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Pocasap P, Weerapreeyakul N, Wongpoomchai R. Thai Rat-Tailed Radish Prevents Hepatocarcinogenesis in Rats by Blocking Mutagenicity, Inducing Hepatic Phase II Enzyme, and Decreasing Hepatic Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Gene Expression. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061906. [PMID: 36980792 PMCID: PMC10047847 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Raphanus sativus L. var. caudatus Alef (RS) is an indigenous Thai plant with nutritional and medicinal values such as anticancer activity, but only in vitro. The chemopreventive effects of RS were, therefore, investigated in the initial stage of hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Diethylnitrosamine (DEN), a carcinogen, was intraperitoneally injected into rats to induce liver cancer. Along with the DEN injection, either aqueous (RS-H2O) or dichloromethane (RS-DCM) extract was administered orally. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect glutathione S-transferase placental (GST-P) positive foci and apoptotic cells in rat livers as indicators of initial-stage carcinogenesis. The underlying mechanisms of chemoprevention were investigated with (a) antimutagenic activity, (b) hepatic phase II enzyme induction, and (c) hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression. The results showed that RS-DCM was more potent than RS-H2O in decreasing GST-P positive foci and apoptotic cells induced by DEN. The mechanisms of RS-DCM (phenolics and sulforaphene contents) against liver carcinogenesis (1) block the activity of carcinogens; (2) elevate phase II detoxifying enzymes; and (3) suppress the pro-inflammatory gene expression. RS-H2O (phenolics contents), in contrast, only decreases pro-inflammatory gene expression. In conclusion, the RS extract consisting of phenolics and isothiocyanates exerted significant chemopreventive activity against DEN-induced liver carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piman Pocasap
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Human High Performance and Health Promotion Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Natthida Weerapreeyakul
- Human High Performance and Health Promotion Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Rawiwan Wongpoomchai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Rasouli H, Nayeri FD, Khodarahmi R. May phytophenolics alleviate aflatoxins-induced health challenges? A holistic insight on current landscape and future prospects. Front Nutr 2022; 9:981984. [PMID: 36386916 PMCID: PMC9649842 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.981984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The future GCC-connected environmental risk factors expedited the progression of nCDs. Indeed, the emergence of AFs is becoming a global food security concern. AFs are lethal carcinogenic mycotoxins, causing damage to the liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal organs. Long-term exposure to AFs leads to liver cancer. Almost a variety of food commodities, crops, spices, herbaceous materials, nuts, and processed foods can be contaminated with AFs. In this regard, the primary sections of this review aim to cover influencing factors in the occurrence of AFs, the role of AFs in progression of nCDs, links between GCC/nCDs and exposure to AFs, frequency of AFs-based academic investigations, and world distribution of AFs. Next, the current trends in the application of PPs to alleviate AFs toxicity are discussed. Nearly, more than 20,000 published records indexed in scientific databases have been screened to find recent trends on AFs and application of PPs in AFs therapy. Accordingly, shifts in world climate, improper infrastructures for production/storage of food commodities, inconsistency of global polices on AFs permissible concentration in food/feed, and lack of the public awareness are accounting for a considerable proportion of AFs damages. AFs exhibited their toxic effects by triggering the progression of inflammation and oxidative/nitrosative stress, in turn, leading to the onset of nCDs. PPs could decrease AFs-associated oxidative stress, genotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effects by improving cellular antioxidant balance, regulation of signaling pathways, alleviating inflammatory responses, and modification of gene expression profile in a dose/time-reliant fashion. The administration of PPs alone displayed lower biological properties compared to co-treatment of these metabolites with AFs. This issue might highlight the therapeutic application of PPs than their preventative content. Flavonoids such as quercetin and oxidized tea phenolics, curcumin and resveratrol were the most studied anti-AFs PPs. Our literature review clearly disclosed that considering PPs in antioxidant therapies to alleviate complications of AFs requires improvement in their bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, tissue clearance, and off-target mode of action. Due to the emergencies in the elimination of AFs in food/feedstuffs, further large-scale clinical assessment of PPs to decrease the consequences of AFs is highly required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Rasouli
