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Li H, Han X, Song L, Li X, Zhang L, Jin Z, Zhang Y, Wang T, Huang Z, Jia Z, Yang J. LINC00645 inhibits renal cell carcinoma progression by interacting with HNRNPA2B1 to regulate the ROCK1 mRNA stability. Gene 2024; 905:148232. [PMID: 38309317 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The lncRNA plays an important role in tumorigenesis and the progression of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). LINC00645 is one of the most different expressed lncRNA between RCC and normal renal tissue. However, the regulatory mechanism of LINC00645 in RCC remains unknown. Our results indicated that LINC00645 inhibited RCC proliferation, migration, and invasion. Mechanistically, HNRNPA2B1 directly bound to ROCK1 mRNA and strengthened its stability. LINC00645 competitively bound to the RRM1 domain, which is responsible for interacting with ROCK1 mRNA, reducing ROCK1 mRNA level by affecting posttranscriptional destabilization. The expression of LINC00645 was significantly reduced in RCC cells, significantly upregulating ROCK1 by abolishing the interaction with HNRNPA2B1, finally promoting RCC proliferation, migration, and invasion. Moreover, RCC cells with lower LINC00645 expression were more sensitive to the ROCK1 inhibitor Y-27632. Our study indicates that decreased expression of LINC00645 promotes the RCC progression via HNRNPA2B1/ROCK1 axis, providing a promising treatment strategy for RCC patients with decreased LINC00645 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Liang Song
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Liwei Zhang
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Zhibo Jin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Zhenlin Huang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China.
| | - Zhankui Jia
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China.
| | - Jinjian Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China.
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2
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Anders S, Breithausen B, Unichenko P, Herde MK, Minge D, Abramian A, Behringer C, Deshpande T, Boehlen A, Domingos C, Henning L, Pitsch J, Kim YB, Bedner P, Steinhäuser C, Henneberger C. Epileptic activity triggers rapid ROCK1-dependent astrocyte morphology changes. Glia 2024; 72:643-659. [PMID: 38031824 PMCID: PMC10842783 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Long-term modifications of astrocyte function and morphology are well known to occur in epilepsy. They are implicated in the development and manifestation of the disease, but the relevant mechanisms and their pathophysiological role are not firmly established. For instance, it is unclear how quickly the onset of epileptic activity triggers astrocyte morphology changes and what the relevant molecular signals are. We therefore used two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy to monitor astrocyte morphology in parallel to the induction of epileptiform activity. We uncovered astrocyte morphology changes within 10-20 min under various experimental conditions in acute hippocampal slices. In vivo, induction of status epilepticus resulted in similarly altered astrocyte morphology within 30 min. Further analysis in vitro revealed a persistent volume reduction of peripheral astrocyte processes triggered by induction of epileptiform activity. In addition, an impaired diffusion within astrocytes and within the astrocyte network was observed, which most likely is a direct consequence of the astrocyte remodeling. These astrocyte morphology changes were prevented by inhibition of the Rho GTPase RhoA and of the Rho-associated kinase (ROCK). Selective deletion of ROCK1 but not ROCK2 from astrocytes also prevented the morphology change after induction of epileptiform activity and reduced epileptiform activity. Together these observations reveal that epileptic activity triggers a rapid ROCK1-dependent astrocyte morphology change, which is mechanistically linked to the strength of epileptiform activity. This suggests that astrocytic ROCK1 signaling is a maladaptive response of astrocytes to the onset of epileptic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Anders
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Björn Breithausen
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Petr Unichenko
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michel K. Herde
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel Minge
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Adlin Abramian
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Charlotte Behringer
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tushar Deshpande
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anne Boehlen
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cátia Domingos
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lukas Henning
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julika Pitsch
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Young-Bum Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Bedner
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Steinhäuser
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Henneberger
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
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3
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Haspel N, Jang H, Nussinov R. Allosteric Activation of RhoA Complexed with p115-RhoGEF Deciphered by Conformational Dynamics. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:862-873. [PMID: 38215280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
The Ras homologue family member A (RhoA) is a member of the Rho family, a subgroup of the Ras superfamily. RhoA interacts with the 115 kDa guanine nucleotide exchange factor (p115-RhoGEF), which assists in activation and binding with downstream effectors. Here, we use molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and essential dynamics analysis of the inactive RhoA-GDP and active RhoA-GTP, when bound to p115-RhoGEF to decipher the mechanism of RhoA activation at the structural level. We observe that inactive RhoA-GDP maintains its position near the catalytic site on the Dbl homology (DH) domain of p115-RhoGEF through the interaction of its Switch I region with the DH domain. We further show that the active RhoA-GTP is engaged in more interactions with the p115-RhoGEF membrane-bound Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain as compared to RhoA-GDP. We hypothesize that the role of the interactions between the active RhoA-GTP and the PH domain is to help release it from the DH domain upon activation. Our results support this premise, and our simulations uncover the beginning of this process and provide structural details. They also point to allosteric communication pathways that take part in RhoA activation to promote and strengthen the interaction between the active RhoA-GTP and the PH domain. Allosteric regulation also occurs among other members of the Rho superfamily. Collectively, we suggest that in the activation process, the role of the RhoA-GTP interaction with the PH domain is to release RhoA-GTP from the DH domain after activation, making it available to downstream effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurit Haspel
- Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Cancer Innovation Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Cancer Innovation Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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4
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Weidle UH, Birzele F. Circular RNA in Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma: Identification of Targets and New Treatment Modalities. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2023; 20:646-668. [PMID: 38035705 PMCID: PMC10687737 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite availability of several treatment options for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, targeted therapy and immunotherapy, the survival rate of patients for five years is in the range of 22%. Therefore, identification of new targets and treatment modalities for this disease is an important issue. In this context, we screened the PubMed database for up-regulated circular RNAs (circRNAs) which promote growth of NSCLC in preclinical models in vitro as well as in vivo xenograft models in immuno-compromised mice. This approach led to potential targets for further validation and inhibition with small molecules or antibody-derived entities. In case of preclinical validation, the corresponding circRNAs can be inhibited with small interfering RNAs (siRNA) or short hairpin RNAs (shRNA). The identified circRNAs act by sponging microRNAs (miRs) preventing cleavage of the mRNA of the corresponding targets. We identified nine circRNAs up-regulating transmembrane receptors, five circRNAs increasing expression of secreted proteins, nine circRNAs promoting expression of components of signaling pathways, six circRNAs involved in regulation of splicing and RNA processing, six circRNAs up-regulating actin-related and RNA processing components, seven circRNAs increasing the steady-state levels of transcription factors, two circRNAs increasing high-mobility group proteins, four circRNAs increasing components of the epigenetic modification system and three circRNAs up-regulating protein components of additional systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich H Weidle
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany;
| | - Fabian Birzele
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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5
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Foda BM, Neubig RR. Role of Rho/MRTF in Aggressive Vemurafenib-Resistant Murine Melanomas and Immune Checkpoint Upregulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13785. [PMID: 37762086 PMCID: PMC10531039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is the deadliest skin cancer. Most have Ras-MAPK pathway (BRAFV600E or NRAS) mutations and highly effective targeted therapies exist; however, they and immune therapies are limited by resistance, in part driven by small GTPase (Rho and Rac) activation. To facilitate preclinical studies of combination therapies to provide durable responses, we describe the first mouse melanoma lines resistant to BRAF inhibitors. Treatment of mouse lines, YUMM1.7 and YUMMER, with vemurafenib (Vem), the BRAFV600E-selective inhibitor, resulted in high-level resistance (IC50 shifts 20-30-fold). Resistant cells showed enhanced activation of Rho and the downstream transcriptional coactivator, myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF). Resistant cells exhibited increased stress fibers, nuclear translocation of MRTF-A, and an increased MRTF-A gene signature. Pharmacological inhibition of the Rho/MRTF pathway using CCG-257081 reduced viability of resistant lines and enhanced sensitivity to Vem. Remarkably, co-treatment of parental lines with Vem and CCG-257081 eliminated resistant colony development. Resistant cells grew more slowly in vitro, but they developed highly aggressive tumors with a shortened survival of tumor-bearing mice. Increased expression of immune checkpoint inhibitor proteins (ICIs) in resistant lines may contribute to aggressive in vivo behavior. Here, we introduce the first drug-resistant mouse melanoma models for assessing combinations of targeted and immune therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bardees M. Foda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA;
- Molecular Genetics and Enzymology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Egypt
| | - Richard R. Neubig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA;
- Nicholas V. Perricone, M.D. Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
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6
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Lei M, Harn HIC, Li Q, Jiang J, Wu W, Zhou W, Jiang TX, Wang M, Zhang J, Lai YC, Juan WT, Widelitz RB, Yang L, Gu ZZ, Chuong CM. The mechano-chemical circuit drives skin organoid self-organization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2221982120. [PMID: 37643215 PMCID: PMC10483620 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221982120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells in organoids self-organize into tissue patterns with unknown mechanisms. Here, we use skin organoids to analyze this process. Cell behavior videos show that the morphological transformation from multiple spheroidal units with morphogenesis competence (CMU) to planar skin is characterized by two abrupt cell motility-increasing events before calming down. The self-organizing processes are controlled by a morphogenetic module composed of molecular sensors, modulators, and executers. Increasing dermal stiffness provides the initial driving force (driver) which activates Yap1 (sensor) in epidermal cysts. Notch signaling (modulator 1) in epidermal cyst tunes the threshold of Yap1 activation. Activated Yap1 induces Wnts and MMPs (epidermal executers) in basal cells to facilitate cellular flows, allowing epidermal cells to protrude out from the CMU. Dermal cell-expressed Rock (dermal executer) generates a stiff force bridge between two CMU and accelerates tissue mixing via activating Laminin and β1-integrin. Thus, this self-organizing coalescence process is controlled by a mechano-chemical circuit. Beyond skin, self-organization in organoids may use similar mechano-chemical circuit structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Lei
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education & 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing400044, China
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung40402, Taiwan
| | - Hans I-Chen Harn
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90033
| | - Qiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education & 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing400044, China
| | - Wang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education & 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing400044, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing400030, China
| | - Tin-Xin Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90033
| | - Mengyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education & 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing400044, China
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education & 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing400044, China
| | - Yung-Chih Lai
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung40402, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tau Juan
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung40402, Taiwan
| | - Randall Bruce Widelitz
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90033
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education & 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing400044, China
| | - Zhong-Ze Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90033
