1
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Lim WL, Gaunt JR, Tan JM, Zainolabidin N, Bansal VA, Lye YM, Ch'ng TH. CREB-regulated transcription during glycogen synthesis in astrocytes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17942. [PMID: 39095513 PMCID: PMC11297295 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67976-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycogen storage, conversion and utilization in astrocytes play an important role in brain energy metabolism. The conversion of glycogen to lactate through glycolysis occurs through the coordinated activities of various enzymes and inhibition of this process can impair different brain processes including formation of long-lasting memories. To replenish depleted glycogen stores, astrocytes undergo glycogen synthesis, a cellular process that has been shown to require transcription and translation during specific stimulation paradigms. However, the detail nuclear signaling mechanisms and transcriptional regulation during glycogen synthesis in astrocytes remains to be explored. In this report, we study the molecular mechanisms of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-induced glycogen synthesis in astrocytes. VIP is a potent neuropeptide that triggers glycogenolysis followed by glycogen synthesis in astrocytes. We show evidence that VIP-induced glycogen synthesis requires CREB-mediated transcription that is calcium dependent and requires conventional Protein Kinase C but not Protein Kinase A. In parallel to CREB activation, we demonstrate that VIP also triggers nuclear accumulation of the CREB coactivator CRTC2 in astrocytic nuclei. Transcriptome profiles of VIP-induced astrocytes identified robust CREB transcription, including a subset of genes linked to glucose and glycogen metabolism. Finally, we demonstrate that VIP-induced glycogen synthesis shares similar as well as distinct molecular signatures with glucose-induced glycogen synthesis, including the requirement of CREB-mediated transcription. Overall, our data demonstrates the importance of CREB-mediated transcription in astrocytes during stimulus-driven glycogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lee Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Clinical Science Building, 11 Mandalay Road, 10-01-01M, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Jessica Ruth Gaunt
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Clinical Science Building, 11 Mandalay Road, 10-01-01M, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Jia Min Tan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Clinical Science Building, 11 Mandalay Road, 10-01-01M, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Norliyana Zainolabidin
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Clinical Science Building, 11 Mandalay Road, 10-01-01M, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Vibhavari Aysha Bansal
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Clinical Science Building, 11 Mandalay Road, 10-01-01M, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Yi Ming Lye
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Clinical Science Building, 11 Mandalay Road, 10-01-01M, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Toh Hean Ch'ng
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Clinical Science Building, 11 Mandalay Road, 10-01-01M, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.
- School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 636551, Singapore.
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2
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Tsokas P, Hsieh C, Flores-Obando RE, Bernabo M, Tcherepanov A, Hernández AI, Thomas C, Bergold PJ, Cottrell JE, Kremerskothen J, Shouval HZ, Nader K, Fenton AA, Sacktor TC. KIBRA anchoring the action of PKMζ maintains the persistence of memory. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl0030. [PMID: 38924398 PMCID: PMC11204205 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
How can short-lived molecules selectively maintain the potentiation of activated synapses to sustain long-term memory? Here, we find kidney and brain expressed adaptor protein (KIBRA), a postsynaptic scaffolding protein genetically linked to human memory performance, complexes with protein kinase Mzeta (PKMζ), anchoring the kinase's potentiating action to maintain late-phase long-term potentiation (late-LTP) at activated synapses. Two structurally distinct antagonists of KIBRA-PKMζ dimerization disrupt established late-LTP and long-term spatial memory, yet neither measurably affects basal synaptic transmission. Neither antagonist affects PKMζ-independent LTP or memory that are maintained by compensating PKCs in ζ-knockout mice; thus, both agents require PKMζ for their effect. KIBRA-PKMζ complexes maintain 1-month-old memory despite PKMζ turnover. Therefore, it is not PKMζ alone, nor KIBRA alone, but the continual interaction between the two that maintains late-LTP and long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayiotis Tsokas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Changchi Hsieh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Rafael E. Flores-Obando
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Matteo Bernabo
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Andrew Tcherepanov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - A. Iván Hernández
- Department of Pathology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Christian Thomas
- Internal Medicine D (MedD), Department of Molecular Nephrology, University Hospital of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Peter J. Bergold
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - James E. Cottrell
- Department of Anesthesiology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Joachim Kremerskothen
- Internal Medicine D (MedD), Department of Molecular Nephrology, University Hospital of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Harel Z. Shouval
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Karim Nader
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - André A. Fenton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Neuroscience Institute at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Todd C. Sacktor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
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3
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Ehweiner A, Duch C, Brembs B. Wings of Change: aPKC/FoxP-dependent plasticity in steering motor neurons underlies operant self-learning in Drosophila. F1000Res 2024; 13:116. [PMID: 38779314 PMCID: PMC11109550 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.146347.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Motor learning is central to human existence, such as learning to speak or walk, sports moves, or rehabilitation after injury. Evidence suggests that all forms of motor learning share an evolutionarily conserved molecular plasticity pathway. Here, we present novel insights into the neural processes underlying operant self-learning, a form of motor learning in the fruit fly Drosophila. Methods We operantly trained wild type and transgenic Drosophila fruit flies, tethered at the torque meter, in a motor learning task that required them to initiate and maintain turning maneuvers around their vertical body axis (yaw torque). We combined this behavioral experiment with transgenic peptide expression, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated, spatio-temporally controlled gene knock-out and confocal microscopy. Results We find that expression of atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) in direct wing steering motoneurons co-expressing the transcription factor FoxP is necessary for this type of motor learning and that aPKC likely acts via non-canonical pathways. We also found that it takes more than a week for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of FoxP in adult animals to impair motor learning, suggesting that adult FoxP expression is required for operant self-learning. Conclusions Our experiments suggest that, for operant self-learning, a type of motor learning in Drosophila, co-expression of atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) and the transcription factor FoxP is necessary in direct wing steering motoneurons. Some of these neurons control the wing beat amplitude when generating optomotor responses, and we have discovered modulation of optomotor behavior after operant self-learning. We also discovered that aPKC likely acts via non-canonical pathways and that FoxP expression is also required in adult flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ehweiner
- Institut für Zoologie - Neurogenetik, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Bavaria, 93040, Germany
| | - Carsten Duch
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology (iDN), Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz, Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
| | - Björn Brembs
- Institut für Zoologie - Neurogenetik, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Bavaria, 93040, Germany
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4
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Alvarez MR, Alkaissi H, Rieger AM, Esber GR, Acosta ME, Stephenson SI, Maurice AV, Valencia LMR, Roman CA, Alarcon JM. The immunomodulatory effect of oral NaHCO 3 is mediated by the splenic nerve: multivariate impact revealed by artificial neural networks. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:79. [PMID: 38549144 PMCID: PMC10976719 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of the inflammatory reflex (IR) is a promising strategy for treating systemic inflammatory disorders. Recent studies suggest oral sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) as a potential activator of the IR, offering a safe and cost-effective treatment approach. However, the mechanisms underlying NaHCO3-induced anti-inflammatory effects remain unclear. We investigated whether oral NaHCO3's immunomodulatory effects are mediated by the splenic nerve. Female rats received NaHCO3 or water (H2O) for four days, and splenic immune markers were assessed using flow cytometry. NaHCO3 led to a significant increase (p < 0.05, and/or partial eta squared > 0.06) in anti-inflammatory markers, including CD11bc + CD206 + (M2-like) macrophages, CD3 + CD4 + FoxP3 + cells (Tregs), and Tregs/M1-like ratio. Conversely, proinflammatory markers, such as CD11bc + CD38 + TNFα + (M1-like) macrophages, M1-like/M2-like ratio, and SSChigh/SSClow ratio of FSChighCD11bc + cells, decreased in the spleen following NaHCO3 administration. These effects were abolished in spleen-denervated rats, suggesting the necessity of the splenic nerve in mediating NaHCO3-induced immunomodulation. Artificial neural networks accurately classified NaHCO3 and H2O treatment in sham rats but failed in spleen-denervated rats, highlighting the splenic nerve's critical role. Additionally, spleen denervation independently influenced Tregs, M2-like macrophages, Tregs/M1-like ratio, and CD11bc + CD38 + cells, indicating distinct effects from both surgery and treatment. Principal component analysis (PCA) further supported the separate effects. Our findings suggest that the splenic nerve transmits oral NaHCO3-induced immunomodulatory changes to the spleen, emphasizing NaHCO3's potential as an IR activator with therapeutic implications for a wide spectrum of systemic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Rodriguez Alvarez
- School of Graduate Studies & Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
- Department of Rheumatology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Ave, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA.
| | - Hussam Alkaissi
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases, NIH/NIDDK, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aja M Rieger
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Guillem R Esber
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Manuel E Acosta
- Mathematics and Computer Sciences Department, Barry University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Stacy I Stephenson
- Division of Comparative Medicine, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Allison V Maurice
- Division of Comparative Medicine, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | - Christopher A Roman
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Juan Marcos Alarcon
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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5
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Berry JA, Guhle DC, Davis RL. Active forgetting and neuropsychiatric diseases. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02521-9. [PMID: 38532011 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02521-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Recent and pioneering animal research has revealed the brain utilizes a variety of molecular, cellular, and network-level mechanisms used to forget memories in a process referred to as "active forgetting". Active forgetting increases behavioral flexibility and removes irrelevant information. Individuals with impaired active forgetting mechanisms can experience intrusive memories, distressing thoughts, and unwanted impulses that occur in neuropsychiatric diseases. The current evidence indicates that active forgetting mechanisms degrade, or mask, molecular and cellular memory traces created in synaptic connections of "engram cells" that are specific for a given memory. Combined molecular genetic/behavioral studies using Drosophila have uncovered a complex system of cellular active-forgetting pathways within engram cells that is regulated by dopamine neurons and involves dopamine-nitric oxide co-transmission and reception, endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ signaling, and cytoskeletal remodeling machinery regulated by small GTPases. Some of these molecular cellular mechanisms have already been found to be conserved in mammals. Interestingly, some pathways independently regulate forgetting of distinct memory types and temporal phases, suggesting a multi-layering organization of forgetting systems. In mammals, active forgetting also involves modulation of memory trace synaptic strength by altering AMPA receptor trafficking. Furthermore, active-forgetting employs network level mechanisms wherein non-engram neurons, newly born-engram neurons, and glial cells regulate engram synapses in a state and experience dependent manner. Remarkably, there is evidence for potential coordination between the network and cellular level forgetting mechanisms. Finally, subjects with several neuropsychiatric diseases have been tested and shown to be impaired in active forgetting. Insights obtained from research on active forgetting in animal models will continue to enrich our understanding of the brain dysfunctions that occur in neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Berry
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AL, T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Dana C Guhle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AL, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Ronald L Davis
- Department of Neuroscience, UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.
