1
|
Kasirer S, Sprinzak D. Interplay between Notch signaling and mechanical forces during developmental patterning processes. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 91:102444. [PMID: 39608232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 10/03/2024] [Accepted: 10/30/2024] [Indexed: 11/30/2024]
Abstract
The coordination between biochemical signals and cell mechanics has emerged in recent years as a crucial mechanism driving developmental patterning processes across a variety of developing and homeostatic systems. An important class of such developmental processes relies on local communication between neighboring cells through Notch signaling. Here, we review how the coordination between Notch-mediated differentiation and cell mechanics can give rise to unique cellular patterns. We discuss how global and local mechanical cues can affect, and be affected by, cellular differentiation and reorganization controlled by Notch signaling. We compare recent studies of such developmental processes, including the mammalian inner ear, Drosophila ommatidia, intestinal organoids, and zebrafish myocardium, to draw shared general concepts and their broader implications in biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Kasirer
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel; Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - David Sprinzak
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lipovsek M. Comparative biology of the amniote vestibular utricle. Hear Res 2024; 448:109035. [PMID: 38763033 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2024.109035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The sensory epithelia of the auditory and vestibular systems of vertebrates have shared developmental and evolutionary histories. However, while the auditory epithelia show great variation across vertebrates, the vestibular sensory epithelia appear seemingly more conserved. An exploration of the current knowledge of the comparative biology of the amniote utricle, a vestibular sensory epithelium that senses linear acceleration, shows interesting instances of variability between birds and mammals. The distribution of sensory hair cell types, the position of the line of hair bundle polarity reversal and the properties of supporting cells show marked differences, likely impacting vestibular function and hair cell regeneration potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Lipovsek
- Ear Institute, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Benkafadar N, Sato MP, Ling AH, Janesick A, Scheibinger M, Jan TA, Heller S. An essential signaling cascade for avian auditory hair cell regeneration. Dev Cell 2024; 59:280-291.e5. [PMID: 38128539 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Hearing loss is a chronic disease affecting millions of people worldwide, yet no restorative treatment options are available. Although non-mammalian species can regenerate their auditory sensory hair cells, mammals cannot. Birds retain facultative stem cells known as supporting cells that engage in proliferative regeneration when surrounding hair cells die. Here, we investigated gene expression changes in chicken supporting cells during auditory hair cell death. This identified a pathway involving the receptor F2RL1, HBEGF, EGFR, and ERK signaling. We propose a cascade starting with the proteolytic activation of F2RL1, followed by matrix-metalloprotease-mediated HBEGF shedding, and culminating in EGFR-mediated ERK signaling. Each component of this cascade is essential for supporting cell S-phase entry in vivo and is integral for hair cell regeneration. Furthermore, STAT3-phosphorylation converges with this signaling toward upregulation of transcription factors ATF3, FOSL2, and CREM. Our findings could provide a basis for designing treatments for hearing and balance disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Benkafadar
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Mitsuo P Sato
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Angela H Ling
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Amanda Janesick
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mirko Scheibinger
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Taha A Jan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Stefan Heller
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hewitt MN, Cruz IA, Raible DW. Spherical harmonics analysis reveals cell shape-fate relationships in zebrafish lateral line neuromasts. Development 2024; 151:dev202251. [PMID: 38276966 PMCID: PMC10905750 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Cell shape is a powerful readout of cell state, fate and function. We describe a custom workflow to perform semi-automated, 3D cell and nucleus segmentation, and spherical harmonics and principal components analysis to distill cell and nuclear shape variation into discrete biologically meaningful parameters. We apply these methods to analyze shape in the neuromast cells of the zebrafish lateral line system, finding that shapes vary with cell location and identity. The distinction between hair cells and support cells accounted for much of the variation, which allowed us to train classifiers to predict cell identity from shape features. Using transgenic markers for support cell subpopulations, we found that subtypes had different shapes from each other. To investigate how loss of a neuromast cell type altered cell shape distributions, we examined atoh1a mutants that lack hair cells. We found that mutant neuromasts lacked the cell shape phenotype associated with hair cells, but did not exhibit a mutant-specific cell shape. Our results demonstrate the utility of using 3D cell shape features to characterize, compare and classify cells in a living developing organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine N. Hewitt
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Iván A. Cruz
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David W. Raible
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Matern MS, Durruthy-Durruthy R, Birol O, Darmanis S, Scheibinger M, Groves AK, Heller S. Transcriptional dynamics of delaminating neuroblasts in the mouse otic vesicle. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112545. [PMID: 37227818 PMCID: PMC10592509 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
An abundance of research has recently highlighted the susceptibility of cochleovestibular ganglion (CVG) neurons to noise damage and aging in the adult cochlea, resulting in hearing deficits. Furthering our understanding of the transcriptional cascades that contribute to CVG development may provide insight into how these cells can be regenerated to treat inner ear dysfunction. Here we perform a high-depth single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of the E10.5 otic vesicle and its surrounding tissues, including CVG precursor neuroblasts and emerging CVG neurons. Clustering and trajectory analysis of otic-lineage cells reveals otic markers and the changes in gene expression that occur from neuroblast delamination toward the development of the CVG. This dataset provides a valuable resource for further identifying the mechanisms associated with CVG development from neurosensory competent cells within the otic vesicle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maggie S Matern