- Medical Biology Research Center (MBRC), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Dehghan Nayeri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University (IKIU), Qazvin, Iran
| | - Reza Khodarahmi
- Medical Biology Research Center (MBRC), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Guo H, Chariyakornkul A, Phannasorn W, Mahatheeranont S, Wongpoomchai R. Phytochemical Profile and Chemopreventive Properties of Cooked Glutinous Purple Rice Extracts Using Cell-Based Assays and Rat Model. Foods 2022; 11:foods11152333. [PMID: 35954099 PMCID: PMC9368549 DOI: 10.3390/foods11152333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purple rice has gained attention for its health promoting potential due to a high content of bioactive phytochemicals. The heat generated during cooking alters the quality and quantity of nutrients and phytochemicals in food. This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical profile and chemopreventive properties of cooked glutinous purple rice using cell-based assays and a rat model. Purple rice was cooked in a rice cooker and was then further extracted with solvents to obtain dichloromethane and methanol extracts. The methanol extracts of glutinous purple rice contained great amounts of phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. Protocatechuic acid (2.26–5.40 mg/g extract) and cyanidin 3-glucoside (34.3–65.7 mg/g extract) were the major phenolic acid and anthocyanin contents, respectively. After cooking, the content of anthocyanins, γ-oryzanols, and phytosterols decreased, while the amount of some phenolic acid and tocol contents increased. Methanol extracts of glutinous purple rice inhibited reactive oxygen species production about 60% in PMA-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, reduced nitric oxide formation in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells (26–39% inhibition), and exhibited antimutagenicity against several mutagens using the Ames test, but dichloromethane extracts presented only mild anti-inflammatory activities. Although methanol extracts induced mild mutagenicity (mutagenic index 2.0–2.5), they did not induce micronucleated hepatocyte formation and certain hepatic CYP450 isozyme activities in rats. However, the mutagenicity of the methanol extract significantly declined after cooking. In summary, the methanol extract of the cooked glutinous purple rice might be a promising cancer chemopreventive fraction, which was neither genotoxic nor posing adverse effects on phytochemical–drug interaction in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huina Guo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China
| | - Arpamas Chariyakornkul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Functional Food Research Unit, Science and Technology Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Warunyoo Phannasorn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sugunya Mahatheeranont
- Rice and Cereal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Rawiwan Wongpoomchai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Correspondence:
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Genotoxic Assessment of Nutraceuticals Obtained from Agricultural Biowaste: Where Do We " AMES"? Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061197. [PMID: 35740094 PMCID: PMC9230180 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Several pharmaceutical companies are nowadays considering the use of agri-food waste as alternative raw material for the extraction of bioactive compounds to include in nutraceuticals and food supplements. This recycling activity is encountering the support of authorities, which are alarmed by air, soil and water pollution generated by agricultural waste disposal. Waste reuse has several economic advantages: (i) its low cost; (ii) its abundance; (iii) the high content of bioactive molecule (antioxidants, minerals, fibers, fatty acids); as well as (iv) the financial support received by governments eager to promote eco-compatible and pollution-reducing practices. While nutraceuticals produced from biowaste are becoming popular, products that have been risk-assessed in terms of safety are quite rare. This despite waste biomass, in virtue of its chemical complexity, could, in many cases, mine the overall safety of the final nutraceutical product. In this review, we summarize the scientific results published on genotoxicity risk-assessment of bioactive compounds extracted from agricultural waste. The review depicts a scenario where the risk-assessment of biowaste derived products is still scarcely diffuse, but when available, it confirms the safety of these products, and lets us envisage their future inclusion in the list of botanicals allowed for formulation intended for human consumption.