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7
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Witkowski TA, Li B, Andersen JG, Kumar B, Mroz EA, Rocco JW. Y-27632 acts beyond ROCK inhibition to maintain epidermal stem-like cells in culture. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260990. [PMID: 37698512 PMCID: PMC10508688 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Conditional reprogramming is a cell culture technique that effectively immortalizes epithelial cells with normal genotypes by renewing epidermal stem cells. Y-27632, a compound that promotes conditional reprogramming through an unknown mechanism, was developed to inhibit the two Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) isoforms. We used human foreskin keratinocytes (HFKs) to study the role of Y-27632 in conditional reprogramming and learn how ROCKs control epidermal stem cell renewal. In conditional reprogramming, Y-27632 increased HFK adherence to culture dishes, progression through S, G2 and M phases of the cell cycle, and epidermal stem cell marker levels. Although this correlated with ROCK inhibition by Y-27632, we generated CRISPR-Cas9-mediated HFK ROCK knockouts to test the direct role of ROCK inhibition. Knockout of single ROCK isoforms was insufficient to disrupt ROCK activity or promote HFK propagation without Y-27632. Although ROCK activity was reduced, HFKs with double knockout of ROCK1 and ROCK2 still required Y-27632 to propagate. Y-27632 was the most effective among the ROCK inhibitors we tested at promoting HFK proliferation and epidermal stem cell marker expression. Thus, the ability of Y-27632 to promote an epidermal stem cell state in conditional reprogramming not only depends upon ROCK inhibition but also acts via as-yet-unidentified mechanisms. Epidermal stem cell renewal might in part be regulated by ROCKs, but also involves additional pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis A. Witkowski
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jason G. Andersen
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Bhavna Kumar
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Edmund A. Mroz
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - James W. Rocco
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Zarkada G, Chen X, Zhou X, Lange M, Zeng L, Lv W, Zhang X, Li Y, Zhou W, Liu K, Chen D, Ricard N, Liao JK, Kim YB, Benedito R, Claesson-Welsh L, Alitalo K, Simons M, Ju R, Li X, Eichmann A, Zhang F. Chylomicrons Regulate Lacteal Permeability and Intestinal Lipid Absorption. Circ Res 2023; 133:333-349. [PMID: 37462027 PMCID: PMC10530007 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.322607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphatic vessels are responsible for tissue drainage, and their malfunction is associated with chronic diseases. Lymph uptake occurs via specialized open cell-cell junctions between capillary lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), whereas closed junctions in collecting LECs prevent lymph leakage. LEC junctions are known to dynamically remodel in development and disease, but how lymphatic permeability is regulated remains poorly understood. METHODS We used various genetically engineered mouse models in combination with cellular, biochemical, and molecular biology approaches to elucidate the signaling pathways regulating junction morphology and function in lymphatic capillaries. RESULTS By studying the permeability of intestinal lacteal capillaries to lipoprotein particles known as chylomicrons, we show that ROCK (Rho-associated kinase)-dependent cytoskeletal contractility is a fundamental mechanism of LEC permeability regulation. We show that chylomicron-derived lipids trigger neonatal lacteal junction opening via ROCK-dependent contraction of junction-anchored stress fibers. LEC-specific ROCK deletion abolished junction opening and plasma lipid uptake. Chylomicrons additionally inhibited VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)-A signaling. We show that VEGF-A antagonizes LEC junction opening via VEGFR (VEGF receptor) 2 and VEGFR3-dependent PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)/AKT (protein kinase B) activation of the small GTPase RAC1 (Rac family small GTPase 1), thereby restricting RhoA (Ras homolog family member A)/ROCK-mediated cytoskeleton contraction. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal that antagonistic inputs into ROCK-dependent cytoskeleton contractions regulate the interconversion of lymphatic junctions in the intestine and in other tissues, providing a tunable mechanism to control the lymphatic barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Zarkada
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-3221, USA
| | - Xun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xuetong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Martin Lange
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-3221, USA
| | - Lei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Wenyu Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yunhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Weibin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Keli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Dongying Chen
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-3221, USA
| | - Nicolas Ricard
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-3221, USA
| | - James K. Liao
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Banner University Medical Center, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Young-Bum Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rui Benedito
- Molecular Genetics of Angiogenesis Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid E28029, Spain
| | - Lena Claesson-Welsh
- Uppsala University, Rudbeck, SciLifeLab and Beijer Laboratories, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Simons
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-3221, USA
| | - Rong Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xuri Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Anne Eichmann
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-3221, USA
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
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9
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Melzer M, Burk J, Guest DJ, Dudhia J. Influence of Rho/ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 on proliferation of equine mesenchymal stromal cells. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1154987. [PMID: 37346276 PMCID: PMC10279950 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1154987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) isolated form bone marrow and adipose tissue are the most common cells used for cell therapy of orthopedic diseases. MSC derived from different tissues show differences in terms of their proliferation, differentiation potential and viability in prolonged cell culture. This suggests that there may be subtle differences in intracellular signaling pathways that modulate these cellular characteristics. The Rho/ROCK signaling pathway is essential for many cellular functions. Targeting of this pathway by the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 has been shown to be beneficial for cell viability and proliferation of different cell types. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Rho/ROCK inhibition on equine MSC proliferation using bone marrow-derived MSC (BMSC) and adipose-derived MSC (ASC). Primary ASC and BMSC were stimulated with or without 10 ng/mL TGF-β3 or 10 μM Y-27632, as well as both in combination. Etoposide at 10 μM was used as a positive control for inhibition of cell proliferation. After 48 h of stimulation, cell morphology, proliferation activity and gene expression of cell senescence markers p53 and p21 were assessed. ASC showed a trend for higher basal proliferation than BMSC, which was sustained following stimulation with TGF-β3. This included a higher proliferation with TGF-β3 stimulation compared to Y-27632 stimulation (p < 0.01), but not significantly different to the no treatment control when used in combination. Expression of p21 and p53 was not altered by stimulation with TGF-β3 and/or Y-27632 in either cell type. In summary, the Rho/ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 had no effect on proliferation activity and did not induce cell senescence in equine ASC and BMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Melzer
- Equine Clinic (Surgery, Orthopedics), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Janina Burk
- Equine Clinic (Surgery, Orthopedics), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Deborah J. Guest
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jayesh Dudhia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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Kim HJ, Hwang JS, Noh KB, Oh SH, Park JB, Shin YJ. A p-Tyr42 RhoA Inhibitor Promotes the Regeneration of Human Corneal Endothelial Cells by Ameliorating Cellular Senescence. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1186. [PMID: 37371916 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of treatment strategies for human corneal endothelial cells (hCECs) disease is necessary because hCECs do not regenerate in vivo due to the properties that are similar to senescence. This study is performed to investigate the role of a p-Tyr42 RhoA inhibitor (MH4, ELMED Inc., Chuncheon) in transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)- or H2O2-induced cellular senescence of hCECs. Cultured hCECs were treated with MH4. The cell shape, proliferation rate, and cell cycle phases were analyzed. Moreover, cell adhesion assays and immunofluorescence staining for F-actin, Ki-67, and E-cadherin were performed. Additionally, the cells were treated with TGF-β or H2O2 to induce senescence, and mitochondrial oxidative reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, and NF-κB translocation were evaluated. LC3II/LC3I levels were determined using Western blotting to analyze autophagy. MH4 promotes hCEC proliferation, shifts the cell cycle, attenuates actin distribution, and increases E-cadherin expression. TGF-β and H2O2 induce senescence by increasing mitochondrial ROS levels and NF-κB translocation into the nucleus; however, this effect is attenuated by MH4. Moreover, TGF-β and H2O2 decrease the mitochondrial membrane potential and induce autophagy, while MH4 reverses these effects. In conclusion, MH4, a p-Tyr42 RhoA inhibitor, promotes the regeneration of hCECs and protects hCECs against TGF-β- and H2O2-induced senescence via the ROS/NF-κB/mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Jung Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Republic of Korea
- Hallym BioEyeTech Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Sun Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Republic of Korea
- Hallym BioEyeTech Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Bo Noh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Republic of Korea
- Hallym BioEyeTech Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Republic of Korea
- Hallym BioEyeTech Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Bong Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Republic of Korea
- Hallym BioEyeTech Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Republic of Korea
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11
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Xie Y, Yue L, Shi Y, Su X, Gan C, Liu H, Xue T, Ye T. Application and Study of ROCK Inhibitors in Pulmonary Fibrosis: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives. J Med Chem 2023; 66:4342-4360. [PMID: 36940432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing kinases (ROCKs), serine/threonine protein kinases, were initially identified as downstream targets of the small GTP-binding protein Rho. Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a lethal disease with limited therapeutic options and a particularly poor prognosis. Interestingly, ROCK activation has been demonstrated in PF patients and in animal PF models, making it a promising target for PF treatment. Many ROCK inhibitors have been discovered, and four of these have been approved for clinical use; however, no ROCK inhibitors are approved for the treatment of PF patients. In this article, we describe ROCK signaling pathways and the structure-activity relationship, potency, selectivity, binding modes, pharmacokinetics (PKs), biological functions, and recently reported inhibitors of ROCKs in the context of PF. We will also focus our attention on the challenges to be addressed when targeting ROCKs and discuss the strategy of ROCK inhibitor use in the treatment of PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Xie
- Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lin Yue
- Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yaojie Shi
- Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xingping Su
- Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Cailing Gan
- Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hongyao Liu
- Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Taixiong Xue
- Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Tinghong Ye
- Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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12
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Molecular Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein-Induced Endothelial Cell Permeability and vWF Secretion. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065664. [PMID: 36982738 PMCID: PMC10053386 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease COVID-19, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has become a worldwide pandemic in recent years. In addition to being a respiratory disease, COVID-19 is a ‘vascular disease’ since it causes a leaky vascular barrier and increases blood clotting by elevating von Willebrand factor (vWF) levels in the blood. In this study, we analyzed in vitro how the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 induces endothelial cell (EC) permeability and its vWF secretion, and the underlying molecular mechanism for it. We showed that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 receptor-binding domain (RBD) is sufficient to induce endothelial permeability and vWF-secretion through the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)2 in an ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF)6 activation-dependent manner. However, the mutants, including those in South African and South Californian variants of SARS-CoV-2, in the spike protein did not affect its induced EC permeability and vWF secretion. In addition, we have identified a signaling cascade downstream of ACE2 for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-induced EC permeability and its vWF secretion by using pharmacological inhibitors. The knowledge gained from this study could be useful in developing novel drugs or repurposing existing drugs for treating infections of SARS-CoV-2, particularly those strains that respond poorly to the existing vaccines.