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert Durruthy-Durruthy
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Onur Birol
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Spyros Darmanis
- Departments of Bioengineering and Applied Physics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mirko Scheibinger
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrew K Groves
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stefan Heller
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lu X, Yu H, Ma J, Wang K, Guo L, Zhang Y, Li B, Zhao Z, Li H, Sun S. Loss of Mst1/2 activity promotes non-mitotic hair cell generation in the neonatal organ of Corti. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:64. [PMID: 36280668 PMCID: PMC9592590 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00261-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian sensory hair cells (HCs) have limited capacity for regeneration, which leads to permanent hearing loss after HC death. Here, we used in vitro RNA-sequencing to show that the Hippo signaling pathway is involved in HC damage and self-repair processes. Turning off Hippo signaling through Mst1/2 inhibition or Yap overexpression induces YAP nuclear accumulation, especially in supporting cells, which induces supernumerary HC production and HC regeneration after injury. Mechanistically, these effects of Hippo signaling work synergistically with the Notch pathway. Importantly, the supernumerary HCs not only express HC markers, but also have cilia structures that are able to form neural connections to auditory regions in vivo. Taken together, regulating Hippo suggests new strategies for promoting cochlear supporting cell proliferation, HC regeneration, and reconnection with neurons in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Lu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Fudan University, 200031 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Huiqian Yu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Fudan University, 200031 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jiaoyao Ma
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Fudan University, 200031 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Kunkun Wang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Fudan University, 200031 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Luo Guo
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Fudan University, 200031 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Fudan University, 200031 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Boan Li
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233Xiamen University School of Life Sciences, 361100 Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Zehang Zhao
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233Xiamen University School of Life Sciences, 361100 Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Huawei Li
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Fudan University, 200031 Shanghai, P. R. China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, P. R. China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Sun
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Fudan University, 200031 Shanghai, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Developing organs are shaped, in part, by physical interaction with their environment in the embryo. In recent years, technical advances in live-cell imaging and material science have greatly expanded our understanding of the mechanical forces driving organ formation. Here, we provide a broad overview of the types of forces generated during embryonic development and then focus on a subset of organs underlying our senses: the eyes, inner ears, nose and skin. The epithelia in these organs emerge from a common origin: the ectoderm germ layer; yet, they arrive at unique and complex forms over developmental time. We discuss exciting recent animal studies that show a crucial role for mechanical forces in, for example, the thickening of sensory placodes, the coiling of the cochlea and the lengthening of hair. Finally, we discuss how microfabricated organoid systems can now provide unprecedented insights into the physical principles of human development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anh Phuong Le
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jin Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karl R. Koehler
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Huang Y, Mao H, Chen Y. Regeneration of Hair Cells in the Human Vestibular System. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:854635. [PMID: 35401109 PMCID: PMC8987309 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.854635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The vestibular system is a critical part of the human balance system, malfunction of this system will lead to balance disorders, such as vertigo. Mammalian vestibular hair cells, the mechanical receptors for vestibular function, are sensitive to ototoxic drugs and virus infection, and have a limited restorative capacity after damage. Considering that no artificial device can be used to replace vestibular hair cells, promoting vestibular hair cell regeneration is an ideal way for vestibular function recovery. In this manuscript, the development of human vestibular hair cells during the whole embryonic stage and the latest research on human vestibular hair cell regeneration is summarized. The limitations of current studies are emphasized and future directions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yikang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye and ENT Hospital, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, ENT Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanyu Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye and ENT Hospital, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, ENT Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye and ENT Hospital, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, ENT Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Chen,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cohen R, Sprinzak D. Mechanical forces shaping the development of the inner ear. Biophys J 2021; 120:4142-4148. [PMID: 34242589 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The inner ear is one of the most complex structures in the mammalian body. Embedded within it are the hearing and balance sensory organs that contain arrays of hair cells that serve as sensors of sound and acceleration. Within the sensory organs, these hair cells are prototypically arranged in regular mosaic patterns. The development of such complex, yet precise, patterns require the coordination of differentiation, growth, and morphogenesis, both at the tissue and cellular scales. In recent years, there is accumulating evidence that mechanical forces at the tissue, the cellular, and the subcellular scales coordinate the development and organization of this remarkable organ. Here, we review recent works that reveal how such mechanical forces shape the inner ear, control its size, and establish regular cellular patterns. The insights learned from studying how mechanical forces drive the inner ear development are relevant for many other developmental systems in which precise cellular patterns are essential for their function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roie Cohen