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6
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Pei X, Li B, Xu X, Zhang H. Spinal Caspase-6 Contributes to Intrathecal Morphine-induced Acute Itch and Contact Dermatitis-induced Chronic Itch Through Regulating the Phosphorylation of Protein Kinase Mζ in Mice. Neuroscience 2024; 539:21-34. [PMID: 38176610 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Patients receiving neuraxial treatment with morphine for pain relief often experience a distressing pruritus. Neuroinflammation-mediated plasticity of sensory synapses in the spinal cord is critical for the development of pain and itch. Caspase-6, as an intracellular cysteine protease, is capable of inducing central nociceptive sensitization through regulating synaptic transmission and plasticity. Given the tight interaction between protein kinase Mζ (PKMζ) and excitatory synaptic plasticity, this pre-clinical study investigates whether caspase-6 contributes to morphine-induced itch and chronic itch via PKMζ. Intrathecal morphine and contact dermatitis were used to cause pruritus in mice. Morphine antinociception, itch-induced scratching behaviors, spinal activity of caspase-6, and phosphorylation of PKMζ and ERK were examined. Caspase-6 inhibitor Z-VEID-FMK, exogenous caspase-6 and PKMζ inhibitor ZIP were utilized to reveal the mechanisms and prevention of itch. Herein, we report that morphine induces significant scratching behaviors, which is accompanied by an increase in spinal caspase-6 cleavage and PKMζ phosphorylation (but not expression). Intrathecal injection of Z-VEID-FMK drastically reduces morphine-induced scratch bouts and spinal phosphorylation of PKMζ, without abolishing morphine analgesia. Moreover, intrathecal strategies of ZIP dose-dependently reduce morphine-induced itch-like behaviors. Spinal phosphorylation of ERK following neuraxial morphine is down-regulated by ZIP therapy. Recombinant caspase-6 directly exhibits scratching behaviors and spinal phosphorylation of ERK, which is compensated by PKMζ inhibition. Also, spinal inhibition of caspase-6 and PKMζ reduces the generation and maintenance of dermatitis-induced chronic itch. Together, these findings demonstrate that spinal caspase-6 modulation of PKMζ phosphorylation is important in the development of morphine-induced itch and dermatitis-induced itch in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuxing Pei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China.
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7
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Kauwe G, Pareja-Navarro KA, Yao L, Chen JH, Wong I, Saloner R, Cifuentes H, Nana AL, Shah S, Li Y, Le D, Spina S, Grinberg LT, Seeley WW, Kramer JH, Sacktor TC, Schilling B, Gan L, Casaletto KB, Tracy TE. KIBRA repairs synaptic plasticity and promotes resilience to tauopathy-related memory loss. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e169064. [PMID: 38299587 PMCID: PMC10836803 DOI: 10.1172/jci169064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is obstructed by pathogenic tau in the brain, representing a key mechanism that underlies memory loss in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related tauopathies. Here, we found that reduced levels of the memory-associated protein KIdney/BRAin (KIBRA) in the brain and increased KIBRA protein levels in cerebrospinal fluid are associated with cognitive impairment and pathological tau levels in disease. We next defined a mechanism for plasticity repair in vulnerable neurons using the C-terminus of the KIBRA protein (CT-KIBRA). We showed that CT-KIBRA restored plasticity and memory in transgenic mice expressing pathogenic human tau; however, CT-KIBRA did not alter tau levels or prevent tau-induced synapse loss. Instead, we found that CT-KIBRA stabilized the protein kinase Mζ (PKMζ) to maintain synaptic plasticity and memory despite tau-mediated pathogenesis. Thus, our results distinguished KIBRA both as a biomarker of synapse dysfunction and as the foundation for a synapse repair mechanism to reverse cognitive impairment in tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Kauwe
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA
| | | | - Lei Yao
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA
| | - Jackson H. Chen
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA
| | - Ivy Wong
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA
| | - Rowan Saloner
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Helen Cifuentes
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA
| | - Alissa L. Nana
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Samah Shah
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA
| | - Yaqiao Li
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, Califoria, USA
| | - David Le
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, Califoria, USA
| | - Salvatore Spina
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lea T. Grinberg
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - William W. Seeley
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joel H. Kramer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Todd C. Sacktor
- The Robert F. Furchgott Center of Neural and Behavioral Science, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Anesthesiology, and Neurology, State University of New York Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | | | - Li Gan
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer Disease Research Institute, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kaitlin B. Casaletto
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tara E. Tracy
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA
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8
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Ko T, Jou C, Grau-Perales AB, Reynders M, Fenton AA, Trauner D. Photoactivated Protein Degrader for Optical Control of Synaptic Function. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:3704-3713. [PMID: 37712589 PMCID: PMC10557063 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of proteins determine the function of synapses, and synapses define the neuronal circuits that subserve myriad brain, cognitive, and behavioral functions. It is thus necessary to precisely manipulate specific proteins at specific sub-cellular locations and times to elucidate the roles of particular proteins and synapses in brain function. We developed PHOtochemically TArgeting Chimeras (PHOTACs) as a strategy to optically degrade specific proteins with high spatial and temporal precision. PHOTACs are small molecules that, upon wavelength-selective illumination, catalyze ubiquitylation and degradation of target proteins through endogenous proteasomes. Here, we describe the design and chemical properties of a PHOTAC that targets Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha (CaMKIIα), which is abundant and crucial for the baseline synaptic function of excitatory neurons. We validate the PHOTAC strategy, showing that the CaMKIIα-PHOTAC is effective in mouse brain tissue. Light activation of CaMKIIα-PHOTAC removed CaMKIIα from regions of the mouse hippocampus only within 25 μm of the illuminated brain surface. The optically controlled degradation decreases synaptic function within minutes of light activation, measured by the light-initiated attenuation of evoked field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) responses to physiological stimulation. The PHOTACs methodology should be broadly applicable to other key proteins implicated in synaptic function, especially for evaluating their precise roles in the maintenance of long-term potentiation and memory within subcellular dendritic domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongil Ko
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Claudia Jou
- Department
of Psychology, Hunter College, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | | | - Martin Reynders
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - André A. Fenton
- Center
for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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9
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Fenton AA, Hurtado JR, Broek JAC, Park E, Mishra B. Do Place Cells Dream of Deceptive Moves in a Signaling Game? Neuroscience 2023; 529:129-147. [PMID: 37591330 PMCID: PMC10592151 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
We consider the possibility of applying game theory to analysis and modeling of neurobiological systems. Specifically, the basic properties and features of information asymmetric signaling games are considered and discussed as having potential to explain diverse neurobiological phenomena; we focus on neuronal action potential discharge that can represent cognitive variables in memory and purposeful behavior. We begin by arguing that there is a pressing need for conceptual frameworks that can permit analysis and integration of information and explanations across many scales of biological function including gene regulation, molecular and biochemical signaling, cellular and metabolic function, neuronal population, and systems level organization to generate plausible hypotheses across these scales. Developing such integrative frameworks is crucial if we are to understand cognitive functions like learning, memory, and perception. The present work focuses on systems neuroscience organized around the connected brain regions of the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus. These areas are intensely studied in rodent subjects as model neuronal systems that undergo activity-dependent synaptic plasticity to form neuronal circuits and represent memories and spatial knowledge used for purposeful navigation. Examples of cognition-related spatial information in the observed neuronal discharge of hippocampal place cell populations and medial entorhinal head-direction cell populations are used to illustrate possible challenges to information maximization concepts. It may be natural to explain these observations using the ideas and features of information asymmetric signaling games.