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Punvittayagul C, Chariyakornkul A, Jarukamjorn K, Wongpoomchai R. Protective Role of Vanillic Acid against Diethylnitrosamine- and 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine-Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis in Rats. Molecules 2021; 26:2718. [PMID: 34063148 PMCID: PMC8125109 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the cancer chemopreventive activity of vanillic acid (VA) in diethylnitrosamine- and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced liver and colon carcinogenesis in rats. VA did not induce the formation of hepatic glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P) positive foci and colonic aberrant crypt foci, demonstrating no carcinogenic activity. VA (75 mg kg-1 body weight) could significantly reduce the number and areas of hepatic GST-P positive foci when administered before carcinogen injections, but no such effect was seen when it was administered after carcinogen injection. No protection was seen in the colon when VA was treated before or after carcinogen injection. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated the decreased expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and the induction of apoptosis. Mechanistic studies showed that VA significantly induced the expression of GSTA-5 and Nrf-2 genes, which are associated with the detoxification system. Likewise, the antiproliferative effect was noticed by the reduction of Cyclin D1 expression. The apoptotic activity may be due to the upregulation of Caspase-3 and Bad levels and downregulation of the Bcl-2 level. These data suggest that VA exhibited significant protection against diethylnitrosamine- and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis, which might be related to the induction of the detoxifying enzyme, the reduction of proliferation and the induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charatda Punvittayagul
- Research Affairs, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
| | - Arpamas Chariyakornkul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Kanokwan Jarukamjorn
- Research Group for Pharmaceutical Activities of Natural Products Using Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Rawiwan Wongpoomchai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
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Punvittayagul C, Chariyakornkul A, Sankam P, Wongpoomchai R. Inhibitory Effect of Thai Purple Rice Husk Extract on Chemically Induced Carcinogenesis in Rats. Molecules 2021; 26:E360. [PMID: 33445792 PMCID: PMC7828288 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the cancer chemopreventive effects of an acidic methanol extract of purple rice husk on chemically induced carcinogenesis in rats. This purple rice husk extract (PRHE) had high polyphenol contents. Vanillic acid was a major phenolic compound in PRHE. Three major anthocyanins found in PRHE were malvidin-3-glucoside, peonidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside. PRHE was not toxic and clastogenic in rats. The LD50 of PRHE was greater than 2000 mg kg-1 body weight (BW). The oral administration of 300 or 1000 mg kg-1 BW of PRHE for 28 days significantly decreased the number of micronucleated hepatocytes in diethylnitrosamine-initiated rats. The inhibitory mechanisms were associated with the reduction of cytochrome P450 2E1 expression and induction of some detoxifying enzymes in the liver. In addition, treatment with 500 mg kg-1 BW of PRHE for eight weeks did not induce preneoplastic lesions in the liver and colon. It significantly inhibited hepatic glutathione-S-transferase positive foci formation induced by diethylnitrosamine and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine by suppression of hepatocyte proliferation and induction of apoptosis. In conclusion, PRHE did not present toxicity, clastogenicity or carcinogenicity in rats. It exhibited cancer chemopreventive properties against chemically induced early stages rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Anthocyanins and vanillic acid might be candidate anticarcinogenic compounds in purple rice husk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charatda Punvittayagul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (C.P.); (A.C.)
- Research Affairs, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Arpamas Chariyakornkul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (C.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Paweena Sankam
- Sankamphaeng School, Saimun Sankamphaeng, San Kamphaeng, Chiang Mai 50130, Thailand;
| | - Rawiwan Wongpoomchai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (C.P.); (A.C.)
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Chan-Higuera JE, Ezquerra-Brauer JM, Lipan L, Cano-Lamadrid M, Rizzitano R, Carbonell-Barrachina AA. Evaluation of Dosidicus gigas Skin Extract as An Antioxidant and Preservative in Tuna Pâté. Foods 2019; 8:foods8120693. [PMID: 31861248 PMCID: PMC6963961 DOI: 10.3390/foods8120693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A strategy for food preservation, based on a methanol–HCl squid skin extract (Dosidicus gigas) (JSSE), was evaluated at two concentrations in yellowfin tuna fish pâtés, which were stored at 4 and 8 °C for 20 day. The JSSE was characterized by determining its antioxidant and mutagenic activities. A yellowfin tuna pâté was elaborated, with and without the addition of the JSSE. An affective sensory analysis was performed to establish consumers’ preferences. During a 20-day storage period, the water activity (aw), pH, color difference (ΔE*ab), microbiological analysis, lipid oxidation and sensory quality attributes were evaluated, and the results were compared with the results of the butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and control treatments. The JSSE showed antioxidant activity against the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH●+) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS●) radicals and did not induce mutation, according to the Ames’ Salmonella test, nor chromosomal abnormalities, according to the onion root-tip cell assay. The consumer analysis demonstrated a higher preference for the pâté with the added JSSE in seven out of the eight evaluated attributes. During storage, the JSSE neither had an impact on aw nor pH, maintained lower ΔE*ab values, inhibited the microbial activity and lipid oxidation (unlike the control pâté), and preserved the sensory quality attributes, unlike the BHA and control treatments. This study showed that the JSSE has biologically active pigments that can act as antioxidants and antimicrobials in yellowfin tuna fish pâtés.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Enrique Chan-Higuera
- Grupo Calidad y Seguridad Alimentaria, CSA, Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (UMH), Carretera de Beniel, km 3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Alicante, Spain; (J.E.C.-H.); (L.L.); (M.C.-L.); (R.R.)
