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Gong W, Du J. Excluding Participants With Mycobacteria Infections From Clinical Trials: A Critical Consideration in Evaluating the Efficacy of BCG Against COVID-19. J Korean Med Sci 2023; 38:e343. [PMID: 37904656 PMCID: PMC10615642 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), a tuberculosis (TB) vaccine, has been investigated for its potential to prevent COVID-19 with conflicting outcomes. Currently, over 50 clinical trials have been conducted to assess the effectiveness of BCG in preventing COVID-19, but the results have shown considerable variations. After scrutinizing the data, it was discovered that some trials had enrolled individuals with active TB, latent TB infection, or a history of TB. This finding raises concerns about the reliability and validity of the trial outcomes. In this study, we explore the potential consequences of including these participants in clinical trials, including impaired host immunity, immune exhaustion, and the potential masking of the BCG vaccine's protective efficacy against COVID-19 by persistent mycobacterial infections. We also put forth several suggestions for future clinical trials. Our study underscores the criticality of excluding individuals with active or latent TB from clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of BCG in preventing COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Gong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Jingli Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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2
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Ocaña-Guzman R, Ramon-Luing LA, Vazquez-Bolaños LA, Rodríguez-Alvarado M, Bulhusen-Rodriguez F, Torres-Hatem A, Gonzalez-Torres K, de Alba-Alvarado MC, Sada-Ovalle I. Tim-3 Is Differentially Expressed during Cell Activation and Interacts with the LSP-1 Protein in Human Macrophages. J Immunol Res 2023; 2023:3577334. [PMID: 37928435 PMCID: PMC10622183 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3577334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin Domain 3 (TIM-3) is an immune checkpoint receptor known to regulate T-cell activation and has been targeted for immunotherapy in cancer and other diseases. However, its expression and function in other cell types, such as macrophages, are poorly understood. This study investigated TIM-3 expression in human macrophages polarized to M1 (stimulated with IFN-γ and LPS) and M2 (stimulated with IL-4 and IL-13) phenotypes using an in vitro model. Our results show that M1 macrophages have a lower frequency of TIM-3+ cells compared to M2 macrophages at 48 and 72 hr poststimulation. Additionally, we observed differential levels of soluble ADAM 10, an enzyme responsible for TIM-3 release, in the supernatants of M1 and M2 macrophages at 72 hr. We also found that the TIM-3 intracellular tail might associate with lymphocyte-specific protein 1 (LSP-1), a protein implicated in cell motility and podosome formation. These findings enhance our understanding of TIM-3 function in myeloid cells such as macrophages and may inform the development of immunotherapies with reduced immune-related adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranferi Ocaña-Guzman
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Lucero A. Ramon-Luing
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis A. Vazquez-Bolaños
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Michelle Rodríguez-Alvarado
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fausi Bulhusen-Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alonso Torres-Hatem
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karen Gonzalez-Torres
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Isabel Sada-Ovalle
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Coyoacán, México City 04510, Mexico
- Physiology Department, Medicine School Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
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3
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Qin Y, Wang Q, Shi J. Immune checkpoint modulating T cells and NK cells response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Microbiol Res 2023; 273:127393. [PMID: 37182283 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Many subversive mechanisms promote the occurrence and development of chronic infectious diseases and cancer, among which the down-regulated expression of immune-activating receptors and the enhanced expression of immune-inhibitory receptors accelerate the occurrence and progression of the disease. Recently, the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors has shown remarkable efficacy in the treatment of tumors in multiple organs. However, the expression of immune checkpoint molecules on natural killer (NK) cells by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and its impact on NK cell effector functions have been poorly studied. In this review, we focus on what is currently known about the expression of various immune checkpoints in NK cells following Mtb infection and how it alters NK cell-mediated host cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion. Unraveling the function of NK cells after the infection of host cells by Mtb is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of the innate immune mechanism of NK cells involved in tuberculosis and the evaluation of the efficacy of immunotherapies using immune checkpoint inhibitors to treat tuberculosis. In view of some similarities in the immune characteristics of T cells and NK cells, we reviewed the molecular mechanism of the interaction between T cells and Mtb, which can help us to further understand and explore the specific interaction mechanism between NK cells and Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwei Qin
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, No. 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Qinglan Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Jiahai Shi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nantong Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases, and Research Institution of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases in Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, No. 20 Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, China
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4
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Hudson WH, Wieland A. Technology meets TILs: Deciphering T cell function in the -omics era. Cancer Cell 2023; 41:41-57. [PMID: 36206755 PMCID: PMC9839604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
T cells are at the center of cancer immunology because of their ability to recognize mutations in tumor cells and directly mediate cancer cell killing. Immunotherapies to rejuvenate exhausted T cell responses have transformed the clinical management of several malignancies. In parallel, the development of novel multidimensional analysis platforms, such as single-cell RNA sequencing and high-dimensional flow cytometry, has yielded unprecedented insights into immune cell biology. This convergence has revealed substantial heterogeneity of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in single tumors, across tumor types, and among individuals with cancer. Here we discuss the opportunities and challenges of studying the complex tumor microenvironment with -omics technologies that generate vast amounts of data, highlighting the opportunities and limitations of these technologies with a particular focus on interpreting high-dimensional studies of CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Hudson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Andreas Wieland
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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5
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Luo Y, Xue Y, Lin Q, Tang G, Song H, Liu W, Mao L, Sun Z, Wang F. CD39 pathway inhibits Th1 cell function in tuberculosis. Immunology 2022; 166:522-538. [PMID: 35574713 PMCID: PMC9426615 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of CD39 pathway in Th1 cell function in tuberculosis (TB) is rarely elucidated. The present study aims to investigate the modulating mechanism of CD39 pathway during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection. CD39 expression was examined on host immune cells among patients with TB. The relationship between CD39 expression and Th1 cell function was analysed. Patients with TB displayed dramatically higher CD39 expression on Th1 cells than healthy controls, and a significantly increased expression of surface markers, including activation, exhaustion and apoptosis markers, were noted in CD39+ Th1 cells in comparison with CD39− Th1 cells. Conversely, CD39 expression on Th1 cells was associated with diminished number of polyfunctional cells producing Th1‐type cytokines, and CD39+ Th1 cells showed obviously lower proliferation potential. Notably, tetramer analysis demonstrated a predominant CD39 expression on TB‐specific CD4+ cells, which was associated with higher apoptosis and lower cytokine‐producing ability. Transcriptome sequencing identified 27 genes that were differentially expressed between CD39+ and CD39− Th1 cells, such as IL32, DUSP4 and RGS1. Inhibition of CD39 pathway could enhance the activation, proliferation and cytokine‐producing ability of Th1 cells. Furthermore, there was a significantly negative correlation between CD39 expression on Th1 cells and nutritional status indicators such as lymphocyte count and albumin levels, and we observed a significant decline in CD39 expression on Th1 cells after anti‐TB treatment. CD39 is predominantly expressed on TB‐specific Th1 cells and correlated with their exhausted function, which suggests that CD39 could serve as a prominent target for TB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Xue