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; The Center for Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - David Sprinzak
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; The Center for Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jan TA, Eltawil Y, Ling AH, Chen L, Ellwanger DC, Heller S, Cheng AG. Spatiotemporal dynamics of inner ear sensory and non-sensory cells revealed by single-cell transcriptomics. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109358. [PMID: 34260939 PMCID: PMC8378666 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The utricle is a vestibular sensory organ that requires mechanosensitive hair cells to detect linear acceleration. In neonatal mice, new hair cells are derived from non-sensory supporting cells, yet cell type diversity and mechanisms of cell addition remain poorly characterized. Here, we perform computational analyses on single-cell transcriptomes to categorize cell types and resolve 14 individual sensory and non-sensory subtypes. Along the periphery of the sensory epithelium, we uncover distinct groups of transitional epithelial cells, marked by Islr, Cnmd, and Enpep expression. By reconstructing de novo trajectories and gene dynamics, we show that as the utricle expands, Islr+ transitional epithelial cells exhibit a dynamic and proliferative phase to generate new supporting cells, followed by coordinated differentiation into hair cells. Taken together, our study reveals a sequential and coordinated process by which non-sensory epithelial cells contribute to growth of the postnatal mouse sensory epithelium. The postnatal mouse utricle expands by more than 35% and doubles its number of hair cells during the first 8 days. Using single-cell transcriptomics, Jan et al. show that the surrounding transitional epithelial cells proliferate and contribute to the expansion of the sensory epithelium through a stepwise differentiation mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taha A Jan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Yasmin Eltawil
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Angela H Ling
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Leon Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel C Ellwanger
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Stefan Heller
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Alan G Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kastan N, Gnedeva K, Alisch T, Petelski AA, Huggins DJ, Chiaravalli J, Aharanov A, Shakked A, Tzahor E, Nagiel A, Segil N, Hudspeth AJ. Small-molecule inhibition of Lats kinases may promote Yap-dependent proliferation in postmitotic mammalian tissues. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3100. [PMID: 34035288 PMCID: PMC8149661 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23395-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hippo signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that restricts growth and regeneration predominantly by suppressing the activity of the transcriptional coactivator Yap. Using a high-throughput phenotypic screen, we identified a potent and non-toxic activator of Yap. In vitro kinase assays show that the compound acts as an ATP-competitive inhibitor of Lats kinases-the core enzymes in Hippo signaling. The substance prevents Yap phosphorylation and induces proliferation of supporting cells in the murine inner ear, murine cardiomyocytes, and human Müller glia in retinal organoids. RNA sequencing indicates that the inhibitor reversibly activates the expression of transcriptional Yap targets: upon withdrawal, a subset of supporting-cell progeny exits the cell cycle and upregulates genes characteristic of sensory hair cells. Our results suggest that the pharmacological inhibition of Lats kinases may promote initial stages of the proliferative regeneration of hair cells, a process thought to be permanently suppressed in the adult mammalian inner ear.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Ependymoglial Cells/cytology
- Ependymoglial Cells/drug effects
- Ependymoglial Cells/metabolism
- HEK293 Cells
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner/cytology
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner/drug effects
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myocytes, Cardiac/cytology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Small Molecule Libraries/pharmacology
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
- YAP-Signaling Proteins
- Mice
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Kastan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Sensory Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ksenia Gnedeva
- Tina and Rick Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angles, CA, USA.
| | - Theresa Alisch
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Sensory Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aleksandra A Petelski
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Sensory Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David J Huggins
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeanne Chiaravalli
- High-Throughput Screening Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Alla Aharanov
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Avraham Shakked
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eldad Tzahor
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aaron Nagiel
- Department of Surgery Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Vision Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Neil Segil
- Tina and Rick Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angles, CA, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angles, CA, USA
| | - A J Hudspeth