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Affiliation(s)
- André A Fenton
- Neurobiology of Cognition Laboratory, Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA; Neuroscience Institute at the NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - José R Hurtado
- Neurobiology of Cognition Laboratory, Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jantine A C Broek
- Departments of Computer Science and Mathematics, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - EunHye Park
- Neurobiology of Cognition Laboratory, Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bud Mishra
- Departments of Computer Science and Mathematics, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Cell Biology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Simon Center for Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
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10
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Kauwe G, Pareja-Navarro KA, Yao L, Chen JH, Wong I, Saloner R, Cifuentes H, Nana AL, Shah S, Li Y, Le D, Spina S, Grinberg LT, Seeley WW, Kramer JH, Sacktor TC, Schilling B, Gan L, Casaletto KB, Tracy TE. KIBRA repairs synaptic plasticity and promotes resilience to tauopathy-related memory loss. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.12.543777. [PMID: 37398236 PMCID: PMC10312627 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.12.543777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is obstructed by pathogenic tau in the brain, representing a key mechanism that underlies memory loss in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related tauopathies. Here, we define a mechanism for plasticity repair in vulnerable neurons using the C-terminus of the KIdney/BRAin (KIBRA) protein (CT-KIBRA). We show that CT-KIBRA restores plasticity and memory in transgenic mice expressing pathogenic human tau; however, CT-KIBRA did not alter tau levels or prevent tau-induced synapse loss. Instead, we find that CT-KIBRA binds to and stabilizes protein kinase Mζ (PKMζ) to maintain synaptic plasticity and memory despite tau-mediated pathogenesis. In humans we find that reduced KIBRA in brain and increased KIBRA in cerebrospinal fluid are associated with cognitive impairment and pathological tau levels in disease. Thus, our results distinguish KIBRA both as a novel biomarker of synapse dysfunction in AD and as the foundation for a synapse repair mechanism to reverse cognitive impairment in tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Kauwe
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA USA
| | | | - Lei Yao
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA USA
| | | | - Ivy Wong
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA USA
| | - Rowan Saloner
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco USA
| | | | - Alissa L. Nana
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco USA
| | - Samah Shah
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA USA
| | - Yaqiao Li
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - David Le
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Salvatore Spina
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco USA
| | - Lea T. Grinberg
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco USA
| | - William W. Seeley
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco USA
| | - Joel H. Kramer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco USA
| | - Todd C. Sacktor
- The Robert F. Furchgott Center of Neural and Behavioral Science, Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Anesthesiology, and Neurology, State University of New York Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY USA
| | | | - Li Gan
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer Disease Research Institute, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Kaitlin B. Casaletto
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco USA
| | - Tara E. Tracy
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA USA
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11
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Franzen AD, Paulsen RT, Kabeiseman EJ, Burrell BD. Heterosynaptic long-term potentiation of non-nociceptive synapses requires endocannabinoids, NMDARs, CamKII, and PKCζ. J Neurophysiol 2023; 129:807-818. [PMID: 36883763 PMCID: PMC10085563 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00494.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Noxious stimuli or injury can trigger long-lasting sensitization to non-nociceptive stimuli (referred to as allodynia in mammals). Long-term potentiation (LTP) of nociceptive synapses has been shown to contribute to nociceptive sensitization (hyperalgesia) and there is even evidence of heterosynaptic spread of LTP contributing to this type of sensitization. This study will focus on how activation of nociceptors elicits heterosynaptic LTP (hetLTP) in non-nociceptive synapses. Previous studies in the medicinal leech (Hirudo verbana) have demonstrated that high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of nociceptors produces both homosynaptic LTP as well as hetLTP in non-nociceptive afferent synapses. This hetLTP involves endocannabinoid-mediated disinhibition of non-nociceptive synapses at the presynaptic level, but it is not clear if there are additional processes contributing to this synaptic potentiation. In this study, we found evidence for the involvement of postsynaptic level change and observed that postsynaptic N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (NMDARs) were required for this potentiation. Next, Hirudo orthologs for known LTP signaling proteins, CamKII and PKCζ, were identified based on sequences from humans, mice, and the marine mollusk Aplysia. In electrophysiological experiments, inhibitors of CamKII (AIP) and PKCζ (ZIP) were found to interfere with hetLTP. Interestingly, CamKII was found to be necessary for both induction and maintenance of hetLTP, whereas PKCζ was only necessary for maintenance. These findings show that activation of nociceptors can elicit a potentiation of non-nociceptive synapses through a process that involves both endocannabinoid-mediated disinhibition and NMDAR-initiated signaling pathways.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Pain-related sensitization involves increases in signaling by non-nociceptive sensory neurons. This can allow non-nociceptive afferents to have access to nociceptive circuitry. In this study, we examine a form of synaptic potentiation in which nociceptor activity elicits increases in non-nociceptive synapses. This process involves endocannabinoids, "gating" the activation of NMDA receptors, which in turn activate CamKII and PKCζ. This study provides an important link in how nociceptive stimuli can enhance non-nociceptive signaling related to pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery D Franzen
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, United States
| | - Riley T Paulsen
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, United States
| | - Emily J Kabeiseman
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, United States
| | - Brian D Burrell
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, United States
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12
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Sacktor TC. Karim Nader and the unification of memory erasure: PKMζ inhibition and reconsolidation blockade. Brain Res Bull 2023; 194:124-127. [PMID: 36739095 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Karim Nader is rightly celebrated for his seminal studies on memory reconsolidation. This commentary celebrates another related contribution - his work on memory maintenance by the autonomously active PKC isoform, PKMζ. There are two methods for "erasing" previously established long-term memory maintenance: 1) inhibiting PKMζ, and 2) blocking reconsolidation. Prior to Nader's research on PKMζ, these two forms of memory erasure were thought to be fundamentally different. Inhibiting PKMζ in a brain region disrupts memory held in storage. But if the inhibitor is injected into the same region immediately after memory retrieval, the drug has no effect. Conversely, inhibiting protein synthesis immediately after memory retrieval blocks reconsolidation. But protein synthesis inhibitors have no effect on memory held in storage without retrieval. The work of Paolo Virginia Migues, Nader, and colleagues, however, revealed an unexpected link between the mechanisms of memory maintenance by PKMζ and the kinase's regulation of postsynaptic AMPAR trafficking that potentiates synaptic transmission and expresses memory during retrieval. This insight led Matteo Bernabo, Nader, and colleagues to observe that memory retrieval first rapidly degrades PKMζ, and then induces the resynthesis of the kinase to restore maintenance of the retrieved memory. This finding explains why a PKMζ inhibitor such as ZIP, if injected in a brain region storing a memory, does not erase the memory immediately after retrieval - the kinase maintaining the retrieved memory has been degraded but not yet resynthesized. Moreover, Bernabo et al. showed that suppressing the resynthesis of PKMζ after its degradation prevents memory reconsolidation, reproducing the effect of general protein synthesis inhibition. Thus, Nader and colleagues demonstrated PKMζ inhibition and reconsolidation blockade disrupt in different ways the same molecular mechanism of memory maintenance - PKMζ inhibition erases all memories maintained in storage by the kinase; reconsolidation blockade disrupts specific recalled memories maintained by PKMζ by preventing resynthesis of the kinase after its degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Charlton Sacktor
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Anesthesiology, and Neurology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
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13
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Ko T, Jou C, Grau-Perales A, Reynders M, Fenton A, Trauner D. A Photoactivated Protein Degrader for Optical Control of Synaptic Function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.13.528397. [PMID: 36824807 PMCID: PMC9949324 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.13.528397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Hundreds of proteins determine the function of synapses, and synapses define the neuronal circuits that subserve myriad brain, cognitive, and behavioral functions. It is thus necessary to precisely manipulate specific proteins at specific sub-cellular locations and times to elucidate the roles of particular proteins and synapses in brain function. We developed PHOtochemically TArgeting Chimeras (PHOTACs) as a strategy to optically degrade specific proteins with high spatial and temporal precision. PHOTACs are small molecules that, upon wavelength-selective illumination, catalyze ubiquitylation and degradation of target proteins through endogenous proteasomes. Here we describe the design and chemical properties of a PHOTAC that targets Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha (CaMKIIα), which is abundant and crucial for baseline synaptic function of excitatory neurons. We validate the PHOTAC strategy, showing that the CaMKIIα-PHOTAC is effective in mouse brain tissue. Light activation of CaMKIIα-PHOTAC removed CaMKIIα from regions of the mouse hippocampus only within 25 μm of the illuminated brain surface. The optically-controlled degradation decreases synaptic function within minutes of light activation, measured by the light-initiated attenuation of evoked field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) responses to physiological stimulation. The PHOTACs methodology should be broadly applicable to other key proteins implicated in synaptic function, especially for evaluating their precise roles in the maintenance of long-term potentiation and memory within subcellular dendritic domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Ko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - C. Jou
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - A.B. Grau-Perales
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - M. Reynders
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - A.A. Fenton
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - D. Trauner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
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14
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Koulousakis P, Willems E, Schepers M, Rombaut B, Prickaerts J, Vanmierlo T, van den Hove D. Exogenous Oxytocin Administration Restores Memory in Female APP/PS1 Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:1207-1219. [PMID: 37927260 PMCID: PMC10741313 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current treatment options for Alzheimer's disease (AD) are limited, inefficient, and often have serious side effects. Oxytocin is a neuropeptide implicated in a variety of central processes, such as social and reproductive behaviors. Among others, it has garnered attention in various domains of psychiatric research, while its role in the development and course of neurodegenerative disorders like AD is rather unknown. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the role of exogenous oxytocin administration on memory, specifically in view of AD, as a potential novel treatment option. METHODS We describe a novel treatment approach by using a relatively low dose of long-term intranasal oxytocin treatment, to restore memory deficits in female APPswePS1dE9 mice. RESULTS Female APPswePS1dE9 mice treated with oxytocin showed increased spatial memory performance in the object location task and improved working memory in the Y-Maze, while indicating decreased sociability. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that oxytocin is able to reverse acquired cognitive deficits in female APPswePS1dE9 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippos Koulousakis
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Emily Willems
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Melissa Schepers
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Ben Rombaut
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Jos Prickaerts
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Daniel van den Hove
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
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15
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Augereau K, Migues PV, Hardt O. Infusing zeta inhibitory peptide into the perirhinal cortex of rats abolishes long-term object recognition memory without affecting novel object location recognition. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:1007748. [PMID: 36560931 PMCID: PMC9763881 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1007748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infusing the amnesic agent zeta inhibitory peptide (ZIP) into the dorsal hippocampus disrupts established long-term object location recognition memory without affecting object identity recognition, which likely depends on the perirhinal cortex. Here, we tested whether infusing ZIP into the perirhinal cortex can abolish long-term memory supporting object identity recognition, leaving long-term object location recognition memory intact. We infused ZIP into the perirhinal cortex of rats either 1 day or 6 days after exposing them to two identical objects in an open field arena. One day after ZIP infusion, that is, 2 or 7 days after object exposure, we either assessed whether the animals recognized that now one of the two objects was novel or whether they recognized that one of the two familiar objects was at a new location. Our results show for both retention intervals, infusions of ZIP into the perirhinal cortex impaired novel object recognition but spared novel object location recognition. Rats that received a scrambled version of ZIP had no deficit in either test at both retention intervals and expressed stronger novel object recognition compared to rats infused with ZIP. These findings support the view that object recognition depends on dissociable memory representations distributed across different brain areas, with perirhinal cortex maintaining long-term memory for what objects had been encountered, and hippocampus supporting memory for where these objects had been placed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oliver Hardt
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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16
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Zha C, Sossin WS. The molecular diversity of plasticity mechanisms underlying memory: An evolutionary perspective. J Neurochem 2022; 163:444-460. [PMID: 36326567 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Experience triggers molecular cascades in organisms (learning) that lead to alterations (memory) to allow the organism to change its behavior based on experience. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying memory, particularly in the nervous system of animals, has been an exciting scientific challenge for neuroscience. We review what is known about forms of neuronal plasticity that underlie memory highlighting important issues in the field: (1) the importance of being able to measure how neurons are activated during learning to identify the form of plasticity that underlies memory, (2) the many distinct forms of plasticity important for memories that naturally decay both within and between organisms, and (3) unifying principles underlying the formation and maintenance of long-term memories. Overall, the diversity of molecular mechanisms underlying memories that naturally decay contrasts with more unified molecular mechanisms implicated in long-lasting changes. Despite many advances, important questions remain as to which mechanisms of neuronal plasticity underlie memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congyao Zha
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Wayne S Sossin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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17
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Voglewede MM, Zhang H. Polarity proteins: Shaping dendritic spines and memory. Dev Biol 2022; 488:68-73. [PMID: 35580729 PMCID: PMC9953585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The morphogenesis and plasticity of dendritic spines are associated with synaptic strength, learning, and memory. Dendritic spines are highly compartmentalized structures, which makes proteins involved in cellular polarization and membrane compartmentalization likely candidates regulating their formation and maintenance. Indeed, recent studies suggest polarity proteins help form and maintain dendritic spines by compartmentalizing the spine neck and head. Here, we review emerging evidence that polarity proteins regulate dendritic spine plasticity and stability through the cytoskeleton, scaffolding molecules, and signaling molecules. We specifically analyze various polarity complexes known to contribute to different forms of cell polarization processes and examine the essential conceptual context linking these groups of polarity proteins to dendritic spine morphogenesis, plasticity, and cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huaye Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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18
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The Roles of Par3, Par6, and aPKC Polarity Proteins in Normal Neurodevelopment and in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. J Neurosci 2022; 42:4774-4793. [PMID: 35705493 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0059-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal neural circuits and functions depend on proper neuronal differentiation, migration, synaptic plasticity, and maintenance. Abnormalities in these processes underlie various neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders. Neural development and maintenance are regulated by many proteins. Among them are Par3, Par6 (partitioning defective 3 and 6), and aPKC (atypical protein kinase C) families of evolutionarily conserved polarity proteins. These proteins perform versatile functions by forming tripartite or other combinations of protein complexes, which hereafter are collectively referred to as "Par complexes." In this review, we summarize the major findings on their biophysical and biochemical properties in cell polarization and signaling pathways. We next summarize their expression and localization in the nervous system as well as their versatile functions in various aspects of neurodevelopment, including neuroepithelial polarity, neurogenesis, neuronal migration, neurite differentiation, synaptic plasticity, and memory. These versatile functions rely on the fundamental roles of Par complexes in cell polarity in distinct cellular contexts. We also discuss how cell polarization may correlate with subcellular polarization in neurons. Finally, we review the involvement of Par complexes in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. While emerging evidence indicates that Par complexes are essential for proper neural development and maintenance, many questions on their in vivo functions have yet to be answered. Thus, Par3, Par6, and aPKC continue to be important research topics to advance neuroscience.
