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Vats R, Yadav P, Bano A, Wadhwa S, Narwal A, Bhardwaj R. Salivary cysteine levels as a potential biochemical indicator of oral cancer risk in tobacco consumers. Biomark Med 2024:1-12. [PMID: 39344869 DOI: 10.1080/17520363.2024.2403327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: Oral cancer is the leading cause of mortality, with a survival rate of less than 5 years, and is predominantly influenced by tobacco mutagens. Invasive diagnostic methods hinder early detection of oral cancer biomarkers. The present study performed salivary biochemical analysis for early oral cancer screening in tobacco consumers.Materials & methods: Three study groups included healthy controls (n = 25), tobacco users (n = 25) and oral cancer patients (n = 25). Salivary total protein, amylase, TNF-α and amino acid levels were evaluated using enzymatic tests, Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).Results: Compared with healthy controls, salivary total protein and TNF-α levels were significantly (p = 0.04) higher in oral cancer patients. Salivary amylase levels were significantly lower in tobacco smokers (p = 0.02) and higher in oral cancer patients (p = 0.01). Interestingly, the amino acid cysteine concentration was significantly higher (p = 0.02) in tobacco consumers (62.5 ± 10) than in healthy controls (116.1 ± 28).Conclusion: In high-risk populations, such as tobacco users, salivary biochemical analysis can serve as a promising noninvasive diagnostic method for early oral cancer screening. As a salivary biomarker, the amino acid cysteine exhibits potential as a means of detecting the progression of oral cancer in individuals who consume tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravina Vats
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 122001, India
| | - Pooja Yadav
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 122001, India
| | - Afsareen Bano
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 122001, India
| | - Sapna Wadhwa
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 122001, India
| | - Anjali Narwal
- Dept. of Oral Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Rashmi Bhardwaj
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 122001, India
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Huang L, Luo F, Deng M, Zhang J. The relationship between salivary cytokines and oral cancer and their diagnostic capability for oral cancer: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:1044. [PMID: 39237889 PMCID: PMC11378403 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04840-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral cancer (OC) is a common malignancy in clinical practice. Saliva testing is a convenient and noninvasive early diagnostic technique for OC. Several salivary cytokines have been identified as potential biomarkers for OC, including IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10. Nonetheless, the optimal cytokine for OC diagnosis remains inconclusive and highly contentious. METHODS PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were comprehensively retrieved to collect all case-control studies on OC. A meta-analysis was performed to compare the levels of salivary IL-8, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and IL-1β in OC patients and healthy controls. Network meta-analysis (NMA) was carried out to probe into the accuracy of these salivary cytokines in diagnosing OC. RESULTS This analysis included 40 studies, encompassing 1280 individuals with OC and 1254 healthy controls. Significantly higher levels of salivary IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10 were observed in patients with OC in comparison to healthy controls. The results of NMA showed that TNF-α had the highest diagnostic accuracy for OC, with a sensitivity of 79% and a specificity of 92%, followed by IL-6 (sensitivity: 75%, specificity: 86%) and IL-8 (sensitivity: 80%, specificity: 80%). CONCLUSION This study suggests that IL-8, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and IL-1β may be potential diagnostic biomarkers for OC. Among them, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 are highly accurate in the diagnosis of OC. Nevertheless, further studies that eliminate other confounding factors are warranted, and more standardized procedures and large-scale studies are needed to support the clinical use of saliva testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Huang
- Department of Orthodontics, Changsha Stomatological Hospital, Changsha Hunan, 410006, China
- School of Stomatology, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Fen Luo
- Department of Orthodontics, Changsha Stomatological Hospital, Changsha Hunan, 410006, China
- School of Stomatology, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Mingsi Deng
- Department of Orthodontics, Changsha Stomatological Hospital, Changsha Hunan, 410006, China
- School of Stomatology, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Changsha Stomatological Hospital, Changsha Hunan, 410006, China.
- School of Stomatology, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha Hunan, 410208, China.
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Abdul Aziz Shaikh S, Denny E C, Kumarchandra R, Natarajan S, Sunny J, Shenoy N, K. P N. Evaluation of salivary tumor necrosis factor α as a diagnostic biomarker in oral submucosal fibrosis and squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx: a cross sectional observational study. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2024; 5:1375162. [PMID: 38595736 PMCID: PMC11002162 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2024.1375162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) is known to be associated with chronic inflammation, and its expression has been shown to increase in advanced cancers. Chronic inflammation is a characteristic feature of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), which is a potentially malignant disorder (PMD). Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is associated with considerable mortality and morbidity and an early detection or monitoring would greatly help in achieving an effective cure. TNF-α was thus evaluated for use as a biomarker in the present study according to the stage of OSMF and histological grade of SCC in the oral cavity and oropharynx. Methods This study included 45 patients divided into 3 groups-OSMF group, SCC group and control group-each comprising 15 participants. Saliva samples were collected from each patient, and salivary TNF-α levels were estimated using an ELISA kit. Results Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in TNF-α levels among the OSMF, SCC and control groups; however, there was an increase in the salivary TNF-α level in patients with stage 3 disease according to the clinical stage of OSMF, for which the p value was 0.027. Discussion An increase in the TNF-α concentration with increasing clinical stage suggested a role for TNF-α in the spread of OSMF involvement in anatomical structures of the oral cavity and oropharynx. No significant difference in salivary TNF-α levels was noted among the OSMF, SCC and control groups. Conclusion The study showed a positive correlation of TNF-α with increasing stages of OSMF but was not a reliable biomarker in the categorization of the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabiha Abdul Aziz Shaikh
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Ceena Denny E
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Reshma Kumarchandra
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Srikant Natarajan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Johan Sunny
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Nandita Shenoy
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Nandita K. P
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Lu Z, Liu J, Wan Q, Wu Y, Wu W, Chen Y. Chemerin promotes invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma by stimulating IL-6 and TNF-α production via STAT3 activation. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:436. [PMID: 38520551 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09359-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Elevated levels of adipokine chemerin have been identified in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and found to be associated with metastasis to the cervical lymph nodes. The underlying mechanism through which chemerin affects OSCC progression is unclear. The aims of this study were firstly to determine chemerin levels and cytokine concentrations in serum from patients with OSCC and in OSCC cell cultures, and secondly to observe chemerin effects on OSCC cell cytokine secretion, migration, and invasion in vitro. METHODS Serum samples were collected from 20 patients diagnosed with OSCC, including groups with (LN+) and without (LN-) cervical lymph node metastasis. A Luminex liquid suspension assay was used to quantify serum concentrations of 27 types of cytokines. Correlations between chemerin and cytokines (i.e., IL-6, IL-15, GM-CSF, RANTES, TNF-α, and VEGF) were analyzed. ELISAs (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays) were used to determine concentrations of chemerin and selected cytokines in serum and in supernatants of OSCC cell cultures (SCC9 and SCC25 cell lines). OSCC cells were stimulated with human recombinant chemerin, STAT3 inhibitor, or IL-6 together with TNF-α neutralizing antibodies. Phosphorylated STAT3 protein levels were measured with western blot analysis. OSCC cell migration and invasion were investigated with Transwell assays. RESULTS Compared to the LN- group, OSCC patients with cervical lymph node metastasis had higher levels of IL-6 (P = 0.006), IL-15 (P = 0.020), GM-CSF (P = 0.036), RANTES (P = 0.032), TNF-α (P = 0.005), VEGF (P = 0.006), and chemerin (P = 0.001). Patients' serum chemerin levels correlated directly with IL-6, GM-CSF, TNF-α, and VEGF levels in OSCC patients. Exogenous recombinant chemerin treatment promoted secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α via activation of STAT3 in OSCC cells. Chemerin induced OSCC-cell migration and invasion, and these effects were reduced by IL-6 and TNF-α neutralizing antibodies. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that chemerin may play a role in advancing OSCC progression by increasing production of IL-6 and TNF-α, perhaps via a mechanism involving STAT3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Lu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiayu Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Quan Wan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wanqiu Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiyang Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Ryu JJ, Jang CH. A liquid crystal-based biosensor for sensitive detection of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 191:55. [PMID: 38153588 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06125-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a cytokine secreted by the macrophages and Th1 cells of the immune system in response to inflammation. Given its significance as a biomarker with elevated levels in physiological fluids in various conditions, there is an increasing demand for a simple and accurate TNF-α detection strategy. In this article, we present a liquid crystal (LC)-based biosensor developed for sensitive TNF-α detection. The biosensor operates as follows: TNF-α and detection antibodies (DAbs) form complexes during preincubation. These complexes then bind with the surface-immobilized capture antibodies (CAbs), facilitating the antigen-antibody reaction between the CAbs and the TNF-α/DAb complexes. This target recognition interaction alters the surface topography, disrupting the vertical orientation of LCs produced by dimethyloctadecyl[3-(trimethoxysilyl)-propyl]ammonium chloride. The orientational change in the LCs can be easily visualized with a polarized optical microscope, resulting in brighter images as TNF-α levels rise. Our results demonstrated a linear range of 5.00-500 pg/mL, with a limit of detection and limit of quantification being 1.08 and 3.56 pg/mL, respectively. Recovery experiments on diluted saliva samples produced reasonable results, with TNF-α recoveries ranging from 97.1% ± 2.58% to 107% ± 5.95%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Jin Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Gachon University, Seongnam-daero 1342, Sujeong-Gu, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hyun Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Gachon University, Seongnam-daero 1342, Sujeong-Gu, Seongnam-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 13120, Republic of Korea.