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Sensory Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Stabenau KA, Zimmermann MT, Mathison A, Zeighami A, Samuels TL, Chun RH, Papsin BC, McCormick ME, Johnston N, Kerschner JE. RNA Sequencing and Pathways Analyses of Middle Ear Epithelia From Patients With Otitis Media. Laryngoscope 2021; 131:2590-2597. [PMID: 33844317 DOI: 10.1002/lary.29551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Otitis media (OM) is the most common pediatric diagnosis in the United States. However, our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of OM remains relatively poor. Investigation of molecular pathways involved in OM may improve the understanding of this disease process and elucidate novel therapeutic targets. In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was used to discern cellular changes associated with OME compared to healthy middle ear epithelium (MEE). STUDY DESIGN Ex vivo case-control translational. METHODS Middle ear epithelia was collected from five pediatric patients diagnosed with OME undergoing tympanostomy tube placement and five otherwise healthy pediatric patients undergoing cochlear implantation. Specimens underwent RNA-Seq and pathways analyses. RESULTS A total of 1,292 genes exhibited differential expression in MEE from OME patients compared to controls including genes involved in inflammation, immune response to bacterial OM pathogens, mucociliary clearance, regulation of proliferation and transformation, and auditory cell differentiation. Top networks identified in OME were organismal injury and abnormalities, cell morphology, and auditory disease. Top Ingenuity canonical pathways identified were axonal guidance signaling, which contains genes associated with auditory development and disease and nicotine degradation II and III pathways. Associated upstream regulators included β-estradiol, dexamethasone, and G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor-1 (GPER1), which are associated with otoprotection or inflammation during insult. CONCLUSIONS RNA-Seq demonstrates differential gene expression in MEE from patients with OME compared to healthy controls with important implications for infection susceptibility, hearing loss, and a role for tobacco exposure in the development and/or severity of OME in pediatric patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 2021.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaleigh A Stabenau
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Michael T Zimmermann
- Bioinformatics Research and Development Laboratory, Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A.,Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Angela Mathison
- Bioinformatics Research and Development Laboratory, Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Atefeh Zeighami
- Bioinformatics Research and Development Laboratory, Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Tina L Samuels
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Robert H Chun
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Blake C Papsin
- Archie's Cochlear Implant Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael E McCormick
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Nikki Johnston
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | - Joseph E Kerschner
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Benkafadar N, Janesick A, Scheibinger M, Ling AH, Jan TA, Heller S. Transcriptomic characterization of dying hair cells in the avian cochlea. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108902. [PMID: 33761357 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory hair cells are prone to apoptosis caused by various drugs including aminoglycoside antibiotics. In mammals, this vulnerability results in permanent hearing loss because lost hair cells are not regenerated. Conversely, hair cells regenerate in birds, making the avian inner ear an exquisite model for studying ototoxicity and regeneration. Here, we use single-cell RNA sequencing and trajectory analysis on control and dying hair cells after aminoglycoside treatment. Interestingly, the two major subtypes of avian cochlear hair cells, tall and short hair cells, respond differently. Dying short hair cells show a noticeable transient upregulation of many more genes than tall hair cells. The most prominent gene group identified is associated with potassium ion conductances, suggesting distinct physiological differences. Moreover, the dynamic characterization of >15,000 genes expressed in tall and short avian hair cells during their apoptotic demise comprises a resource for further investigations toward mammalian hair cell protection and hair cell regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Benkafadar
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Amanda Janesick
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mirko Scheibinger
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Angela H Ling
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Taha A Jan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Stefan Heller
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Borse V, Barton M, Arndt H, Kaur T, Warchol ME. Dynamic patterns of YAP1 expression and cellular localization in the developing and injured utricle. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2140. [PMID: 33495483 PMCID: PMC7835353 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77775-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway is a key regulator of tissue development and regeneration. Activation of the Hippo pathway leads to nuclear translocation of the YAP1 transcriptional coactivator, resulting in changes in gene expression and cell cycle entry. Recent studies have demonstrated the nuclear translocation of YAP1 during the development of the sensory organs of the inner ear, but the possible role of YAP1 in sensory regeneration of the inner ear is unclear. The present study characterized the cellular localization of YAP1 in the utricles of mice and chicks, both under normal conditions and after HC injury. During neonatal development, YAP1 expression was observed in the cytoplasm of supporting cells, and was transiently expressed in the cytoplasm of some differentiating hair cells. We also observed temporary nuclear translocation of YAP1 in supporting cells of the mouse utricle after short periods in organotypic culture. However, little or no nuclear translocation of YAP1 was observed in the utricles of neonatal or mature mice after ototoxic injury. In contrast, substantial YAP1 nuclear translocation was observed in the chicken utricle after streptomycin treatment in vitro and in vivo. Together, these data suggest that differences in YAP1 signaling may partially account for the differing regenerative abilities of the avian vs. mammalian inner ear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant Borse
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, 660 South Euclid Ave, Box 8115, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Matthew Barton
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, 660 South Euclid Ave, Box 8115, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Harry Arndt
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, 660 South Euclid Ave, Box 8115, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Tejbeer Kaur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, Nebraska, USA
| | - Mark E Warchol