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13
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Deng Y, Huang X, Hu Y, Zhong W, Zhang H, Mo C, Wang H, Ding BS, Wang C. Deficiency of endothelial FGFR1 signaling via upregulation of ROCK2 activity aggravated ALI/ARDS. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1041533. [PMID: 36969192 PMCID: PMC10036754 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1041533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular leakage and inflammation are pathological hallmarks of acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Endothelial cells (ECs) serve as a semipermeable barrier and play a key role in disease progression. It is well known that fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) is required for maintaining vascular integrity. However, how endothelial FGFR1 functions in ALI/ARDS remains obscure. Here, we revealed that conditional deletion of endothelial FGFR1 aggravated LPS-induced lung injury, including inflammation and vascular leakage. Inhibition of its downstream Rho-associated coiled-coil–forming protein kinase 2 (ROCK2) by AAV Vec-tie-shROCK2 or its selective inhibitor TDI01 effectively attenuated inflammation and vascular leakage in a mouse model. In vitro, TNFα-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) showed decreased FGFR1 expression and increased ROCK2 activity. Furthermore, knockdown of FGFR1 activated ROCK2 and thus promoted higher adhesive properties to inflammatory cells and higher permeability in HUVECs. TDI01 effectively suppressed ROCK2 activity and rescued the endothelial dysfunction. These data demonstrated that the loss of endothelial FGFR1 signaling mediated an increase in ROCK2 activity, which led to an inflammatory response and vascular leakage in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, inhibition of ROCK2 activity by TDI01 provided great value and shed light on clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Deng
- Peking University China–Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xingming Huang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiting Zhong
- Beijing Tide Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunheng Mo
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Beijing Tide Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Chen Wang, ; Bi-Sen Ding, ; Hongjun Wang,
| | - Bi-Sen Ding
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Chen Wang, ; Bi-Sen Ding, ; Hongjun Wang,
| | - Chen Wang
- Peking University China–Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Chen Wang, ; Bi-Sen Ding, ; Hongjun Wang,
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14
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MicroRNA-148a Controls Epidermal and Hair Follicle Stem/Progenitor Cells by Modulating the Activities of ROCK1 and ELF5. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:480-491.e5. [PMID: 36116511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Skin and hair development is regulated by complex programs of gene activation and silencing and microRNA-dependent modulation of gene expression to maintain normal skin and hair follicle development, homeostasis, and cycling. In this study, we show that miR-148a, through its gene targets, plays an important role in regulating skin homeostasis and hair follicle cycling. RNA and protein analysis of miR-148a and its gene targets were analyzed using a combination of in vitro and in vivo experiments. We show that the expression of miR-148a markedly increases during telogen (bulge and hair germ stem cell compartments). Administration of antisense miR-148a inhibitor into mouse skin during the telogen phases of the postnatal hair cycle results in accelerated anagen development and altered stem cell activity in the skin. We also show that miR-148a can regulate colony-forming abilities of hair follicle bulge stem cells as well as control keratinocyte proliferation/differentiation processes. RNA and protein analysis revealed that miR-148a may control these processes by regulating the expression of Rock1 and Elf5 in vitro and in vivo. These data provide an important foundation for further analyses of miR-148a as a crucial regulator of these genes target in the skin and hair follicles and its importance in maintaining stem/progenitor cell functions during normal tissue homeostasis and regeneration.
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15
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Barcelo J, Samain R, Sanz-Moreno V. Preclinical to clinical utility of ROCK inhibitors in cancer. Trends Cancer 2023; 9:250-263. [PMID: 36599733 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
ROCK belongs to the AGC family of Ser/Thr protein kinases that are involved in many cellular processes. ROCK-driven actomyosin contractility regulates cytoskeletal dynamics underpinning cell migration, proliferation, and survival in many cancer types. ROCK1/2 play key protumorigenic roles in several subtypes and stages of cancer development. Therefore, successfully targeting ROCK and its downstream effectors presents an interesting avenue for cancer treatment. Because local use of ROCK inhibitors will reduce the side effects of systemic administration, we propose different therapeutic strategies and latest-generation ROCK inhibitors for use in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Barcelo
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Remi Samain
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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16
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Senescent cells and SASP in cancer microenvironment: New approaches in cancer therapy. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 133:115-158. [PMID: 36707199 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence was first described as a state characterized by telomere shortening, resulting in limiting cell proliferation in aging. Apart from this type of senescence, which is called replicative senescence, other senescence types occur after exposure to different stress factors. One of these types of senescence induced after adjuvant therapy (chemotherapy and radiotherapy) is called therapy-induced senescence. The treatment with chemotherapeutics induces cellular senescence in normal and cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment. Thus therapy-induced senescence in the cancer microenvironment is accepted one of the drivers of tumor progression. Recent studies have revealed that senescence-associated secretory phenotype induction has roles in pathological processes such as inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition and promoting tumor vascularization. Thus senolytic drugs that specifically kill senescent cells and senomorphic drugs that inhibit the secretory activity of senescent cells are seen as a new approach in cancer treatment. Developing and discovering new senotherapeutic agents targeting senescent cells is also gaining importance. In this review, we attempt to summarize the signaling pathways regarding the metabolism, cell morphology, and organelles of the senescent cell. Furthermore, we also reviewed the effects of SASP in the cancer microenvironment and the senotherapeutics that have the potential to be used as adjuvant therapy in cancer treatment.
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17
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Jeong JH, Hur SS, Lobionda S, Chaycham S, Oh JS, Lee YK, Hwang Y. Heparin-mimicking polymer-based hydrogel matrix regulates macrophage polarization by controlling cell adhesion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 642:154-161. [PMID: 36580826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The physicochemical properties of biomaterials influence cell adhesion, shape, and polarization of macrophages. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the polarization of macrophages in terms of the regulation of cell adhesion and how synthetic mimics for heparin and poly(sodium-4-styrenesulfonate) can regulate macrophage polarization by modulating cell shape, focal adhesion, cell traction force, and intracellular tension. Our initial findings showed that macrophages cultured with heparin-mimicking polymer-based hydrogel matrix showed reduced expression of cell adhesion markers such as integrins, vinculin, RhoA, and ROCK1/2 and reduced cell shape, elongation, cell-matrix traction force, and intracellular tension. Furthermore, we observed a significant decrease in cell adhesion in cells cultured on the hydrogel, resulting in the promotion of M1 polarization. These findings offer insights into the important roles of cell-matrix interactions in macrophage polarization and offer a platform for heparin-mimicking polymer-based hydrogel matrices to induce M1 polarization by inducing cell adhesion without classical activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Jeong
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 31151, Republic of Korea; Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Sik Hur
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Stefani Lobionda
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 31151, Republic of Korea; Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Saharach Chaycham
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sang Oh
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 31151, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yun Kyung Lee
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 31151, Republic of Korea; Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 31538, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yongsung Hwang
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 31151, Republic of Korea; Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 31538, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Vazirabad AF, Noorolyai S, Baghbani E, Mahboob S, Zargari F, Rahmani S, Sorkhabi A, Montazami N, Sameti P, Baradaran B. Silencing of SiX-4 enhances the chemosensitivity of melanoma cells to Cisplatin. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 240:154194. [PMID: 36370483 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is the riskiest type of skin cancer. Its prevalence has been rapidly increased over the last three decades. SIX1, SIX2, SIX3, SIX4, SIX5, and SIX6 are members of the sine oculis homeobox (SIX) homolog family. It is imperative to identify new melanoma biomarkers to improve the predictive value for melanoma prognosis, which could enhance our understanding of carcinogenesis and tumor progression. In this study, we investigated whether silencing of SIX4 in a melanoma cell line (A375 cells) in combination with Cisplatin can affect the apoptosis and suppression of cell cycle progression, migration of the melanoma cells. MTT test and colony formation assay was applied to determine the IC50 of Cisplatin and the combined effect of SIX4 siRNA and Cisplatin on the viability and clonogenesis of the A-375 cells. qRT-PCR was performed to determine the c-myc, BCL-2, BAX, MMP-9, CXCR4, and Rock genes expression. Furthermore, flow cytometry was applied to evaluate apoptosis, autophagy, and the cell cycle status in different groups. Finally, wound healing assay was employed to evaluate the effect of this combination therapy on migratory capacity. SIX4 suppression increased the chemosensitivity of A-375 cells to Cisplatin and decreased its efficient dose. Furthermore, SIX4 suppression alongside Cisplatin reduced cell migration rate, arrested the cell cycle at the G1 phase, induced apoptosis by modulating the expression of apoptotic target genes, induced autophagy, and also significantly inhibits clonogenesis of A-375 cells. SIX4 plays a significant role in the chemosensitivity and pathogenesis of melanoma. Therefore, SIX4 suppression, in combination with Cisplatin, may be a promising therapeutic approach in treating melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saeed Noorolyai
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Baghbani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soltanali Mahboob
- Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition Security, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Felor Zargari
- Department of Medical Science, Marand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marand, Iran
| | - Shima Rahmani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amin Sorkhabi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nooshin Montazami
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Pouriya Sameti
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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19
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Alteration of E2F2 Expression in Governing Endothelial Cell Senescence. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091522. [PMID: 36140689 PMCID: PMC9498592 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell senescence has a vital implication for vascular dysfunction, leading to age-related cardiovascular disease, especially hypertension and atherosclerosis. E2F transcription factor 2 (E2F2) plays a critical role in cell proliferation, differentiation, and DNA damage response. Up to date, no study has ever connected E2F2 to vascular endothelial cell senescence. Here, we demonstrate that E2F2 is involved in endothelial cellular senescence. We found that E2F2 expression is decreased during the replicative senescence of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the aortas of aged mice. The knockdown of E2F2 in young HUVECs induces premature senescence characterized by an increase in senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity, a reduction in phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (p-eNOS) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), and the upregulation of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) IL-6 and IL-8. The lack of E2F2 promoted cell cycle arrest, DNA damage, and cell proliferation inhibition. Conversely, E2F2 overexpression reversed the senescence phenotype and enhanced the cellular function in the senescent cells. Furthermore, E2F2 deficiency downregulated downstream target genes including CNNA2, CDK1, and FOXM1, and overexpression restored the expression of these genes. Our findings demonstrate that E2F2 plays an indispensable role in endothelial cell senescence.
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20
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Development of Olaparib-Resistance Prostate Cancer Cell Lines to Identify Mechanisms Associated with Acquired Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14163877. [PMID: 36010871 PMCID: PMC9405809 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14163877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary PARP inhibitors (PARPi; olaparib) are presently in clinical trials for advanced prostate cancer (PC). Resistance mechanisms are not fully understood in PC compared to ovarian and breast cancers. Our study aimed to identify new molecular mechanisms that affect acquired olaparib-resistance. We developed new resistant PC cell line models derived from original PC cell lines. We identified that DNA repair, autophagy, and the Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 2 (ROCK2) could be potential targets to reverse the acquired olaparib-resistance. Abstract Background: Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) were initially deployed to target breast and ovarian tumors with mutations in DNA damage response genes. Recently, PARPi have been shown to be beneficial in the treatment of prostate cancer (PC) patients having exhausted conventional therapeutics. Despite demonstrating promising response rates, all patients treated with PARPi eventually develop resistance. However, PARPi resistance in PC is not well understood, and further studies are required to understand PARPi resistance in PC to propose strategies to circumvent resistance. Methods: Starting from well-established olaparib-sensitive PC cell lines (LNCaP, C4-2B and DU145), we derived olaparib-resistant (OR) PC cell lines and performed a microarray analysis. Results: The olaparib IC50 values of OR cell lines increased significantly as compared to the parental cell lines. Gene expression analyses revealed that different pathways, including DNA repair, cell cycle regulation and autophagy, were affected by acquired resistance. A total of 195 and 87 genes were significantly upregulated and downregulated, respectively, in all three OR cell lines compared to their parental counterparts. Among these genes, we selected BRCC3, ROCK2 and ATG2B for validation. We showed that ROCK2 expression, basal autophagy and homologous recombination (HR) efficiency were increased in all OR cell lines. Conclusions: Our study provides a new in vitro model to study PARPi resistance in PC and suggests new possible targets to reverse resistance and prolong the benefits of PARPi treatment.