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qun Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoxing Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huijuan Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liyan Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziyong Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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6
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Ji Q, Huang K, Jiang Y, Lei K, Tu Z, Luo H, Zhu X. Comprehensive analysis of the prognostic and role in immune cell infiltration of MSR1 expression in lower-grade gliomas. Cancer Med 2022; 11:2020-2035. [PMID: 35142109 PMCID: PMC9089222 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The therapeutic effects of conventional treatment on gliomas are not promising. The tumor microenvironment (TME) has a close association with the invasiveness of multiple types of tumors, including low-grade gliomas (LGG). This study aims to validate the prognostic and immune-related role of macrophage scavenger receptor 1 (MSR1) in LGG patients. METHODS Data in this study were obtained from public databases. The differential expression of MSR1 was analyzed in LGG patients with different clinicopathological characteristics. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, a time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and Cox regression analysis were used to assess the prognostic value of MSR1. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened between the high and low expression groups of MSR1. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were used to annotate the function of these DEGs. Hallmark gene sets were identified based on MSR1 by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). Difference analysis and correlation analysis were used to study the relationship between MSR1 and TME-related scores, tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs), immune-related gene sets, and immune checkpoints (ICPs). The single-cell sequencing data were processed to identify the cell types expressing MSR1. The quantification of TIICs in TME was calculated by single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA). The differential expression of MSR1 in LGG and control brain tissues was verified by experiments. RESULTS There were significant differences in the expression level of MSR1 in different types of tissues and cells. MSR1 has a high prognostic value in LGG patients and can be used as an independent prognostic factor. MSR1 is closely related to TME and may play an important role in the immunotherapy of LGG patients. CONCLUSIONS The result of our study demonstrated that MSR1 is an independent prognostic biomarker in LGG patients and may play an important role in the TME of LGGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiankun Ji
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
- Institute of NeuroscienceNanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
- Institute of NeuroscienceNanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
| | - Kunjian Lei
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
- Institute of NeuroscienceNanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
| | - Zewei Tu
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
- Institute of NeuroscienceNanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
| | - Haitao Luo
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
- Institute of NeuroscienceNanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
| | - Xingen Zhu
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
- Institute of NeuroscienceNanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
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7
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Brom VC, Burger C, Wirtz DC, Schildberg FA. The Role of Immune Checkpoint Molecules on Macrophages in Cancer, Infection, and Autoimmune Pathologies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:837645. [PMID: 35418973 PMCID: PMC8995707 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.837645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized immunotherapy against various cancers over the last decade. The use of checkpoint inhibitors results in remarkable re-activation of patients’ immune system, but is also associated with significant adverse events. In this review, we emphasize the importance of cell-type specificity in the context of immune checkpoint-based interventions and particularly focus on the relevance of macrophages. Immune checkpoint blockade alters the dynamic macrophage phenotypes and thereby substantially manipulates therapeutical outcome. Considering the macrophage-specific immune checkpoint biology, it seems feasible to ameliorate the situation of patients with severe side effects and even increase the probability of survival for non-responders to checkpoint inhibition. Apart from malignancies, investigating immune checkpoint molecules on macrophages has stimulated their fundamental characterization and use in other diseases as well, such as acute and chronic infections and autoimmune pathologies. Although the macrophage-specific effect of checkpoint molecules has been less studied so far, the current literature shows that a macrophage-centered blockade of immune checkpoints as well as a stimulation of their expression represents promising therapeutic avenues. Ultimately, the therapeutic potential of a macrophage-focused checkpoint therapy might be maximized by diagnostically assessing individual checkpoint expression levels on macrophages, thereby personalizing an effective treatment approach for each patient having cancer, infection, or autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C Brom
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christof Burger
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dieter C Wirtz
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank A Schildberg
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Lombardi A, Villa S, Castelli V, Bandera A, Gori A. T-Cell Exhaustion in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infection: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Perspectives. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122460. [PMID: 34946062 PMCID: PMC8704935 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune exhaustion is a condition associated with chronic infections and cancers, characterized by the inability of antigen-specific T cells to eliminate the cognate antigen. Exhausted T cells display a peculiar phenotypic profile and exclusive functional characteristics. Immune exhaustion has been described in patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, and cases of tuberculosis reactivation have been reported in those treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors, drugs able to re-establish T-cells’ function. Exhausted T CD8+ cells’ profile has also been described in patients with infection due to nontuberculous mycobacteria. In this review, we initially provide an overview of the mechanisms leading to immune exhaustion in patients infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria. We then dissect the therapeutic perspectives related to immune checkpoint blockade in patients with these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lombardi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy; (V.C.); (A.B.); (A.G.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-5503-4767
| | - Simone Villa
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy;
| | - Valeria Castelli
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy; (V.C.); (A.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Alessandra Bandera
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy; (V.C.); (A.B.); (A.G.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy;
- Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Health Science (MACH), University of Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Gori
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy; (V.C.); (A.B.); (A.G.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy;
- Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Health Science (MACH), University of Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
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Huang SF, Huang CC, Chou KT, Chan YJ, Yang YY, Wang FD. Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis: Disease Severity Using Image Analysis and Correlation with Systemic Proinflammation and Predictors of Clinical Outcome. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7100842. [PMID: 34682263 PMCID: PMC8537715 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The presentation of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) ranges from single granuloma to fibrosis in the affected lung. CPA can be divided into five categories according to European Respirology Society (ERS) guidance but is usually assessed by clinical physicians. Computer-based quantitative lung parenchyma analysis in CPA and its correlation with clinical manifestations, systemic inflammation, and angiogenesis have never been investigated. (2) Method: Forty-nine patients with CPA and 36 controls were prospectively enrolled. Pulmonary function tests (forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and FEV1/FCV) and biomarkers in the peripheral blood (the chemokines interleukin (IL)-1B, IL-6, IL-10, IL-8, CRP, ESR, MMP1, MMP7, MMP8, TNF-α, calprotectin, SDF-1α, and VEGFA) were measured before antifungal treatment. The disease severity was categorized into mild, moderate, and severe based on chest computed tomography (CT) images. The oxygen demand and overall mortality until the end of the study were recorded. Quantitative parenchyma analysis was performed using the free software 3Dslicer. (3) Results: The results of quantitative parenchyma analysis concorded with the visual severity from the chest CT, oxygen demand, FVC, and FEV1 in the study subjects. The decrease in kurtosis and skewness of the lung density histograms on CT, increase in high attenuation area (HAA), and reduced lung volume were significantly correlated with increases in the PMN %, CRP, IL-1B, SDF-1α, MMP1, and Calprotectin in peripheral blood in the multivariable regression analysis. TNF-α and IL-1B at study entry and the CPA severity from either a visual method or computer-based evaluation were predictors of long-term mortality. (4) Conclusion: The computer-based parenchyma analysis in CPA agreed with the categorization on a visual basis and was associated with the clinical outcomes, chemokines, and systemic proinflammation profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiang-Fen Huang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan;