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, 660 South Euclid Ave, Box 8115, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Matsunaga M, Kita T, Yamamoto R, Yamamoto N, Okano T, Omori K, Sakamoto S, Nakagawa T. Initiation of Supporting Cell Activation for Hair Cell Regeneration in the Avian Auditory Epithelium: An Explant Culture Model. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:583994. [PMID: 33281558 PMCID: PMC7688741 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.583994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensorineural hearing loss is a common disability often caused by the loss of sensory hair cells in the cochlea. Hair cell (HCs) regeneration has long been the main target for the development of novel therapeutics for sensorineural hearing loss. In the mammalian cochlea, hair cell regeneration is limited, but the auditory epithelia of non-mammalian organisms retain the capacity for hair cell regeneration. In the avian basilar papilla (BP), supporting cells (SCs), which give rise to regenerated hair cells, are usually quiescent. Hair cell loss induces both direct transdifferentiation and mitotic division of supporting cells. Here, we established an explant culture model for hair cell regeneration in chick basilar papillae and validated it for investigating the initial phase of hair cell regeneration. The histological assessment demonstrated hair cell regeneration via direct transdifferentiation of supporting cells. Labeling with 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) revealed the occurrence of mitotic division in the supporting cells at specific locations in the basilar papillae, while no EdU labeling was observed in newly generated hair cells. RNA sequencing indicated alterations in known signaling pathways associated with hair cell regeneration, consistent with previous findings. Also, unbiased analyses of RNA sequencing data revealed novel genes and signaling pathways that may be related to the induction of supporting cell activation in the chick basilar papillae. These results indicate the advantages of our explant culture model of the chick basilar papillae for exploring the molecular mechanisms of hair cell regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mami Matsunaga
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kita
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Yamamoto
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norio Yamamoto
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Okano
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Omori
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tallandier V, Merlen L, Boucard S, Thomas A, Venet T, Chalansonnet M, Gauchard G, Campo P, Pouyatos B. Styrene alters potassium endolymphatic concentration in a model of cultured utricle explants. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 67:104915. [PMID: 32540163 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite well-documented neurotoxic and ototoxic properties, styrene remains commonly used in industry. Its effects on the cochlea have been extensively studied in animals, and epidemiological and animal evidence indicates an impact on balance. However, its influence on the peripheral vestibular receptor has yet to be investigated. Here, we assessed the vestibulotoxicity of styrene using an in vitro model, consisting of three-dimensional cultured newborn rat utricles filled with a high‑potassium (K+) endolymph-like fluid, called "cysts". K+ entry in the cyst ("influx") and its exit ("efflux") are controlled by secretory cells and hair cells, respectively. The vestibular epithelium's functionality is thus linked to K+ concentration, measured using a microelectrode. Known inhibitors of K+ efflux and influx validated the model. Cysts were subsequently exposed to styrene (0.25; 0.5; 0.75 and 1 mM) for 2 h or 72 h. The decrease in K+ concentration measured after both exposure durations was dose-dependent, and significant from 0.75 mM styrene. Vacuoles were visible in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells from 0.5 mM after 2 h and from 0.25 mM after 72 h. The results presented here are the first evidence that styrene may deregulate K+ homeostasis in the endolymphatic space, thereby altering the functionality of the vestibular receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Tallandier
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519 Vandœuvre, Cedex, France; DevAH EA 3450 - Développement, Adaptation et Handicap, Régulations cardio-respiratoires et de la motricité-Université de Lorraine, F-54500 Vandœuvre, France
| | - L Merlen
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519 Vandœuvre, Cedex, France
| | - S Boucard
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519 Vandœuvre, Cedex, France
| | - A Thomas
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519 Vandœuvre, Cedex, France
| | - T Venet
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519 Vandœuvre, Cedex, France; DevAH EA 3450 - Développement, Adaptation et Handicap, Régulations cardio-respiratoires et de la motricité-Université de Lorraine, F-54500 Vandœuvre, France
| | - M Chalansonnet
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519 Vandœuvre, Cedex, France.
| | - G Gauchard
- DevAH EA 3450 - Développement, Adaptation et Handicap, Régulations cardio-respiratoires et de la motricité-Université de Lorraine, F-54500 Vandœuvre, France
| | - P Campo
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519 Vandœuvre, Cedex, France; DevAH EA 3450 - Développement, Adaptation et Handicap, Régulations cardio-respiratoires et de la motricité-Université de Lorraine, F-54500 Vandœuvre, France
| | - B Pouyatos
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519 Vandœuvre, Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Organ of Corti size is governed by Yap/Tead-mediated progenitor self-renewal. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:13552-13561. [PMID: 32482884 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000175117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise control of organ growth and patterning is executed through a balanced regulation of progenitor self-renewal and differentiation. In the auditory sensory epithelium-the organ of Corti-progenitor cells exit the cell cycle in a coordinated wave between E12.5 and E14.5 before the initiation of sensory receptor cell differentiation, making it a unique system for studying the molecular mechanisms controlling the switch between proliferation and differentiation. Here we identify the Yap/Tead complex as a key regulator of the self-renewal gene network in organ of Corti progenitor cells. We show that Tead transcription factors bind directly to the putative regulatory elements of many stemness- and cell cycle-related genes. We also show that the Tead coactivator protein, Yap, is degraded specifically in the Sox2-positive domain of the cochlear duct, resulting in down-regulation of Tead gene targets. Further, conditional loss of the Yap gene in the inner ear results in the formation of significantly smaller auditory and vestibular sensory epithelia, while conditional overexpression of a constitutively active version of Yap, Yap5SA, is sufficient to prevent cell cycle exit and to prolong sensory tissue growth. We also show that viral gene delivery of Yap5SA in the postnatal inner ear sensory epithelia in vivo drives cell cycle reentry after hair cell loss. Taken together, these data highlight the key role of the Yap/Tead transcription factor complex in maintaining inner ear progenitors during development, and suggest new strategies to induce sensory cell regeneration.