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Gollapalli P, Alagundagi D, Ghate SD, Shetty VV, Shetty P, Patil P. Identification of key gene signatures and their characterization by expression correlation with drug sensitivity in smoking-associated oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Cancer Res Ther 2023; 19:1743-1752. [PMID: 38376273 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_1120_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), a most frequent type of head-and-neck cancer, is becoming more common and posing a substantial health risk. Using a network biology strategy, this study intended to find and investigate critical genes associated with OSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS The extended protein-protein interaction networks for differentially expressed genes related to smoking and nonsmoking conditions of OSCC were constructed and visualized using Cytoscape software. The hub genes/proteins were determined based on degree and betweenness centrality measures and then evaluated and validated for expression using the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis 2 (GEPIA2), and their relationship to the sensitivity of small molecules was discovered utilizing the Gene Set Cancer Analysis (GSCA) web server. RESULTS A total of 596 differentially expressed genes were screened, and four genes, interleukin (IL)-6, JUN, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), were identified as hub proteins, and their expression and overall survival in head-and-neck cancers were further investigated using GEPIA2. TNF and VEGFA gene expressions were considerably greater in cancers when compared to normal samples, while JUN and IL-6 gene expressions were not statistically significant. Further, these hub proteins are found to have a substantial favorable correlation with overall survival of head-and-neck cancer patients. Finally, GSCA was used to predict gene-specific potential drugs that act on these molecules by combining mRNA expression and drug sensitivity data from the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer and the Cancer Therapeutics Response Portal. CONCLUSIONS The hub genes/proteins identified in this study could help researchers better understand the molecular processes involved in the progression and metastasis of oral cancer in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Gollapalli
- Central Research Laboratory, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Dhananjay Alagundagi
- Central Research Laboratory, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudeep D Ghate
- Central Research Laboratory, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vijith V Shetty
- Department of Oncology, Justice K S Hegde Charitable Hospital, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Praveenkumar Shetty
- Department of Biochemistry, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Prakash Patil
- Central Research Laboratory, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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Brierly G, Celentano A, Breik O, Moslemivayeghan E, Patini R, McCullough M, Yap T. Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061841. [PMID: 36980727 PMCID: PMC10046488 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncovering the inflammatory mechanisms underpinning initiation, progression, and promotion of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) development is fundamental to the rational pursuit of targeted therapeutics. Here we present a review of the current knowledge of the role of TNF-α in the aetiology, pathogenesis, and potential therapies with regards to OSCC. TNF-α is worthy of particular attention in OSCC, with its presence demonstrated to enhance cell proliferation and its downregulation demonstrated to inhibit proliferation and migration in other carcinomas in both in vitro and in vivo models and oral cancer patients. Increased TNF-α in the OSCC tumour microenvironment has been demonstrated to favour invasion through promotion of firstly the pro-inflammatory, pro-invasive phenotypes of OSCC cells and secondly its paracrine mechanism mediating recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells. Polymorphisms affecting the gene expression of TNF-α have been strongly associated with an increased risk for oral squamous cell carcinoma. A number of studies have considered TNF-α within biofluids, including saliva and serum, as a potential biomarker for the early detection of OSCC, as well as its staging, differentiation, and prognosis. The broad and multifaceted role that TNF-α plays in many inflammatory states presents an obvious confounder, particularly with demonstrated increased TNF-α levels in common oral disease states. Lastly, biologic agents targeting TNF-α are currently in clinical use for immune-mediated inflammatory rheumatological and gastrointestinal diseases. There is the potential that these biological agents might have an adjunctive role in OSCC prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Brierly
- Maxillofacial/Head and Neck Surgery, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Antonio Celentano
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Omar Breik
- Maxillofacial/Head and Neck Surgery, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Elham Moslemivayeghan
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Romeo Patini
- Department of Head, Neck and Sense Organs, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Michael McCullough
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Tami Yap
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia
- Dermatology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne Health, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
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Head and neck cancer biomarkers: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 542:117280. [PMID: 36878379 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic capabilities of various biological markers in the plasma, serum, tissue, and saliva of patients with head and neck cancer (HNC). METHODS We performed manual and digital searches using specific keywords and found English-language literature published up to October 28, 2022. PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, MEDLINE Complete, and EMBASE databases were used. Studies comparing biomarkers for the diagnosis of HNC versus healthy controls were evaluated. RESULTS Seventeen studies using varied sources of biomarkers, both individually and combined, were identified. The sensitivity and specificity of biomarkers ranged from 29.5% to 100% and 57.1% to 100%, respectively. The combined biomarkers demonstrated higher therapeutic applicability in terms of sensitivity and specificity than the individual biomarkers. Furthermore, the heterogeneity of the sensitivity/specificity for individual and combined biomarker was 534.45/1.66 and 247.41/14.62, respectively. CONCLUSION Combined biomarkers may aid in the diagnosis of HNC. Further studies are required to verify the accuracy of these biomarkers.
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4-Methylumebelliferone Enhances Radiosensitizing Effects of Radioresistant Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells via Hyaluronan Synthase 3 Suppression. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233780. [PMID: 36497040 PMCID: PMC9741296 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioresistant (RR) cells are poor prognostic factors for tumor recurrence and metastasis after radiotherapy. The hyaluronan (HA) synthesis inhibitor, 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU), shows anti-tumor and anti-metastatic effects through suppressing HA synthase (HAS) expression in various cancer cells. We previously reported that the administration of 4-MU with X-ray irradiation enhanced radiosensitization. However, an effective sensitizer for radioresistant (RR) cells is yet to be established, and it is unknown whether 4-MU exerts radiosensitizing effects on RR cells. We investigated the radiosensitizing effects of 4-MU in RR cell models. This study revealed that 4-MU enhanced intracellular oxidative stress and suppressed the expression of cluster-of-differentiation (CD)-44 and cancer stem cell (CSC)-like phenotypes. Interestingly, eliminating extracellular HA using HA-degrading enzymes did not cause radiosensitization, whereas HAS3 knockdown using siRNA showed similar effects as 4-MU treatment. These results suggest that 4-MU treatment enhances radiosensitization of RR cells through enhancing oxidative stress and suppressing the CSC-like phenotype. Furthermore, the radiosensitizing mechanisms of 4-MU may involve HAS3 or intracellular HA synthesized by HAS3.
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10
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Salivary Biomarkers in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Proteomic Overview. Proteomes 2022; 10:proteomes10040037. [PMID: 36412636 PMCID: PMC9680331 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes10040037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most frequent cancers worldwide. Endoscopic methods may be useful in the evaluation of oral injuries even though the diagnostic gold standard is a biopsy. Targeted screenings could be considered the best way to prevent the occurrence of oral cancer. Aimed to elucidate the potential identification of specific biomarkers of OSCC, the use of saliva is convenient and noninvasive. Many studies reported more than a hundred putative saliva biomarkers for OSCC, and proteogenomic approaches were fundamental to disclosing this issue. METHODS Relevant literature published in the last few years was systematically searched on PubMed and we focused on articles about the use and study of salivary biomarkers in the diagnostics of head and neck cancer (n = 110). Thereafter, we performed a selection focusing on diagnosis with salivary proteomics in OSCC (n = 8). RESULTS Saliva proteomics can be a source of biomarkers for OSCC. We reviewed literature of biomarker proteins in saliva that could also be evaluated as probable targets for non-invasive screening of oral neoplasm such as cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and acute-phase response proteins. CONCLUSIONS The measurement of salivary biomarkers is a highly hopeful technique for the diagnosis of OSCC. Proteogenomic approaches could permit an accurate and early diagnosis of OSCC. This review seeks to generate an up-to-date view on translational OSCC issues by raising awareness of researchers, physicians, and surgeons. Renewed clinical studies, which will validate the sensitivity and specificity of salivary biomarkers, are necessary to translate these results into possible strategies for early diagnosis of OSCC, thus improving patient outcomes.