- Correspondence:
| | - Chia-Chang Huang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan;
- Division of Clinical Skills Training, Department of Medical Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan;
| | - Kun-Ta Chou
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan;
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jiun Chan
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan;
| | - Ying-Ying Yang
- Division of Clinical Skills Training, Department of Medical Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan;
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Der Wang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan;
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Meng Q, Fu Y, Li S, Yan Y, Duan D, Anthony DD, Zhu Y, Wu X, Qian F, Wu C. Rapid, sensitive and cost-effective determination of immune checkpoint inhibitor activity using a magnetic bead-based binding assay. J Immunol Methods 2021; 498:113134. [PMID: 34464606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs) are effective immunno-therapeutic agents for cancer. Rapid and sensitive determination of the blocking activity of ICIs is important for ICIs development and immunological research. Among various immune checkpoint (IC) binding assays, cell-based binding assays are widely regarded, and the functional ELISA is a convenient alternative. However, these methodologies are limited by time-consuming preparation of cell lines stably expressing IC molecules, or long turnaround time with high cost. In this study, two magnetic bead based binding assays were developed to evaluate activity of ICIs, which was determined by a soluble ligand/bead immobilized receptor based binding assay (sL/bR binding assay) that assessed efficacy to block binding of one soluble IC ligand on its cognate receptor immobilized beads, or by a soluble receptor/bead immobilized ligand based binding assay (sR/bL binding assay) that assessed efficacy to block binding of soluble IC receptor on its cognate ligand immobilized beads. Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of ICIs were calculated to determine ICIs activity. The sL/bR binding assay accurately determined the activity of two TIGIT blocking antibodies, since the relative blocking activity of two TIGIT antibodies determined by the sL/bR binding assay established in this study and that by the cell based binding assay were almost identical. In contrast, the sR/bL binding assay showed significantly improved sensitivity to determine activity of two PD-1 blocking antibodies than the sL/bR binding assay that was tested in this study and previous reports. Moreover, both amount of the used recombinant protein of ICI receptor/ligand and turnaround time of the two binding assays were more than 10 times less than those of the functional ELISA. These data indicate that the two magnetic bead based binding assays are sensitive, rapid and cost-effective methods to determine blocking activity of ICIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglai Meng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province 030006, China.
| | - Yujia Fu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province 030006, China
| | - Shenzhi Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province 030006, China
| | - Yujuan Yan
- Department of Infectious diseases, Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215013, China
| | - Danli Duan
- Chengdu Newgenegle Clinical Diagnosis Lab, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China
| | - Donald D Anthony
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Divisions of Infectious and Rheumatic Diseases, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System and MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yueping Zhu
- Department of Infectious diseases, Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215013, China
| | - Xuehua Wu
- Department of Infectious diseases, Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215013, China
| | - Feng Qian
- Department of Infectious diseases, Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215013, China.
| | - Changxin Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province 030006, China.
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Chen Z, Dong D, Zhu Y, Pang N, Ding J. The role of Tim-3/Galectin-9 pathway in T-cell function and prognosis of patients with human papilloma virus-associated cervical carcinoma. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21401. [PMID: 33559190 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000528rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between Tim-3 on T cell and its ligand, Galectin-9, negatively regulates cellular immune responses. However, the role of Tim-3/Galectin-9 pathway in the immune evasion of cervical cancer remains unknown. This study is to investigate the expression, function, and regulation of Tim-3/Galectin-9 signaling pathway in human papilloma virus (HPV) positive cervical cancer. Flow cytometry showed that Tim-3 expression on T cell and Galectin-9 expression on monocytes in HPV positive cervical cancer patients were significantly higher compared to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and benign uterine fibroids Tim-3 + CD4+ Th1 cells and Tim-3 + CD8+ T cells in HPV positive cervical cancer patients were significantly reduced after surgery. Serum TGF-β and IL-10 levels were positively correlated with Tim-3 + Treg cells, while IFN-γ and IL-2 were negatively correlated with Tim-3 + Th1 cells. Additionally, Tim-3 + CD4+ T cells were positively correlated with Galectin-9 + monocytes. Survival curve analysis showed that Tim-3 + CD4+ T cells were negatively correlated with patient survival, and closely related to FIGO stage, degree of differentiation, and lymph node metastasis of HPV positive cervical cancer. In vitro experiments showed that by blocking the Tim-3/Galectin-9 pathway, the proliferation of T cells and their ability to express IFN-γ, IL-2, perforin, and granzyme B was significantly restored. In conclusion, high levels of Tim-3 and Galectin-9 in HPV positive cervical cancer patients play roles in the progression of disease by promoting Treg cells to inhibit the cytotoxic function of Th1 and CD8+ T cells. Tim-3/Galectin-9 may serve as a new immunotherapy target for patients with HPV positive cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, PR China.,Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Di Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, PR China
| | - Yuejie Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Nannan Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, PR China
| | - Jianbing Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, PR China.,Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, PR China
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Leukocytes from Patients with Drug-Sensitive and Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Exhibit Distinctive Profiles of Chemokine Receptor Expression and Migration Capacity. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6654220. [PMID: 33977111 PMCID: PMC8084684 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6654220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains as a leading infectious cause of death worldwide. The increasing number of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) cases contributes to the poor control of the TB epidemic. Currently, little is known about the immunological requirements of protective responses against MDR-TB. This is of major relevance to identify immune markers for treatment monitoring and targets for adjuvant immunotherapies. Here, we hypothesized that MDR-TB patients display unique immunophenotypical features and immune cell migration dynamics compared to drug-sensitive TB (DS-TB). Hence, we prospectively conducted an extensive characterization of the immune profile of MDR-TB patients at different time points before and after pharmacological therapy. For this purpose, we focused on the leukocyte expression of chemokine receptors, distribution of different monocyte and lymphocyte subsets, plasma levels of chemotactic factors, and in vitro migration capacity of immune cells. Our comparative cohort consisted of DS-TB patients and healthy volunteer donors (HD). Our results demonstrate some unique features of leukocyte migration dynamics during MDR-TB. These include increased and prolonged circulation of CD3+ monocytes, CCR4+ monocytes, EM CD4+ T cells, EM/CM CD8+ T cells, and CXCR1+CXCR3+ T cells that is sustained even after the administration of anti-TB drugs. We also observed shared characteristics of both MDR-TB and DS-TB that include CCR2+ monocyte depletion in the blood; high plasma levels of MPC-1, CCL-7, and IP-10; and increased responsiveness of leukocytes to chemotactic signals in vitro. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the MDR-TB pathobiology and uncovers immunological readouts of treatment efficacy.