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd, Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n, Col. Centro, C.P. 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Josafat Marina Ezquerra-Brauer
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd, Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n, Col. Centro, C.P. 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
- Correspondence: (J.M.E.-B.); (A.A.C.-B.)
| | - Leontina Lipan
- Grupo Calidad y Seguridad Alimentaria, CSA, Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (UMH), Carretera de Beniel, km 3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Alicante, Spain; (J.E.C.-H.); (L.L.); (M.C.-L.); (R.R.)
| | - Marina Cano-Lamadrid
- Grupo Calidad y Seguridad Alimentaria, CSA, Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (UMH), Carretera de Beniel, km 3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Alicante, Spain; (J.E.C.-H.); (L.L.); (M.C.-L.); (R.R.)
| | - Roberta Rizzitano
- Grupo Calidad y Seguridad Alimentaria, CSA, Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (UMH), Carretera de Beniel, km 3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Alicante, Spain; (J.E.C.-H.); (L.L.); (M.C.-L.); (R.R.)
| | - Angel Antonio Carbonell-Barrachina
- Grupo Calidad y Seguridad Alimentaria, CSA, Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (UMH), Carretera de Beniel, km 3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Alicante, Spain; (J.E.C.-H.); (L.L.); (M.C.-L.); (R.R.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.E.-B.); (A.A.C.-B.)
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Chariyakornkul A, Punvittayagul C, Taya S, Wongpoomchai R. Inhibitory effect of purple rice husk extract on AFB 1-induced micronucleus formation in rat liver through modulation of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 19:237. [PMID: 31481128 PMCID: PMC6724366 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2647-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Rice husk, a waste material produced during milling, contains numerous phytochemicals that may be sources of cancer chemopreventive agents. Various biological activities of white and colored rice husk have been reported. However, there are few comparative studies of the cancer chemopreventive effects of white and colored rice husk. Methods This study investigated the cancer chemopreventive activities of two different colors of rice husk using in vitro and in vivo models. A bacterial mutation assay using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 was performed; enzyme induction activity in murine hepatoma cells was measured, and a liver micronucleus test was performed in male Wistar rats. Results The white rice husk (WRHE) and purple rice husk (PRHE) extracts were not mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 or TA100 in the presence or absence of metabolic activation. However, the extracts exhibited antimutagenicity against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and 2-amino-3,4 dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinolone (MeIQ) in a Salmonella mutation assay. The extracts also induced anticarcinogenic enzyme activity in a murine Hepa1c1c7 hepatoma cell line. Interestingly, PRHE but not WRHE exhibited antigenotoxicity in the rat liver micronucleus test. PRHE significantly decreased the number of micronucleated hepatocytes in AFB1-initiated rats. PRHE contained higher amounts of phenolic compounds and vitamin E than WRHE in both tocopherols and tocotrienols as well as polyphenol such as cyanidin-3-glucoside, protocatechuic acid and vanillic acid. Furthermore, PRHE increased CYP1A1 and 1A2 activities while decreasing CYP3A2 activity in the livers of AFB1-treated rats. PRHE also enhanced various detoxifying enzyme activities, including glutathione S-transferase, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase and heme oxygenase. Conclusions PRHE showed potent cancer chemopreventive activity in a rat liver micronucleus assay through modulation of phase I and II xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes involved in AFB1 metabolism. Vitamin E and phenolic compounds may be candidate antimutagens in purple rice husk. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-019-2647-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Kiriya C, Yeewa R, Khanaree C, Chewonarin T. Purple rice extract inhibits testosterone-induced rat prostatic hyperplasia and growth of human prostate cancer cell line by reduction of androgen receptor activation. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e12987. [PMID: 31489669 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The preventive effects of purple rice crude ethanolic extract (PRE) were firstly investigated on testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in castrated rats. As compared to vehicle-treated rats, lower prostate weights were found in the BPH rats that received PRE 1 g/kg bw. In addition, the PRE treatment down-regulated the androgen receptor (AR) expression in the dorsolateral prostate of those rats. In human prostate cancer cell line, LNCaP, PRE could reduce the cell growth, down-regulate the expression of AR and suppress prostate-specific antigen (PSA) secretion. Moreover, PRE also inhibited an activity of 5α-reductase from rat liver microsomes and the mutagenicity of Salmonella Typhimurium induced by standard mutagen. These results demonstrate that PRE altered testosterone-induced BPH in rats and retarded prostate cancer cell growth by modulating AR expression. It is therefore recommended that further investigation is undertaken into the chemopreventive potential of PRE in androgen-AR mediated diseases. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study revealed the mechanisms of purple rice extract on testosterone-induced rat benign prostatic hyperplasia. Such information, purple rice components show promise as an effective chemopreventive agent for prostatic hyperplasia prevention by alternating the influence of testosterone through its receptor. Thus, purple rice might be developed as food supplement for reduction of prostatic hyperplasia or cancer in elder men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanarat Kiriya
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiangmai, Thailand.,Faculty of Medicine, Research Administration Section, Chiang Mai University, Chiangmai, Thailand
| | - Ranchana Yeewa
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiangmai, Thailand
| | - Chakkrit Khanaree
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiangmai, Thailand.,The School of Traditional and Alternative Medicine, Chiangrai Rajabhat University, Chiangmai, Thailand
| | - Teera Chewonarin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiangmai, Thailand
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Dokkaew A, Punvittayagul C, Insuan O, Limtrakul Dejkriengkraikul P, Wongpoomchai R. Protective Effects of Defatted Sticky Rice Bran Extracts on the Early Stages of Hepatocarcinogenesis in Rats. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24112142. [PMID: 31174320 PMCID: PMC6600176 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of natural products is one strategy to lessen cancer incidence. Rice bran, especially from colored rice, contains high antioxidant activity. Cancer chemopreventive effects of hydrophilic purple rice bran extract (PRBE) and white rice bran extract (WRBE) on carcinogen-induced preneoplastic lesion formation in livers of rats were investigated. A 15-week administration of PRBE and WRBE did not induce hepatic glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P) positive foci formation as the biomarker of rat hepatocarcinogenesis. PRBE and WRBE at 500 mg/kg body weight significantly decreased number and size of GST-P positive foci in diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-initiated rats. The number of proliferating nuclear antigen positive hepatocytes were also reduced in preneoplastic lesions in both PRBE and WRBE fed DEN-treated rats. Notably, the inhibitory effect on GST-P positive foci formation induced by DEN during the initiation stage was found only in rats treated by PRBE for five weeks. Furthermore, PRBE attenuated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines involving genes including TNF-α, iNOS, and NF-κB. PBRE contained a higher number of anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds and vitamin E. PRBE might protect DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats via attenuation of cellular inflammation and cell proliferation. Anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds, as well as vitamin E, might play a role in cancer chemopreventive activity in rice bran extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aphisit Dokkaew
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Charatda Punvittayagul
- Research Affairs, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand.
- Functional Food Research Center for Well-being, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Orapin Insuan
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand.
