different synthetic 'chemical evolution' strategies that have been pursued. Libraries of nanocarriers have been generated either by unbiased combinatorial chemistry or by variation and novel combination of known functional delivery elements. As in natural evolution, definition of nanocarriers as sequences, as barcode or design principle, may fuel chemical evolution. Screening in appropriate test system may not only provide delivery candidates, but also a refined understanding of cellular delivery including novel, unpredictable mechanisms. Combined with rational design and computational algorithms, candidates can be further optimized in subsequent evolution cycles into nanocarriers with improved safety and efficacy. Optimization of nanocarriers differs for various cargos, as illustrated for plasmid DNA, siRNA, mRNA, proteins, or genome-editing nucleases.
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Szőllősi R, Molnár Á, Kondak S, Kolbert Z. Dual Effect of Nanomaterials on Germination and Seedling Growth: Stimulation vs. Phytotoxicity. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1745. [PMID: 33321844 PMCID: PMC7763982 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to recent active research, a large amount of data has been accumulated regarding the effects of different nanomaterials (mainly metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, chitosan nanoparticles) on different plant species. Most studies have focused on seed germination and early seedling development, presumably due to the simplicity of these experimental systems. Depending mostly on size and concentration, nanomaterials can exert both positive and negative effects on germination and seedling development during normal and stress conditions, thus some research has evaluated the phytotoxic effects of nanomaterials and the physiological and molecular processes behind them, while other works have highlighted the favorable seed priming effects. This review aims to systematize and discuss research data regarding the effect of nanomaterials on germination and seedling growth in order to provide state-of-the-art knowledge about this fast developing research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka Szőllősi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (Á.M.); (S.K.); (Z.K.)
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Khalid K, Tan X, Mohd Zaid HF, Tao Y, Lye Chew C, Chu DT, Lam MK, Ho YC, Lim JW, Chin Wei L. Advanced in developmental organic and inorganic nanomaterial: a review. Bioengineered 2020; 11:328-355. [PMID: 32138595 PMCID: PMC7161543 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2020.1736240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With the unique properties such as high surface area to volume ratio, stability, inertness, ease of functionalization, as well as novel optical, electrical, and magnetic behaviors, nanomaterials have a wide range of applications in various fields with the common types including nanotubes, dendrimers, quantum dots, and fullerenes. With the aim of providing useful insights to help future development of efficient and commercially viable technology for large-scale production, this review focused on the science and applications of inorganic and organic nanomaterials, emphasizing on their synthesis, processing, characterization, and applications on different fields. The applications of nanomaterials on imaging, cell and gene delivery, biosensor, cancer treatment, therapy, and others were discussed in depth. Last but not least, the future prospects and challenges in nanoscience and nanotechnology were also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalisanni Khalid
- Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Xuefei Tan
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Heilongjiang Institute of Technology, Harbin, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, PR China
- Dalian SEM Bio-Engineering Technology Co., Ltd, Dalian, PR China
| | - Hayyiratul Fatimah Mohd Zaid
- Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Centre of Innovative Nanostructures & Nanodevices (COINN), Institute of Autonomous System, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Yang Tao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chien Lye Chew
- Sime Darby Plantation Research (Formerly Known as Sime Darby Research), R&D Centre – Carey Island, Pulau Carey, Malaysia
| | - Dinh-Toi Chu
- Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Man Kee Lam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Yeek-Chia Ho
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Univesiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
- Center for Urban Resource Sustainably, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
- Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia Lim
| | - Lai Chin Wei
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), University of Malaya (UM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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