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13
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Pan SW, Shu CC, Lee CC, Feng JY, Chan YJ, Chen YM, Su WJ. Role of Soluble T-Cell Immunoglobulin Mucin Domain-3 in Differentiating Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease from Pulmonary Colonization. Arch Bronconeumol 2021; 58:S0300-2896(21)00063-6. [PMID: 33745754 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2021.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differentiating between nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease (NTM-LD) and pulmonary NTM colonization (NTM-Col) is difficult. Compared with healthy controls, patients with NTM-LD generally present immune tolerance along with increased expressions of T-cell immunoglobulin mucin domain-3 (TIM-3) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) on T lymphocytes. However, the role of soluble TIM-3 (sTIM-3) and soluble PD-1 (sPD-1) in differentiating NTM-LD from NTM colonization (NTM-Col) remains unclear. METHODS Patients with NTM-positive respiratory samples and controls were enrolled from 2016 to 2019. Patients were classified into NTM-Col and NTM-LD groups. Levels of sTIM-3, sPD-1, soluble PD-ligand-1 (sPD-L1), and TIM-3 expression were measured. Factors associated with NTM-LD were analyzed by logistical regression. RESULTS TIM-3 expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes were highest in NTM-LD group, followed by NTM-Col, and control (P=.017 and P=.011 for trend). sTIM-3 elevated in the NTM-Col group compared with the NTM-LD and control groups (856.3±518.7 vs. 595.3±352.6pg/mL, P=.009; vs. 437.0±267.4pg/mL, P<.001). Levels of sPD-1 and sPD-L1 were similar among groups. Among the 79 NTM-positive patients, sTIM-3 was associated with NTM-LD (100-pg/mL increase, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.658 [95% CI, 0.502-0.864], P=.003). Patients with ≥2 risk factors (sTIM-3≤530pg/mL, BMI≤22.5, and radiographic score ≥5) were 13 times more likely to exhibit NTM-LD than those without (aOR 13.234 [2.983-58.709], P=.001). CONCLUSIONS sTIM-3 was an independent factor for differentiating NTM-LD from NTM-Col, suggesting the immunologic role of sTIM-3 in NTM-LD pathogenesis. By assessing sTIM-3 levels and other risk factors, physicians may be able to identify NTM-LD cases in a simplified manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Wei Pan
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Public Health, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chung Shu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ching Lee
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Yih Feng
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Jiun Chan
- Institute of Public Health, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Min Chen
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Juin Su
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Chest Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taipei Branch, Taipei, Taiwan.
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14
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Kang J, Wei ZF, Li MX, Wang JH. Modulatory effect of Tim-3/Galectin-9 axis on T-cell-mediated immunity in pulmonary tuberculosis. J Biosci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-0023-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Bickett TE, Karam SD. Tuberculosis-Cancer Parallels in Immune Response Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176136. [PMID: 32858811 PMCID: PMC7503600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and cancer are two diseases with proclivity for the development of resistance to the host immune system. Mechanisms behind resistance can be host derived or disease mediated, but they usually depend on the balance of pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory immune signals. Immunotherapies have been the focus of efforts to shift that balance and drive the response required for diseases eradication. The immune response to tuberculosis has widely been thought to be T cell dependent, with the majority of research focused on T cell responses. However, the past decade has seen greater recognition of the importance of the innate immune response, highlighting factors such as trained innate immunity and macrophage polarization to mycobacterial clearance. At the same time, there has been a renaissance of immunotherapy treatments for cancer since the first checkpoint inhibitor passed clinical trials, in addition to work highlighting the importance of innate immune responses to cancer. However, there is still much to learn about host-derived responses and the development of resistance to new cancer therapies. This review examines the similarities between the immune responses to cancer and tuberculosis with the hope that their commonalities will facilitate research collaboration and discovery.
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Kang J, Wei ZF, Li MX, Wang JH. Modulatory effect of Tim-3/Galectin-9 axis on T-cell-mediated immunity in pulmonary tuberculosis. J Biosci 2020; 45:60. [PMID: 32345786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Patients affected by pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) manifest deficiencies in innate cellular immunity. The Tim3/Galectin-9 axis is an important regulator of Th1 cell immunity, leading to Th1 cell apoptosis. Herein, this study aims to clarify the underlying roles of the Tim-3/Galectin-9 axis in T-cell immunity in PTB. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were extracted from subjects with and without PTB to examine the expression of CD4, CD8, CD25, and Tim-3 under the stimulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and purified protein derivative (PPD). In addition, the expression of Tim-3 and Galectin-9 in PBMCs was determined. The Tim-3/Galectin-9 axis in the PBMCs was activated or blocked to detect the secreted levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-22. MTB stimulation increased the expression of CD4, CD8, CD25, Tim-3, and Galectin-9 in PBMCs. The blockade of Tim-3/Galectin-9 axis resulted in reduced secretion of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-22 from T-cells. Moreover, Tim-3+CD4+T, Tim-3+CD8+, and Tim-3+CD25+T cells exhibited a greater ability to inhibit the replication of MTB in macrophages. Taken conjointly, the blockade of Tim-3/ Galectin-9 axis inhibits the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in T-cells to regulate the T-cell immunity in PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Kang
- Department of Respiratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