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CHEN J, WANG Y, ZHANG N, XUE X. Shenqihuatan formula reduces inflammation by inhibiting transforming growth factor-beta-stimulated signaling pathway in airway smooth muscle cells. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2022; 42:520-529. [PMID: 35848968 PMCID: PMC9924674 DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.20220519.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effects and mechanism of Shenqihuatan formula (, SQHT) of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)-stimulated cell processes in airway remodeling. METHODS The current study examined cell viability using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Furthermore, a Transwell assay was conducted to detect the ability of cell migration, and apoptosis was detected via flowcytometry. Western Blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were used to determine the expression levels of apoptosis or inflammation-related factors, such as TGF-β, Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-Associated X (Bax), Ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA), recombinant rho associated coiled coil containing protein kinase 1/2 (ROCK1/2), extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), Snail, and Slug. Finally, the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP-1) were admeasured by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay. RESULTS The results demonstrated that SQHT inhibited the viability and migration, as well as the the F-actin formation and cytoskeletal reorganization of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) stimulated by TGF-β. By monitoring the changes of critical regulators in the presence of the formula, it was observed that the expression levels of TGF-β, IL-1β, Bcl-2, RhoA, ROCK1/2, ERK1/2, Snail, and Slug were markedly suppressed, whereas Bax expression exhibited the opposite effect. Compared with a well-characterized RhoA pathway inhibitor, Fasudil, SQHT generated equivalent or even higher inhibitory effects on these processes in ASMCs. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these suggested that SQHT can reduce airway inflammation by inhibiting TGF-β-stimulated signaling pathways in ASMCs. These findings may provide a novel remedy for treating ASMC inflammation, which causes thickening and obstruction of the airway in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing CHEN
- 1 Shanxi Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Taiyuan 030012, China
| | - Yuanyuan WANG
- 2 Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
| | - Nianzhi ZHANG
- 3 Department of Respiratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
- Prof. ZHANG Nianzhi, Department of Respiratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China. , Telephone: +86-13505615645
| | - Xiaoming XUE
- 1 Shanxi Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Taiyuan 030012, China
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22
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Discovery of a signaling feedback circuit that defines interferon responses in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1750. [PMID: 35365653 PMCID: PMC8975834 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29381-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are key initiators and effectors of the immune response against malignant cells and also directly inhibit tumor growth. IFNα is highly effective in the treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), but the mechanisms of action are unclear and it remains unknown why some patients respond to IFNα and others do not. Here, we identify and characterize a pathway involving PKCδ-dependent phosphorylation of ULK1 on serine residues 341 and 495, required for subsequent activation of p38 MAPK. We show that this pathway is essential for IFN-suppressive effects on primary malignant erythroid precursors from MPN patients, and that increased levels of ULK1 and p38 MAPK correlate with clinical response to IFNα therapy in these patients. We also demonstrate that IFNα treatment induces cleavage/activation of the ULK1-interacting ROCK1/2 proteins in vitro and in vivo, triggering a negative feedback loop that suppresses IFN responses. Overexpression of ROCK1/2 is seen in MPN patients and their genetic or pharmacological inhibition enhances IFN-anti-neoplastic responses in malignant erythroid precursors from MPN patients. These findings suggest the clinical potential of pharmacological inhibition of ROCK1/2 in combination with IFN-therapy for the treatment of MPNs. Interferon alpha (IFNalpha) therapy is showing promising results to treat myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). Here, the authors show that IFNalpha response requires ULK1 phosphorylation to induce p38-MAPK signalling but it is counteracted by ROCK1-2 activation suggesting combination therapy of IFNalpha-ROCK1-2 inhibition may improve MPNs treatment.
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23
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Ardoña HAM, Zimmerman JF, Shani K, Kim SH, Eweje F, Bitounis D, Parviz D, Casalino E, Strano M, Demokritou P, Parker KK. Differential modulation of endothelial cytoplasmic protrusions after exposure to graphene-family nanomaterials. NANOIMPACT 2022; 26:100401. [PMID: 35560286 PMCID: PMC9812361 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2022.100401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials offer the benefit of having systematically tunable physicochemical characteristics (e.g., size, dimensionality, and surface chemistry) that highly dictate the biological activity of a material. Among the most promising engineered nanomaterials to date are graphene-family nanomaterials (GFNs), which are 2-D nanomaterials (2DNMs) with unique electrical and mechanical properties. Beyond engineering new nanomaterial properties, employing safety-by-design through considering the consequences of cell-material interactions is essential for exploring their applicability in the biomedical realm. In this study, we asked the effect of GFNs on the endothelial barrier function and cellular architecture of vascular endothelial cells. Using micropatterned cell pairs as a reductionist in vitro model of the endothelium, the progression of cytoskeletal reorganization as a function of GFN surface chemistry and time was quantitatively monitored. Here, we show that the surface oxidation of GFNs (graphene, reduced graphene oxide, partially reduced graphene oxide, and graphene oxide) differentially affect the endothelial barrier at multiple scales; from the biochemical pathways that influence the development of cellular protrusions to endothelial barrier integrity. More oxidized GFNs induce higher endothelial permeability and the increased formation of cytoplasmic protrusions such as filopodia. We found that these changes in cytoskeletal organization, along with barrier function, can be potentiated by the effect of GFNs on the Rho/Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) pathway. Specifically, GFNs with higher surface oxidation elicit stronger ROCK2 inhibitory behavior as compared to pristine graphene sheets. Overall, findings from these studies offer a new perspective towards systematically controlling the surface-dependent effects of GFNs on cytoskeletal organization via ROCK2 inhibition, providing insight for implementing safety-by-design principles in GFN manufacturing towards their targeted biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herdeline Ann M Ardoña
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02134, USA
| | - John F Zimmerman
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02134, USA
| | - Kevin Shani
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02134, USA
| | - Su-Hwan Kim
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02134, USA
| | - Feyisayo Eweje
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02134, USA
| | - Dimitrios Bitounis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dorsa Parviz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 66-570b, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Evan Casalino
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02134, USA
| | - Michael Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 66-570b, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kevin Kit Parker
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02134, USA.
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Kim CH, Kim DE, Kim DH, Min GH, Park JW, Kim YB, Sung CK, Yim H. Mitotic protein kinase-driven crosstalk of machineries for mitosis and metastasis. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:414-425. [PMID: 35379935 PMCID: PMC9076678 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00750-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that mitotic protein kinases are involved in metastatic migration as well as tumorigenesis. Protein kinases and cytoskeletal proteins play a role in the efficient release of metastatic cells from a tumor mass in the tumor microenvironment, in addition to playing roles in mitosis. Mitotic protein kinases, including Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) and Aurora kinases, have been shown to be involved in metastasis in addition to cell proliferation and tumorigenesis, depending on the phosphorylation status and cellular context. Although the genetic programs underlying mitosis and metastasis are different, the same protein kinases and cytoskeletal proteins can participate in both mitosis and cell migration/invasion, resulting in migratory tumors. Cytoskeletal remodeling supports several cellular events, including cell division, movement, and migration. Thus, understanding the contributions of cytoskeletal proteins to the processes of cell division and metastatic motility is crucial for developing efficient therapeutic tools to treat cancer metastases. Here, we identify mitotic kinases that function in cancer metastasis as well as tumorigenesis. Several mitotic kinases, namely, PLK1, Aurora kinases, Rho-associated protein kinase 1, and integrin-linked kinase, are considered in this review, as an understanding of the shared machineries between mitosis and metastasis could be helpful for developing new strategies to treat cancer. Improving understanding of the mechanisms linking cell division and cancer spread (metastasis) could provide novel strategies for treatment. A group of enzymes involved in cell division (mitosis) are also thought to play critical roles in the spread of cancers. Hyungshin Yim at Hanyang University in Ansan, South Korea, and co-workers in Korea and the USA reviewed the roles of several mitotic enzymes that are connected with metastasis as well as tumorigenesis. They discussed how these enzymes modify cytoskeletal proteins and other substrates during cancer progression. Some regulatory control of cell cytoskeletal structures is required for cancer cells to metastasize. Recent research has uncovered crosstalk between mitotic enzymes and metastatic cytoskeletal molecules in various cancers. Targeting mitotic enzymes and the ways they influence cytoskeletal mechanisms could provide valuable therapeutic strategies for suppressing metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Korea
| | - Da-Eun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Korea
| | - Dae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Korea
| | - Ga-Hong Min
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Korea
| | - Jung-Won Park
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Korea
| | - Yeo-Bin Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Korea
| | - Chang K Sung
- Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX, 78363, USA
| | - Hyungshin Yim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Korea.