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11
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Lu HJ, Chuang CY, Su CW, Chen MK, Yang WE, Yeh CM, Tang CH, Lin CW, Yang SF. Role of TNFSF15 variants in oral cancer development and clinicopathologic characteristics. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:5452-5462. [PMID: 36226563 PMCID: PMC9639028 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour necrosis family superfamily (TNFSF) member 15 (TNFSF15), encoded by TNFSF15, regulates immune responses and inflammation. However, the roles of TNFSF15 single‐nucleotide variants (SNVs; formerly SNPs) in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) remain unclear. This case–control study included 2523 participants (1324 patients with OCSCC [52.5%] and 1199 healthy controls [47.5%]). The effects of TNFSF15 rs3810936, rs6478108 and rs6478109 on cancer development and prognosis were analysed by real‐time PCR genotype assay. The Genotype‐Tissue Expression (GTEx) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases were used to validate our findings. The results demonstrated that the patients with altered TNFSF15 SNVs had poorer histological differentiation than did those with wild‐type alleles. TNFSF15 SNVs were significantly associated with moderate‐to‐poor histological differentiation in univariate logistic regression. In the GTEx database, the expression of altered TNFSF15 SNVs in whole blood was lower than that of wild‐type alleles. However, the expression of altered SNVs in the upper aerodigestive mucosa was higher than that of wild‐type alleles. In the TCGA database, the patients with higher TNFSF15 expression had shorter overall survival than did those with lower TNFSF15 expression, especially for human papillomavirus‐negative and advanced staging groups. In conclusion, although TNFSF15 SNVs did not affect OCSCC development, the patients with altered TNFSF15 SNVs exhibited poorer histological differentiation. The patients with higher TNFSF15 expression had poorer prognosis than did those with lower TNFSF15 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Ju Lu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yi Chuang
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Otolaryngology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wen Su
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Kuan Chen
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.,Oral cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Wei-En Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ming Yeh
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Oral cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Wen Lin
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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12
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Kondoh N, Mizuno-Kamiya M. The Role of Immune Modulatory Cytokines in the Tumor Microenvironments of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122884. [PMID: 35740551 PMCID: PMC9221278 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Malignant phenotypes of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are regulated by the pro- and anti-tumoral activities of immune modulatory cytokines associated with tumor microenvironments (TMEs). We first present the immune modulatory effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines, pro- and anti- (pro-/anti-) inflammatory cytokines, and anti-inflammatory cytokines upon HNSCC phenotypes. We then report our evaluation of the functions of cytokines and chemokines that mediate the crosstalk between tumors and stromal cells, including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). In HNSCCs, the status of lymph node metastasis is an important hallmark of a worse prognosis. Several chemokines mediate lymph node metastases in HNSCC patients. There are therapeutic approaches, using antitumoral cytokines or immunotherapies, that target cytokines, chemokines, or signal molecules essential for the immune evasion of HNSCCs. Finally, modulation by human papilloma virus (HPV) infection in HNSCC phenotypes and the prognostic significance of serum cytokine levels in HNSCC patients are discussed. Abstract HNSCCs are the major progressive malignancy of the upper digestive and respiratory organs. Malignant phenotypes of HNSCCs are regulated by the pro- and anti-tumoral activities of the immune modulatory cytokines associated with TMEs, i.e., a representative pro-inflammatory cytokine, interferon (IFN)-γ, plays a role as an anti-tumor regulator against HNSCCs; however, IFN-γ also drives programmed death-ligand (PD-L) 1 expression to promote cancer stem cells. Interleukin (IL)-2 promotes the cytotoxic activity of T cells and natural killer cells; however, endogenous IL-2 can promote regulatory T cells (Tregs), resulting in the protection of HNSCCs. In this report, we first classified and mentioned the immune modulatory aspects of pro-inflammatory cytokines, pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines, and anti-inflammatory cytokines upon HNSCC phenotypes. In the TME of HNSCCs, pro-tumoral immune modulation is mediated by stromal cells, including CAFs, MDSCs, pDCs, and TAMs. Therefore, we evaluated the functions of cytokines and chemokines that mediate the crosstalk between tumor cells and stromal cells. In HNSCCs, the status of lymph node metastasis is an important hallmark of a worse prognosis. We therefore evaluated the possibility of chemokines mediating lymph node metastases in HNSCC patients. We also mention therapeutic approaches using anti-tumoral cytokines or immunotherapies that target cytokines, chemokines, or signal molecules essential for the immune evasion of HNSCCs. We finally discuss modulation by HPV infection upon HNSCC phenotypes, as well as the prognostic significance of serum cytokine levels in HNSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Kondoh
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho 501-0296, Gifu, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-58-329-1416; Fax: +81-58-329-1417
| | - Masako Mizuno-Kamiya
- Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Business Administration, Asahi University School of Business Administration, Mizuho 501-0296, Gifu, Japan;
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13
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Manzano-Moreno FJ, Costela-Ruiz VJ, García-Recio E, Olmedo-Gaya MV, Ruiz C, Reyes-Botella C. Role of Salivary MicroRNA and Cytokines in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12215. [PMID: 34830096 PMCID: PMC8624198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most prevalent oral malignant tumor worldwide. An early diagnosis can have a major positive impact on its prognosis. Human saliva contains cytokines, DNA and RNA molecules, circulating cells, and derivatives of tissues and extracellular vesicles, among other factors that can serve as biomarkers. Hence, the analysis of saliva may provide useful information for the early diagnosis of OSCC for its prognosis. The objective of this review was to determine the potential usefulness of salivary biomarkers (cytokines and microRNA) to diagnose OSCC and improve its prognosis. A combination of salivary miRNA and proteomic data could allow a definitive and early diagnosis to be obtained. However, there remains a need to optimize and standardize the protocols used to quantify miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Manzano-Moreno
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (F.J.M.-M.); (C.R.-B.)
- Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (V.J.C.-R.); (E.G.-R.)
| | - Victor J. Costela-Ruiz
- Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (V.J.C.-R.); (E.G.-R.)
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus de Ceuta, University of Granada, 51001 Ceuta, Spain
| | - Enrique García-Recio
- Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (V.J.C.-R.); (E.G.-R.)
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus de Melilla, University of Granada, 52005 Melilla, Spain
| | | | - Concepción Ruiz
- Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (V.J.C.-R.); (E.G.-R.)
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Candelaria Reyes-Botella
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (F.J.M.-M.); (C.R.-B.)
- Instituto Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (V.J.C.-R.); (E.G.-R.)
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14
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Chen JW, Wu JH, Chiang WF, Chen YL, Wu WS, Wu LW. Taxonomic and Functional Dysregulation in Salivary Microbiomes During Oral Carcinogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:663068. [PMID: 34604102 PMCID: PMC8482814 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.663068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Exploring microbial community compositions in humans with healthy versus diseased states is crucial to understand the microbe-host interplay associated with the disease progression. Although the relationship between oral cancer and microbiome was previously established, it remained controversial, and yet the ecological characteristics and their responses to oral carcinogenesis have not been well studied. Here, using the bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing along with the in silico function analysis by PICRUSt2 (Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States 2), we systematically characterized the compositions and the ecological drivers of saliva microbiome in the cohorts of orally healthy, non-recurrent oral verrucous hyperplasia (a pre-cancer lesion), and oral verrucous hyperplasia–associated oral cancer at taxonomic and function levels, and compared them with the re-analysis of publicly available datasets. Diversity analyses showed that microbiome dysbiosis in saliva was significantly linked to oral health status. As oral health deteriorated, the number of core species declined, and metabolic pathways predicted by PICRUSt2 were dysregulated. Partitioned beta-diversity revealed an extremely high species turnover but low function turnover. Functional beta-diversity in saliva microbiome shifted from turnover to nestedness during oral carcinogenesis, which was not observed at taxonomic levels. Correspondingly, the quantitative analysis of stochasticity ratios showed that drivers of microbial composition and functional gene content of saliva microbiomes were primarily governed by the stochastic processes, yet the driver of functional gene content shifted toward deterministic processes as oral cancer developed. Re-analysis of publicly accessible datasets supported not only the distinctive family taxa of Veillonellaceae and Actinomycetaceae present in normal cohorts but also that Flavobacteriaceae and Peptostreptococcaceae as well as the dysregulated metabolic pathways of nucleotides, amino acids, fatty acids, and cell structure were related to oral cancer. Using predicted functional profiles to elucidate the correlations to the oral health status shows superior performance than using taxonomic data among different studies. These findings advance our understanding of the oral ecosystem in relation to oral carcinogenesis and provide a new direction to the development of microbiome-based tools to study the interplay of the oral microbiome, metabolites, and host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiung-Wen Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Horng Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Fan Chiang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Taiwan.,School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Ling Chen
- Institute of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Sheng Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wha Wu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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15
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Overview of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders: From Risk Factors to Specific Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153696. [PMID: 34359597 PMCID: PMC8345150 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a very aggressive cancer, representing one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) regroup a variegate set of different histological lesions, characterized by the potential capacity to transform in OSCC. Most of the risk factors associated with OSCC are present also in OPMDs' development; however, the molecular mechanisms and steps of malignant transformation are still unknown. Treatment of OSCC, including surgery, systemic therapy and radiotherapy (alone or in combination), has suffered a dramatic change in last years, especially with the introduction of immunotherapy. However, most cases are diagnosed during the advanced stage of the disease, decreasing drastically the survival rate of the patients. Hence, early diagnosis of premalignant conditions (OPMDs) is a priority in oral cancer, as well as a massive education about risk factors, the understanding of mechanisms involved in malignant progression and the development of specific and more efficient therapies. The aim of this article is to review epidemiological, clinical, morphological and molecular features of OPMDs, with the purpose to lay the foundation for an exhaustive comprehension of these lesions and their ability of malignant transformation and for the development of more effective and personalized treatments.
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16
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Piyarathne NS, Rasnayake RMSGK, Angammana R, Chandrasekera P, Ramachandra S, Weerasekera M, Yasawardene S, Abu-Eid R, Jayasinghe JAP, Gupta E. Diagnostic salivary biomarkers in oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders and their relationships to risk factors - A systematic review. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 21:789-807. [PMID: 34148471 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1944106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) are a significant health burden globally. Smoking, alcohol, and betel quid are the main risk factors. Lack of screening methods has been highlighted as a significant challenge in management. Salivary biomarkers are proposed as noninvasive diagnostic tools. The aim of this systematic review was to study salivary biomarkers reported in OSCC and OPMD. Specific objectives were to select a salivary biomarker panel suitable for early detection of OSCC and OPMD and to assess relationships between salivary biomarkers and risk factors. METHODS Electronic literature search was conducted in academic databases (Scopus, Medline, Embase and Web of Science) without any restrictions. Following calibration, two blinded reviewers screened the studies and extracted data. A risk of bias assessment was conducted using Newcastle Ottawa scale. 295 studies were included with descriptive data analysis. EXPERT OPINION A salivary biomarker panel including Interleukin (IL) 1β, IL6, and IL8 was selected for OSCC and OPMD. Reported relationships between salivary biomarkers and risk factors are discussed and research gaps are highlighted. Future research should be directed to assess potential salivary biomarkers and their relationships to risk factors in order to understand the biomarker's role in disease initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadisha S Piyarathne
- Institute of Dentistry, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.,Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | | | | | - Manjula Weerasekera
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Surangi Yasawardene
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Rasha Abu-Eid
- Institute of Dentistry, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - J A P Jayasinghe
- Institute of Dentistry, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Ekta Gupta
- Institute of Dentistry, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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17
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Assessment of Unstimulated Whole Salivary Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) and Cellular Micronuclei Levels in Snuff (Naswar) Users and Non-Users for Early Diagnosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18147230. [PMID: 34299679 PMCID: PMC8307060 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and cellular micronuclei in snuff dippers (Naswar) compared to healthy control subjects. The case control study was conducted over 9 months at a tertiary care center. Sixty patients were divided into two groups: Snuff dippers (SD) (Naswar) and non-snuff dippers (NSD) (control subjects). The included self-reported SD used Snuff twice daily for more than 12 months. UWS was collected and salivary TNF-α assessment was performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For cellular micronuclei, buccal mucosa was brushed to obtain cells in Naswar users, fixed with a dibutylphthalate polystyrene xylene (DPX) mounting to view micronuclei. Means and standard deviations were compared using the t-test and outcomes were related using Pearson correlation, considering p ≤ 0.05 as significant. The mean age of participants was 38.85 ± 11.56 years. The mean duration of snuff use was 20.43 ± 12.79 years and the common site for Naswar placement was the lower vestibule (n = 19, 63.3%). TNF-α levels among SD were 9.6 ± 3.3 pg/mL, which were significantly higher than levels in NSD, 5.2 ± 3 pg/mL (p < 0.05). The number of cellular micronuclei in SD was 30.7 ± 7.8, which was comparatively higher than in NSD, which was 9.2 ± 3.3 (p < 0.05). The duration of snuff use was positively correlated to TNF-α levels (p = 0.048) rather than the micronuclei number (p = 0.97). SD showed higher levels of TNF-α and cellular micronuclei compared with NSD (control subjects); a positive correlation was shown with the duration of snuff use. We conclude that TNF-α and micronuclei are potential salivary biomarkers for an oral biological effect in snuff (Naswar) users.