Collapse
|
18
|
Rudolf MA, Andreeva A, Kozlowski MM, Kim CE, Moskowitz BA, Anaya-Rocha A, Kelley MW, Corwin JT. YAP Mediates Hair Cell Regeneration in Balance Organs of Chickens, But LATS Kinases Suppress Its Activity in Mice. J Neurosci 2020; 40:3915-3932. [PMID: 32341094 PMCID: PMC7219294 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0306-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of sensory hair cells causes permanent hearing and balance deficits in humans and other mammals, but for nonmammals such deficits are temporary. Nonmammals recover hearing and balance sensitivity after supporting cells proliferate and differentiate into replacement hair cells. Evidence of mechanical differences between those sensory epithelia and their supporting cells prompted us to investigate whether the capacity to activate YAP, an effector in the mechanosensitive Hippo pathway, correlates with regenerative capacity in acceleration-sensing utricles of chickens and mice of both sexes. After hair cell ablation, YAP accumulated in supporting cell nuclei in chicken utricles and promoted regenerative proliferation, but YAP remained cytoplasmic and little proliferation occurred in mouse utricles. YAP localization in supporting cells was also more sensitive to shape change and inhibition of MST1/2 in chicken utricles than in mouse utricles. Genetic manipulations showed that in vivo expression of the YAP-S127A variant caused robust proliferation of neonatal mouse supporting cells, which produced progeny that expressed hair cell markers, but proliferative responses declined postnatally. Expression of YAP-5SA, which more effectively evades inhibitory phosphorylation, resulted in TEAD-dependent proliferation of striolar supporting cells, even in adult utricles. Conditional deletion of LATS1/2 kinases abolished the inhibitory phosphorylation of endogenous YAP and led to striolar proliferation in adult mouse utricles. The findings suggest that damage overcomes inhibitory Hippo signaling and facilitates regenerative proliferation in nonmammalian utricles, whereas constitutive LATS1/2 kinase activity suppresses YAP-TEAD signaling in mammalian utricles and contributes to maintaining the proliferative quiescence that appears to underlie the permanence of sensory deficits.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Loud sounds, ototoxic drugs, infections, and aging kill sensory hair cells in the ear, causing irreversible hearing loss and balance deficits for millions. In nonmammals, damage evokes shape changes in supporting cells, which can divide and regenerate hair cells. Such shape changes are limited in mammalian ears, where supporting cells develop E-cadherin-rich apical junctions reinforced by robust F-actin bands, and the cells fail to divide. Here, we find that damage readily activates YAP in supporting cells within balance epithelia of chickens, but not mice. Deleting LATS kinases or expressing YAP variants that evade LATS-mediated inhibitory phosphorylation induces proliferation in supporting cells of adult mice. YAP signaling eventually may be harnessed to overcome proliferative quiescence that limits regeneration in mammalian ears.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Rudolf
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Anna Andreeva
- School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nursultan 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Mikolaj M Kozlowski
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Christina E Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Bailey A Moskowitz
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Alejandro Anaya-Rocha
- Laboratory of Cochlear Development, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Matthew W Kelley
- Laboratory of Cochlear Development, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Jeffrey T Corwin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xia M, Chen Y, He Y, Li H, Li W. Activation of the RhoA-YAP-β-catenin signaling axis promotes the expansion of inner ear progenitor cells in 3D culture. Stem Cells 2020; 38:860-874. [PMID: 32159914 PMCID: PMC7383802 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellular mechanotransduction plays an essential role in the development and differentiation of many cell types, but if and how mechanical cues from the extracellular matrix (ECM) influence the fate determination of inner ear progenitor cells (IEPCs) remains largely unknown. In the current study, we compared the biological behavior of IEPCs in Matrigel-based suspension and encapsulated culture systems, and we found that the mechanical cues from the ECM promote the survival and expansion of IEPCs. Furthermore, we found that the mechanical cues from the ECM induced the accumulation of Ras homolog family member A (RhoA) and caused the polymerization of actin cytoskeleton in IEPCs. These changes in turn resulted in increased Yes-associated protein (YAP) nuclear localization and enhanced expansion of IEPCs, at least partially through upregulating the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. We therefore provide the first demonstration that the RhoA-YAP-β-catenin signaling axis senses and transduces mechanical cues from the ECM and plays crucial roles in promoting the expansion of IEPCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Xia
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingzi He
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Huawei Li
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Cochlear Implant, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyan Li
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
EGF and a GSK3 Inhibitor Deplete Junctional E-cadherin and Stimulate Proliferation in the Mature Mammalian Ear. J Neurosci 2020; 40:2618-2632. [PMID: 32079647 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2630-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory hair cell losses underlie the vast majority of permanent hearing and balance deficits in humans, but many nonmammalian vertebrates can fully recover from hearing impairments and balance dysfunctions because supporting cells (SCs) in their ears retain lifelong regenerative capacities that depend on proliferation and differentiation as replacement hair cells. Most SCs in vertebrate ears stop dividing during embryogenesis; and soon after birth, vestibular SCs in mammals transition to lasting quiescence as they develop massively thickened circumferential F-actin bands at their E-cadherin-rich adherens junctions. Here, we report that treatment with EGF and a GSK3 inhibitor thinned the circumferential F-actin bands throughout the sensory epithelium of cultured utricles that were isolated from adult mice of either sex. That treatment also caused decreases in E-cadherin, β-catenin, and YAP in the striola, and stimulated robust proliferation of mature, normally quiescent striolar SCs. The findings suggest that E-cadherin-rich junctions, which are not present in the SCs of the fish, amphibians, and birds which readily regenerate hair cells, are responsible in part for the mammalian ear's vulnerability to permanent balance and hearing deficits.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Millions of people are affected by hearing and balance deficits that arise when loud sounds, ototoxic drugs, infections, and aging cause hair cell losses. Such deficits are permanent for humans and other mammals, but nonmammals can recover hearing and balance after supporting cells regenerate replacement hair cells. Mammalian supporting cells lose the capacity to proliferate around the time they develop unique, exceptionally reinforced, E-cadherin-rich intercellular junctions. Here, we report the discovery of a pharmacological treatment that thins F-actin bands, depletes E-cadherin, and stimulates proliferation in long-quiescent supporting cells within a balance epithelium from adult mice. The findings suggest that high E-cadherin in those supporting cell junctions may be responsible, in part, for the permanence of hair cell loss in mammals.