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19
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Tanaka S, Zmora N, Levavi-Sivan B, Zohar Y. Chemogenetic Depletion of Hypophysiotropic GnRH Neurons Does Not Affect Fertility in Mature Female Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105596. [PMID: 35628411 PMCID: PMC9143870 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypophysiotropic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and its neurons are crucial for vertebrate reproduction, primarily in regulating luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and ovulation. However, in zebrafish, which lack GnRH1, and instead possess GnRH3 as the hypophysiotropic form, GnRH3 gene knockout did not affect reproduction. However, early-stage ablation of all GnRH3 neurons causes infertility in females, implicating GnRH3 neurons, rather than GnRH3 peptides in female reproduction. To determine the role of GnRH3 neurons in the reproduction of adult females, a Tg(gnrh3:Gal4ff; UAS:nfsb-mCherry) line was generated to facilitate a chemogenetic conditional ablation of GnRH3 neurons. Following ablation, there was a reduction of preoptic area GnRH3 neurons by an average of 85.3%, which was associated with reduced pituitary projections and gnrh3 mRNA levels. However, plasma LH levels were unaffected, and the ablated females displayed normal reproductive capacity. There was no correlation between the number of remaining GnRH3 neurons and reproductive performance. Though it is possible that the few remaining GnRH3 neurons can still induce an LH surge, our findings are consistent with the idea that GnRH and its neurons are likely dispensable for LH surge in zebrafish. Altogether, our results resurrected questions regarding the functional homology of the hypophysiotropic GnRH1 and GnRH3 in controlling ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakura Tanaka
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA; (S.T.); (N.Z.)
| | - Nilli Zmora
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA; (S.T.); (N.Z.)
| | - Berta Levavi-Sivan
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel;
| | - Yonathan Zohar
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA; (S.T.); (N.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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20
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Huertas MA, Newton AJH, McDougal RA, Sacktor TC, Shouval HZ. Conditions for Synaptic Specificity during the Maintenance Phase of Synaptic Plasticity. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0064-22.2022. [PMID: 35443991 PMCID: PMC9087736 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0064-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Activity-dependent modifications of synaptic efficacies are a cellular substrate of learning and memory. Experimental evidence shows that these modifications are synapse specific and that the long-lasting effects are associated with the sustained increase in concentration of specific proteins like PKMζ However, such proteins are likely to diffuse away from their initial synaptic location and spread out to neighboring synapses, potentially compromising synapse specificity. In this article, we address the issue of synapse specificity during memory maintenance. Assuming that the long-term maintenance of synaptic plasticity is accomplished by a molecular switch, we carry out analytical calculations and perform simulations using the reaction-diffusion package in NEURON to determine the limits of synapse specificity during maintenance. Moreover, we explore the effects of the diffusion and degradation rates of proteins and of the geometrical characteristics of dendritic spines on synapse specificity. We conclude that the necessary conditions for synaptic specificity during maintenance require that molecular switches reside in dendritic spines. The requirement for synaptic specificity when the molecular switch resides in spines still imposes strong limits on the diffusion and turnover of rates of maintenance molecules, as well as on the morphologic properties of synaptic spines. These constraints are quite general and apply to most existing models suggested for maintenance. The parameter values can be experimentally evaluated, and if they do not fit the appropriate predicted range, the validity of this class of maintenance models would be challenged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Huertas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Adam J H Newton
- Yale Center for Medical Informatics, New Haven, CT 06520
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203
| | - Robert A McDougal
- Yale Center for Medical Informatics, New Haven, CT 06520
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Todd Charlton Sacktor
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, Anesthesiology, and Neurology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203
| | - Harel Z Shouval
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX 77030
- Department Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005
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21
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Shaha S, Patel K, Saadat S, Panahi S, de Almeida MM, Voronova A, Riddell M. Human placenta and trophoblasts simultaneously express three isoforms of atypical protein kinase-c. Placenta 2022; 119:39-43. [PMID: 35124330 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2022.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Atypical protein kinase-c (aPKC) isoforms are important regulators of polarity and stem cell differentiation. There are three isoforms of aPKC: aPKC-ι, aPKC-ζ, and PKM-ζ. Recently, aPKC-ι was shown to regulate human trophoblast stem cell (TSC) differentiation. Compensation by remaining isoforms when a single aPKC isoform is lost can occur, but the expression pattern of aPKC-ζ in placenta is unknown. Here we show that aPKC-ι, aPKC-ζ and a new isoform, aPKC-ζ III, are expressed in trophoblasts. Therefore, studies examining the role of aPKC isoforms that control for potential compensation between aPKC isoforms are necessary to understand aPKC-mediated regulation of TSC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaiyah Shaha
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Khushali Patel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Saba Saadat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sareh Panahi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | | | - Meghan Riddell
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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22
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Marcondes LA, de C Myskiw J, Nachtigall EG, Narvaes RF, Izquierdo I, Furini CRG. PKMζ maintains remote contextual fear memory by inhibiting GluA2-dependent AMPA receptor endocytosis in the prelimbic cortex. Neuroscience 2021; 497:97-106. [PMID: 34968669 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Fear memories allow animals to recognize and adequately respond to dangerous situations. The prelimbic cortex (PrL) is a crucial node in the circuitry that encodes contextual fear memory, and its activity is central for fear memory expression over time. However, while PrL has been implicated in contextual fear memory storage, the molecular mechanisms underlying its maintenance remain unclear. Protein kinase M zeta (PKMζ) is a persistently active enzyme which has been shown to maintain many forms of memories by inhibiting the endocytosis of GluA2-containing AMPA receptors. Therefore, we hypothesized that PKMζ action upon GluA2-containing AMPARs could be a mechanism for contextual fear memory maintenance in the PrL. To test this hypothesis, we trained rats in a contextual fear conditioning (CFC) paradigm and administered intra-PrL infusions of the PKMζ inhibitor ZIP, the GluA2-dependent endocytosis inhibitor GluA23Y or the inactive peptide GluA23Y(s), either two or twenty days after conditioning, and assessed long-term memory retention twenty-four hours later. We found that acute inhibition of GluA2-dependent AMPAR endocytosis in the PrL does not affect recent or remote contextual fear memory maintenance. Also, PKMζ inhibition in the PrL does not impair the maintenance of recent contextual fear memory. However, we found that inhibition of prelimbic PKMζ at a remote time point disrupted contextual fear memory maintenance, and that blocking GluA2-dependent removal of AMPARs prevents this impairment. Our results confirm the central role of PrL in fear memory and identify PKMζ-induced inhibition of GluA2-containing AMPAR endocytosis as a key mechanism governing remote contextual fear memory maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Marcondes
- Laboratory of Cognition and Memory Neurobiology, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - 3(rd) floor, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - 2(nd) floor - HSL, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jociane de C Myskiw
- Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - 2(nd) floor - HSL, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduarda G Nachtigall
- Laboratory of Cognition and Memory Neurobiology, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - 3(rd) floor, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - 2(nd) floor - HSL, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo F Narvaes
- Laboratory of Cognition and Memory Neurobiology, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - 3(rd) floor, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - 2(nd) floor - HSL, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ivan Izquierdo
- Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - 2(nd) floor - HSL, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane R G Furini
- Laboratory of Cognition and Memory Neurobiology, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - 3(rd) floor, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga, 6690 - 2(nd) floor - HSL, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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23
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Chung A, Jou C, Grau-Perales A, Levy E, Dvorak D, Hussain N, Fenton AA. Cognitive control persistently enhances hippocampal information processing. Nature 2021; 600:484-488. [PMID: 34759316 PMCID: PMC8872635 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Could learning that uses cognitive control to judiciously use relevant information while ignoring distractions generally improve brain function, beyond forming explicit memories? According to a neuroplasticity hypothesis for how some cognitive behavioural therapies are effective, cognitive control training (CCT) changes neural circuit information processing1-3. Here we investigated whether CCT persistently alters hippocampal neural circuit function. We show that mice learned and remembered a conditioned place avoidance during CCT that required ignoring irrelevant locations of shock. CCT facilitated learning new tasks in novel environments for several weeks, relative to unconditioned controls and control mice that avoided the same place during reduced distraction. CCT rapidly changes entorhinal cortex-to-dentate gyrus synaptic circuit function, resulting in an excitatory-inhibitory subcircuit change that persists for months. CCT increases inhibition that attenuates the dentate response to medial entorhinal cortical input, and through disinhibition, potentiates the response to strong inputs, pointing to overall signal-to-noise enhancement. These neurobiological findings support the neuroplasticity hypothesis that, as well as storing item-event associations, CCT persistently optimizes neural circuit information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ain Chung
- Center for Neural Science, New York University
| | - Claudia Jou
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York
| | | | - Eliott Levy
- Center for Neural Science, New York University
| | - Dino Dvorak
- Center for Neural Science, New York University
| | | | - André A. Fenton
- Center for Neural Science, New York University,Neuroscience Institute at the NYU Langone Medical Center
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24
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Activators and Inhibitors of Protein Kinase C (PKC): Their Applications in Clinical Trials. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111748. [PMID: 34834162 PMCID: PMC8621927 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC), a family of phospholipid-dependent serine/threonine kinase, is classed into three subfamilies based on their structural and activation characteristics: conventional or classic PKC isozymes (cPKCs; α, βI, βII, and γ), novel or non-classic PKC isozymes (nPKCs; δ, ε, η, and θ), and atypical PKC isozymes (aPKCs; ζ, ι, and λ). PKC inhibitors and activators are used to understand PKC-mediated intracellular signaling pathways and for the diagnosis and treatment of various PKC-associated diseases, such as cancers, neurological diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and infections. Many clinical trials of PKC inhibitors in cancers showed no significant clinical benefits, meaning that there is a limitation to design a cancer therapeutic strategy targeting PKC alone. This review will focus on the activators and inhibitors of PKC and their applications in clinical trials.