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18
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Ferrari E, Pezzi ME, Cassi D, Pertinhez TA, Spisni A, Meleti M. Salivary Cytokines as Biomarkers for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6795. [PMID: 34202728 PMCID: PMC8267678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of patients with oral squamous carcinoma (OSCC) largely depends on the stage at diagnosis, the 5-year survival rate being approximately 30% for advanced tumors. Early diagnosis, including the detection of lesions at risk for malignant transformation, is crucial for limiting the need for extensive surgery and for improving disease-free survival. Saliva has gained popularity as a readily available source of biomarkers (including cytokines) useful for diagnosing specific oral and systemic conditions. Particularly, the close interaction between oral dysplastic/neoplastic cells and saliva makes such fluid an ideal candidate for the development of non-invasive and highly accurate diagnostic tests. The present review has been designed to answer the question: "Is there evidence to support the role of specific salivary cytokines in the diagnosis of OSCC?" We retrieved 27 observational studies satisfying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Among the most frequent cytokines investigated as candidates for OSCC biomarkers, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α are present at higher concentration in the saliva of OSCC patients than in healthy controls and may therefore serve as basis for the development of rapid tests for early diagnosis of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ferrari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (E.F.); (A.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Margherita E. Pezzi
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy;
| | - Diana Cassi
- Dentistry and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Science with Interest in Transplant Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 40100 Modena, Italy;
| | - Thelma A. Pertinhez
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (E.F.); (A.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Alberto Spisni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (E.F.); (A.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Marco Meleti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (E.F.); (A.S.); (M.M.)
- Centro Universitario di Odontoiatria, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy;
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Gurizzan C, Lorini L, Paderno A, Tomasoni M, Zigliani G, Bozzola A, Ardighieri L, Battocchio S, Bignotti E, Ravaggi A, Romani C, De Cecco L, Serafini MS, Miceli R, Bardellini E, Majorana A, Piazza C, Bossi P. Immunotherapy for the prevention of high-risk oral disorders malignant transformation: the IMPEDE trial. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:561. [PMID: 34001010 PMCID: PMC8130439 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08297-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders (OPMD) have a non-negligible malignant transformation rate of up to 8%. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in critical chromosomal loci has proven to be the most effective marker in defining the risk of transformation and it is found in about 28% of OPMD and may therefore identify patients carrying higher risk. To date, clinical management of OPMD is limited to surgical excision and clinical surveillance, which however do not fully prevent oral cancer development. Immune system has been shown to play a key role in transformation surveillance mechanism and an immunosuppressive imbalance may be responsible for progression to cancer. Given all these considerations, we designed a clinical trial with the aim to prevent OPMD neoplastic transformation and revert the LOH status. Methods This is a phase II, open label, single arm, multicentric trial involving Italian referral centres and expected to enrol 80 patients out of a total of 175 screened. Patients who meet all inclusion criteria and test positive for LOH after an incisional biopsy of the OPMD will undergo a short course of immunotherapy with 4 administration of avelumab. After 6 months since treatment start, resection of the entire OPMD will be performed and LOH assessment will be repeated. The follow-up for malignant transformation and safety assessment will last 30 months from the end of treatment, for a total planned study duration of approximately 5.5 years. Discussion Restoring the activity of immune system through checkpoint inhibitor may play a crucial role against malignant transformation of OPMD by reverting the balance in favour of immune control and preventing cancer occurrence. Trial registration This trial was prospectively registered in ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT04504552 on 7th August 2020. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08297-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gurizzan
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigi Lorini
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alberto Paderno
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michele Tomasoni
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gabriele Zigliani
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Anna Bozzola
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Ardighieri
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Simonetta Battocchio
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eliana Bignotti
- 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonella Ravaggi
- 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Romani
- 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Loris De Cecco
- Department of Applied Research and Technology Development, Integrated Biology Platform, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Serena Serafini
- Department of Applied Research and Technology Development, Integrated Biology Platform, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosalba Miceli
- Department of Applied Research and Technical Development, Medical Statistics and Biometry Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Bardellini
- Dental Clinic, Oral Medicine Unit - Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Science and Public Health University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Majorana
- Dental Clinic, Oral Medicine Unit - Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Science and Public Health University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cesare Piazza
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bossi
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
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20
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Potential Non-Invasive Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10081658. [PMID: 33924500 PMCID: PMC8070511 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the role of a panel of salivary cytokines as biomarkers for early detection oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), comparing their levels among healthy individuals, patients with oral leukoplakia (OL), and malignant lesions. Cytokine profiling analysis performed in a minimally invasive sample was correlated with clinicopathological variables in our patient cohorts. Unstimulated saliva was obtained from subjects with OSCC at early (n = 33) and advanced (n = 33) disease, OL with homogeneous (n = 33) and proliferative verrucous (n = 33) clinical presentations, and healthy controls (n = 25). Salivary IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1, TNF-α, HCC-1, and PF-4 levels were analyzed by a sensitive bead-based multiplex immunoassay. Mean levels of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, HCC-1, MCP-1, and PF-4 differed significantly between OSCC, OL, and control saliva (p < 0.05). We found notably higher IL-6 and TNF-α in advanced compared to early OSCC stages. The area under the curve (AUC) for OSCC vs. control was greater than 0.8 for IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and HCC-1, and greater than 0.7 for PF-4. The presence of neck metastases (NM) was associated with increased IL-6 and TNF-α levels. Our findings suggest that salivary IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, HCC-1, and PF-4 may discriminate between OSCC, OL, and healthy controls. IL-6 and TNF-α may indicate OSCC progression, being distinctive in the presence of NM.
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21
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Chiamulera MMA, Zancan CB, Remor AP, Cordeiro MF, Gleber-Netto FO, Baptistella AR. Salivary cytokines as biomarkers of oral cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:205. [PMID: 33639868 PMCID: PMC7912500 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-07932-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral cancer (OC) is usually diagnosed at advanced clinical stages due to its asymptomatic nature and absence of pathognomonic signs in its early development phase. Delayed diagnosis is one of the major causes of OC treatment failure and poor prognosis. Development of alternative diagnostic approaches are imperative for improving early detection and therapeutic success rates. Salivary cytokines (SC) have been studied as potential diagnostic biomarkers for OC and may represent a potential tool for improvement of its early detection. METHODS In this systematic review and meta-analysis we identified SC studied as OC biomarkers by systematically reviewing the PubMed and Cochrane Library databases using the terms: "oral cancer", "cytokine", and "saliva", and also combined with "interleukin" or "interferon". Only case-control studies that measured SC by ELISA from treatment naïve patients were included in the qualitative review. For the meta-analysis were included all comparable studies that provided enough data (sample size, mean and standard deviation or standard error of the mean) for SC levels in OC patients, non-cancer controls and patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD), including leukoplakia. Comparisons with patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) and gingivitis were included in the qualitative analysis. RESULTS A total of 28 articles (from 2004 to 2018) were included in the systematic review, describing 10 different SC, being IL-8 and IL-6 the most studied ones. SC levels were consistently higher among OC patients when compared to healthy controls and to patients with OPMD, OLP and gingivitis. Meta-analysis including 23 eligible studies showed that IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 salivary levels were significantly higher in OC patients compared to controls; and that IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β salivary levels were also higher in OC patients compared to individuals with OPMD. When compared to healthy controls, OPMD patients showed significantly higher IL-6 and TNF-α salivary levels. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses showed that the salivary levels of some cytokines are consistently different among OC, OPMD and healthy patients, indicating that these SC may represent potential diagnostic biomarkers for OC and OPMD. Despite of that, SC levels were highly variable among studies, suggesting that further technical improvement and standardization for SC measurement by ELISA is needed in order to successfully translate these biomarkers to the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Martina Abatti Chiamulera
- Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina (UNOESC), Joacaba, SC, Brazil
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Biociencias e Saude/Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina, Joacaba, SC, Brazil
- Hospital Universitario Santa Terezinha, Joacaba, SC, Brazil
| | - Caroline Biazzolo Zancan
- Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina (UNOESC), Joacaba, SC, Brazil
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Biociencias e Saude/Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina, Joacaba, SC, Brazil
| | - Aline Pertile Remor
- Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina (UNOESC), Joacaba, SC, Brazil
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Biociencias e Saude/Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina, Joacaba, SC, Brazil
| | - Marcos Freitas Cordeiro
- Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina (UNOESC), Joacaba, SC, Brazil
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Biociencias e Saude/Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina, Joacaba, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Antuani Rafael Baptistella
- Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina (UNOESC), Joacaba, SC, Brazil.
