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Kulkarni SS, Falzarano D. Unique aspects of adaptive immunity in camelids and their applications. Mol Immunol 2021; 134:102-108. [PMID: 33751993 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Camelidae have unique adaptive immunological features that are not widely observed in other species. All camelids are known to have three distinct IgG isotypes - IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3. While IgG1 has a conventional antibody structure, both IgG2 and IgG3 are devoid of light chains and instead possess hypervariable regions in their heavy chain (VHH), while lacking the typical CH1 domain found in heavy chains. VHH domains are increasingly being utilized as "next generation" antibodies, as they have unique biochemical and structural properties including high pH stability as well as a lower molecular weight allowing for increased tissue penetration. These features of VHH domains offer a number of advantages for both biotechnology and clinical applications and are commonly termed "nanobodies". A second unique aspect of the camelid adaptive response is involves T cell-mediated immunity. Characterization of gamma delta (ꝩδ) T cells in camelid species has found they use somatic hypermutation in their T cell receptor gamma (TRG) and delta (TRD) loci to increase the structural stability of their ꝩδ T receptor. The use of somatic hyper mutation to increase the diversity of their T cell repertoire, is a feature that has not been observed in other mammalian species. In addition, in alpacas there is a unique subset of ꝩδ T cells called Vꝩ9Vδ2 T cells. Activation of these cells is dependent upon phosphoantigen (PAg)-mediated interaction with B7-like butyrophilin molecules (BTN-3). This makes alpacas the first species outside of primates to be identified with this unique subset and activation mechanism. Here we review some fundamentals of camelid adaptive immunity that make them distinct from other vertebrate species and their potential applications to human therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarali S Kulkarni
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization and Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Darryl Falzarano
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization and Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
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Sadeghian-Rizi T, Behdani M, Khanahmad H, Sadeghi HM, Jahanian-Najafabadi A. Generation and Characterization of a Functional Nanobody Against Inflammatory Chemokine CXCL10, as a Novel Strategy for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2020; 18:141-148. [PMID: 30426906 DOI: 10.2174/1871527317666181114134518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Chemokines and their receptors play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, infectious diseases, and also in cancer metastasis via attraction of the pathogenic immune cells into the inflammation sites. METHODS Inflammatory chemokine CXCL10 as a T helper (Th)1-chemokine directs chemotaxis of many cell subsets especially Th1 into the central nervous system (CNS) via its receptor CXCR3 and it has been put forward as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Nanobodies are the smallest intact antigen binding fragments derived from heavy chain-only antibodies occurring in camelids with unique biochemical and biophysical features which render them superior to conventional antibodies or antibody fragments. Here, we describe the generation, selection, and characterization of CXCL10-specific Nanobodies from camel immunized with CXCL10. The obtained Nanobodies displayed high affinity towards CXCL10 about 10-11-10-8 M. RESULTS Then a Nanobody with the highest affinity named 3Nb12 was selected and investigated as a migration inhibitor of CXCR3+ cells. Chemotaxis assay results showed that 3Nb12 blocked CXCL10- CXCR3 binding and potently inhibited chemotaxis of CXCR3-transfected HEK293T cells. CONCLUSION The nanobody 3Nb12 might be a promising specific and powerful blocking agent of CXCL10 function, which can be used for diagnostic, therapeutic and research purposes in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Sadeghian-Rizi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Behdani
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Khanahmad
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Mirmohammad Sadeghi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Jahanian-Najafabadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Homayouni V, Ganjalikhani-hakemi M, Rezaei A, Khanahmad H, Behdani M, Lomedasht FK. Preparation and characterization of a novel nanobody against T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-3 (TIM-3). Iran J Basic Med Sci 2016; 19:1201-1208. [PMID: 27917276 PMCID: PMC5126221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) is an immune regulatory molecule; its blocking or stimulating could alter the pattern of immune response towards a desired condition. Based on the unique features of nanobodies, we aimed to construct an anti-TIM-3 nanobody as an appropriate tool for manipulating immune responses for future therapeutic purposes. MATERIALS AND METHODS We immunized a camel with TIM-3 antigen and then, synthesized a VHH phage: mid library from its B cell's transcriptome using nested PCR. Library selection against TIM-3antigen was performed in three rounds of panning. Using phage-ELISA, the most reactive colonies were selected for sub-cloning in soluble protein expression vectors. The Nanobody was purified and confirmed with a nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) column, SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. A flowcytometric analysis was performed to analyze the binding and biologic activities of theTIM-3 specific nanobody with TIM-3 expressing HL-60 and HEK cell lines. RESULTS Specific 15kD band representing for nanobody was observed on the gel and confirmed with Western blotting. The nanobody showed significant specific immune-reactivity against TIM-3 with a relatively high binding affinity. The nanobody significantly suppressed the proliferation of TIM-3 expressing HL-60 cell line. CONCLUSION Finally, we successfully prepared a functional anti-humanTIM-3 specific nanobody with a high affinity and an anti-proliferative activity on an AML cell line in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Homayouni
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mazdak Ganjalikhani-hakemi