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Yuan Y, Zhao Q, Zhao S, Zhang P, Zhao H, Li Z, Du Y, Tian X, Lu J. Characterization of transcriptome profile and clinical features of a novel immunotherapy target CD204 in diffuse glioma. Cancer Med 2019; 8:3811-3821. [PMID: 31140757 PMCID: PMC6639170 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CD204 is a specific marker of tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) in glioma. However, the expression levels of CD204 and its involvement in glioma are not fully understood. In this large‐scale study, we assessed the expression and function of CD204 in whole‐grade glioma molecularly and clinically. In total, 1323 glioma samples, including 301 microarray data and 325 RNA‐seq data from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) dataset and 697 RNA‐seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset, were utilized. The statistical analysis and graphical work were mainly performed using the R software. Univariate and multivariate Cox analysis demonstrated that CD204 was an independent prognosticator in glioma patients. CD204 expression was positively correlated with the grade of malignancy. CD204 was consistently upregulated in wild‐type isocitrate dehydrogenase glioma and highly expressed in mesenchymal glioblastoma. Gene ontology of CD204‐related genes showed that CD204 was most enriched in inflammatory response and immune response. It was associated with the stromal and immune populations, especially the monocytic lineage, fibroblasts, and T cells. Circos plots revealed that CD204 was closely associated with many immune checkpoint regulators, especially TIM‐3. CD204 expression is consistent with the malignant phenotype of glioma and independently predicts poor outcomes in glioma patients. Additionally, CD204+ TAMs, collaborating with other checkpoint members, may contribute to the dysfunction of T cells. These findings suggest that CD204 may be a promising target for glioma immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qitai Zhao
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Songfeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Penghua Zhang
- Imaging Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haibiao Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zeyun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yue Du
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Tian
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingli Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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18
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Li J, Jin C, Wu C, Huang J. PD-1 modulating Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific polarized effector memory T cells response in tuberculosis pleurisy. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:733-747. [PMID: 30861206 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.ma1118-450rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis (TB) should be studied at the disease sites because Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is predominantly contained in local tissue lesions. T-cell immune responses are required to mount anti-mycobacterial immunity. However, T-cell immune responses modulated by programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) during tuberculosis pleurisy (TBP) remains poorly understood. We selected the pleural fluid mononuclear cells (PFMCs) from TBP and PBMCs from healthy donors (HD), and characterized PD-1-expresing T-cell phenotypes and functions. Here, we found that the PFMCs exhibited increases in numbers of PD-1-expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, which preferentially displayed polarized effector memory phenotypes. The M.tb-specific Ag stimulation increased CD4+ PD-1+ and CD8+ PD-1+ T cells, which is in direct correlation with IFN-γ production and PD-L1+ APCs in PFMCs of these individuals. Moreover, blockage of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway enhanced the percentage of IFN-γ+ T cells, demonstrating that the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway played a negative regulation in T cell effector functions. Furthermore, CD4+ PD-1+ and CD8+ PD-1+ T-cell subsets showed greater memory phenotype, activation, and effector functions for producing Th1 cytokines than PD-1- counterparts. Thus, these PD-1+ T cells were not exhausted but appear to be central to maintaining Ag-specific effector. IL-12, a key immunoregulatory cytokine, enhanced the expression of PD-1 and restored a strong IFN-γ response through selectively inducing the phosphorylation of STAT4 in CD4+ PD-1+ T-bet+ and CD8+ PD-1+ T-bet+ T cells. This study therefore uncovered a previously unknown mechanism for T-cell immune responses regulated by PD-1, and may have implications for potential immune intervention in TBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangping Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chenxi Jin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Changyou Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jun Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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Translational Implication of Galectin-9 in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Viral Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102108. [PMID: 28991189 PMCID: PMC5666790 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between galectin-9 and its receptor, Tim-3, triggers a series of signaling events that regulate immune responses. The expression of galectin-9 has been shown to be increased in a variety of target cells of many different viruses, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), influenza virus, dengue virus (DENV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This enhanced expression of galectin-9 following viral infection promotes significant changes in the behaviors of the virus-infected cells, and the resulting events tightly correlate with the immunopathogenesis of the viral disease. Because the human immune response to different viral infections can vary, and the lack of appropriate treatment can have potentially fatal consequences, understanding the implications of galectin-9 is crucial for developing better methods for monitoring and treating viral infections. This review seeks to address how we can apply the current understanding of galectin-9 function to better understand the pathogenesis of viral infection and better treat viral diseases.
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20
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Kaufmann SHE, Dorhoi A, Hotchkiss RS, Bartenschlager R. Host-directed therapies for bacterial and viral infections. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 17:35-56. [PMID: 28935918 PMCID: PMC7097079 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2017.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Host-directed therapy (HDT) is a novel approach in the field of anti-infectives for overcoming antimicrobial resistance. HDT aims to interfere with host cell factors that are required by a pathogen for replication or persistence, to enhance protective immune responses against a pathogen, to reduce exacerbated inflammation and to balance immune reactivity at sites of pathology. HDTs encompassing the 'shock and kill' strategy or the delivery of recombinant interferons are possible approaches to treat HIV infections. HDTs that suppress the cytokine storm that is induced by some acute viral infections represent a promising concept. In tuberculosis, HDT aims to enhance the antimicrobial activities of phagocytes through phagosomal maturation, autophagy and antimicrobial peptides. HDTs also curtail inflammation through interference with soluble (such as eicosanoids or cytokines) or cellular (co-stimulatory molecules) factors and modulate granulomas to allow the access of antimicrobials or to restrict tissue damage. Numerous parallels between the immunological abnormalities that occur in sepsis and cancer indicate that the HDTs that are effective in oncology may also hold promise in sepsis. Advances in immune phenotyping, genetic screening and biosignatures will help to guide drug therapy to optimize the host response. Combinations of canonical pathogen-directed drugs and novel HDTs will become indispensable in treating emerging infections and diseases caused by drug-resistant pathogens.