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Biociencias e Saude/Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina, Joacaba, SC, Brazil.
- Hospital Universitario Santa Terezinha, Joacaba, SC, Brazil.
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22
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Oral potentially malignant disorders: new insights for future treatment. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020; 29:138-142. [PMID: 33394736 DOI: 10.1097/moo.0000000000000695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to define the issues regarding oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) and provide an overview of currently available treatments and ongoing clinical trials for future opportunities. RECENT FINDINGS Nowadays, the treatment of choice of OPMD is surgery, whose role in preventing malignant transformation is however limited because of the high rate of recurrence and field cancerization. There have been several attempts of combining systemic therapies with surgery to reduce risk of malignant transformation. The identification of biomarkers that could predict malignant transformation is crucial in better tailoring the risk profile and possible therapeutic approaches. SUMMARY Loss of heterozygosity remains the most predictive marker of malignant transformation; however, role of specific microRNA and OPMD immune infiltration are emerging as potential biomarkers. Given the failure of previous trials with various chemopreventive strategies, new strategies should be defined to address the issue of systemic prevention of malignant transformation. Recent updates about immune infiltration and the immune-equilibrium concept for OPMD could shed light into new preventive approaches.
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23
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Salivary Markers in Relation to Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Smokeless Tobacco Users: A Literature Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER MANAGEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/ijcm.105323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Context: Nicotine and carcinogens are present in smokeless tobacco products. Oral, esophageal, and pancreatic cancers have been seen in Smokeless tobacco users. This article aims at reviewing the available literature and summarizing the application of salivary markers in smokeless tobacco users and their association with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Evidence Acquisition: The terms “saliva or salivary”, “markers or biomarkers”, “smokeless tobacco or Chewing tobacco or snuff”, and “oral cancer or oral carcinoma or oral squamous cell carcinoma” were searched in PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Google databases. Original and review English-written articles published over the past 20 years were reviewed, and the appropriate papers were chosen and intently studied. A data form designed by the author was used to write the proper results. Results: Our initial search identified 135 articles, 35 of which met the criteria for entering the final study and were contained for review. In summary, these studies described 20 markers found in the saliva of smokeless tobacco users linked to oral cancer. Conclusions: In this review study, some salivary markers such as cytokines, immunoglobulins, antioxidants, etc. were reviewed. In this review, it was shown that similar changes in these markers occur in patients with cancer and smokeless tobacco users. With the development of these diagnostic markers, these may be used as a screening tool for the early detection of cancer in smokeless tobacco users.
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24
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Adeoye J, Wan CCJ, Thomson P. Mock clinical testing in the validation of fluid-phase biomarkers for head and neck carcinoma diagnosis: Scoping review. Head Neck 2020; 43:691-704. [PMID: 33151603 DOI: 10.1002/hed.26526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This review sought to determine the range and nature of prospective-sampling and blinding methods for validating nonviral biofluid markers diagnostic of head and neck carcinomas. Electronic database searching was conducted to identify studies published in English from January 1, 2009 to August 1, 2020. Sixteen studies from 17 articles published between 2011 and 2020 were included in this review. We found that about 3 out of 100 studies utilized at least one of the mock testing approaches for biomarker validation. Protein, mRNA, and metabolomic markers also represented the only groups whose validation has been attempted using these methods. Furthermore, studies that utilized both methods were found to have lower bias concerns on the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies (QUADAS-2) tool. Overall, there is a need to include these protocols in research endeavours verifying diagnostic biomarkers for head and neck carcinomas following the preliminary establishment of their classification accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Adeoye
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Oral Cancer Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Ching Joan Wan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Peter Thomson
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Oral Cancer Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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25
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Salivary IL-17A, IL-17F, and TNF- α Are Associated with Disease Advancement in Patients with Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:3928504. [PMID: 32855976 PMCID: PMC7443019 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3928504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Delayed diagnosis of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer is associated with a poor prognosis. Despite progress in systemic therapy and radiotherapy, there has only been a slight improvement in the five-year survival rate. A non-invasive diagnostic method that consists of an assessment of specific proteins in saliva samples may significantly facilitate assessment of treatment results in patients diagnosed with oral and oropharyngeal cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of IL-17 and TNF-α in the saliva of patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer. The study was conducted prior to treatment in patients hospitalized in the Frederic Chopin Provincial Specialist Hospital No. 1 in Rzeszów, Poland. Saliva samples were collected from subjects on an empty stomach. Cytokine concentrations in the saliva were measured with ELISA and Luminex Multiplex Assays. The higher salivary concentrations of IL-17A, IL-17F, and TNF-α were significantly associated with disease advancement. Lower levels of IL-17A were associated with colonization of the oral cavity with aerobic bacteria. On the other hand, higher concentration of TNF-α was observed in patients with positive aerobic culture of oral swabs. Our results suggest that IL-17A, IL-17F, and TNF-α measured in the saliva may be a potential biomarker for cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx.
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26
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Dwivedi R, Pandey R, Chandra S, Mehrotra D. Apoptosis and genes involved in oral cancer - a comprehensive review. Oncol Rev 2020; 14:472. [PMID: 32685111 PMCID: PMC7365992 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2020.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cancers needs relentless research due to high mortality and morbidity associated with it. Despite of the comparable ease in accessibility to these sites, more than 2/3rd cases are diagnosed in advanced stages. Molecular/genetic studies augment clinical assessment, classification and prediction of malignant potential of oral lesions, thereby reducing its incidence and increasing the scope for early diagnosis and treatment of oral cancers. Herein we aim to review the role of apoptosis and genes associated with it in oral cancer development in order to aid in early diagnosis, prediction of malignant potential and evaluation of possible treatment targets in oral cancer. An internet-based search was done with key words apoptosis, genes, mutations, targets and analysis to extract 72 articles after considering inclusion and exclusion criteria. The knowledge of genetics and genomics of oral cancer is of utmost need in order to stop the rising prevalence of oral cancer. Translational approach and interventions at the early stage of oral cancer, targeted destruction of cancerous cells by silencing or promoting involved genes should be the ideal intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Dwivedi
- DHR-MRU & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rahul Pandey
- DHR-MRU & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shaleen Chandra
- DHR-MRU & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Divya Mehrotra
- DHR-MRU & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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27
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Evaluation of Proinflammatory, NF-kappaB Dependent Cytokines: IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in Tissue Specimens and Saliva of Patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9030867. [PMID: 32245251 PMCID: PMC7141524 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a life-threatening disease. It could be preceded by oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). It was confirmed that chronic inflammation can promote carcinogenesis. Cytokines play a crucial role in this process. The aim of the study was to evaluate interleukin-1alpha (IL-1α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in tissue specimens and saliva of patients with OSCC and OPMDs. Methods: Cytokines were evaluated in 60 tissue specimens of pathological lesions (OSCCs or OPMDs) and in 7 controls (normal oral mucosa, NOM) by immunohistochemistry and in saliva of 45 patients with OSCC or OPMDs and 9 controls (healthy volunteers) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results: Immunohistochemical analysis revealed significantly higher expression of IL-8 in OSCC specimens and TNF-α in OSCCs and OPMDs with dysplasia as compared to NOM. Moreover, expression of TNF-α was significantly higher in oral leukoplakia and oral lichen planus without dysplasia, whereas expression of IL-8 only in oral leukoplakia without dysplasia in comparison with NOM. Salivary concentrations of all evaluated cytokines were significantly higher in patients with OSCC than in controls. Moreover, levels of IL-8 were significantly higher in saliva of patients with OPMDs with dysplasia as compared to controls and in OSCC patients as compared to patients with dysplastic lesions. There was also significant increase in salivary concentrations of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α in patients with OSCC as compared to patients with OPMDs without dysplasia. Conclusion: The study confirmed that proinflammatory, NF-kappaB dependent cytokines are involved in pathogenesis of OPMDs and OSCC. The most important biomarker of malignant transformation process within oral mucosa among all assessed cytokines seems to be IL-8. Further studies on a larger sample size are needed to corroborate these results.
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28
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McGeer PL, Lee M, Kennedy K, McGeer EG. Saliva Diagnosis as a Disease Predictor. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020377. [PMID: 32019214 PMCID: PMC7074189 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Saliva, the most readily available body fluid, is the product of genes which are in constant activity throughout life. Measurement of saliva can predict the onset of some diseases years before their accumulation in vulnerable tissues causes clinical signs to appear. The purpose of this study was is to demonstrate current applications of saliva analysis and to predict and prevent disease progression. Methods: We measured levels of Abeta42, C-reactive proteins (CRPs), and tumornecrosis factors (TNFs) in saliva from both healthy and fatal diseased cases such as cancer, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and coronary heart disease by ELISA-mediated techniques. We also immunostained human tissue sections with antibodies specific to these proteins to demonstrate the data are comparable. Results: We found all the proteins expressed constantly in saliva from healthy controls but increased in diseased cases. This was accompanied by data from immunohistochemistry. It was also found that these proteins wereexpressed in high amounts in some healthy controls, which reflects high risk for the onset of diseases such as AD and heart diseases.Conclusions: It is concluded that measuring changes in essential gene products in saliva can predict onset of fatal diseases and open the door to effective protection measures, thus preventing premature death.