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Pillai VV, Kei TG, Gurung S, Das M, Siqueira LGB, Cheong SH, Hansen PJ, Selvaraj V. RhoA/ROCK signaling antagonizes bovine trophoblast stem cell self-renewal and regulates preimplantation embryo size and differentiation. Development 2022; 149:274909. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Exponential proliferation of trophoblast stem cells (TSC) is crucial in Ruminantia to maximize numerical access to caruncles, the restricted uterine sites that permit implantation. When translating systems biology of the undifferentiated bovine trophectoderm, we uncovered that inhibition of RhoA/Rock promoted self-renewing proliferation and substantially increased blastocyst size. Analysis of transcripts suppressed by Rock inhibition revealed transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) as a primary upstream effector. TGFβ1 treatment induced changes consistent with differentiation in bTSCs, a response that could be replicated by induced expression of the bovine ROCK2 transgene. Rocki could partially antagonize TGFβ1 effects, and TGFβ receptor inhibition promoted proliferation identical to Rocki, indicating an all-encompassing upstream regulation. Morphological differentiation included formation of binucleate cells and infrequent multinucleate syncytia, features we also localize in the in vivo bovine placenta. Collectively, we demonstrate a central role for TGFβ1, RhoA and Rock in inducing bTSC differentiation, attenuation of which is sufficient to sustain self-renewal and proliferation linked to blastocyst size and preimplantation development. Unraveling these mechanisms augments evolutionary/comparative physiology of the trophoblast cell lineage and placental development in eutherians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viju Vijayan Pillai
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Tiffany G. Kei
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Shailesh Gurung
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Moubani Das
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Luiz G. B. Siqueira
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, MG 36038-330, Brazil
| | - Soon Hon Cheong
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Peter J. Hansen
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Vimal Selvaraj
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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5-Azacytidine Downregulates the Proliferation and Migration of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells In Vitro and In Vivo by Targeting miR-139-5p/ROCK2 Pathway. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071630. [PMID: 35406401 PMCID: PMC8996928 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary For hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the second most common cause of cancer-related death, effective therapeutic approaches are lacking. As aberrant gene methylation is a major contributor to the development of HCC, demethylating drugs such as 5-azacytidine (5-Aza) have been proposed. However, despite the potential efficacy of 5-Aza in HCC, most of its mechanisms of action are still unknown. Here, we investigate the phenotypic/molecular effects of 5-Aza with a focus on miR-139-5p. Using multiple in vitro and in vivo models of HCC, we show for the first time that 5-Aza can impair HCC development via upregulation of miR-139-5p, which in turn downregulates the ROCK2/cyclin D1/E2F1/cyclin B1 pro-proliferative pathway and the ROCK2/MMP-2 pro-migratory pathway. These observations elucidate the mechanisms of action of 5-Aza in HCC, strengthen its therapeutic potential, and provide novel information about the crosstalk among ROCK2/cyclin D1/E2F1/cyclin B1/MMP-2 in HCC. Abstract Background: For hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), effective therapeutic approaches are lacking. As aberrant gene methylation is a major contributor to HCC development, demethylating drugs such as 5-azacytidine (5-Aza) have been proposed. As most 5-Aza mechanisms of action are unknown, we investigated its phenotypic/molecular effects. Methods: 5-Aza effects were examined in the human HCC cell lines JHH-6/HuH-7 and in the rat cell-line N1-S1. We also employed a xenograft mouse model (HuH-7), a zebrafish model (JHH-6), and an orthotopic syngeneic rat model (N1-S1) of HCC. Results: 5-Aza downregulated cell viability/growth/migration/adhesion by upregulating miR-139-5p, which in turn downregulated ROCK2/cyclin D1/E2F1 and increased p27kip1, resulting in G1/G0 cell accumulation. Moreover, a decrease in cyclin B1 and an increase in p27kip1 led to G2/M accumulation. Finally, we observed a decrease in MMP-2 levels, a stimulator of HCC cell migration. Aza effects were confirmed in the mouse model; in the zebrafish model, we also demonstrated the downregulation of tumor neo-angiogenesis, and in the orthotopic rat model, we observed impaired N1-S1 grafting in a healthy liver. Conclusion: We demonstrate for the first time that 5-Aza can impair HCC development via upregulation of miR-139-5p, which in turn impairs the ROCK2/cyclin D1/E2F1/cyclin B1 pro-proliferative pathway and the ROCK2/MMP-2 pro-migratory pathway. Thus, we provide novel information about 5-Aza mechanisms of action and deepen the knowledge about the crosstalk among ROCK2/cyclin D1/E2F1/cyclin B1/p27kip1/MMP-2 in HCC.
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Gindlhuber J, Schinagl M, Liesinger L, Darnhofer B, Tomin T, Schittmayer M, Birner-Gruenberger R. Hepatocyte Proteome Alterations Induced by Individual and Combinations of Common Free Fatty Acids. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3356. [PMID: 35328776 PMCID: PMC8951603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a pathology with a hard-to-detect onset and is estimated to be present in a quarter of the adult human population. To improve our understanding of the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, we treated a human hepatoma cell line model, HepG2, with increasing concentrations of common fatty acids, namely myristic, palmitic and oleic acid. To reproduce more physiologically representative conditions, we also included combinations of these fatty acids and monitored the cellular response with an in-depth proteomics approach and imaging techniques. The two saturated fatty acids initially presented a similar phenotype of a dose-dependent decrease in growth rates and impaired lipid droplet formation. Detailed analysis revealed that the drop in the growth rates was due to delayed cell-cycle progression following myristic acid treatment, whereas palmitic acid led to cellular apoptosis. In contrast, oleic acid, as well as saturated fatty acid mixtures with oleic acid, led to a dose-dependent increase in lipid droplet volume without adverse impacts on cell growth. Comparing the effects of harmful single-fatty-acid treatments and the well-tolerated fatty acid mixes on the cellular proteome, we were able to differentiate between fatty-acid-specific cellular responses and likely common lipotoxic denominators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Gindlhuber
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.G.); (M.S.); (L.L.); (B.D.)
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (T.T.); (M.S.)
| | - Maximilian Schinagl
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.G.); (M.S.); (L.L.); (B.D.)
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (T.T.); (M.S.)
| | - Laura Liesinger
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.G.); (M.S.); (L.L.); (B.D.)
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (T.T.); (M.S.)
| | - Barbara Darnhofer
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.G.); (M.S.); (L.L.); (B.D.)
| | - Tamara Tomin
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (T.T.); (M.S.)
| | - Matthias Schittmayer
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (T.T.); (M.S.)
| | - Ruth Birner-Gruenberger
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.G.); (M.S.); (L.L.); (B.D.)
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technische Universität Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (T.T.); (M.S.)
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Esposito D, Pant I, Shen Y, Qiao RF, Yang X, Bai Y, Jin J, Poulikakos PI, Aaronson SA. ROCK1 mechano-signaling dependency of human malignancies driven by TEAD/YAP activation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:703. [PMID: 35121738 PMCID: PMC8817028 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28319-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho family mechano-signaling through the actin cytoskeleton positively regulates physiological TEAD/YAP transcription, while the evolutionarily conserved Hippo tumor suppressor pathway antagonizes this transcription through YAP cytoplasmic localization/degradation. The mechanisms responsible for oncogenic dysregulation of these pathways, their prevalence in tumors, as well as how such dysregulation can be therapeutically targeted are not resolved. We demonstrate that p53 DNA contact mutants in human tumors, indirectly hyperactivate RhoA/ROCK1/actomyosin signaling, which is both necessary and sufficient to drive oncogenic TEAD/YAP transcription. Moreover, we demonstrate that recurrent lesions in the Hippo pathway depend on physiological levels of ROCK1/actomyosin signaling for oncogenic TEAD/YAP transcription. Finally, we show that ROCK inhibitors selectively antagonize proliferation and motility of human tumors with either mechanism. Thus, we identify a cancer driver paradigm and a precision medicine approach for selective targeting of human malignancies driven by TEAD/YAP transcription through mechanisms that either upregulate or depend on homeostatic RhoA mechano-signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Esposito
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Ila Pant
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Yao Shen
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Rui F Qiao
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Xiaobao Yang
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Yiyang Bai
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jian Jin
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Poulikos I Poulikakos
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Dermatology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Stuart A Aaronson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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29
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Dorraki N, Ghale-Noie ZN, Ahmadi NS, Keyvani V, Bahadori RA, Nejad AS, Aschner M, Pourghadamyari H, Mollazadeh S, Mirzaei H. miRNA-148b and its role in various cancers. Epigenomics 2021; 13:1939-1960. [PMID: 34852637 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2021-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
miRNA-148b belongs to the family miR-148/-152, with significant differences in nonseed sequences, which can target diverse mRNA molecules. Reportedly, it may undergo deregulation in lung and ovarian cancers and downregulation in gastric, pancreatic and colon cancers. However, there is a need for further studies to better characterize its mechanism of action and in different types of cancer. In this review, we focus on the aberrant expression of miR-148b in different cancer types and highlight its main target genes and signaling pathways, as well as its pathophysiologic role and relevance to tumorigenesis in several types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Dorraki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zari Naderi Ghale-Noie
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nooshin Sadegh Ahmadi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahideh Keyvani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Arash Salmani Nejad
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Hossein Pourghadamyari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Samaneh Mollazadeh
- Natural Products & Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry & Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Kim S, Kim SA, Han J, Kim IS. Rho-Kinase as a Target for Cancer Therapy and Its Immunotherapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312916. [PMID: 34884721 PMCID: PMC8657458 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is fast rising as a prominent new pillar of cancer treatment, harnessing the immune system to fight against numerous types of cancer. Rho-kinase (ROCK) pathway is involved in diverse cellular activities, and is therefore the target of interest in various diseases at the cellular level including cancer. Indeed, ROCK is well-known for its involvement in the tumor cell and tumor microenvironment, especially in its ability to enhance tumor cell progression, migration, metastasis, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Importantly, ROCK is also considered to be a novel and effective modulator of immune cells, although further studies are needed. In this review article, we describe the various activities of ROCK and its potential to be utilized in cancer treatment, particularly in cancer immunotherapy, by shining a light on its activities in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seohyun Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.K.); (S.A.K.); (J.H.)
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Seong A. Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.K.); (S.A.K.); (J.H.)
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Jihoon Han
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.K.); (S.A.K.); (J.H.)
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - In-San Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.K.); (S.A.K.); (J.H.)
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Graziani V, Rodriguez-Hernandez I, Maiques O, Sanz-Moreno V. The amoeboid state as part of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition programme. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 32:228-242. [PMID: 34836782 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration is essential for many biological processes, while abnormal cell migration is characteristic of cancer cells. Epithelial cells become motile by undergoing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and mesenchymal cells increase migration speed by adopting amoeboid features. This review highlights how amoeboid behaviour is not merely a migration mode but rather a cellular state - within the EMT spectra - by which cancer cells survive, invade and colonise challenging microenvironments. Molecular biomarkers and physicochemical triggers associated with amoeboid behaviour are discussed, including an amoeboid associated tumour microenvironment. We reflect on how amoeboid characteristics support metastasis and how their liabilities could turn into therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Graziani
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | | | - Oscar Maiques
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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Wang X, Steinberg T, Dieterle MP, Ramminger I, Husari A, Tomakidi P. FAK Shutdown: Consequences on Epithelial Morphogenesis and Biomarker Expression Involving an Innovative Biomaterial for Tissue Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189774. [PMID: 34575938 PMCID: PMC8470904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
By employing an innovative biohybrid membrane, the present study aimed at elucidating the mechanistic role of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in epithelial morphogenesis in vitro over 4, 7, and 10 days. The consequences of siRNA-mediated FAK knockdown on epithelial morphogenesis were monitored by quantifying cell layers and detecting the expression of biomarkers of epithelial differentiation and homeostasis. Histologic examination of FAK-depleted samples showed a significant increase in cell layers resembling epithelial hyperplasia. Semiquantitative fluorescence imaging (SQFI) revealed tissue homeostatic disturbances by significantly increased involucrin expression over time, persistence of yes-associated protein (YAP) and an increase of keratin (K) 1 at day 4. The dysbalanced involucrin pattern was underscored by ROCK-IISer1366 activity at day 7 and 10. SQFI data were confirmed by quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis, thereby corroborating the FAK shutdown-related expression changes. The artificial FAK shutdown was also associated with a significantly higher expression of filaggrin at day 10, sustained keratinocyte proliferation, and the dysregulated expression of K19 and vimentin. These siRNA-induced consequences indicate the mechanistic role of FAK in epithelial morphogenesis by simultaneously considering prospective biomaterial-based epithelial regenerative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Wang
- Center for Dental Medicine, Division of Oral Biotechnology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (X.W.); (M.P.D.); (I.R.); (P.T.)
| | - Thorsten Steinberg
- Center for Dental Medicine, Division of Oral Biotechnology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (X.W.); (M.P.D.); (I.R.); (P.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Martin P. Dieterle
- Center for Dental Medicine, Division of Oral Biotechnology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (X.W.); (M.P.D.); (I.R.); (P.T.)
| | - Imke Ramminger
- Center for Dental Medicine, Division of Oral Biotechnology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (X.W.); (M.P.D.); (I.R.); (P.T.)