Collapse
|
21
|
Mosaliganti KR, Swinburne IA, Chan CU, Obholzer ND, Green AA, Tanksale S, Mahadevan L, Megason SG. Size control of the inner ear via hydraulic feedback. eLife 2019; 8:39596. [PMID: 31571582 PMCID: PMC6773445 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals make organs of precise size, shape, and symmetry but how developing embryos do this is largely unknown. Here, we combine quantitative imaging, physical theory, and physiological measurement of hydrostatic pressure and fluid transport in zebrafish to study size control of the developing inner ear. We find that fluid accumulation creates hydrostatic pressure in the lumen leading to stress in the epithelium and expansion of the otic vesicle. Pressure, in turn, inhibits fluid transport into the lumen. This negative feedback loop between pressure and transport allows the otic vesicle to change growth rate to control natural or experimentally-induced size variation. Spatiotemporal patterning of contractility modulates pressure-driven strain for regional tissue thinning. Our work connects molecular-driven mechanisms, such as osmotic pressure driven strain and actomyosin tension, to the regulation of tissue morphogenesis via hydraulic feedback to ensure robust control of organ size. Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian A Swinburne
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Chon U Chan
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Nikolaus D Obholzer
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Amelia A Green
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Shreyas Tanksale
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - L Mahadevan
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Kavli Institute for NanoBio Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Sean G Megason
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Open chromatin dynamics in prosensory cells of the embryonic mouse cochlea. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9060. [PMID: 31227770 PMCID: PMC6588700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45515-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss is often due to the absence or the degeneration of hair cells in the cochlea. Understanding the mechanisms regulating the generation of hair cells may therefore lead to better treatments for hearing disorders. To elucidate the transcriptional control mechanisms specifying the progenitor cells (i.e. prosensory cells) that generate the hair cells and support cells critical for hearing function, we compared chromatin accessibility using ATAC-seq in sorted prosensory cells (Sox2-EGFP+) and surrounding cells (Sox2-EGFP−) from E12, E14.5 and E16 cochlear ducts. In Sox2-EGFP+, we find greater accessibility in and near genes restricted in expression to the prosensory region of the cochlear duct including Sox2, Isl1, Eya1 and Pou4f3. Furthermore, we find significant enrichment for the consensus binding sites of Sox2, Six1 and Gata3—transcription factors required for prosensory development—in the open chromatin regions. Over 2,200 regions displayed differential accessibility with developmental time in Sox2-EGFP+ cells, with most changes in the E12-14.5 window. Open chromatin regions detected in Sox2-EGFP+ cells map to over 48,000 orthologous regions in the human genome that include regions in genes linked to deafness. Our results reveal a dynamic landscape of open chromatin in prosensory cells with potential implications for cochlear development and disease.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
In sharp contrast to the adult mammalian cochlea, which lacks regenerative ability, the mature avian cochlea, or basilar papilla (BP) is capable of complete recovery from hearing loss after damage. Avian sensory hair cell regeneration relies on rousing quiescent supporting cells to proliferate or transdifferentiate after hair cell death. Unlike mammalian cochlear supporting cells, which have clearly defined subtypes, avian BP supporting cells are deceptively indistinguishable and molecular markers have yet to be identified. Despite the importance of supporting cells as the putative stem cells in avian regeneration, it is unknown whether all supporting cells possess equal capability to give rise to a hair cell or if a specialized subpopulation exists. In this perspective, we reinvigorate the concept of a stem cell in the BP, and form comparisons to other regenerating tissues that show cell-cycle reentry after damage. Special emphasis is given to the structure of the BP and how anatomy informs both the potential, intrinsic heterogeneity of the supporting cell layer as well as the choice between mitotic and nonmitotic regenerative strategies.