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29
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Dantas TS, Silva PGDB, Verde MEQL, Júnior ADLR, Cunha MDPSS, Mota MRL, Alves APNN, Leitão RFDC, Sousa FB. Role of Inflammatory Markers in Prognosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:3635-3642. [PMID: 31870104 PMCID: PMC7173367 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.12.3635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This estudie evaluated the immunostaining of cytokines in oral carcinoma, in tissue of margin of surgical resecate (MSR) and metastatic lymph nodes, as well as their role in patient prognosis. METHODS A retrospective study was carried out in patients with oral squamous cell carcinomas, and sociodemographic and clinical-pathological data were evaluated. In addition, surgical site analysis of the patients was conducted by immunohistochemistry, using a tissue microarray for inflammatory (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Interleukin-1beta, Interleukin-6, interleukin-10), transcription NF-kappa B and CD68 markers. Immunoexpression was assessed qualitatively and quantitatively using ImageJ software, and data were correlated with the prognostic factors and patient survival rates. RESULTS There was a greater immunoexpression of inflammatory and CD68 cytokines in primary tumour and lymph node metastasis than in MSR. In a multinomial logistic regression model, patients with low education (p = 0.041) and a high histoscore for TNF-α (p = 0.021) showed a survival rate of 15.64 (95% CI = 1.13-217.24) and 6.81 (95% CI = 1.02-105.96). CONCLUSION Therefore, despite there is an increased immunoexpression of cytokines in the primary tumour, only TNF-α was the inflammatory cytokine that influenced the survival of patients with oral cancer.
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30
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Acharya S, Prabhu P, Patil VS, Acharya AB, Nikhil K. Immunohistochemical expression of tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis and fibroblast growth factor-inducible immediate early response protein 14 in oral squamous cell carcinoma and its implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 10:e12469. [PMID: 31541512 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AIM To study the expression of tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and fibroblast growth factor-inducible immediate early response protein 14 (Fn14) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), to elucidate the possible role of TWEAK-Fn14 in OSCC development. METHODS Immunohistochemistry for TWEAK-Fn14 was performed on 61 oral mucosal samples: healthy oral mucosa (HOM; N = 15); oral dysplastic lesions (ODL; N = 15); and OSCC (N = 31). Extent of staining (ES) and immunoreactive score (IRS) were assessed. The data was statistically analyzed. RESULTS All OSCC expressed TWEAK, and the Fn14 expression was noted in 90% of OSCC. A significant difference in the TWEAK and Fn14 expression was noted among the groups. ES and IRS of TWEAK-Fn14 significantly increased in OSCC compared with ODL and HOM. ES of TWEAK was significantly higher than Fn14 in all 3 groups. ES of TWEAK-Fn14 was significantly higher at the invasive tumor front (ITF) than in the whole tumor. TWEAK-Fn14 showed a significant association with clinicopathological parameters of prognostic significance. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that TWEAK and Fn14 may participate in the growth and progression of OSCC. Increased expression of TWEAK-Fn14 at the ITF may facilitate increased proliferation, altered differentiation and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Acharya
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, India
| | - Prashant Prabhu
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, India
| | - Vidya S Patil
- Department of Biochemistry, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, India
| | - Anirudh B Acharya
- Department of Periodontics, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, India
| | - Krithi Nikhil
- Biostatistician, Department of Public Health Dentistry, SDM College of Dental Sciences & Hospital, Dharwad, India
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Khowal S, Wajid S. Role of Smoking-Mediated molecular events in the genesis of oral cancers. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 29:665-685. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1646372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Khowal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Saima Wajid
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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32
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G D, Nandan SRK, Kulkarni PG. Salivary Tumour Necrosis Factor-α as a Biomarker in Oral Leukoplakia and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:2087-2093. [PMID: 31350970 PMCID: PMC6745219 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.7.2087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Oral cancer is one of the life threatening disease which requires an availability of a biomarker for its early detection and also for effective treatment strategies. The current study is done to evaluate the efficacy of one such biomarker i.e. TNF- α as an indicator for oral precancer and oral cancer. Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of Tumour necrosis factor - alpha (TNF)-α as a salivary biomarker in histopathologically diagnosed cases of oral leukoplakia and Oral squamous cell carcinoma. To correlate the levels of TNF- α with varying histologic grading in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and dysplasia grading in Oral leukoplakia or Hyperkeratosis. Materials and Methods: The study group included 90 subjects that were divided into three groups. OSCC (n=30), leukoplakia (n=30) and controls (n=30). Cases were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study. Salivary samples were then collected from all three groups. Salivary levels of TNF-α were estimated using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The data on concentration gradients obtained were subjected to appropriate statistical analysis. Results: The results of the present study demonstrated higher levels of salivary TNF-α in individuals with OSCC compared to leukoplakia and healthy control subjects with a high level of statistical significance. ROC curve analysis along with diagnostic parameter calculation also revealed that salivary TNF-α to be a better medium for detecting OSCC. There is also an increase in the salivary TNF-α levels with increase in the histological grade of differentiation in OSCC as well as leukoplakia. Conclusion: The present study concludes that salivary TNF – α can be used as a prognostic biomarker of OSCC. In view of the elevated levels of TNF – α in saliva of individuals with severe dysplasia, it can also be used to monitor the malignant transformation to leukoplakia to OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi G
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Government Dental College and Hospitals, Hyderabad, India.
| | - S R K Nandan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Narketpally, Nalgonda, Telangana, India
| | - Pavan G Kulkarni
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Kamineni Institute of Dental Sciences, Narketpally, Nalgonda, Telangana, India
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Val M, Sidoti Pinto GA, Manini L, Gandolfo S, Pentenero M. Variations of salivary concentration of cytokines and chemokines in presence of oral squamous cell carcinoma. A case-crossover longitudinal prospective study. Cytokine 2019; 120:62-65. [PMID: 31005727 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Salivary biomarkers represent a promising diagnostic tool. Non-invasive and stress-free sampling results in objective parameters able to overcome the need of clinical expertise required for a correct interpretation of early oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The present study aims at evaluating potential variations in the salivary concentration of cytokines in presence of OSCC. Twenty patients who underwent surgical resection of OSCC were enrolled in order to assess the variation of the salivary concentration of cytokines and chemokines in a longitudinal prospective case-crossover setting. The salivary concentration of 27 salivary cytokines/chemokines was assessed before and after surgical resection of OSCC. In cases of relapsing/recurrent disease further assessments were performed. In presence of OSCC an increased concentration of IL-8(p = 0.004), IL-6(p = 0.005), VEGF(p = 0.014), MIP-1ß(p = 0.033), IP-10(p = 0.047), IL-1β(p = 0.049) was observed; conversely the concentration of IFN-γ(p = 0.036) and IL-5(P = 0.048) decreased. In cases with relapsing/recurrent disease IL-5, IL-6 and MIP-1β showed variations consistent with the previously reported results. Further studies are needed in order to confirm these results and to determine reference values to determine the presence or absence of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Val
- University of Turin, Department of Oncology, Unit of Oral Medicine and Oral Oncology, Italy.