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ayman Husari
- Center for Dental Medicine, Department of Orthodontics, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Pascal Tomakidi
- Center for Dental Medicine, Division of Oral Biotechnology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (X.W.); (M.P.D.); (I.R.); (P.T.)
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Muñoz EN, Rivera HM, Gómez LA. Changes in cytoarchitecture and mobility in B16F1 melanoma cells induced by 5-Br-2'-dU coincide with Rock2, miRNAs 138-5p and 455-3p reciprocal expressions. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 27:101027. [PMID: 34159262 PMCID: PMC8202345 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
ROCK2 is a protein involved in the restructuring of the cytoskeleton in cell adhesion and contractibility processes. miR-138-5p and miR-455-3p regulate Rock2 expression, cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in different experimental cell models. However, their participation in the cytoarchitecture and mobility of B16F1 melanoma cells exposed to 5-Br-2'-dU is partially known. This work aimed to analyze ROCK2 and miRs 138-5p and 455-3p expression associated with morphological and mobility changes of B16F1 mouse melanoma cells exposed to the thymidine analog 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (5-Br-2'-dU). We observed an increase (2.2X n = 3, p < 0.05) in the cell area, coinciding with an increase in cell diameter (1.27X n = 3, p < 0.05), as well as greater cell granularity, capacity for circularization, adhesion, which was associated with more significant polymerization of F-actin, collapsed in the intermediate filaments of vimentin (VIM), and coinciding with a decrease in migration (87%). Changes coincided with a decrease in Rock2 mRNA expression (2.88X n = 3, p < 0.05), increased vimentin and a reciprocal decrease in miR-138-5p (1.8X), and an increase in miR-455-3p (2.39X). The Rock2 kinase inhibitor Y27632 partially rescued these changes. These results suggest ROCK2 and VIM regulate the morphological and mobility changes of B16 melanoma cells after exposure to 5-Br-2'-dU, and its expression may be reciprocally regulated, at least in part, by miR-138-5p and miR-455-3p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Natalia Muñoz
- Molecular Physiology Group, Scientific and Technological Research, Public Health Research, Instituto Nacional de Salud de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Hernán Mauricio Rivera
- Molecular Physiology Group, Scientific and Technological Research, Public Health Research, Instituto Nacional de Salud de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Luis Alberto Gómez
- Molecular Physiology Group, Scientific and Technological Research, Public Health Research, Instituto Nacional de Salud de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
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Tran NNQ, Chun KH. ROCK2-Specific Inhibitor KD025 Suppresses Adipocyte Differentiation by Inhibiting Casein Kinase 2. Molecules 2021; 26:4747. [PMID: 34443331 PMCID: PMC8401933 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
KD025, a ROCK2 isoform-specific inhibitor, has an anti-adipogenic activity which is not mediated by ROCK2 inhibition. To identify the target, we searched binding targets of KD025 by using the KINOMEscanTM screening platform, and we identified casein kinase 2 (CK2) as a novel target. KD025 showed comparable binding affinity to CK2α (Kd = 128 nM). By contrast, CK2 inhibitor CX-4945 and ROCK inhibitor fasudil did not show such cross-reactivity. In addition, KD025 effectively inhibited CK2 at a nanomolar concentration (IC50 = 50 nM). We examined if the inhibitory effect of KD025 on adipocyte differentiation is through the inhibition of CK2. Both CX-4945 and KD025 suppressed the generation of lipid droplets and the expression of proadipogenic genes Pparg and Cebpa in 3T3-L1 cells during adipocyte differentiation. Fasudil exerted no significant effect on the quantity of lipid droplets, but another ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 increased the expression of Pparg and Cebpa. Both CX-4945 and KD025 acted specifically in the middle stage (days 1-3) but were ineffective when treated at days 0-1 or the late stages, indicating that CX-4945 and KD025 may regulate the same target, CK2. The mRNA and protein levels of CK2α and CK2β generally decreased in 3T3-L1 cells at day 2 but recovered thereafter. Other well-known CK2 inhibitors DMAT and quinalizarin inhibited effectively the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. Taken together, the results of this study confirmed that KD025 inhibits ROCK2 and CK2, and that the inhibitory effect on adipocyte differentiation is through the inhibition of CK2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kwang-Hoon Chun
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea;
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CCM2-deficient endothelial cells undergo a ROCK-dependent reprogramming into senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Angiogenesis 2021; 24:843-860. [PMID: 34342749 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-021-09809-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is a cerebrovascular disease in which stacks of dilated haemorrhagic capillaries form focally in the brain. Whether and how defective mechanotransduction, cellular mosaicism and inflammation interplay to sustain the progression of CCM disease is unknown. Here, we reveal that CCM1- and CCM2-silenced endothelial cells expanded in vitro enter into senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that they use to invade the extracellular matrix and attract surrounding wild-type endothelial and immune cells. Further, we demonstrate that this SASP is driven by the cytoskeletal, molecular and transcriptomic disorders provoked by ROCK dysfunctions. By this, we propose that CCM2 and ROCK could be parts of a scaffold controlling senescence, bringing new insights into the emerging field of the control of ageing by cellular mechanics. These in vitro findings reconcile the known dysregulated traits of CCM2-deficient endothelial cells into a unique endothelial fate. Based on these in vitro results, we propose that a SASP could link the increased ROCK-dependent cell contractility in CCM2-deficient endothelial cells with microenvironment remodelling and long-range chemo-attraction of endothelial and immune cells.
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Masre SF, Rath N, Olson MF, Greenhalgh DA. Epidermal ROCK2 induces AKT1/GSK3β/β-catenin, NFκB and dermal tenascin C; but enhanced differentiation and p53/p21 inhibit papilloma. Carcinogenesis 2021; 41:1409-1420. [PMID: 31907522 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ROCK2 roles in epidermal differentiation and carcinogenesis have been investigated in mice expressing an RU486-inducible, 4HT-activated ROCK2 transgene (K14.creP/lslROCKer). RU486/4HT-mediated ROCKer activation induced epidermal hyperplasia similar to cutaneous oncogenic rasHa (HK1.ras); however ROCKer did not elicit papillomas. Instead, anomalous basal-layer ROCKer expression corrupted normal ROCK2 roles underlying epidermal rigidity/stiffness and barrier maintanance, resulting in premature keratin K1, loricrin and filaggrin expression. Also, hyperproliferative/stress-associated keratin K6 was reduced; possibly reflecting altered ROCK2 roles in epidermal rigidity and keratinocyte flexibility/migration during wound healing. Consistent with increased proliferation, K14.creP/lslROCKer hyperplasia displayed supra-basal-to-basal increases in activated p-AKT1, inactivated p-GSK3β ser9 and membranous/nuclear β-catenin expression together with weak NFκB, which were absent in equivalent HK1.ras hyperplasia. Furthermore, ROCKer-mediated increases in epidermal rigidity via p-MypT1 inactivation/elevated MLC, coupled to anomalous β-catenin expression, induced tenascin C-positive dermal fibroblasts. Alongside an altered ECM, these latent tenascin C-positive dermal fibroblasts may become putative pre-cancer-associated fibroblasts (pre-CAFs) and establish a susceptibility that subsequently contributes to tumour progression. However, anomalous differentiation was also accompanied by an immediate increase in basal-layer p53/p21 expression; suggesting that while ROCK2/AKT1/β-catenin activation increased keratinocyte proliferation resulting in hyperplasia, compensatory p53/p21 and accelerated differentiation helped inhibit papillomatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti F Masre
- Section of Dermatology and Molecular Carcinogenesis, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nicola Rath
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michael F Olson
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Ryerson MaRS Research Facility MaRS Discovery District, West Tower 661 University Avenue Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David A Greenhalgh
- Section of Dermatology and Molecular Carcinogenesis, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow University, Glasgow, UK
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Maiques O, Sanz-Moreno V. Location, location, location: Melanoma cells "living at the edge". Exp Dermatol 2021; 31:82-88. [PMID: 34185923 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal cell migration and invasion underlie metastatic dissemination, one of the major challenges for cancer treatment. Melanoma is one of the deadliest and most aggressive forms of skin cancer due in part to its migratory and metastatic potential. Cancer cells use a variety of migratory strategies regulated by cytoskeletal remodelling. In particular, we discuss the importance of amoeboid invasive melanoma strategies, since they have been identified at the edge of human melanomas. We hypothesize that the presence of amoeboid melanoma cells will favour tumor progression since they are invasive and metastatic; they support immunosuppression; they harbour cancer stem cell properties and they are involved in therapy resistance. The Rho-ROCK-Myosin II pathway is key to maintain amoeboid melanoma invasion but this pathway is further regulated by pro-tumorigenic/pro-metastatic/pro-survival signalling pathways such as JAK-STAT3, TGFβ-SMAD, NF-κB, Wnt11/5-FDZ7 and BRAFV600E -MEK-ERK. These pathways support amoeboid behaviour and are actionable in the clinic. After melanoma wide surgical margin removal, we propose that possible remaining melanoma cells should be eradicated using anti-amoeboid therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Maiques
- Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Building, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Victoria Sanz-Moreno
- Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Building, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Tijore A, Yao M, Wang YH, Hariharan A, Nematbakhsh Y, Lee Doss B, Lim CT, Sheetz M. Selective killing of transformed cells by mechanical stretch. Biomaterials 2021; 275:120866. [PMID: 34044258 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells differ from normal cells in several important features like anchorage independence, Warburg effect and mechanosensing. Further, in recent studies, they respond aberrantly to external mechanical distortion. Consistent with altered mechano-responsiveness, we find that cyclic stretching of tumor cells from many different tissues reduces growth rate and causes apoptosis on soft surfaces. Surprisingly, normal cells behave similarly when transformed by depletion of the rigidity sensor protein (Tropomyosin 2.1). Restoration of rigidity sensing in tumor cells promotes rigidity dependent mechanical behavior, i.e. cyclic stretching enhances growth and reduces apoptosis on soft surfaces. The mechanism of mechanical apoptosis (mechanoptosis) of transformed cells involves calcium influx through the mechanosensitive channel, Piezo1 that activates calpain 2 dependent apoptosis through the BAX molecule and subsequent mitochondrial activation of caspase 3 on both fibronetin and collagen matrices. Thus, it is possible to selectively kill tumor cells by mechanical perturbations, while stimulating the growth of normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Tijore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Mingxi Yao
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Yu-Hsiu Wang
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Anushya Hariharan
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Yasaman Nematbakhsh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Bryant Lee Doss
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore; Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore; Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Michael Sheetz