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25
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Avila JA, Memos N, Aslan A, Andrejewski T, Luine VN, Serrano PA. Voluntary oral methamphetamine increases memory deficits and contextual sensitization during abstinence associated with decreased PKMζ and increased κOR in the hippocampus of female mice. J Psychopharmacol 2021; 35:1240-1252. [PMID: 34587831 PMCID: PMC9083019 DOI: 10.1177/02698811211048285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female populations exhibit vulnerabilities to psychostimulant addiction, as well as cognitive dysfunction following bouts of abuse. AIMS The goal for this study was to advance our understanding of the mechanisms that produce sex disparities in drug addiction. METHODS We used an animal model for voluntary oral methamphetamine administration (VOMA) and focused on male and female mice that consumed 7.6-8.2 mg/kg of methamphetamine (MA) per day during the last 18 days of the paradigm. RESULTS The VOMA-exposed female mice displayed increased locomotor activity in the drug-administration context compared to male mice, demonstrating sex-specific changes in contextual sensitization. During 2 weeks of forced abstinence, mice underwent further behavioral testing. We show that abstinence increased open-arm entries on the elevated plus maze in both sexes. There were no differences in immobility on the tail suspension test. In a hippocampal-dependent radial arm maze task, VOMA-treated female mice, but not male mice, showed working memory deficits. Hippocampal tissue was collected and analyzed using Western blotting. VOMA-exposed female mice exhibited increased kappa opioid receptor (κOR) expression in the hippocampus compared to male mice, suggesting a vulnerability toward abstinence-induced dysphoria. Female VOMA mice also exhibited a decrease in the memory protein marker, protein kinase M zeta (PKMζ), in the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals sex-specific effects following abstinence from chronic MA consumption on hippocampal κOR and PKMζ expression, suggesting that these neural changes in female mice may underlie spatial memory deficits and identify an increased susceptibility to dysregulated neural mechanisms. These data validate VOMA as a model sensitive to sex differences in behavior and hippocampal neurochemistry following chronic MA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A. Avila
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA.,The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Nicoletta Memos
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA.,The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Abdurrahman Aslan
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA,Department of Pharmacology, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tytus Andrejewski
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Victoria N. Luine
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA.,The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Peter A. Serrano
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA.,The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA
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26
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Fulton SL, Hsieh C, Atkin T, Norris R, Schoenfeld E, Tsokas P, Fenton AA, Sacktor TC, Coplan JD. Lifelong reductions of PKMζ in ventral hippocampus of nonhuman primates exposed to early-life adversity due to unpredictable maternal care. Learn Mem 2021; 28:341-347. [PMID: 34400535 PMCID: PMC8372566 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053468.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase Mζ (PKMζ) maintains long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term memory through persistent increases in kinase expression. Early-life adversity is a precursor to adult mood and anxiety disorders, in part, through persistent disruption of emotional memory throughout life. Here we subjected 10- to 16-wk-old male bonnet macaques to adversity by a maternal variable-foraging demand paradigm. We then examined PKMζ expression in their ventral hippocampi as 7- to 12-yr-old adults. Quantitative immunohistochemistry reveals decreased PKMζ in dentate gyrus, CA1, and subiculum of subjects who had experienced early-life adversity due to the unpredictability of maternal care. Adult animals with persistent decrements of PKMζ in ventral hippocampus express timid rather than confrontational responses to a human intruder. Persistent down-regulation of PKMζ in the ventral hippocampus might reduce the capacity for emotional memory maintenance and contribute to the long-lasting emotional effects of early-life adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Panayiotis Tsokas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology,Department of Anesthesiology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA
| | - André Antonio Fenton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology,Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA,Neuroscience Institute at the NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Todd Charlton Sacktor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology,Department of Anesthesiology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA,Department of Neurology
| | - Jeremy D. Coplan
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA
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27
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Miningou Zobon NT, Jędrzejewska-Szmek J, Blackwell KT. Temporal pattern and synergy influence activity of ERK signaling pathways during L-LTP induction. eLife 2021; 10:e64644. [PMID: 34374340 PMCID: PMC8363267 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-lasting long-term potentiation (L-LTP) is a cellular mechanism of learning and memory storage. Studies have demonstrated a requirement for extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in L-LTP produced by a diversity of temporal stimulation patterns. Multiple signaling pathways converge to activate ERK, with different pathways being required for different stimulation patterns. To answer whether and how different temporal patterns select different signaling pathways for ERK activation, we developed a computational model of five signaling pathways (including two novel pathways) leading to ERK activation during L-LTP induction. We show that calcium and cAMP work synergistically to activate ERK and that stimuli given with large intertrial intervals activate more ERK than shorter intervals. Furthermore, these pathways contribute to different dynamics of ERK activation. These results suggest that signaling pathways with different temporal sensitivities facilitate ERK activation to diversity of temporal patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Jędrzejewska-Szmek
- Laboratory of Neuroinformatic, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Kim T Blackwell
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Bioengineering Department, George Mason UniversityFairfaxUnited States
- Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason UniversityFairfaxUnited States
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28
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Jin I, Kassabov S, Kandel ER, Hawkins RD. Possible novel features of synaptic regulation during long-term facilitation in Aplysia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:218-227. [PMID: 34131053 PMCID: PMC8212780 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053124.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Most studies of molecular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity have focused on the sequence of changes either at individual synapses or in the cell nucleus. However, studies of long-term facilitation at Aplysia sensory neuron–motor neuron synapses in isolated cell culture suggest two additional features of facilitation. First, that there is also regulation of the number of synaptic contacts between two neurons, which may occur at the level of cell pair-specific branch points in the neuronal arbor. Branch points contain many molecules that are involved in protein synthesis-dependent long-term facilitation including neurotrophins and the RNA binding protein CPEB. Second, the regulation involves homeostatic feedback and tends to keep the total number of contacts between two neurons at a fairly constant level both at rest and following facilitation. That raises the question of how facilitation and homeostasis can coexist. A possible answer is suggested by the findings that they both involve spontaneous transmission and postsynaptic Ca2+, which can have bidirectional effects similar to LTP and LTD in hippocampus. In addition, long-term facilitation can involve a change in the set point of homeostasis, which could be encoded by plasticity molecules such as CPEB and/or PKM. A computational model based on these ideas can qualitatively simulate the basic features of both facilitation and homeostasis of the number of contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iksung Jin
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Stefan Kassabov
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Eric R Kandel
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Robert D Hawkins
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, USA
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29
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Bin Ibrahim MZ, Benoy A, Sajikumar S. Long-term plasticity in the hippocampus: maintaining within and 'tagging' between synapses. FEBS J 2021; 289:2176-2201. [PMID: 34109726 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Synapses between neurons are malleable biochemical structures, strengthening and diminishing over time dependent on the type of information they receive. This phenomenon known as synaptic plasticity underlies learning and memory, and its different forms, long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), perform varied cognitive roles in reinforcement, relearning and associating memories. Moreover, both LTP and LTD can exist in an early transient form (early-LTP/LTD) or a late persistent form (late-LTP/LTD), which are triggered by different induction protocols, and also differ in their dependence on protein synthesis and the involvement of key molecular players. Beyond homosynaptic modifications, synapses can also interact with one another. This is encapsulated in the synaptic tagging and capture hypothesis (STC), where synapses expressing early-LTP/LTD present a 'tag' that can capture the protein synthesis products generated during a temporally proximal late-LTP/LTD induction. This 'tagging' phenomenon forms the framework of synaptic interactions in various conditions and accounts for the cellular basis of the time-dependent associativity of short-lasting and long-lasting memories. All these synaptic modifications take place under controlled neuronal conditions, regulated by subcellular elements such as epigenetic regulation, proteasomal degradation and neuromodulatory signals. Here, we review current understanding of the different forms of synaptic plasticity and its regulatory mechanisms in the hippocampus, a brain region critical for memory formation. We also discuss expression of plasticity in hippocampal CA2 area, a long-overlooked narrow hippocampal subfield and the behavioural correlate of STC. Lastly, we put forth perspectives for an integrated view of memory representation in synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zaki Bin Ibrahim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amrita Benoy
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sreedharan Sajikumar
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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30
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Han DH, Park P, Choi DI, Bliss TVP, Kaang BK. The essence of the engram: Cellular or synaptic? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 125:122-135. [PMID: 34103208 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Memory is composed of various phases including cellular consolidation, systems consolidation, reconsolidation, and extinction. In the last few years it has been shown that simple association memories can be encoded by a subset of the neuronal population called engram cells. Activity of these cells is necessary and sufficient for the recall of association memory. However, it is unclear which molecular mechanisms allow cellular engrams to encode the diverse phases of memory. Further research is needed to examine the possibility that it is the synapses between engram cells (the synaptic engram) that constitute the memory. In this review we summarize recent findings on cellular engrams with a focus on different phases of memory, and discuss the distinct molecular mechanism required for cellular and synaptic engrams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Hee Han
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Pojeong Park
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Il Choi
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tim V P Bliss
- Group leader emeritus, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, Somers Town, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Bong-Kiun Kaang