Host-directed therapy (HDT) aims to interfere with host cell factors that are required by a pathogen for replication or persistence. In this Review, Kaufmannet al. describe recent progress in the development of HDTs for the treatment of viral and bacterial infections and the challenges in bringing these approaches to the clinic. Despite the recent increase in the development of antivirals and antibiotics, antimicrobial resistance and the lack of broad-spectrum virus-targeting drugs are still important issues and additional alternative approaches to treat infectious diseases are urgently needed. Host-directed therapy (HDT) is an emerging approach in the field of anti-infectives. The strategy behind HDT is to interfere with host cell factors that are required by a pathogen for replication or persistence, to enhance protective immune responses against a pathogen, to reduce exacerbated inflammation and to balance immune reactivity at sites of pathology. Although HDTs encompassing interferons are well established for the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis, novel strategies aimed at the functional cure of persistent viral infections and the development of broad-spectrum antivirals against emerging viruses seem to be crucial. In chronic bacterial infections, such as tuberculosis, HDT strategies aim to enhance the antimicrobial activities of phagocytes and to curtail inflammation through interference with soluble factors (such as eicosanoids and cytokines) or cellular factors (such as co-stimulatory molecules). This Review describes current progress in the development of HDTs for viral and bacterial infections, including sepsis, and the challenges in bringing these new approaches to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Richard S Hotchkiss
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine, and Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, 660 S. Euclid, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Wang W, Shi Q, Dou S, Li G, Shi X, Jiang X, Wang Z, Yu D, Chen G, Wang R, Xiao H, Hou C, Feng J, Shen B, Ma Y, Han G. Negative regulation of Nod-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome activation by T cell Ig mucin-3 protects against peritonitis. Immunology 2017; 153:71-83. [PMID: 28799242 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome plays roles in host defence against invading pathogens and in the development of autoimmune damage. Strict regulation of these responses is important to avoid detrimental effects. Here, we demonstrate that T cell Ig mucin-3 (Tim-3), an immune checkpoint inhibitor, inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation by damping basal and lipopolysaccharide-induced nuclear factor-κB-mediated up-regulation of NLRP3 and interleukin-1β during the priming step and basal and ATP/lipopolysaccharide-induced ATP production, K+ efflux, and reactive oxygen species production during the activation step. Residues Y256/Y263 in the C-terminal region of Tim-3 are required for these inhibitory effects on the NLRP3 inflammasome. In mice with alum-induced peritonitis, blockade of Tim-3 exacerbates peritonitis by overcoming the inhibitory effect of Tim-3 on NLRP3 inflammasome activation, while transgenic expression of Tim-3 attenuates inflammation by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Our results show that Tim-3 is a critical negative regulator of NLRP3 inflammasome and provides a potential target for intervention of diseases with uncontrolled inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Immunology, Medical School of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Qingzhu Shi
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuaijie Dou
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ge Li
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhui Shi
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingwei Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiding Wang
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Yu
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guojiang Chen
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Renxi Wang
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - He Xiao
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmei Hou
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiannan Feng
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Beifen Shen
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanfang Ma
- Institute of Immunology, Medical School of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Gencheng Han
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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22
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Check point inhibitors as therapies for infectious diseases. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 48:61-67. [PMID: 28865357 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The recent successes of immune check point targeting therapies in treating cancer patients has driven a resurgence of interest in targeting these pathways in chronically infected patients. While still in early stages, basic and clinical data suggest that blockade of CTLA-4 and PD-1 can be beneficial in the treatment of chronic HIV, HBV, and HCV infection, as well as other chronic maladies. Furthermore, novel inhibitory receptors such as Tim-3, LAG-3, and TIGIT are the potential next wave of check points that can be manipulated for the treatment of chronic infection. Blockade of these pathways influences more than simply T cell responses, and may provide new therapeutic options for chronically infected patients.
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Pahari S, Kaur G, Aqdas M, Negi S, Chatterjee D, Bashir H, Singh S, Agrewala JN. Bolstering Immunity through Pattern Recognition Receptors: A Unique Approach to Control Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:906. [PMID: 28824632 PMCID: PMC5539433 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The global control of tuberculosis (TB) presents a continuous health challenge to mankind. Despite having effective drugs, TB still has a devastating impact on human health. Contributing reasons include the emergence of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the AIDS-pandemic, and the absence of effective vaccines against the disease. Indeed, alternative and effective methods of TB treatment and control are urgently needed. One such approach may be to more effectively engage the immune system; particularly the frontline pattern recognition receptor (PRR) systems of the host, which sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of Mtb. It is well known that 95% of individuals infected with Mtb in latent form remain healthy throughout their life. Therefore, we propose that clues can be found to control the remainder by successfully manipulating the innate immune mechanisms, particularly of nasal and mucosal cavities. This article highlights the importance of signaling through PRRs in restricting Mtb entry and subsequently preventing its infection. Furthermore, we discuss whether this unique therapy employing PRRs in combination with drugs can help in reducing the dose and duration of current TB regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanta Pahari
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mohammad Aqdas
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shikha Negi
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deepyan Chatterjee
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Hilal Bashir
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanpreet Singh
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Javed N Agrewala
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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Das M, Zhu C, Kuchroo VK. Tim-3 and its role in regulating anti-tumor immunity. Immunol Rev 2017; 276:97-111. [PMID: 28258697 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 576] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is being increasingly recognized as a key therapeutic modality to treat cancer and represents one of the most exciting treatments for the disease. Fighting cancer with immunotherapy has revolutionized treatment for some patients and therapies targeting the immune checkpoint molecules such as CTLA-4 and PD-1 have achieved durable responses in melanoma, renal cancer, Hodgkin's diseases and lung cancer. However, the success rate of these treatments has been low and a large number of cancers, including colorectal cancer remain largely refractory to CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockade. This has provided impetus to identify other co-inhibitory receptors that could be exploited to enhance response rates of current immunotherapeutic agents and achieve responses to the cancers that are refectory to immunotherapy. Tim-3 is a co-inhibitory receptor that is expressed on IFN-g-producing T cells, FoxP3+ Treg cells and innate immune cells (macrophages and dendritic cells) where it has been shown to suppress their responses upon interaction with their ligand(s). Tim-3 has gained prominence as a potential candidate for cancer immunotherapy, where it has been shown that in vivo blockade of Tim-3 with other check-point inhibitors enhances anti-tumor immunity and suppresses tumor growth in several preclinical tumor models. This review discusses the recent findings on Tim-3, the role it plays in regulating immune responses in different cell types and the rationale for targeting Tim-3 for effective cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumita Das
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chen Zhu
- Discovery Biology, Research and Development, Sanofi US, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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25
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Duan Z, Gui Y, Li C, Lin J, Gober HJ, Qin J, Li D, Wang L. The immune dysfunction in ankylosing spondylitis patients. Biosci Trends 2017; 11:69-76. [PMID: 28179599 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2016.01171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a spinal arthritic disease that is often associated with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27, while only part of HLA-B27 carriers become AS patients. T cells have been reported to play an important role in the pathology of AS. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain-containing molecule 3 (Tim-3) and programmed death-1 (PD-1) have been known to negatively regulate the immune response. In this study, we used flow cytometry to analyze the immunological differences of peripheral bloodfrom 21 patients with AS, 22 cases who didn't have AS but were found to be HLA-B27 positive (HLA-B27+ group), and 16 normal healthy individuals (Healthy group). The level of CD4+, CD8+ T cells,and Treg of each group was observed. The expression of Tim-3 and PD-1 and the production of IFN-γ, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-10 were examined as well. We found that the percentage of Treg in AS group was lower than that of healthy group. The expression of PD-1 on CD8+ T cells and Tim-3 on CD4+ T cells was lower in the AS group. AS group had lower IL-10 production by CD4+ T cells and higher IL-6 production by CD8+ T cells. The results of HLA-B27+ group were similar to that of the healthy group. These data suggested that patients with AS had an impairment in the ability to negatively regulate the immune response, which might be related to the etiology of AS. To further investigate the roles of Tim-3 and PD-1 on is a dysfunction of T cells in AS that is associated with PD-1 and Tim-3.