| | | | - Lorenzo Manini
- University of Turin, Department of Oncology, Unit of Oral Medicine and Oral Oncology, Italy
| | - Sergio Gandolfo
- University of Turin, Department of Oncology, Unit of Oral Medicine and Oral Oncology, Italy
| | - Monica Pentenero
- University of Turin, Department of Oncology, Unit of Oral Medicine and Oral Oncology, Italy
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Hsing EW, Shiah SG, Peng HY, Chen YW, Chuu CP, Hsiao JR, Lyu PC, Chang JY. TNF-α-induced miR-450a mediates TMEM182 expression to promote oral squamous cell carcinoma motility. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213463. [PMID: 30893332 PMCID: PMC6426234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Distant metastasis leads oral cancer patients into a poor survival rate and a high recurrence stage. During tumor progression, dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to involve tumor initiation and modulate oral cancer malignancy. MiR-450a was significantly upregulated in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients without functional reports. This study was attempted to uncover the molecular mechanism of novel miR-450a in OSCC. Mir-450a expression was examined by quantitative RT-PCR, both in OSCC cell lines and patients. Specific target of miR-450a was determined by software prediction, luciferase reporter assay, and correlation with target protein expression. The functions of miR-450a and TMEM182 were accessed by adhesion and transwell invasion analyses. Determination of the expression and cellular localization of TMEM182 was examined by RT-PCR and by immunofluorescence staining. The signaling pathways involved in regulation of miR-450a were investigated using the kinase inhibitors. Overexpression of miR-450a in OSCC cells impaired cell adhesion ability and induced invasiveness, which demonstrated the functional role of miR-450a as an onco-miRNA. Interestingly, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-mediated expression of TMEM182 was regulated by miR-450a induction. MiR-450a-reduced cellular adhesion was abolished by TMEM182 restoration. Furthermore, the oncogenic activity of TNF-α/miR-450a/TMEM182 axis was primarily through activating extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway. ERK1/2 inhibitor prevented the TNF-α-induced miR-450a expression and enhanced adhesion ability. Our data suggested that TNF-α-induced ERK1/2-dependent miR-450a against TMEM182 expression exerted a great influence on increasing OSCC motility. Overall, our results provide novel molecular insights into how TNF-α contributes to oral carcinogenesis through miR-450a that targets TMEM182.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Wei Hsing
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Structural Biology Program, Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shine-Gwo Shiah
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Yu Peng
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Pin Chuu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Jenn-Ren Hsiao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Collaborative Oncology Group, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Chiang Lyu
- Structural Biology Program, Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jang-Yang Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Akhter K, Enamur Rashid M. Study of Thymidylate Synthase (TS) and Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase (DPD) Expressions on 5-Fluorouracil in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:503-508. [PMID: 30803213 PMCID: PMC6897016 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.2.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The study aims to analyze Thymidylate Synthase (TS) and Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase
(DPD) Expressions on 5-Fluorouracil in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC). Methods: 50 oral squamous cell
carcinoma samples were taken from non-treated cancer patients at Hiroshima University Dental Hospital. The patients
were investigated for TS, that included 36 males and 14 females. Additionally, 31 patients were evaluated for DPD
that included 22 males and 9 females. Results: The samples had also undergone clinical and pathological evaluation,
immunohistochemical staining, evaluation of immune-staining, enzymatic expression, and statistical analyses. Mean
age of the population was 62.1 years. Conclusion: Over-expression of TS contributes significantly to the resistance of
5-FU treatment; while inhibition of intra-tumoral DPD increases the sensitivity level. TS levels are not only predictive
of 5-FU response, but also prognostic in clinical value of non-treated cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaleda Akhter
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Pathology, (Division of Oral Medicine), Pioneer Dental College and Hospital, Dhaka University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Acharya S, Prabhu P, Patil V, Acharya AB, Desai A, Nikhil K. Tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis expression in healthy oral mucosa, oral dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2019; 23:369-377. [PMID: 31942116 PMCID: PMC6948056 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_151_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer, as it participates in the progression of internal malignancies. However, its role in the biology of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is uncertain. Studies regarding TWEAK in SCC have shown inconsistent results. We aimed to study the expression of TWEAK in healthy oral mucosa, oral dysplastic lesions and in oral SCC (OSCC). Methods: Immunohistochemistry for TWEAK was performed on one hundred oral mucosal tissues, healthy control (HC) (n = 20), oral dysplasia (OD) (n = 20) and OSCC (n = 60). Staining intensity, extent of staining (ES) and immunoreactive Score (IRS) were assessed for each sample. Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA, Mann–Whitney U, Chi-square and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were applied. Results: TWEAK was expressed in 55% of HC, 90% of OD and in all cases of OSCC, with variable intensities. A significant difference in the ES and IRS of TWEAK was noted among the three groups. ES and IRS were highest in OSCC group. ES of TWEAK was significantly higher at invasive tumor front (ITF) than in the whole tumor, with a significant positive correlation. TWEAK expression showed a significant association with invasive front grading, pattern of invasion and surgical margins of OSCC. Conclusions: TWEAK may contribute to the progression of OSCC. It might also sustain altered differentiation, invasion and migration of tumor cells at ITF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Acharya
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, A Constituent Unit of Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheswara University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Prashant Prabhu
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, A Constituent Unit of Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheswara University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Vidya Patil
- Department of Biochemistry, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, A Constituent Unit of Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheswara University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Anirudh B Acharya
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, Majmaah University, Zulfi, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Anil Desai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, A Constituent Unit of Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheswara University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Krithi Nikhil
- Consultant, Biostatistician, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
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Page MJ, Bester J, Pretorius E. The inflammatory effects of TNF-α and complement component 3 on coagulation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1812. [PMID: 29379088 PMCID: PMC5789054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20220-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and complement component 3 (C3) are two well-known pro-inflammatory molecules. When TNF-α is upregulated, it contributes to changes in coagulation and causes C3 induction. They both interact with receptors on platelets and erythrocytes (RBCs). Here, we look at the individual effects of C3 and TNF-α, by adding low levels of the molecules to whole blood and platelet poor plasma. We used thromboelastography, wide-field microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to study blood clot formation, as well as structural changes to RBCs and platelets. Clot formation was significantly different from the naïve sample for both the molecules. Furthermore, TNF-α exposure to whole blood resulted in platelet clumping and activation and we noted spontaneous plasma protein dense matted deposits. C3 exposure did not cause platelet aggregation, and only slight pseudopodia formation was noted. Therefore, although C3 presence has an important function to cause TNF-α release, it does not necessarily by itself cause platelet activation or RBC damage at these low concentrations. We conclude by suggesting that our laboratory results can be translated into clinical practice by incorporating C3 and TNF-α measurements into broad spectrum analysis assays, like multiplex technology, as a step closer to a patient-orientated, precision medicine approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Page
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, MATIELAND, 7602, South Africa
| | - Janette Bester
- Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0007, South Africa
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, MATIELAND, 7602, South Africa.
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Shaghayegh G, Alabsi AM, Ali-Saeed R, Ali AM, Vincent-Chong VK, Ismail NH, Choon YF, Zain RB. Effects of Damnacanthal and Nordamnacanthal on Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Migration of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:3333-3341. [PMID: 29286228 PMCID: PMC5980892 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.12.3333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most common causes of death in the developed world, with one-third of people diagnosed with cancer during their lifetime. Oral cancer commonly occurs involving the buccal mucosa (cheeks), tongue, floor of the mouth and lip. It is one of the most devastating and disfiguring of malignancies. Morinda citrifolia L., commonly known as ‘noni’, belongs to the Rubiaceae family. It is native to the Pacific islands, Hawaii, Caribbean, Asia and Australia. The plant displays broad curative effects in pharmacological studies. Damnacanthal (DAM) and Nordamnacanthal (NDAM), anthraquinone compounds isolated from the roots of Morinda citrifolia L., has been used for the treatment of several chronic diseases including cancer. The objectives of this study were to evaluate cytotoxicity, morphological changes, cell death mode (apoptosis/necrosis), and cell migration induced by DAM and NDAM on the most common type of oral cancer, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)cells. Anti-proliferative effects of these compounds against OSCC cell lines were determined by MTT assay. The mode of cell death was analysed by phase contrast and fluorescent microscopy as well as flow cytometry. In addition, cell migration was assessed. The results showed that DAM and NDAM exerted cytotoxicity against OSCC cells with IC50 values of 1.9 to >30 μg/ml after 72 h treatment. Maximum growth inhibition among the tested cell lines for both compounds was observed in H400 cells, and thus it was selected for further study. The study demonstrated inhibition of H400 OSCC cell proliferation, marked apoptotic morphological changes, induction of early apoptosis, and inhibition of cell migration by DAM and NDAM. Therefore, this information suggests that these compounds from noni have potential for used as anti tumor agents for oral cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gohar Shaghayegh
- Department of Oral and craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Fakhry C, Qeadan F, Gilman RH, Yori P, Kosek M, Patterson N, Eisele DW, Gourin CG, Chitguppi C, Marks M, Gravitt P. Oral sampling methods are associated with differences in immune marker concentrations. Laryngoscope 2017; 128:E214-E221. [PMID: 29171655 DOI: 10.1002/lary.27002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the concentration and distribution of immune markers in paired oral samples were similar. STUDY TYPE Clinical research. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Paired saliva and oral secretions (OS) samples were collected. The concentration of immune markers was estimated using Luminex multiplex assay (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA). For each sample, the concentration of respective immune markers was normalized to total protein present and log-transformed. Median concentrations of immune markers were compared between both types of samples. Intermarker correlation in each sampling method and across sampling methods was evaluated. RESULTS There were 90 study participants. Concentrations of immune markers in saliva samples were significantly different from concentrations in OS samples. Oral secretions samples showed higher concentrations of immunoregulatory markers, whereas the saliva samples contained proinflammatory markers in higher concentration. CONCLUSION The immune marker profile in saliva samples is distinct from the immune marker profile in paired OS samples. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2b. Laryngoscope, 128:E214-E221, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Fakhry
- Department of Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Fares Qeadan
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pablo Yori
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Margaret Kosek
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - David W Eisele
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christine G Gourin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Morgan Marks
- Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Patti Gravitt
- Milken Institute of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A