Collapse
|
24
|
Warchol ME, Massoodnia R, Pujol R, Cox BC, Stone JS. Development of hair cell phenotype and calyx nerve terminals in the neonatal mouse utricle. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:1913-1928. [PMID: 30724338 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The vestibular organs of reptiles, birds, and mammals possess Type I and Type II sensory hair cells, which have distinct morphologies, physiology, and innervation. Little is known about how vestibular hair cells adopt a Type I or Type II identity or acquire proper innervation. One distinguishing marker is the transcription factor Sox2, which is expressed in all developing hair cells but persists only in Type II hair cells in maturity. We examined Sox2 expression and formation of afferent nerve terminals in mouse utricles between postnatal days 0 (P0) and P17. Between P3 and P14, many hair cells lost Sox2 immunoreactivity and the density of calyceal afferent nerve terminals (specific to Type I hair cells) increased in all regions of the utricle. At early time points, many calyces enclosed Sox2-labeled hair cells, while some Sox2-negative hair cells within the striola had not yet developed a calyx. These observations indicate that calyx maturation is not temporally correlated with loss of Sox2 expression in Type I hair cells. To determine which type(s) of hair cells are formed postnatally, we fate-mapped neonatal supporting cells by injecting Plp-CreER T2 :Rosa26 tdTomato mice with tamoxifen at P2 and P3. At P9, tdTomato-positive hair cells were immature and not classifiable by type. At P30, tdTomato-positive hair cells increased 1.8-fold compared to P9, and 91% of tdTomato-labeled hair cells were Type II. Our findings show that most neonatally-derived hair cells become Type II, and many Type I hair cells (formed before P2) downregulate Sox2 and acquire calyces between P0 and P14.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Warchol
- Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Roxanna Massoodnia
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and the Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Remy Pujol
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and the Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,INSERM Unit 1051, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Brandon C Cox
- Departments of Pharmacology and Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Jennifer S Stone
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and the Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wilkerson BA, Artoni F, Lea C, Ritchie K, Ray CA, Bermingham-McDonogh O. Effects of 3,3'-Iminodipropionitrile on Hair Cell Numbers in Cristae of CBA/CaJ and C57BL/6J Mice. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2018; 19:483-491. [PMID: 30171385 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-018-00687-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines absolute hair cell numbers in the cristae of C57BL/6J mice and CBA/CaJ mice from weaning to adulthood as well as the dose required for 3,3'-iminodiproprionitrile (IDPN)-injury of the cristae in C57BL/6J mice and CBA/CaJ mice, the two mouse strains most commonly used by inner ear researchers. In cristae of CBA/CaJ and C57BL/6J mice, no loss of hair cells was observed up to 24 weeks. In both strains, dose-dependent loss of hair cells was observed 7 days after IDPN treatment of 2-month-old mice (IC50 = 16.1 mmol/kg in C57BL/6J mice vs. 25.21 mmol/kg in CBA/CaJ mice). Four-month-old C57BL/6J mice exposed to IDPN developed dose-dependent vestibular dysfunction as indicated by increased activity and circling behavior in open field tests and by failure to swim 7 days after treatment. IDPN-hair cell injury in C57BL/6J mice and CBA/CaJ mice represents a fast and predictable experimental model for the study of vestibular degeneration and a platform for the testing of vestibular therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brent A Wilkerson
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Box 357420, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
| | - Filippo Artoni
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Box 357420, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
| | - Colby Lea
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Box 357420, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
| | - Kayla Ritchie
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Box 357420, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
| | - Catherine A Ray
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Box 357420, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
| | - Olivia Bermingham-McDonogh
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Box 357420, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA. .,Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gnedeva K, Hudspeth AJ, Segil N. Three-dimensional Organotypic Cultures of Vestibular and Auditory Sensory Organs. J Vis Exp 2018:57527. [PMID: 29912206 PMCID: PMC6101446 DOI: 10.3791/57527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensory organs of the inner ear are challenging to study in mammals due to their inaccessibility to experimental manipulation and optical observation. Moreover, although existing culture techniques allow biochemical perturbations, these methods do not provide a means to study the effects of mechanical force and tissue stiffness during development of the inner ear sensory organs. Here we describe a method for three-dimensional organotypic culture of the intact murine utricle and cochlea that overcomes these limitations. The technique for adjustment of a three-dimensional matrix stiffness described here permits manipulation of the elastic force opposing tissue growth. This method can therefore be used to study the role of mechanical forces during inner ear development. Additionally, the cultures permit virus-mediated gene delivery, which can be used for gain- and loss-of-function experiments. This culture method preserves innate hair cells and supporting cells and serves as a potentially superior alternative to the traditional two-dimensional culture of vestibular and auditory sensory organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Gnedeva
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California; Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California;
| | - A J Hudspeth
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Sensory Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University
| | - Neil Segil
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California; Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California
| |
Collapse
|