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26
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Rao M, Valentini D, Dodoo E, Zumla A, Maeurer M. Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy for infectious diseases: learning from the cancer paradigm. Int J Infect Dis 2017; 56:221-228. [PMID: 28163164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Immune checkpoint pathways regulate optimal host immune responses against transformed cells, induce immunological memory, and limit tissue pathology. Conversely, aberrant immune checkpoint activity signifies a poor prognosis in cancer and infectious diseases. Host-directed therapy (HDT) via immune checkpoint blockade has revolutionized cancer treatment with therapeutic implications for chronic infections, thus laying the foundation for this review. METHODS Online literature searches were performed via PubMed, PubMed Central, and Google using the keywords "immune checkpoint inhibition"; "host-directed therapy"; "T cell exhaustion"; "cancer immunotherapy"; "anti-PD-1 therapy"; "anti-PD-L1 therapy"; "chronic infections"; "antigen-specific cells"; "tuberculosis"; "malaria"; "viral infections"; "human immunodeficiency virus"; "hepatitis B virus"; "hepatitis C virus"; "cytomegalovirus" and "Epstein-Barr virus". Search results were filtered based on relevance to the topics covered in this review. RESULTS The use of monoclonal antibodies directed against the antigen-experienced T-cell marker programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 in the context of chronic infectious diseases is reviewed. The potential pitfalls and precautions, based on clinical experience from treating patients with cancer with PD-1/PD-L1 pathway inhibitors, are also described. CONCLUSIONS Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy holds promise as adjunctive therapy for chronic infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and HIV, and must therefore be tested in randomized clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rao
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Davide Valentini
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ernest Dodoo
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Markus Maeurer
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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27
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Shiratori B, Zhao J, Okumura M, Chagan-Yasutan H, Yanai H, Mizuno K, Yoshiyama T, Idei T, Ashino Y, Nakajima C, Suzuki Y, Hattori T. Immunological Roles of Elevated Plasma Levels of Matricellular Proteins in Japanese Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:ijms18010019. [PMID: 28025511 PMCID: PMC5297654 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated matricellular proteins (MCPs), including osteopontin (OPN) and galectin-9 (Gal-9), were observed in the plasma of patients with Manila-type tuberculosis (TB) previously. Here, we quantified plasma OPN, Gal-9, and soluble CD44 (sCD44) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and another 29 cytokines by Luminex assay in 36 patients with pulmonary TB, six subjects with latent tuberculosis (LTBI), and 19 healthy controls (HCs) from Japan for a better understanding of the roles of MCPs in TB. All TB subjects showed positive results of enzyme-linked immunospot assays (ELISPOTs). Spoligotyping showed that 20 out of 36 Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) strains belong to the Beijing type. The levels of OPN, Gal-9, and sCD44 were higher in TB (positivity of 61.1%, 66.7%, and 63.9%, respectively) than in the HCs. Positive correlations between OPN and Gal-9, between OPN and sCD44, and negative correlation between OPN and ESAT-6-ELISPOT response, between chest X-ray severity score of cavitary TB and ESAT-6-ELISPOT response were observed. Instead of OPN, Gal-9, and sCD44, cytokines G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-α, IFN-γ, IL-12p70, and IL-1RA levels were higher in Beijing MTB-infected patients. These findings suggest immunoregulatory, rather than inflammatory, effect of MCPs and can advance the understanding of the roles of MCPs in the context of TB pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Shiratori
- Division of Disaster-Related Infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Jingge Zhao
- Division of Disaster-Related Infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Masao Okumura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8533, Japan.
| | - Haorile Chagan-Yasutan
- Division of Disaster-Related Infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Hideki Yanai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 3-1-2 4 Matsuyama, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8533, Japan.
| | - Kazue Mizuno
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 3-1-2 4 Matsuyama, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8533, Japan.
| | - Takashi Yoshiyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8533, Japan.
| | - Tadashi Idei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 3-1-2 4 Matsuyama, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8533, Japan.
| | - Yugo Ashino
- Division of Disaster-Related Infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.
| | - Toshio Hattori
- Department of Health Science and Social Welfare, Kibi International University, 8 Igamachi, Takahashi 716-8508, Japan.
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28
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PD-1/PD-L pathway inhibits M.tb-specific CD4 + T-cell functions and phagocytosis of macrophages in active tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38362. [PMID: 27924827 PMCID: PMC5141449 DOI: 10.1038/srep38362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the PD-1/PD-L pathway in a murine model of tuberculosis remains controversial regarding viral infections and clinical tuberculosis. We conducted a case-control study to investigate the modulating role and mechanism of the PD-1/PD-L pathway in patients with active tuberculosis. Fifty-nine participants, including 43 active tuberculosis (ATB) patients and 16 healthy controls (HC), were enrolled. Cell surface staining and flow cytometry were used to detect the expressions of PD-1 and its ligands on T cells and monocytes. Intracellular cytokine staining was used to determine the PPD-specific IFN-γ-secreting T-cell proportion. CD4+ T-cell proliferation and macrophage functions were investigated in the presence or absence of PD-1/PD-L pathway blockade. Proportions of both PD-1+CD4+ and PD-L1+CD4+ T cells in ATB patients were more significantly increased than in the HC group (P = 0.0112 and P = 0.0141, respectively). The expressions of PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 on CD14+ monocytes in ATB patients were much higher than those in the HC group (P = 0.0016, P = 0.0001, and P = 0.0088, respectively). Blockade of PD-1 could significantly enhance CD4+ T-cell proliferation (P = 0.0433). Phagocytosis and intracellular killing activity of macrophages increased significantly with PD-1/PD-L pathway blockade. In conclusion, the PD-1/PD-L pathway inhibits not only M.tb-specific CD4+ T-cell-mediated immunity but also innate immunity.