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Bernabo M, Haubrich J, Gamache K, Nader K. Memory Destabilization and Reconsolidation Dynamically Regulate the PKMζ Maintenance Mechanism. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4880-4888. [PMID: 33888608 PMCID: PMC8260165 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2093-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Useful memory must balance between stability and malleability. This puts effective memory storage at odds with plasticity processes, such as reconsolidation. What becomes of memory maintenance processes during synaptic plasticity is unknown. Here we examined the fate of the memory maintenance protein PKMζ during memory destabilization and reconsolidation in male rats. We found that NMDAR activation and proteasome activity induced a transient reduction in PKMζ protein following retrieval. During reconsolidation, new PKMζ was synthesized to re-store the memory. Failure to synthesize new PKMζ during reconsolidation impaired memory but uninterrupted PKMζ translation was not necessary for maintenance itself. Finally, NMDAR activation was necessary to render memories vulnerable to the amnesic effect of PKMζ-antisense. These findings outline a transient disruption and renewal of the PKMζ memory maintenance mechanism during plasticity. We argue that dynamic changes in PKMζ protein levels can serve as an exemplary model of the molecular changes underlying memory destabilization and reconsolidation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Maintenance of long-term memory relies on the persistent activity of PKMζ. However, after retrieval, memories can become transiently destabilized and must be reconsolidated within a few hours to persist. During this period of plasticity, what happens to maintenance processes, such as those involving PKMζ, is unknown. Here we describe dynamic changes to PKMζ expression during both destabilization and reconsolidation of auditory fear memory in the amygdala. We show that destabilization induces a NMDAR- and proteasome-dependent loss of synaptic PKMζ and that reconsolidation requires synthesis of new PKMζ. This work provides clear evidence that memory destabilization disrupts ongoing synaptic maintenance processes which are restored during reconsolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bernabo
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Josue Haubrich
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Karine Gamache
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Karim Nader
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada
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32
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Aliakbari S, Sayyah M, Mirzapourdelavar H, Amini N, Naghdi N, Pourbadie HG. Overexpression of protein kinase Mζ in the hippocampal dentate gyrus rescues amyloid-β-induced synaptic dysfunction within entorhinal-hippocampal circuit. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 101:160-171. [PMID: 33618267 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Entorhinal cortex (EC) is one of the first cerebral regions affected in the early phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Soluble forms of amyloid beta (Aβ) impair synaptic transmission in experimental AD models. Protein kinase Mζ (PKMζ) is an atypical persistently active protein kinase C, known to maintain long term synaptic plasticity and memory, but its role in AD has not yet been described. We examined effect of PKMζ overexpression on the late long-term potentiation (L-LTP) in the dentate gyrus (DG) following EC amyloidopathy. Oligomeric Aβ 1-42 (oAβ) or vehicle was bilaterally microinjected into the EC of the male Wistar rats. After 1 week, 2 µL of lentiviral vector (~108 TU/mL) encoding PKMζ genome was injected into the DG. One week later, synaptic responses and the LTP persistence were assessed in DG of freely moving animals during 90 minutes to 7 days period. Novel object recognition, passive avoidance and spatial memories were also tested. In rats with EC amyloidopathy, LTP was induced with less amplitude compared to the control group, and extinguished after 24 h. PKMζ overexpression in DG augmented synaptic responses (PS-LTP amplitudes) and maintained LTP over 1 week. PKMζ ameliorated recognition and memory deficits in rats with EC amyloidopathy. Microinjection of PKMζ inhibitor, zeta inhibitory peptide, into the DG abolished the boosting effect of PKMζ on synaptic activity and memory performance. PKMζ-dependent pathway could be a potential therapeutic target to combat synaptic failure and memory deficit in the early phase of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Aliakbari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sayyah
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Niloufar Amini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Naghdi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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33
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Abstract
Stroke is a debilitating disease. Current effective therapies for stroke recovery are limited to neurorehabilitation. Most stroke recovery occurs in a limited and early time window. Many of the mechanisms of spontaneous recovery after stroke parallel mechanisms of normal learning and memory. While various efforts are in place to identify potential drug targets, an emerging approach is to understand biological correlates between learning and stroke recovery. This review assesses parallels between biological changes at the molecular, structural, and functional levels during learning and recovery after stroke, with a focus on drug and cellular targets for therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Teena Joy
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - S. Thomas Carmichael
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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34
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Li H, Xu G, Wu D, Li J, Cui J, Liu J. Effects of ethyl acetate extract from Coreopsis tinctoria on learning and memory impairment in d-galactose-induced aging mice and the underlying molecular mechanism. Food Funct 2021; 12:2531-2542. [PMID: 33621295 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo03293j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ethyl acetate extract from Coreopsis tinctoria (EACC) on learning and memory impairment in d-galactose-induced aging mice and the underlying molecular mechanism. The composition of EACC was analyzed by UPLC-MS, and the targets and pathways of EACC to improve learning and memory impairment were predicted and analyzed by the network pharmacology method. A mouse aging model was established by subcutaneous injection of d-galactose in mice, and EACC and piracetam were given to the model mice by gavage to observe their behavioral changes and changes in their SOD and GSH-Px activities in MDA contents in their peripheral blood serum and in the contents of Glu and GABA in their brain tissues. Then the hippocampus of the three mice selected from each of the MOD group and EACC-H group was separated for RT-qPCR assay. The results of the animal experiments showed that EACC could improve the learning and memory impairment of model mice by affecting the level of oxidative stress enzymes in serum and the content of neurotransmitters in the brain tissue. The results of network pharmacology analysis showed that the EACC components corresponded to 74 learning and memory-related targets, of which 13 were enriched in the long-term potentiation pathway. The results of RT-qPCR showed that 12 of the 13 detected targets were consistent with the predicted targets, and 9 of them were located in the NMDA receptor-related pathway of the long-term potentiation process and the pathway played an important regulatory role. It is believed that EACC could improve the learning and memory impairment of d-galactose-induced aging mice by acting on the nine targets Grin1, Grin2a, Camk2a, Camk2b, Kras, Raf1, Mapk1, Mapk3 and Creb to affect the NMDA receptor-related pathway of long-term potentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Li
- College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China.
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35
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Patel H, Zamani R. The role of PKMζ in the maintenance of long-term memory: a review. Rev Neurosci 2021; 32:481-494. [PMID: 33550786 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Long-term memories are thought to be stored in neurones and synapses that undergo physical changes, such as long-term potentiation (LTP), and these changes can be maintained for long periods of time. A candidate enzyme for the maintenance of LTP is protein kinase M zeta (PKMζ), a constitutively active protein kinase C isoform that is elevated during LTP and long-term memory maintenance. This paper reviews the evidence and controversies surrounding the role of PKMζ in the maintenance of long-term memory. PKMζ maintains synaptic potentiation by preventing AMPA receptor endocytosis and promoting stabilisation of dendritic spine growth. Inhibition of PKMζ, with zeta-inhibitory peptide (ZIP), can reverse LTP and impair established long-term memories. However, a deficit of memory retrieval cannot be ruled out. Furthermore, ZIP, and in high enough doses the control peptide scrambled ZIP, was recently shown to be neurotoxic, which may explain some of the effects of ZIP on memory impairment. PKMζ knockout mice show normal learning and memory. However, this is likely due to compensation by protein-kinase C iota/lambda (PKCι/λ), which is normally responsible for induction of LTP. It is not clear how, or if, this compensatory mechanism is activated under normal conditions. Future research should utilise inducible PKMζ knockdown in adult rodents to investigate whether PKMζ maintains memory in specific parts of the brain, or if it represents a global memory maintenance molecule. These insights may inform future therapeutic targets for disorders of memory loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish Patel
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Reza Zamani
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
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36
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Hsieh C, Tsokas P, Grau-Perales A, Lesburguères E, Bukai J, Khanna K, Chorny J, Chung A, Jou C, Burghardt NS, Denny CA, Flores-Obando RE, Hartley BR, Rodríguez Valencia LM, Hernández AI, Bergold PJ, Cottrell JE, Alarcon JM, Fenton AA, Sacktor TC. Persistent increases of PKMζ in memory-activated neurons trace LTP maintenance during spatial long-term memory storage. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:6795-6814. [PMID: 33540466 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PKMζ is an autonomously active PKC isoform crucial for the maintenance of synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term memory. Unlike other kinases that are transiently stimulated by second messengers, PKMζ is persistently activated through sustained increases in protein expression of the kinase. Therefore, visualizing increases in PKMζ expression during long-term memory storage might reveal the sites of its persistent action and thus the location of memory-associated LTP maintenance in the brain. Using quantitative immunohistochemistry validated by the lack of staining in PKMζ-null mice, we examined the amount and distribution of PKMζ in subregions of the hippocampal formation of wild-type mice during LTP maintenance and spatial long-term memory storage. During LTP maintenance in hippocampal slices, PKMζ increases in the pyramidal cell body and stimulated dendritic layers of CA1 for at least 2 hr. During spatial memory storage, PKMζ increases in CA1 pyramidal cells for at least 1 month, paralleling the persistence of the memory. During the initial expression of the memory, we tagged principal cells with immediate-early gene Arc promoter-driven transcription of fluorescent proteins. The subset of memory-tagged CA1 cells selectively increases expression of PKMζ during memory storage, and the increase persists in dendritic compartments within stratum radiatum for 1 month, indicating long-term storage of information in the CA3-to-CA1 pathway. We conclude that persistent increases in PKMζ trace the molecular mechanism of LTP maintenance and thus the sites of information storage within brain circuitry during long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchi Hsieh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Panayiotis Tsokas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Joseph Bukai
- Department of Pathology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Kunal Khanna
- Department of Pathology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Joelle Chorny
- Department of Pathology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Ain Chung
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Claudia Jou
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nesha S Burghardt
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christine A Denny
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Division of Systems Neuroscience, Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc, New York State Psychiatric Institute Kolb Research Annex, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rafael E Flores-Obando
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin Rush Hartley
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | | | - A Iván Hernández
- Department of Pathology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Peter J Bergold
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA.,Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - James E Cottrell
- Department of Anesthesiology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Juan Marcos Alarcon
- Department of Pathology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - André Antonio Fenton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA.,Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Todd Charlton Sacktor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA.,Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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Postreactivation mifepristone impairs generalization of strongly conditioned contextual fear memories. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:483-487. [PMID: 33199472 PMCID: PMC7670861 DOI: 10.1101/lm.052167.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of pharmacological disruption of fear memory reconsolidation depends on several factors, including memory strength and age. We built on previous observations that systemic treatment with the nootropic nefiracetam potentiates cued fear memory destabilization to facilitate mifepristone-induced reconsolidation impairment. Here, we applied nefiratecam and mifepristone to strongly conditioned, 1-wk-old contextual fear memories in male rats. Unexpectedly, the combined treatment did not result in impairment of contextual fear expression. However, mifepristone did reduce freezing to a novel context. These observations suggest that strong and established contextual fear memories do undergo destabilization without the need for pharmacological facilitation, and that impairments in strong context fear memory reconsolidation can manifest as a reduction in generalization.