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore; Molecular Mechanomedicine Program, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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Zhang J, Zhang S, Shi Q, Allen TD, You F, Yang D. A high-content screen identifies the vulnerability of MYC-overexpressing cells to dimethylfasudil. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248355. [PMID: 33760847 PMCID: PMC7990233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A synthetic lethal effect arises when a cancer-associated change introduces a unique vulnerability to cancer cells that makes them unusually susceptible to a drug’s inhibitory activity. The synthetic lethal approach is attractive because it enables targeting of cancers harboring specific genomic or epigenomic alterations, the products of which may have proven refractory to direct targeting. An example is cancer driven by overexpression of MYC. Here, we conducted a high-content screen for compounds that are synthetic lethal to elevated MYC using a small-molecule library to identify compounds that are closely related to, or are themselves, regulatory-approved drugs. The screen identified dimethylfasudil, a potent and reversible inhibitor of Rho-associated kinases, ROCK1 and ROCK2. Close analogs of dimethylfasudil are used clinically to treat neurologic and cardiovascular disorders. The synthetic lethal interaction was conserved in rodent and human cell lines and could be observed with activation of either MYC or its paralog MYCN. The synthetic lethality seems specific to MYC overexpressing cells as it could not be substituted by a variety of oncogenic manipulations and synthetic lethality was diminished by RNAi-mediated depletion of MYC in human cancer cell lines. Collectively, these data support investigation of the use of dimethylfasudil as a drug that is synthetic lethal for malignancies that specifically overexpress MYC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Anticancer Biosciences and the J. Michael Bishop Institute of Cancer Research, Chengdu, China
| | - Shenqiu Zhang
- Anticancer Biosciences and the J. Michael Bishop Institute of Cancer Research, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiong Shi
- Anticancer Biosciences and the J. Michael Bishop Institute of Cancer Research, Chengdu, China
| | - Thaddeus D. Allen
- Anticancer Biosciences and the J. Michael Bishop Institute of Cancer Research, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail: (DY); (TDA)
| | - Fengming You
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Dun Yang
- Anticancer Biosciences and the J. Michael Bishop Institute of Cancer Research, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail: (DY); (TDA)
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Magalhaes YT, Farias JO, Silva LE, Forti FL. GTPases, genome, actin: A hidden story in DNA damage response and repair mechanisms. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 100:103070. [PMID: 33618126 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The classical small Rho GTPase (Rho, Rac, and Cdc42) protein family is mainly responsible for regulating cell motility and polarity, membrane trafficking, cell cycle control, and gene transcription. Cumulative recent evidence supports important roles for these proteins in the maintenance of genomic stability. Indeed, DNA damage response (DDR) and repair mechanisms are some of the prime biological processes that underlie several disease phenotypes, including genetic disorders, cancer, senescence, and premature aging. Many reports guided by different experimental approaches and molecular hypotheses have demonstrated that, to some extent, direct modulation of Rho GTPase activity, their downstream effectors, or actin cytoskeleton regulation contribute to these cellular events. Although much attention has been paid to this family in the context of canonical actin cytoskeleton remodeling, here we provide a contextualized review of the interplay between Rho GTPase signaling pathways and the DDR and DNA repair signaling components. Interesting questions yet to be addressed relate to the spatiotemporal dynamics of this collective response and whether it correlates with different subcellular pools of Rho GTPases. We highlight the direct and indirect targets, some of which still lack experimental validation data, likely associated with Rho GTPase activation that provides compelling evidence for further investigation in DNA damage-associated events and with potential therapeutic applications in translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli T Magalhaes
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Systems Signaling, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jessica O Farias
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Systems Signaling, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz E Silva
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Systems Signaling, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio L Forti
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Systems Signaling, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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41
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Cheng C, Seen D, Zheng C, Zeng R, Li E. Role of Small GTPase RhoA in DNA Damage Response. Biomolecules 2021; 11:212. [PMID: 33546351 PMCID: PMC7913530 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has suggested a role of the small GTPase Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA) in DNA damage response (DDR) in addition to its traditional function of regulating cell morphology. In DDR, 2 key components of DNA repair, ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) and flap structure-specific endonuclease 1 (FEN1), along with intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been shown to regulate RhoA activation. In addition, Rho-specific guanine exchange factors (GEFs), neuroepithelial transforming gene 1 (Net1) and epithelial cell transforming sequence 2 (Ect2), have specific functions in DDR, and they also participate in Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1)/RhoA interaction, a process which is largely unappreciated yet possibly of significance in DDR. Downstream of RhoA, current evidence has highlighted its role in mediating cell cycle arrest, which is an important step in DNA repair. Unraveling the mechanism by which RhoA modulates DDR may provide more insight into DDR itself and may aid in the future development of cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Enmin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, Guangdong, China; (C.C.); (D.S.); (C.Z.); (R.Z.)
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Multi-omics characterization and validation of MSI-related molecular features across multiple malignancies. Life Sci 2021; 270:119081. [PMID: 33516699 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
HEADINGS AIMS To establish a microsatellite instability (MSI) predictive model in pan-cancer and compare the multi-omics characterization of MSI-related molecular features. MATERIALS AND METHODS We established a 15-gene signature for predicting MSI status and performed a systematic assessment of MSI-related molecular features including gene and miRNA expression, DNA methylation, and somatic mutation, in approximately 10,000 patients across 30 cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas, Gene Expression Omnibus database, and our institution. Then we identified common MSI-associated dysregulated molecular features across six cancers and explored their mutual interfering relationships and the drug sensitivity. KEY FINDINGS we demonstrated the model's high prediction performance and found the samples with high-MSI were mainly distributed in six cancers: BRCA, COAD, LUAD, LIHC, STAD, and UCEC. We found RPL22L1 was up-regulated in the high-MSI group of 5/6 cancer types. CYP27A1 and RAI2 were down-regulated in 4/6 cancer types. More than 20 miRNAs and 39 DMGs were found up-regulated in MSI-H at least three cancers. We discovered some drugs, including OSI-027 and AZD8055 had a higher sensitivity in the high MSI-score group. Functional enrichment analysis revealed the correlation between MSI score and APM score, HLA score, or glycolysis score. The complicated regulatory mechanism of tumor MSI status in multiple dimensions was explored by an integrated analysis of the correlations among MSI-related genes, miRNAs, methylation, and drug response data. SIGNIFICANCE Our pan-cancer study provides a valuable predictive model and a comprehensive atlas of tumor MSI, which may guide more precise and personalized therapeutic strategies for tumor patients.
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Saadeldin IM, Tukur HA, Aljumaah RS, Sindi RA. Rocking the Boat: The Decisive Roles of Rho Kinases During Oocyte, Blastocyst, and Stem Cell Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:616762. [PMID: 33505968 PMCID: PMC7829335 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.616762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The rho-associated coiled-coil-containing proteins (ROCKs or rho kinase) are effectors of the small rho-GTPase rhoA, which acts as a signaling molecule to regulate a variety of cellular processes, including cell proliferation, adhesion, polarity, cytokinesis, and survival. Owing to the multifunctionality of these kinases, an increasing number of studies focus on understanding the pleiotropic effects of the ROCK signaling pathway in the coordination and control of growth (proliferation, initiation, and progression), development (morphology and differentiation), and survival in many cell types. There is growing evidence that ROCKs actively phosphorylate several actin-binding proteins and intermediate filament proteins during oocyte cytokinesis, the preimplantation embryos as well as the stem cell development and differentiation. In this review, we focus on the participation of ROCK proteins in oocyte maturation, blastocyst formation, and stem cell development with a special focus on the selective targeting of ROCK isoforms, ROCK1, and ROCK2. The selective switching of cell fate through ROCK inhibition would provide a novel paradigm for in vitro oocyte maturation, experimental embryology, and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam M Saadeldin
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Comparative Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hammed A Tukur
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riyadh S Aljumaah
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramya A Sindi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Azizi L, Cowell AR, Mykuliak VV, Goult BT, Turkki P, Hytönen VP. Cancer associated talin point mutations disorganise cell adhesion and migration. Sci Rep 2021; 11:347. [PMID: 33431906 PMCID: PMC7801617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77911-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Talin-1 is a key component of the multiprotein adhesion complexes which mediate cell migration, adhesion and integrin signalling and has been linked to cancer in several studies. We analysed talin-1 mutations reported in the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer database and developed a bioinformatics pipeline to predict the severity of each mutation. These predictions were then assessed using biochemistry and cell biology experiments. With this approach we were able to identify several talin-1 mutations affecting integrin activity, actin recruitment and Deleted in Liver Cancer 1 localization. We explored potential changes in talin-1 signalling responses by assessing impact on migration, invasion and proliferation. Altogether, this study describes a pipeline approach of experiments for crude characterization of talin-1 mutants in order to evaluate their functional effects and potential pathogenicity. Our findings suggest that cancer related point mutations in talin-1 can affect cell behaviour and so may contribute to cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latifeh Azizi
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Alana R Cowell
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, Kent, UK
| | - Vasyl V Mykuliak
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Benjamin T Goult
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, Kent, UK.
| | - Paula Turkki
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
- Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Vesa P Hytönen
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
- Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland.