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29
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Homayouni V, Ganjalikhani-hakemi M, Rezaei A, Khanahmad H, Behdani M, Lomedasht FK. Preparation and characterization of a novel nanobody against T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-3 (TIM-3). IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 19:1201-1208. [PMID: 27917276 PMCID: PMC5126221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) is an immune regulatory molecule; its blocking or stimulating could alter the pattern of immune response towards a desired condition. Based on the unique features of nanobodies, we aimed to construct an anti-TIM-3 nanobody as an appropriate tool for manipulating immune responses for future therapeutic purposes. MATERIALS AND METHODS We immunized a camel with TIM-3 antigen and then, synthesized a VHH phage: mid library from its B cell's transcriptome using nested PCR. Library selection against TIM-3antigen was performed in three rounds of panning. Using phage-ELISA, the most reactive colonies were selected for sub-cloning in soluble protein expression vectors. The Nanobody was purified and confirmed with a nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) column, SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. A flowcytometric analysis was performed to analyze the binding and biologic activities of theTIM-3 specific nanobody with TIM-3 expressing HL-60 and HEK cell lines. RESULTS Specific 15kD band representing for nanobody was observed on the gel and confirmed with Western blotting. The nanobody showed significant specific immune-reactivity against TIM-3 with a relatively high binding affinity. The nanobody significantly suppressed the proliferation of TIM-3 expressing HL-60 cell line. CONCLUSION Finally, we successfully prepared a functional anti-humanTIM-3 specific nanobody with a high affinity and an anti-proliferative activity on an AML cell line in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Homayouni
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mazdak Ganjalikhani-hakemi
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Corresponding author: Mazdak Ganjalikhani-hakemi. Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Isfahan, Iran. Tel: +98-31-37929082; Fax: +98-31-37929031;
| | - Abbas Rezaei
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Khanahmad
- Genetic Department, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Behdani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Biotechnology Department, Venom & Bio-therapeutics Molecules Lab, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Kazemi Lomedasht
- Biotechnology Research Center, Biotechnology Department, Venom & Bio-therapeutics Molecules Lab, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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30
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Zumla A, Rao M, Dodoo E, Maeurer M. Potential of immunomodulatory agents as adjunct host-directed therapies for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. BMC Med 2016; 14:89. [PMID: 27301245 PMCID: PMC4908783 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-016-0635-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is extremely challenging due to the virulence of the etiologic strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), the aberrant host immune responses and the diminishing treatment options with TB drugs. New treatment regimens incorporating therapeutics targeting both M. tb and host factors are urgently needed to improve the clinical management outcomes of MDR-TB. Host-directed therapies (HDT) could avert destructive tuberculous lung pathology, facilitate eradication of M. tb, improve survival and prevent long-term functional disability. In this review we (1) discuss the use of HDT for cancer and other infections, drawing parallels and the precedent they set for MDR-TB treatment, (2) highlight preclinical studies of pharmacological agents commonly used in clinical practice which have HDT potential, and (3) outline developments in cellular therapy to promote clinically beneficial immunomodulation to improve treatment outcomes in patients with pulmonary MDR-TB. The use of HDTs as adjuncts to MDR-TB therapy requires urgent evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Martin Rao
- F79, Therapeutic Immunology (TIM) division, Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ernest Dodoo
- F79, Therapeutic Immunology (TIM) division, Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Maeurer
- F79, Therapeutic Immunology (TIM) division, Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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31
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Gannavaram S, Bhattacharya P, Ismail N, Kaul A, Singh R, Nakhasi HL. Modulation of Innate Immune Mechanisms to Enhance Leishmania Vaccine-Induced Immunity: Role of Coinhibitory Molecules. Front Immunol 2016; 7:187. [PMID: 27242794 PMCID: PMC4865500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
No licensed human vaccines are currently available against any parasitic disease including leishmaniasis. Several antileishmanial vaccine formulations have been tested in various animal models, including genetically modified live-attenuated parasite vaccines. Experimental infection studies have shown that Leishmania parasites utilize a broad range of strategies to undermine effector properties of host phagocytic cells, i.e., dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (MΦ). Furthermore, Leishmania parasites have evolved strategies to actively inhibit TH1 polarizing functions of DCs and to condition the infected MΦ toward anti-inflammatory/alternative/M2 phenotype. The altered phenotype of phagocytic cells is characterized by decreased production of antimicrobial reactive oxygen, nitrogen molecules, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-γ, IL-12, and TNF-α. These early events limit the activation of TH1-effector cells and set the stage for pathogenesis. Furthermore, this early control of innate immunity by the virulent parasites results in substantial alteration in the adaptive immunity characterized by reduced proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and TH2-biased immunity that results in production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as TGF-β, and IL-10. More recent studies have also documented the induction of coinhibitory ligands, such as CTLA-4, PD-L1, CD200, and Tim-3, that induce exhaustion and/or non-proliferation in antigen-experienced T cells. Most of these studies focus on viral infections in chronic phase, thus limiting the direct application of these results to parasitic infections and much less to parasitic vaccines. However, these studies suggest that vaccine-induced protective immunity can be modulated using strategies that enhance the costimulation that might reduce the threshold necessary for T cell activation and conversely by strategies that reduce or block inhibitory molecules, such as PD-L1 and CD200. In this review, we will focus on the polarization of antigen-presenting cells and subsequent role of costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules in mediating vaccine-induced immunity using live-attenuated Leishmania parasites as specific examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivas Gannavaram
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, MD , USA
| | - Parna Bhattacharya
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, MD , USA
| | - Nevien Ismail
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, MD , USA
| | - Amit Kaul
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, MD , USA
| | - Rakesh Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India
| | - Hira L Nakhasi
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring, MD , USA
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Nagahara K, Arikawa T, Oomizu S, Kontani K, Nobumoto A, Tateno H, Watanabe K, Niki T, Katoh S, Miyake M, Nagahata SI, Hirabayashi J, Kuchroo VK, Yamauchi A, Hirashima M. Galectin-9 increases Tim-3+ dendritic cells and CD8+ T cells and enhances antitumor immunity via galectin-9-Tim-3 interactions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:7660-9. [PMID: 19017954 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.11.7660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A Tim-3 ligand, galectin-9 (Gal-9), modulates various functions of innate and adaptive immune responses. In this study, we demonstrate that Gal-9 prolongs the survival of Meth-A tumor-bearing mice in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Although Gal-9 did not prolong the survival of tumor-bearing nude mice, transfer of naive spleen cells restored a prolonged Gal-9-induced survival in nude mice, indicating possible involvement of T cell-mediated immune responses in Gal-9-mediated antitumor activity. Gal-9 administration increased the number of IFN-gamma-producing Tim-3(+) CD8(+) T cells with enhanced granzyme B and perforin expression, although it induced CD4(+) T cell apoptosis. It simultaneously increased the number of Tim-3(+)CD86(+) mature dendritic cells (DCs) in vivo and in vitro. Coculture of CD8(+) T cells with DCs from Gal-9-treated mice increased the number of IFN-gamma producing cells and IFN-gamma production. Depletion of Tim-3(+) DCs from DCs of Gal-9-treated tumor-bearing mice decreased the number of IFN-gamma-producing CD8(+) T cells. Such DC activity was significantly abrogated by Tim-3-Ig, suggesting that Gal-9 potentiates CD8(+) T cell-mediated antitumor immunity via Gal-9-Tim-3 interactions between DCs and CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Nagahara
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan
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