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38
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Amini N, Azad RR, Motamedi F, Mirzapour-Delavar H, Ghasemi S, Aliakbari S, Pourbadie HG. Overexpression of protein kinase Mζ in the hippocampus mitigates Alzheimer's disease-related cognitive deficit in rats. Brain Res Bull 2020; 166:64-72. [PMID: 33188852 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) soluble forms in the cerebral parenchyma is the mainstream concept underlying memory deficit in the early phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD). PKMζ plays a critical role in the maintenance of long-term memory. Yet, the role of this brain-specific enzyme has not been addressed in AD. We examined the impact of hippocampal PKMζ overexpression on AD-related memory impairment in rats. Oligomeric form of Aβ (oAβ) or vehicle was bilaterally microinjected into the dorsal hippocampus of male Wistar rats under stereotaxic surgery. One week later, 2 μl of lentiviral vector (108 T.U. / ml.) encoding PKMζ genome was microinjected into the dorsal hippocampus. Seven days later, behavioral performance was assessed using shuttle box and Morris water maze. The expression levels of GluA1, GluA2 and KCC2 were determined in the hippocampus using western blot technique. Our data showed that oAβ impairs both passive avoidance and spatial learning and memory. However, overexpression of PKMζ in the dorsal hippocampus restored the behavioral performance. This improving effect was blocked by microinjection of ZIP, a PKMζ inhibitor, into the hippocampus. oAβ or PKMζ did not significantly change GluA1 level in the hippocampus. Furthermore, PKMζ failed to restore elevated KCC2 level induced by oAβ. However, oAβ decreased GluA2 level, and overexpression of PKMζ restored its expression toward the control level. In conclusion, hippocampal overexpression of PKMζ restored memory dysfunction induced by amyloidopathy in part, through preserving hippocampal GluA2 containing AMPA receptors. PKMζ's signaling pathway could be considered as a therapeutic target to battle memory deficits in the early phase of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Amini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Biotechnology Group of Chemical Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Roosta Azad
- Biotechnology Group of Chemical Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Motamedi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Soheil Ghasemi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shayan Aliakbari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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39
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Smolen P, Wood MA, Baxter DA, Byrne JH. Modeling suggests combined-drug treatments for disorders impairing synaptic plasticity via shared signaling pathways. J Comput Neurosci 2020; 49:37-56. [PMID: 33175283 DOI: 10.1007/s10827-020-00771-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Genetic disorders such as Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RTS) and Coffin-Lowry syndrome (CLS) cause lifelong cognitive disability, including deficits in learning and memory. Can pharmacological therapies be suggested that improve learning and memory in these disorders? To address this question, we simulated drug effects within a computational model describing induction of late long-term potentiation (L-LTP). Biochemical pathways impaired in these and other disorders converge on a common target, histone acetylation by acetyltransferases such as CREB binding protein (CBP), which facilitates gene induction necessary for L-LTP. We focused on four drug classes: tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) agonists, cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, and ampakines. Simulations suggested each drug type alone may rescue deficits in L-LTP. A potential disadvantage, however, was the necessity of simulating strong drug effects (high doses), which could produce adverse side effects. Thus, we investigated the effects of six drug pairs among the four classes described above. These combination treatments normalized impaired L-LTP with substantially smaller individual drug 'doses'. In addition three of these combinations, a TrkB agonist paired with an ampakine and a cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor paired with a TrkB agonist or an ampakine, exhibited strong synergism in L-LTP rescue. Therefore, we suggest these drug combinations are promising candidates for further empirical studies in animal models of genetic disorders that impair histone acetylation, L-LTP, and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Smolen
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Marcelo A Wood
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Douglas A Baxter
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - John H Byrne
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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40
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Chowdhury TG, Fenton AA, Aoki C. Effects of adolescent experience of food restriction and exercise on spatial learning and open field exploration of female rats. Hippocampus 2020; 31:170-188. [PMID: 33146453 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus carries out multiple functions: spatial cognition dorsally (DH) and regulation of emotionality-driven behavior ventrally (VH). Previously, we showed that dendrites of DH and VH pyramidal neurons of female rats are still developing robustly during adolescence and are altered by the experience of food restriction and voluntary exercise on a wheel. We tested whether such anatomical changes during adolescence impact anxiety-like behavior and spatial cognition. Four groups of female rats were evaluated for these behaviors: those with wheel access in its cage from postnatal day (P) 36-44 (EX); those with food access restricted to 1 hr per day, from P40 to 44 (FR); those with EX from P36 to 44, combined with FR from P40 to 44, which we will refer to as EX + FR; and controls, CON (no EX, no FR). Open field test for anxiety-like behavior and active place avoidance test for spatial cognition were conducted at P47-49, the age when food restricted animals have restored body weight, or at P54-56, to identify more enduring effects. Anxiety-like behavior was elevated for the EX and FR groups at P47-49 but not for the EX + FR group. By P54-56, the EX + FR and EX groups exhibited less anxiety-like behavior, indicating a beneficial delayed main effect of exercise. There was a beneficial main effect of food restriction upon cognition, as the FR group showed cognition superior to CONs' at P44-46 and P54-56, while the EX + FR animals also showed enhanced spatial learning at P54-56. EX + FR animals with best adaptation to the feeding schedule showed the best spatial learning performance but with a delay. The EX group exhibited only a transient improvement. These findings indicate that FR, EX, and EX + FR in mid-adolescence are all beneficial in reducing anxiety-like behavior and improving spatial cognition but with subtle differences in the timing of their manifestation, possibly reflecting the protracted maturation of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara G Chowdhury
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - André A Fenton
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chiye Aoki
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, USA
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41
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Song S, Kim J, Park K, Lee J, Park S, Lee S, Kim J, Hong I, Song B, Choi S. GSK-3β activation is required for ZIP-induced disruption of learned fear. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18227. [PMID: 33106552 PMCID: PMC7588416 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The myristoylated zeta inhibitory peptide (ZIP), which was originally developed as a protein kinase C/Mζ (PKCζ/PKMζ) inhibitor, is known to produce the loss of different forms of memories. However, ZIP induces memory loss even in the absence of PKMζ, and its mechanism of action, therefore, remains elusive. Here, through a kinome-wide screen, we found that glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β) was robustly activated by ZIP in vitro. ZIP induced depotentiation (a cellular substrate of memory erasure) of conditioning-induced potentiation at LA synapses, and the ZIP-induced depotentiation was prevented by a GSK-3β inhibitor, 6-bromoindirubin-3-acetoxime (BIO-acetoxime). Consistently, GSK-3β inhibition by BIO-acetoxime infusion or GSK-3β knockdown by GSK-3β shRNA in the LA attenuated ZIP-induced disruption of learned fear. Furthermore, conditioned fear was decreased by expression of a non-inhibitable form of GSK-3β in the LA. Our findings suggest that GSK-3β activation is a critical step for ZIP-induced disruption of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukwoon Song
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjoon Park
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Junghwa Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sewon Park
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukwon Lee
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyeon Kim
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ingie Hong
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Beomjong Song
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Sukwoo Choi
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Sharma M, Sajikumar S. G9a/GLP Complex Acts as a Bidirectional Switch to Regulate Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor-Dependent Plasticity in Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:2932-2946. [PMID: 29982412 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent long-term depression (mGluR-LTD) is conventionally considered to be solely dependent on local protein synthesis. Given the impact of epigenetics on memory, the intriguing question is whether epigenetic regulation influences mGluR-LTD as well. G9a/GLP histone lysine methyltransferase complex is crucial for brain development and goal-directed learning as well as for drug-addiction. In this study, we analyzed whether the epigenetic regulation by G9a/GLP complex affects mGluR-LTD in CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons of 5-7 weeks old male Wistar rats. In hippocampal slices with intact CA1 dendritic regions, inhibition of G9a/GLP activity abolished mGluR-LTD. The inhibition of this complex upregulated the expression of plasticity proteins like PKMζ, which mediated the prevention of mGluR-LTD expression by regulating the NSF-GluA2-mediated trafficking of AMPA receptors towards the postsynaptic site. G9a/GLP inhibition during the induction of mGluR-LTD also downregulated the protein levels of phosphorylated-GluA2 and Arc. Interestingly, G9a/GLP inhibition could not impede the mGluR-LTD when the cell-body was severed. Our study highlights the role of G9a/GLP complex in intact neuronal network as a bidirectional switch; when turned on, it facilitates the expression of mGluR-LTD, and when turned off, it promotes the expression of long-term potentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Sharma
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, MD9, Singapore, Singapore.,Neurobiology/Aging Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sreedharan Sajikumar
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, MD9, Singapore, Singapore.,Neurobiology/Aging Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, Singapore
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43
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Okuda K, Højgaard K, Privitera L, Bayraktar G, Takeuchi T. Initial memory consolidation and the synaptic tagging and capture hypothesis. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 54:6826-6849. [PMID: 32649022 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Everyday memories are retained automatically in the hippocampus and then decay very rapidly. Memory retention can be boosted when novel experiences occur shortly before or shortly after the time of memory encoding via a memory stabilization process called "initial memory consolidation." The dopamine release and new protein synthesis in the hippocampus during a novel experience are crucial for this novelty-induced memory boost. The mechanisms underlying initial memory consolidation are not well-understood, but the synaptic tagging and capture (STC) hypothesis provides a conceptual basis of synaptic plasticity events occurring during initial memory consolidation. In this review, we provide an overview of the STC hypothesis and its relevance to dopaminergic signalling, in order to explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying initial memory consolidation in the hippocampus. We summarize electrophysiological STC processes based on the evidence from two-pathway experiments and a behavioural tagging hypothesis, which translates the STC hypothesis into a related behavioural hypothesis. We also discuss the function of two types of molecules, "synaptic tags" and "plasticity-related proteins," which have a crucial role in the STC process and initial memory consolidation. We describe candidate molecules for the roles of synaptic tag and plasticity-related proteins and interpret their candidacy based on evidence from two-pathway experiments ex vivo, behavioural tagging experiments in vivo and recent cutting-edge optical imaging experiments. Lastly, we discuss the direction of future studies to advance our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying the STC process, which are critical for initial memory consolidation in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Okuda
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Højgaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lucia Privitera
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Gülberk Bayraktar
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Institut für Klinische Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tomonori Takeuchi
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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44