| | - Pornngarm Limtrakul Dejkriengkraikul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
- Anticarcinogenesis and Apoptosis Research Cluster, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Rawiwan Wongpoomchai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
- Functional Food Research Center for Well-being, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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Goersch MCDS, Schäfer L, Tonial M, de Oliveira VR, Ferraz ADBF, Fachini J, da Silva JB, Niekraszewicz LAB, Rodrigues CE, Pasquali G, Dias JF, Kist TBL, Picada JN. Nutritional composition of Eragrostis teff and its association with the observed antimutagenic effects. RSC Adv 2019; 9:3764-3776. [PMID: 35518081 PMCID: PMC9060251 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09733j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Eragrostis teff is an Ethiopian native grass plant (Poaceae or Gramineae family) whose importance as a crop grain has increased in recent years. The aim of this study is to analyze the nutritional composition of its seeds and the mutagenic/antimutagenic activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of the seed flour. Chemical elements (colloquially known as minerals) were determined using Particle-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS), while the content of amino acids (aminogram) and fatty acids (profile of fatty acids) were quantified by HPLC. Mutagenic activities were tested using Salmonella/microsome assay. Mutagens doxorubicin, 4-nitroquinolin N-oxide, methylmethanosulphonate, and aflatoxin B-1 were used in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains to assess antimutagenic activities. The major elements observed were K, P, S, Mg, and Ca. Almost all essential amino acids were observed and the predominance of unsaturated fatty acids in the total oil content of 2.72% (w/w) is also noted, including the two essential fatty acids alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) and linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid). Hydroalcoholic extract of E. teff seed flour showed antimutagenic activity, protecting against frameshift and base pair substitution mutations. These findings provide valuable information for further development of healthier foods that can be produced with increasing yields and minimal environmental impact. Eragrostis teff is an Ethiopian native grass plant (Poaceae or Gramineae family) whose importance as a crop grain has increased in recent years.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Clara da Silva Goersch
- Graduating Program in Cell and Molecular Biology Applied to Health, Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA) Farroupilha Avenue 8001 92425-900 Canoas RS Brazil +55 51 34771313 +55 51 34779158
| | - Laura Schäfer
- Laboratory of Methods, Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Bento Goncalves Avenue 9500 Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Marina Tonial
- Laboratory of Methods, Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Bento Goncalves Avenue 9500 Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Viviani Ruffo de Oliveira
- Department of Nutrition, Medical School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Ramiro Barcelos Street 2400 Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | | | - Jean Fachini
- Graduating Program in Cell and Molecular Biology Applied to Health, Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA) Farroupilha Avenue 8001 92425-900 Canoas RS Brazil +55 51 34771313 +55 51 34779158
| | - Juliana Bondan da Silva
- Graduating Program in Cell and Molecular Biology Applied to Health, Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA) Farroupilha Avenue 8001 92425-900 Canoas RS Brazil +55 51 34771313 +55 51 34779158
| | - Liana Appel Boufleur Niekraszewicz
- Ion Implantation Laboratory (LII), Institute of Physics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Bento Goncalves Avenue 9500 Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Methods, Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Bento Goncalves Avenue 9500 Porto Alegre RS Brazil.,Graduating Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Giancarlo Pasquali
- Graduating Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Johnny Ferraz Dias
- Ion Implantation Laboratory (LII), Institute of Physics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Bento Goncalves Avenue 9500 Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Tarso B Ledur Kist
- Laboratory of Methods, Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Bento Goncalves Avenue 9500 Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Nascimento Picada
- Graduating Program in Cell and Molecular Biology Applied to Health, Laboratory of Toxicological Genetics, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA) Farroupilha Avenue 8001 92425-900 Canoas RS Brazil +55 51 34771313 +55 51 34779158
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Sookwong P, Mahatheeranont S. Some Strategies for Utilization of Rice Bran Functional Lipids and Phytochemicals. J Oleo Sci 2018; 67:669-678. [PMID: 29760331 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess17257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice bran contains a great amount of functional lipids and phytochemicals including γ-oryzanols, tocotrienols, and tocopherols. However, utilization of those compounds is limited and needs some proven guidelines for better implementation. We introduce some effective strategies for the utilization of rice functional lipids, including an introduction of pigmented rice varieties for better bioactive compounds, biofortification of rice tocotrienols, plasma technology for improving rice phytochemicals, supercritical CO2 extraction of high quality rice bran oil, and an example on the development of tocotrienol-fortified foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phumon Sookwong
- Rice and Cereal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University