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Postoperative immune response and surgical stress in selective neck dissection: Comparison between endoscopically assisted dissection and open techniques in cT1-2N0 oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2017; 45:1112-1116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Kuo YZ, Fang WY, Huang CC, Tsai ST, Wang YC, Yang CL, Wu LW. Hyaluronan synthase 3 mediated oncogenic action through forming inter-regulation loop with tumor necrosis factor alpha in oral cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:15563-15583. [PMID: 28107185 PMCID: PMC5362506 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a major extracellular matrix component. However, its role and mediation in oral cancer remains elusive. Hyaluronan synthase 3 (HAS3), involved in pro-inflammatory short chain HA synthesis, was the predominant synthase in oral cancer cells and tissues. HAS3 overexpression significantly increased oral cancer cell migration, invasion and xenograft tumorigenesis accompanied with the increased expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1). Conversely, HAS3 depletion abrogated HAS3-mediated stimulation. HAS3 induced oncogenic actions partly through activating EGFR-SRC signaling. HAS3-derived HA release into extracellular milieu enhanced transendothelial monocyte migration and MCP-1 expression, which was attenuated by anti-HAS3 antibodies or a HAS inhibitor, 4-Methylumbelliferone (4-MU). The NF-κB-binding site III at -1692 to -1682 bp upstream from the transcript 1 start site in HAS3 proximal promoter was the most responsive to TNF-α-stimulated transcription. ChIP-qPCR analysis confirmed the highest NF-κB-p65 enrichment on site III. Increased HAS3 mRNA expression was negatively correlated with the overall survival of oral cancer patients. A concomitant increase of TNF-α, a stimulus for HAS3 expression, with HAS3 expression was not only associated with lymph node metastasis but also negated clinical outcome. Together, HAS3 and TNF-α formed an inter-regulation loop to enhance tumorigenesis in oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Zih Kuo
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wei-Yu Fang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Cheng-Chih Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 70428, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Sen-Tien Tsai
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 70428, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 70428, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Ching Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chih-Li Yang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Li-Wha Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Peng Q, Zhang J, Ye X, Zhou G. Tumor-like microenvironment in oral lichen planus: evidence of malignant transformation? Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2017; 13:635-643. [PMID: 28494213 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2017.1295852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Peng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
- Department of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojing Ye
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Gang Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
- Department of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
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Gutiérrez-Corrales A, Campano-Cuevas E, Castillo-Dalí G, Serrera-Figallo MÁ, Torres-Lagares D, Gutiérrez-Pérez JL. Relationship between salivary biomarkers and postoperative swelling after the extraction of impacted lower third molars. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017; 46:243-249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Young MRI. Redirecting the focus of cancer immunotherapy to premalignant conditions. Cancer Lett 2017; 391:83-88. [PMID: 28130162 PMCID: PMC5925415 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Much progress has been made in introducing immunological treatment approaches for cancer, with lessons learned from both the successes and failures of immunotherapy. Among the challenges of immunotherapeutic approaches for cancer are the multitudes of mechanisms by which cancers are known to subvert the immune defenses. This has led to the incorporation into the immunotherapeutic arsenal strategies by which to overcome the cancer’s immunological blockades. What has been only superficially explored is the immunological milieu of premalignant lesions and the possibility of immunological approaches for the treatment of premalignant lesions so as to prevent secondary premalignant lesions and their progression to cancer. This review discusses the immunological environment associated with premalignant lesions, and the possible missed opportunity of utilizing immunological treatment strategies in the less hostile environment of premalignant lesions as compared to the immune subversive cancer environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rita I Young
- Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Xingqun C, Xuedong Z, Xin X. [Application of saliva in disease diagnosis]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2016; 34:647-653. [PMID: 28318170 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Saliva is secreted by salivary glands and performs a variety of functions, including mouth cleaning and protection, antibacterial activity, and digestion. With the rapid progress in salivaomics, saliva became recognized as a potential pool of biological markers. Being a non-invasive and safe source, saliva is a potential substitute for blood in diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. This review summarizes the latest advancement in saliva-related studies and presents the potential value of saliva in early diagnosis of oral diseases, such as dental caries, periodontal disease, cancer, diabetes, and other systemic disorders. Saliva biomarkers can reveal changes ranging from changes in biochemical index, DNA, RNA, and proteins to the diversification of microbiota structure. By integrating recent data, this paper discusses the clinical significance and application prospect of saliva in early diagnosis of diseases and in translational and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xingqun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhou Xuedong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xu Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Dineshkumar T, Ashwini BK, Rameshkumar A, Rajashree P, Ramya R, Rajkumar K. Salivary and Serum Interleukin-6 Levels in Oral Premalignant Disorders and Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Diagnostic Value and Clinicopathologic Correlations. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 17:4899-4906. [PMID: 28032493 PMCID: PMC5454693 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2016.17.11.4899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To assess the diagnostic utility of serum and salivary interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels in the differential diagnosis
of potentially malignant lesions and conditions (PMLs/PMCs) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in a high
oral cancer prevalence region. Methods: After appropriate ethical clearance and informed consent, salivary and blood
samples were collected from 100 participants in each group (OSCC, PMLs, and healthy controls). Serum and salivary
IL-6 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and data were subjected to appropriate statistical
analysis. Results: Significant differences in IL-6 concentration were noted between OSCC and PML/C patients in both
serum and saliva, with salivary levels being 2 to 3 fold higher than serum values in all the groups. Receiver operating
characteristic curve analysis demonstrated 96% specificity and 99% sensitivity for salivary IL-6 in differentiating
PML from OSCC. Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-6, is
elevated in the saliva of patients with OSSC compared to PMD and controls, and thus may prove to have diagnostic
and/or prognostic significance.
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Abstract
Saliva is secreted from the salivary glands and has multiple functions, including mouth cleaning and protection, antibacterial effects and digestion. With the rapid advancement in salivaomics, saliva is well recognized as a pool of biological markers. Saliva, as a non-invasive and safe source, could be a substitute for blood in the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. This review summarizes the latest advancements in saliva-related studies and addresses the potential value of saliva in the early diagnosis of oral diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal disease, as well as cancer, diabetes and other systemic disorders. Saliva biomarkers range from changes in the biochemical indices of DNA, RNA and proteins to the diversification of microbiota structures. This study integrates data reported in the recent literature and discusses the clinical significance and prospects for the application of saliva in the early diagnosis of diseases, translational medicine and precision medicine.
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48
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Polz-Dacewicz M, Strycharz-Dudziak M, Dworzański J, Stec A, Kocot J. Salivary and serum IL-10, TNF-α, TGF-β, VEGF levels in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and correlation with HPV and EBV infections. Infect Agent Cancer 2016; 11:45. [PMID: 27547238 PMCID: PMC4992298 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-016-0093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Each year approximately 6,000 new cases of head and neck cancer are registered in Poland. Human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) have been associated with tumour formation. Cytokines have been shown to play an important role both in inflammation and carcinogenesis and they can be detected in saliva and serum with ELISA assays. Salivary biomarkers may be used as markers of early cancer detection. The aim of this study was the analysis of the serum and salivary levels of IL-10, TNF-α, TGF-β and VEGF in patients with oropharyngeal cancer and in healthy individuals. The level of these biomarkers was also analyzed in HPV- and EBV-related cases. Methods The study involved 78 patients with histopathologically confirmed oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and 40 healthy controls. Serum and salivary levels of IL-10, TNF-α, TGF-β and VEGF were analyzed both in patients and in healthy individuals by ELISA method using Diaclone SAS commercially available kits (France). EBV DNA was detected by the nested PCR for amplification of EBNA-2. HPV detection and genotyping was performed using the INNO-LiPA HPV Genotyping Extraassay (Innogenetics N. V, Gent, Belgium). The obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis using Mann–Whitney and Kruskal Wallis tests. Test values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results The level of tested cytokines was higher in patients than in controls both in serum (IL-10: 2.3 pg/ml vs 1.65 pg/ml, p = 0.0003; TGF-β: 11.3 ng/ml vs 7.8 ng/ml, p = 0.0005; VEGF: 614 pg/ml vs 210 pg/ml, p = 0.0004; TNF-α: 15.0 ng/ml vs 12.90 ng/ml, p = 0.1397) as well as in saliva (IL-10: 5.9 pg/ml vs 2.5 pg/ml, p = 0.00002; TGF-β: 24.1 ng/ml vs 14.8 ng/ml, p = 0.00002; VEGF: 4321 pg/ml vs 280 pg/ml, p = 0.0000; TNF-α: 23.1 ng/ml vs 11.3 ng/ml, p = 0.00002). EBV DNA was detected in 51.3 % of patients and 20 % of controls, HPV DNA was present in 30.8 % of patients and 2,5 % of controls. The level of IL-10 was statistically higher in patients infected with EBV, HPV and co-infected with EBV/HPV. The level of TNF-α was significantly higher in patients infected with EBV, while TGF-β in patients with HPV infection and EBV/HPV co-infection. Conclusion Detection of salivary cytokines may be very helpful in early diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jakub Dworzański
- Department of Virology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Stec
- Department of Virology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Kocot
- Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Wang Z, Mandel H, Levingston CA, Young MRI. An exploratory approach demonstrating immune skewing and a loss of coordination among cytokines in plasma and saliva of Veterans with combat-related PTSD. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:652-657. [PMID: 27216157 PMCID: PMC5937020 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies have suggested PTSD to be associated with an inflammatory state, although few studies have examined the balances between stimulatory and inhibitory immune mediators in PTSD. An exploratory approach was taken to assess the immune imbalances between Th1 stimulatory, inflammatory and inhibitory mediators associated with PTSD. This approach focused on a tightly-controlled and relatively homogeneous population of Veterans, all with similar levels of combat exposure in the Afghanistan and Iraq wars, but some testing negative and others testing positive for PTSD. Although the sample size was small (6 controls and 7 with PTSD) and a limitation of this study, the results showed significant imbalances in immune cytokines favoring a Th1 and inflammatory state, with reduced levels of inhibitory cytokines in Veterans with PTSD. This was particularly prominent in the saliva of PTSD subjects compared to in their plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhewu Wang
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Howard Mandel
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States
| | | | - M Rita I Young
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
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Guerra ENS, Rêgo DF, Elias ST, Coletta RD, Mezzomo LAM, Gozal D, De Luca Canto G. Diagnostic accuracy of serum biomarkers for head and neck cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 101:93-118. [PMID: 26971993 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum biomarkers could be helpful to characterize head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Thus, the purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the diagnostic capability of serum biomarkers in the assessment of HNSCC patients. Studies were gathered by searching LILACS, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science up to April 10th, 2015. Studies that focused on serum biomarkers in the diagnosis of HNSCC compared with controls were considered. Sixty-five studies were identified, and the sample size included 9098 subjects. Combined biomarkers demonstrated improved accuracy than those tested individually. Therefore, 12.8% of single and 34.3% of combined indicated that serum biomarkers discriminate patients with HNSCC from controls. The combined biomarkers with better diagnostic capability included Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)+Cyclin D1 and squamous cell cancer-associated antigen (SCCA)+EGFR+Cyclin D1. Beta2-microglobin may also be a promising single biomarker for future studies. Serum biomarkers can be potentially useful in the diagnosis of HNSCC. However, further research is required to validate these biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Fortunato Rêgo
- Oral Histopathology Laboratory, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Silvia Taveira Elias
- Oral Histopathology Laboratory, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Ricardo D Coletta
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis André Mendonça Mezzomo
- Department of Dentistry, Brazilian Centre for Evidence-Based Research, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - David Gozal
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Graziela De Luca Canto
- Department of Dentistry, Brazilian Centre for Evidence-Based Research, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil; School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada
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