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Corresponding author: Mazdak Ganjalikhani-hakemi. Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Isfahan, Iran. Tel: +98-31-37929082; Fax: +98-31-37929031;
| | - Abbas Rezaei
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Khanahmad
- Genetic Department, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Behdani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Biotechnology Department, Venom & Bio-therapeutics Molecules Lab, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Kazemi Lomedasht
- Biotechnology Research Center, Biotechnology Department, Venom & Bio-therapeutics Molecules Lab, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Van Audenhove I, Gettemans J. Nanobodies as Versatile Tools to Understand, Diagnose, Visualize and Treat Cancer. EBioMedicine 2016; 8:40-48. [PMID: 27428417 PMCID: PMC4919472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery, nanobodies have been used extensively in the fields of research, diagnostics and therapy. These antigen binding fragments, originating from Camelid heavy-chain antibodies, possess unusual hallmarks in terms of (small) size, stability, solubility and specificity, hence allowing cost-effective production and sometimes outperforming monoclonal antibodies. In this review, we evaluate the current status of nanobodies to study, diagnose, visualize or inhibit cancer-specific proteins and processes. Nanobodies are highly adaptable tools for cancer research as they enable specific modulation of targets, enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins alike. Molecular imaging studies benefit from the rapid, homogeneous tumor accumulation of nanobodies and their fast blood clearance, permitting previously unattainable fast tumor visualization. Moreover, they are endowed with considerable therapeutic potential as inhibitors of receptor-ligand pairs and deliverers of drugs or drug-loaded nanoparticles towards tumors. More in vivo and clinical studies are however eagerly awaited to unleash their full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Van Audenhove
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Jan Gettemans
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium.
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Arezumand R, Mahdian R, Behdani M, Khanahmad H, Langari J, Namvarasl N, Hassanzadeh-Ghasabeh R, Zeinali S. Recombinant expression and purification of human placental growth factor 1 and specific camel heavy chain polyclonal antibody preparation. Saudi J Biol Sci 2013; 21:35-9. [PMID: 24596498 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Placental growth factor (PlGF) is a member of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family. Unlike VEGF, PlGF is dispensable for normal cell development as well as playing various roles in pathological angiogenesis which occurs in tissue ischemia, inflammation, and malignancy. The PlGF-1 has been considered as a potential candidate for the diagnosis and targeting of pathological angiogenesis. Camelidae serum contains an important fraction of functional antibodies, called heavy-chain antibodies (HcAbs) that are naturally devoid of light chains. Camelid HcAbs recognize their cognate antigens by a single variable-domain, referred to as VHH or Nanobody. Here, we describe the expression and purification of recombinant human PlGF-1 (rhPlGF-1). This protein was subsequently used for the preparation of camel heavy chain polyclonal antibody against rhPlGF-1. The recombinant expression plasmid pET-26b-hPlGF-1 was introduced into Escherichia coli BL21 cells to express the rhPlGF-1 protein. Purified rhPlGF-1 was used to immunize camel, the specific reactivity of HcAb was determined with ELISA and western blot. Western blot analysis indicated that the antiserum specifically reacted to the recombinant protein. The rhPlGF-1 protein and its antibody may be used for the development of detection assays needed for clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghaye Arezumand
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Mahdian
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Behdani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Venom & Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab., Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Khanahmad
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Medical School of Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jahangir Langari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nabiollah Namvarasl
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Research and Production Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Reza Hassanzadeh-Ghasabeh
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije University Brussel, Brussels, Belgium ; Department of Structural Biology, NSF, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sirous Zeinali
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Yu JY, Lan L, Wang YM, Ding ST. Variable fragment of heavy chain antibody against TP region of Hepatitis B Virus polymerase inhibits replication of hepatitis B virus in vitro. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2005; 13:1692-1695. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v13.i14.1692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study a functional variable fragment of heavy chain (VH) antibody against the terminal protein (TP) region of hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase (Pol) and its inhibition on the replication of HBV in vitro.
METHODS: The TP region of HBV Pol secreted by the HepG2.2.15 cells was used as an antigen, and the antibodies were selected with protein fragment complementation assay (PCA). The VH antibody gene was cloned into expression vector pZeoSV2(+), and then pZeoSV2(+)-VH was transfected into HepG2.2.15 cells. The contents of HBV DNA in the cells were detected by fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (FQ-PCR).
RESULTS: Three antibodies against the TP region of HBV were selected. The replication of HBV was markedly inhibited by the anti-TP Pol VH antibodies. The contents of HBV DNA in the pZeoSV2(+)-VH transfected cells (Group C) were significantly higher than those in the non-transfected and pZeoSV2(+) transfected cells (Group A and C)(Supernate: 3.480±0.32 vs 5.268±0.07, 5.105±0.78, P<0.05; Intracellular: 5.718±0.15 vs 7.716±0.74, 7.394±0.97, P<0.05).
CONCLUSION: The anti-TP Pol VH antibodies can inhibit the replication of HBV in HepG2.2.15 cells.
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