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Krishna-K K, Baby N, Raghuraman R, Navakkode S, Behnisch T, Sajikumar S. Regulation of aberrant proteasome activity re-establishes plasticity and long-term memory in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J 2020; 34:9466-9479. [PMID: 32459037 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902844rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Reduced retrograde memory performance at the cognitive level and aggregation/deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) in the brain at the cellular level are some of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). A molecular system that participates in the removal of proteins with an altered conformation is the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS). Impairments of the UPS in wild-type (WT) mice lead to defective clearance of Aβ and prevent long-term plasticity of synaptic transmission. Here we show data whereby in contrast to WT mice, the inhibition of proteasome-mediated protein degradation in an animal model of AD by MG132 or lactacystin restores impaired activity-dependent synaptic plasticity and its associative interaction, synaptic tagging and capture (STC) in vitro, as well as associative long-term memory in vivo. This augmentation of synaptic plasticity and memory is mediated by the mTOR pathway and protein synthesis. Our data offer novel insights into the rebalancing of proteins relevant for synaptic plasticity which are regulated by UPS in AD-like animal models. In addition, the data provide evidence that proteasome inhibitors might be effective in reinstating synaptic plasticity and memory performance in AD, and therefore offer a new potential therapeutic option for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Krishna-K
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nimmi Baby
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Radha Raghuraman
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sheeja Navakkode
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thomas Behnisch
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sreedharan Sajikumar
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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George NC, Laferrière A, Coderre TJ. Sex differences in the contributions of spinal atypical PKCs and downstream targets to the maintenance of nociceptive sensitization. Mol Pain 2020; 15:1744806919840582. [PMID: 30857476 PMCID: PMC6537080 DOI: 10.1177/1744806919840582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic pain has been shown to depend on nociceptive sensitization in the spinal cord, and while multiple mechanisms involved in the initiation of plastic changes have been established, the molecular targets which maintain spinal nociceptive sensitization are still largely unknown. Building upon the established neurobiology underlying the maintenance of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus, this present study investigated the contributions of spinal atypical protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms PKCι/λ and PKMζ and their downstream targets (p62/GluA1 and NSF/GluA2 interactions, respectively) to the maintenance of spinal nociceptive sensitization in male and female rats. Results Pharmacological inhibition of atypical PKCs by ZIP reversed established allodynia produced by repeated intramuscular acidic saline injections in male animals only, replicating previously demonstrated sex differences. Inhibition of both PKCι/λ and downstream substrates p62/GluA1 resulted in male-specific reversals of intramuscular acidic saline-induced allodynia, while female animals continued to display allodynia. Inhibition of NSF/GluA2, the downstream target to PKMζ, reversed allodynia induced by intramuscular acidic saline in both sexes. Neither PKCι/λ, p62/GluA1 or NSF/GluA2 inhibition had any effect on formalin response for either sex. Conclusion This study provides novel behavioural evidence for the male-specific role of PKCι/λ and downstream target p62/GluA1, highlighting the potential influence of ongoing afferent input. The sexually divergent pathways underlying persistent pain are shown here to converge at the interaction between NSF and the GluA2 subunit of the AMPA receptor. Although this interaction is thought to be downstream of PKMζ in males, these findings and previous work suggest that females may rely on a factor independent of atypical PKCs for the maintenance of spinal nociceptive sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C George
- 1 Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, Montreal, QC, Canada.,2 Integrated Program in Neuroscience, Montreal, QC, Canada.,3 Department of Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - André Laferrière
- 1 Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, Montreal, QC, Canada.,3 Department of Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Terence J Coderre
- 1 Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, Montreal, QC, Canada.,2 Integrated Program in Neuroscience, Montreal, QC, Canada.,3 Department of Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Role of prelimbic cortex PKC and PKMζ in fear memory reconsolidation and persistence following reactivation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4076. [PMID: 32139711 PMCID: PMC7057960 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of newly acquired memories is supported by the activity of PKMζ, an atypical isoform of protein kinase C (PKC). Whether the activity of conventional and atypical PKC isoforms contributes to reactivated memories to persist is still unknown. Similarly, whether memory reactivation is a prerequisite for interventions to be able to change memory persistence is scarcely investigated. Based on the above, we examined the role of conventional and atypical PKC isoforms in the prelimbic cortex in reconsolidation and persistence of a reactivated contextual fear memory in male Wistar rats. It is shown that (i) inhibiting the PKC activity with chelerythrine or the PKMζ activity with ZIP impaired the persistence of a reactivated memory for at least 21 days; (ii) ZIP given immediately after memory reactivation affected neither the reconsolidation nor the persistence process. In contrast, when given 1 h later, it impaired the memory persistence; (iii) chelerythrine given immediately after memory reactivation impaired the reconsolidation; (iv) omitting memory reactivation prevented the chelerythrine- and ZIP-induced effects: (v) the ZIP action is independent of the time elapsed between its administration and the initial memory test. The results indicate that prelimbic cortex PKC and PKMζ are involved in memory reconsolidation and persistence.
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Hardt O, Sossin WS. Terminological and Epistemological Issues in Current Memory Research. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 12:336. [PMID: 32038166 PMCID: PMC6987036 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of observations in recent years demonstrates that across all levels of organization, memory is inherently fluid. On the cognitive-behavioral level, the innocent act of remembering can irrevocably alter the contents of established long-term memories, while the content of dormant long-term memories that is deemed irrelevant, superfluous, or limiting may be pragmatically erased or suppressed. On the cellular level, the proteins implementing the molecular alterations underpinning memories are in a constant state of flux, with proteins being turned over, translocated, reconfigured, substituted, and replaced. Yet, the general perception of memory, and the words used to describe it, suggest a static system characterized by the goal of preserving records of past experiences with high fidelity, in contrast to the reality of an inherently adaptive system purposed to enable survival in a changing world with a pragmatic disregard for the fate of acquired memories. Here, we examine present memory terminology and how it corresponds to our actual understanding of the molecules, cells, and systems underlying memory. We will identify where terms lead us astray and line out possible ways to reform memory nomenclature to better fit the true nature of memory as we begin to know it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Hardt
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,The Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain and The Patrick Wild Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Wayne S Sossin
- The Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Tsokas P, Rivard B, Hsieh C, Cottrell JE, Fenton AA, Sacktor TC. Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotide Perfusion Blocks Gene Expression of Synaptic Plasticity-related Proteins without Inducing Compensation in Hippocampal Slices. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3387. [PMID: 31803793 PMCID: PMC6892586 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of long-term synaptic plasticity has been hindered by both the compensation that can occur after chronic loss of the core plasticity molecules and by ex vivo conditions that may not reproduce in vivo plasticity. Here we describe a novel method to rapidly suppress gene expression by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) applied to rodent brain slices in an "Oslo-type" interface chamber. The method has three advantageous features: 1) rapid blockade of new synthesis of the targeted proteins that avoids genetic compensation, 2) efficient oxygenation of the brain slice, which is critical for reproducing in vivo conditions of long-term synaptic plasticity, and 3) a recirculation system that uses only small volumes of bath solution (< 5 ml), reducing the amount of reagents required for long-term experiments lasting many hours. The method employs a custom-made recirculation system involving piezoelectric micropumps and was first used for the acute translational blockade of protein kinase Mζ (PKMζ) synthesis during long-term potentiation (LTP) by Tsokas et al., 2016. In that study, applying antisense-ODN rapidly prevents the synthesis of PKMζ and blocks late-LTP without inducing the compensation by other protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms that occurs in PKCζ/PKMζ knockout mice. In addition, we show that in a low-oxygenation submersion-type chamber, applications of the atypical PKC inhibitor, zeta inhibitory peptide (ZIP), can result in unstable baseline synaptic transmission, but in the high-oxygenation, "Oslo-type" interface electrophysiology chamber, the drug reverses late-LTP without affecting baseline synaptic transmission. This comparison reveals that the interface chamber, but not the submersion chamber, reproduces the effects of ZIP in vivo. Therefore, the protocol combines the ability to acutely block new synthesis of specific proteins for the study of long-term synaptic plasticity, while maintaining properties of synaptic transmission that reproduce in vivo conditions relevant for long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayiotis Tsokas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, United States
| | - Bruno Rivard
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, United States
| | - Changchi Hsieh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, United States
| | - James E. Cottrell
- Department of Anesthesiology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, United States
| | - André Antonio Fenton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, United States
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Todd Charlton Sacktor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, United States
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, United States
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Reversing Cocaine-Induced Plasticity with Zeta Inhibitory Peptide. J Neurosci 2019; 39:7801-7809. [PMID: 31409665 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1367-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine-induced plasticity persists during abstinence and is thought to underlie cue-evoked craving. Reversing this plasticity could provide an opportunity for therapeutic intervention. Converging evidence suggest that zeta inhibitory peptide (ZIP) eliminates memories for experience-dependent behaviors, including conditioned drug associations. However, the effect of ZIP on reward seeking and drug-induced plasticity is unknown. The current study examined the effect of ZIP administration in the nucleus accumbens on reinstatement (RI) of cocaine seeking, a rodent model of relapse. We demonstrate that intra-accumbal ZIP administration blocks cocaine-primed RI in rats when administered 24 h or 1 week before testing. These effects of ZIP on drug seeking are specific, as we did not see any effect of ZIP on RI of sucrose seeking. ZIP is a synthetic compound designed to inhibit the atypical PKC, PKMζ, a protein implicated in learning and memory. However, recent evidence from PKMζ-knock-out (KO) mice suggests that ZIP may function through alternative mechanisms. In support of this, we found that ZIP was able to block cue-induced RI in PKMζ-KO mice. One possible mechanism underlying addictive phenotypes is the ability of cocaine to block further plasticity. We hypothesized that ZIP may be working to reverse this anaplasticity. Although ZIP has no effect on accumbal LTD in slices from naive or yoked saline mice, it is able to restore both NMDA-dependent and mGluR5-dependent LTD in animals after cocaine self-administration and withdrawal. These findings demonstrate that intra-accumbal ZIP persistently reverses cocaine-induced behavioral and synaptic plasticity in male and female rodents.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Zeta-inhibitory peptide (ZIP) has been shown to disrupt memory maintenance for experience-dependent behaviors. We examined the effect of ZIP infused into the nucleus accumbens on the reinstatement (RI) of cocaine seeking. We found that intra-accumbal ZIP blocked RI of cocaine seeking 24 h and 1 week later. This effect was specific to RI of cocaine seeking as ZIP did not disrupt RI of food seeking. In conjunction with these behavioral studies we examined the ability of ZIP to reverse cocaine-induced deficits in LTD. We found that ZIP was able to rescue two forms of LTD in cocaine-experienced mice. These studies demonstrate that ZIP is able to reverse cocaine-induced behavioral and synaptic plasticity in a persistent manner.
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aPKC in neuronal differentiation, maturation and function. Neuronal Signal 2019; 3:NS20190019. [PMID: 32269838 PMCID: PMC7104321 DOI: 10.1042/ns20190019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The atypical Protein Kinase Cs (aPKCs)—PRKCI, PRKCZ and PKMζ—form a subfamily within the Protein Kinase C (PKC) family. These kinases are expressed in the nervous system, including during its development and in adulthood. One of the aPKCs, PKMζ, appears to be restricted to the nervous system. aPKCs are known to play a role in a variety of cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, polarity, migration, survival and key metabolic functions such as glucose uptake, that are critical for nervous system development and function. Therefore, these kinases have garnered a lot of interest in terms of their functional role in the nervous system. Here we review the expression and function of aPKCs in neural development and in neuronal maturation and function. Despite seemingly paradoxical findings with genetic deletion versus gene silencing approaches, we posit that aPKCs are likely candidates for regulating many important neurodevelopmental and neuronal functions, and may be associated with a number of human neuropsychiatric diseases.
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