| | - Sugunya Mahatheeranont
- Rice and Cereal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University.,Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University
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Phannasorn W, Khanaree C, Wongnoppavich A, Chewonarin T. The effect of purple rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) extract on the inflammatory response in a colon cancer cell line and dextran sulfate-induced tumor promotion in the rat colon. Mol Cell Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-017-0047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Insuan O, Chariyakornkul A, Rungrote Y, Wongpoomchai R. Antimutagenic and Antioxidant Activities of Thai Rice Brans. J Cancer Prev 2017; 22:89-97. [PMID: 28698862 PMCID: PMC5503220 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2017.22.2.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rice bran is the outer layer of the rice grain, and contains high amounts of bioactive phytochemicals. Here, we investigated and compared chemopreventive properties of purple and white rice bran extracts. Methods Rice bran was extracted with dichloromethane and methanol. Chemical constituents in the extracts were analyzed by colorimetric assay and high performance liquid chromatography. The mutagenicity and antimutagenicity of the extracts were determined via the Salmonella mutation assay. The anticarcinogenic enzyme induction and antioxidant activities of the extracts were examined using Hepa1c1c7 cells and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay, respectively. Results The methanol extracts of rice bran contained high amounts of phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phytic acid, whereas large amounts of γ-oryzanol and vitamin E were presented in the dichloromethane extract. None of the extracts were mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium. All rice bran extracts had strong antimutagenic effects against aflatoxin B1- and 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo [4,5-f]quinoline-induced mutagenesis. The inhibitory effect against 2-aminofluorene-induced mutagenesis was found in the dichloromethane extract, while only the methanol extract of purple rice bran exhibited antimutagenic effects against benzo(a)pyrene. None of the extracts induced quinone reductase activity in Hepa1c1c7 cells. Additionally, the greatest antioxidant capacity was found in the methanol extract of purple rice bran. Conclusions The methanol extract of purple rice bran containing high amount of phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phytic acid showed the most effective antioxidant and antimutagenic activities by inhibiting mutagenic metabolizing enzymes and/or scavenging free radicals. These results demonstrate the nutritional and medical value of Thai rice for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orapin Insuan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Arpamas Chariyakornkul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Yuwada Rungrote
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Rawiwan Wongpoomchai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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16
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Samyor D, Das AB, Deka SC. Pigmented rice a potential source of bioactive compounds: a review. Int J Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Duyi Samyor
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology; Tezpur University; Napaam Sonitpur Assam 784028 India
| | - Amit Baran Das
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology; Tezpur University; Napaam Sonitpur Assam 784028 India
| | - Sankar Chandra Deka
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology; Tezpur University; Napaam Sonitpur Assam 784028 India
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17
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Punvittayagul C, Sankam P, Taya S, Wongpoomchai R. Anticlastogenicity and Anticarcinogenicity of Purple Rice Extract in Rats. Nutr Cancer 2016; 68:646-53. [PMID: 27115481 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1158289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Oryza sativa L. var. indica cv. Kum Doi Saket is a pigmented rice variety grown in northern Thailand. Our previous study found that the methanol extract of purple rice seed had the highest level of antimutagenicity in a Salmonella mutation assay. The present study was designed to evaluate its in vivo anticlastogenic and anticarcinogenic potentials. The purple rice extract had no acute toxicity on rats. The oral administration of 1,000 mg/kg body weight (bw) of the extract for 28 days did not increase the number of micronucleated hepatocytes. Interestingly, it significantly reduced the amount of micronucleus formation in the liver of diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-treated rats. The inhibitory mechanism involved the induction of hepatic glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity. In addition, oral administration of 500 mg/kg bw extract for 10 weeks significantly decreased the number of hepatic GST placental form positive foci, but did not modulate the number of colonic aberrant crypt foci in DEN- and dimethylhydrazine-initiated rats. In conclusion, the methanol extract of purple rice seed showed no toxicity, clastogenicity, or carcinogenicity in laboratory rats. It did display chemopreventive activity against the early stages of rat hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charatda Punvittayagul
- a Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Paweena Sankam
- a Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand.,b Wanghin Wittayakom School , The Secondary Education Service Area Office 42, Uthai Thani , Thailand
| | - Sirinya Taya
- a Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Rawiwan Wongpoomchai
- a Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