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CREB Coactivator CRTC2 Plays a Crucial Role in Endothelial Function. J Neurosci 2020; 40:9533-9546. [PMID: 33127851 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0407-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cAMP pathway is known to stabilize endothelial barrier function and maintain vascular physiology. The family of cAMP-response element binding (CREB)-regulated transcription coactivators (CRTC)1-3 activate transcription by targeting the basic leucine zipper domain of CREB. CRTC2 is a master regulator of glucose metabolism in liver and adipose tissue. However, the role of CRTC2 in endothelium remains unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of CRTC2 on endothelial function. We focused the effect of CRTC2 in endothelial cells and its relationship with p190RhoGAP-A. We examined the effect of CRTC2 on endothelial function using a mouse aorta ring assay ex vivo and with photothrombotic stroke in endothelial cell-specific CRTC2-knock-out male mice in vivo CRTC2 was highly expressed in endothelial cells and related to angiogenesis. Among CRTC1-3, only CRTC2 was activated under ischemic conditions at endothelial cells, and CRTC2 maintained endothelial barrier function through p190RhoGAP-A expression. Ser171 was a pivotal regulatory site for CRTC2 intracellular localization, and Ser307 functioned as a crucial phosphorylation site. Endothelial cell-specific CRTC2-knock-out mice showed reduced angiogenesis ex vivo, exacerbated stroke via endothelial dysfunction, and impaired neurologic recovery via reduced vascular beds in vivo These findings suggest that CRTC2 plays a crucial protective role in vascular integrity of the endothelium via p190RhoGAP-A under ischemic conditions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Previously, the role of CRTC2 in endothelial cells was unknown. In this study, we firstly clarified that CRTC2 was expressed in endothelial cells and among CRTC1-3, only CRTC2 was related to endothelial function. Most importantly, only CRTC2 was activated under ischemic conditions at endothelial cells and maintained endothelial barrier function through p190RhoGAP-A expression. Ser307 in CRTC2 functioned as a crucial phosphorylation site. Endothelial cell-specific CRTC2-knock-out mice showed reduced angiogenesis ex vivo, exacerbated stroke via endothelial dysfunction, and impaired neurologic recovery via reduced vascular beds in vivo These results suggested that CRTC2 maybe a potential therapeutic target for reducing blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage and improving recovery.
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Ligand-induced conformational rearrangements regulate the switch between membrane-proximal and distal functions of Rho kinase 2. Commun Biol 2020; 3:721. [PMID: 33247217 PMCID: PMC7699638 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01450-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho-associated protein kinase 2 (ROCK2) is a membrane-anchored, long, flexible, multidomain, multifunctional protein. Its functions can be divided into two categories: membrane-proximal and membrane-distal. A recent study concluded that membrane-distal functions require the fully extended conformation, and this conclusion was supported by electron microscopy. The present solution small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) study revealed that ROCK2 population is a dynamic mixture of folded and partially extended conformers. Binding of RhoA to the coiled-coil domain shifts the equilibrium towards the partially extended state. Enzyme activity measurements suggest that the binding of natural protein substrates to the kinase domain breaks up the interaction between the N-terminal kinase and C-terminal regulatory domains, but smaller substrate analogues do not. The present study reveals the dynamic behaviour of this long, dimeric molecule in solution, and our structural model provides a mechanistic explanation for a set of membrane-proximal functions while allowing for the existence of an extended conformation in the case of membrane-distal functions. Using small-angle X-ray scattering, Hajdú et al. show that Rho-associated protein kinase 2 population is a mixture of folded and partially extended conformers. They find that the binding of natural protein substrates to the kinase domain breaks up the interaction between the N-terminal kinase and C-terminal regulatory domains. This study identifies a dynamic behavior of this long, dimeric molecule in solution.
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Tian F, Wang X, Ni H, Feng X, Yuan X, Huang Q. The ginsenoside metabolite compound K stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in NCI-H716 cells by regulating the RhoA/ROCKs/YAP signaling pathway and cytoskeleton formation. J Pharmacol Sci 2020; 145:88-96. [PMID: 33357784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rb1 has been shown to have antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Its major metabolite, compound K (CK), can stimulate the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1), a gastrointestinal hormone that plays a vital role in regulating glucose metabolism. However, the mechanism underlying the regulation of GLP1 secretion by compound K has not been fully explored. This study was designed to investigate whether CK ameliorates incretin impairment by regulating the RhoA/ROCKs/YAP signaling pathway and cytoskeleton formation in NCI-H716 cells. Using NCI-H716 cells as a model cell line for GLP1 secretion, we analyzed the effect of CK on the expression of RhoA/ROCK/YAP pathway components. Our results suggest that the effect of CK on GLP1 secretion depends on the anti-inflammatory effect of CK. We also demonstrated that CK can affect the RhoA/ROCK/YAP pathway, which is downstream of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), by maintaining the capacity of intestinal differentiation. In addition, this effect was mediated by regulating F/G-actin dynamics. These results provide not only the mechanistic insight for the effect of CK on intestinal L cells but also the molecular basis for the further development of CK as a potential therapeutic agent to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyuan Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, 310006, PR China.
| | - Xi Wang
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, PR China.
| | - Haixiang Ni
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, 310006, PR China.
| | - Xiaohong Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, 310006, PR China.
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, 310006, PR China.
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, 310006, PR China.
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Borges BC, Uehara IA, Dos Santos MA, Martins FA, de Souza FC, Junior ÁF, da Luz FAC, da Costa MS, Notário AFO, Lopes DS, Teixeira SC, Teixeira TL, de Castilhos P, da Silva CV, Silva MJB. The Recombinant Protein Based on Trypanosoma cruzi P21 Interacts With CXCR4 Receptor and Abrogates the Invasive Phenotype of Human Breast Cancer Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:569729. [PMID: 33195200 PMCID: PMC7604327 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.569729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi P21 is a protein secreted by the parasite that plays biological roles directly involved in the progression of Chagas disease. The recombinant protein (rP21) demonstrates biological properties, such as binding to CXCR4 receptors in macrophages, chemotactic activity of immune cells, and inhibiting angiogenesis. This study aimed to verify the effects of rP21 interaction with CXCR4 from non-tumoral cells (MCF-10A) and triple-negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). Our data showed that the MDA-MB-231 cells expressed higher levels of CXCR4 than did the non-tumor cell lines. Besides, cytotoxicity assays using different concentrations of rP21 showed that the recombinant protein was non-toxic and was able to bind to the cell membranes of both cell lineages. In addition, rP21 reduced the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells by the downregulation of MMP-9 gene expression. In addition, treatment with rP21 blocked the cell cycle, arresting it in the G1 phase, mainly in MDA-MB-231 cells. Finally, rP21 prevents the chemotaxis and proliferation induced by CXCL12. Our data showed that rP21 binds to the CXCR4 receptors in both cells, downregulates CXCR4 gene expression, and decreases the receptors in the cytoplasm of MDA-MB-231 cells, suggesting CXCR4 internalization. This internalization may explain the desensitization of the receptors in these cells. Thus, rP21 prevents migration, invasion, and progression in MDA-MB-231 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Cristina Borges
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biomarcadores Tumorais e Osteoimunologia, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Isadora Akemi Uehara
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores Tumorais e Osteoimunologia, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Marlus Alves Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Flávia Alves Martins
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Carvalho de Souza
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores Tumorais e Osteoimunologia, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Álvaro Ferreira Junior
- Departamento de MedicinaVeterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Felipe Andrés Cordero da Luz
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores Tumorais e Osteoimunologia, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Mylla Spirandelli da Costa
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Oliveira Notário
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genético e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Daiana Silva Lopes
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Samuel Cota Teixeira
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Thaise Lara Teixeira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Trypanosoma Cruzi, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Castilhos
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Claudio Vieira da Silva
- Laboratório de Tripanosomatídeos, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Marcelo José Barbosa Silva
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores Tumorais e Osteoimunologia, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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Blokland K, Pouwels S, Schuliga M, Knight D, Burgess J. Regulation of cellular senescence by extracellular matrix during chronic fibrotic diseases. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:2681-2706. [PMID: 33084883 PMCID: PMC7578566 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex network of macromolecules surrounding cells providing structural support and stability to tissues. The understanding of the ECM and the diverse roles it plays in development, homoeostasis and injury have greatly advanced in the last three decades. The ECM is crucial for maintaining tissue homoeostasis but also many pathological conditions arise from aberrant matrix remodelling during ageing. Ageing is characterised as functional decline of tissue over time ultimately leading to tissue dysfunction, and is a risk factor in many diseases including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, dementia, glaucoma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and fibrosis. ECM changes are recognised as a major driver of aberrant cell responses. Mesenchymal cells in aged tissue show signs of growth arrest and resistance to apoptosis, which are indicative of cellular senescence. It was recently postulated that cellular senescence contributes to the pathogenesis of chronic fibrotic diseases in the heart, kidney, liver and lung. Senescent cells negatively impact tissue regeneration while creating a pro-inflammatory environment as part of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) favouring disease progression. In this review, we explore and summarise the current knowledge around how aberrant ECM potentially influences the senescent phenotype in chronic fibrotic diseases. Lastly, we will explore the possibility for interventions in the ECM-senescence regulatory pathways for therapeutic potential in chronic fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaj E.C. Blokland
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Newcastle, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence in Pulmonary Fibrosis, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon D. Pouwels
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Lung Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Schuliga
- University of Newcastle, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Darryl A. Knight
- University of Newcastle, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence in Pulmonary Fibrosis, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Providence Health Care Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Janette K. Burgess
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, The Netherlands
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50
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Rodriguez-Hernandez I, Maiques O, Kohlhammer L, Cantelli G, Perdrix-Rosell A, Monger J, Fanshawe B, Bridgeman VL, Karagiannis SN, Penin RM, Marcolval J, Marti RM, Matias-Guiu X, Fruhwirth GO, Orgaz JL, Malanchi I, Sanz-Moreno V. WNT11-FZD7-DAAM1 signalling supports tumour initiating abilities and melanoma amoeboid invasion. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5315. [PMID: 33082334 PMCID: PMC7575593 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18951-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly aggressive tumour that can metastasize very early in disease progression. Notably, melanoma can disseminate using amoeboid invasive strategies. We show here that high Myosin II activity, high levels of ki-67 and high tumour-initiating abilities are characteristic of invasive amoeboid melanoma cells. Mechanistically, we find that WNT11-FZD7-DAAM1 activates Rho-ROCK1/2-Myosin II and plays a crucial role in regulating tumour-initiating potential, local invasion and distant metastasis formation. Importantly, amoeboid melanoma cells express both proliferative and invasive gene signatures. As such, invasive fronts of human and mouse melanomas are enriched in amoeboid cells that are also ki-67 positive. This pattern is further enhanced in metastatic lesions. We propose eradication of amoeboid melanoma cells after surgical removal as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Rodriguez-Hernandez
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Building, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Oscar Maiques
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Building, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Leonie Kohlhammer
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Building, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Gaia Cantelli
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anna Perdrix-Rosell
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Building, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
- Tumour Host Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Joanne Monger
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Building, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Bruce Fanshawe
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Kings' College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Victoria L Bridgeman
- Tumour Host Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sophia N Karagiannis
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals and King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Rosa M Penin
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Marcolval
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M Marti
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRB LleidaI, CIBERONC, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Xavier Matias-Guiu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRB Lleida, CIBERONC, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Gilbert O Fruhwirth
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Kings' College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Jose L Orgaz
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Building, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas 'Alberto Sols', CSIC-UAM, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ilaria Malanchi
- Tumour Host Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Victoria Sanz-Moreno
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Building, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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