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18
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Suwannakul N, Punvittayagul C, Jarukamjorn K, Wongpoomchai R. Purple rice bran extract attenuates the aflatoxin B1-induced initiation stage of hepatocarcinogenesis by alteration of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:3371-6. [PMID: 25921147 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.8.3371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigmented rice bran has been suggested to be a valuable source of beneficial phytochemicals. We investigated genotoxic and anti-genotoxic effects of purple rice bran extract (PRBE) in rats using a liver micronucleus assay. Purple rice bran was extracted with methanol, obtaining large amounts of phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins and small amounts of gamma-oryzanol. The experimental protocols were divided into two sets. Male rats were divided into three groups. Group 1 was a negative control, while Groups 2 and 3 were fed with 100 and 500 mg/kg bw of PRBE, respectively, for 28 days. PRBE had no effect on micronucleus formation or xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in rat liver. Experiments concerning the effect of PRBE on AFB1 showed that PRBE significantly lessened the amount of micronucleated hepatocytes in AFB1 treated rats. Furthermore, it modulated metabolic activation of AFB1 metabolism in the liver by suppressing activity and protein expression of CYP1A2, CYP3A and CYP 450 reductase, and enhancing phase II enzymes including GST and UGT. Overall, purple rice bran extract was not genotoxic in rats. It exhibited anti-genotoxicity by modulation some xenobiotic enzymes active in AFB1 metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattawan Suwannakul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand E-mail :
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Alebouyeh F, Bidgoli SA, Ziarati P, Heshmati M, Qomi M. Mutagenicity Assessment of Drinking Water in Combination with Flavored Black Tea Bags: a Cross Sectional Study in Tehran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:7479-84. [PMID: 26625748 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.17.7479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases related to water impurities may present as major public health burdens. The present study aimed to assess the mutagenicity of drinking water from different zones of Tehran, and evaluate possible health risks through making tea with tea bags, by Ames mutagenicity test using TA 100, TA 98 and YG1029 strains. For this purpose, 450 water samples were collected over the period of July to December 2014 from 5 different zones of Tehran. Except for one sample, no mutagenic potential was detected during these two seasons and the MI scores were almost normal (≤ 1-1.6) in TA 100, TA 98 and YG1029 strains. Although no mutagenic effects were considered in TA 98 and TA 100 in the test samples of our three evaluated tea bag brands, one sample from a local company showed mutagenic effects in the YG1029 strain (MI=1.7-1.9 and 2) after prolonged (10-15 min.) steeping. Despite the mild mutagenic effect discovered for one of the brand, this cross sectional study showed relative safety of water samples and black tea bags in Tehran. According to the sensitivity of YG1029 to the mutagenic potential of water and black tea, even without metabolic activation by s9 fraction, this metabolizer strain could be considered as sensitive and applicable to food samples for quantitative analysis of mutagens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Alebouyeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran E-mail :
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Jardon-Xicotencatl S, Díaz-Torres R, Marroquín-Cardona A, Villarreal-Barajas T, Méndez-Albores A. Detoxification of Aflatoxin-Contaminated Maize by Neutral Electrolyzed Oxidizing Water. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:4294-314. [PMID: 26512692 PMCID: PMC4626735 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7104294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins, a group of extremely toxic mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus and A. nomius, can occur as natural contaminants of certain agricultural commodities, particularly maize. These toxins have been shown to be hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic and cause severe human and animal diseases. The effectiveness of neutral electrolyzed oxidizing water (NEW) on aflatoxin detoxification was investigated in HepG2 cells using several validation methodologies such as the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, the induction of lipid peroxidation, the oxidative damage by means of glutathione modulation, the Ames test and the alkaline Comet assay. Our results showed that, after the aflatoxin-contaminated maize containing 360 ng/g was soaked in NEW (60 mg/L available chlorine, pH 7.01) during 15 min at room temperature, the aflatoxin content did not decrease as confirmed by the immunoaffinity column and ultra performance liquid chromatography methods. Aflatoxin fluorescence strength of detoxified samples was similar to untreated samples. However, aflatoxin-associated cytotoxicity and OPEN ACCESS Toxins 2015, 7 4295 genotoxicity effects were markedly reduced upon treatment. According to these results, NEW can be effectively used to detoxify aflatoxin-contaminated maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Jardon-Xicotencatl
- UNAM-FESC. Campus 4. Multidisciplinary Research Unit L14 (Food, Mycotoxins and Mycotoxicosis), Cuautitlan Izcalli 54714, Mexico.
| | - Roberto Díaz-Torres
- UNAM-FESC. Campus 4. Multidisciplinary Research Unit L9 (Toxicology and Genetics), Cuautitlan Izcalli 54714, Mexico.
| | | | | | - Abraham Méndez-Albores
- UNAM-FESC. Campus 4. Multidisciplinary Research Unit L14 (Food, Mycotoxins and Mycotoxicosis), Cuautitlan Izcalli 54714, Mexico.
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