1
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Esposito A, Pepe S, Cerullo MS, Cortese K, Semini HT, Giovedì S, Guerrini R, Benfenati F, Falace A, Fassio A. ATP6V1A is required for synaptic rearrangements and plasticity in murine hippocampal neurons. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14186. [PMID: 38837572 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
AIM Understanding the physiological role of ATP6V1A, a component of the cytosolic V1 domain of the proton pump vacuolar ATPase, in regulating neuronal development and function. METHODS Modeling loss of function of Atp6v1a in primary murine hippocampal neurons and studying neuronal morphology and function by immunoimaging, electrophysiological recordings and electron microscopy. RESULTS Atp6v1a depletion affects neurite elongation, stabilization, and function of excitatory synapses and prevents synaptic rearrangement upon induction of plasticity. These phenotypes are due to an overall decreased expression of the V1 subunits, that leads to impairment of lysosomal pH-regulation and autophagy progression with accumulation of aberrant lysosomes at neuronal soma and of enlarged vacuoles at synaptic boutons. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest a physiological role of ATP6V1A in the surveillance of synaptic integrity and plasticity and highlight the pathophysiological significance of ATP6V1A loss in the alteration of synaptic function that is associated with neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. The data further support the pivotal involvement of lysosomal function and autophagy flux in maintaining proper synaptic connectivity and adaptive neuronal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Pepe
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Sabina Cerullo
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy
| | - Katia Cortese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Giovedì
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Children's Hospital A. Meyer IRCCS, Florence, Italy
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonio Falace
- Children's Hospital A. Meyer IRCCS, Florence, Italy
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Fassio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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2
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Abela L, Gianfrancesco L, Tagliatti E, Rossignoli G, Barwick K, Zourray C, Reid KM, Budinger D, Ng J, Counsell J, Simpson A, Pearson TS, Edvardson S, Elpeleg O, Brodsky FM, Lignani G, Barral S, Kurian MA. Neurodevelopmental and synaptic defects in DNAJC6 parkinsonism, amenable to gene therapy. Brain 2024; 147:2023-2037. [PMID: 38242634 PMCID: PMC11146427 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
DNAJC6 encodes auxilin, a co-chaperone protein involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) at the presynaptic terminal. Biallelic mutations in DNAJC6 cause a complex, early-onset neurodegenerative disorder characterized by rapidly progressive parkinsonism-dystonia in childhood. The disease is commonly associated with additional neurodevelopmental, neurological and neuropsychiatric features. Currently, there are no disease-modifying treatments for this condition, resulting in significant morbidity and risk of premature mortality. To investigate the underlying disease mechanisms in childhood-onset DNAJC6 parkinsonism, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from three patients harbouring pathogenic loss-of-function DNAJC6 mutations and subsequently developed a midbrain dopaminergic neuronal model of disease. When compared to age-matched and CRISPR-corrected isogenic controls, the neuronal cell model revealed disease-specific auxilin deficiency as well as disturbance of synaptic vesicle recycling and homeostasis. We also observed neurodevelopmental dysregulation affecting ventral midbrain patterning and neuronal maturation. To explore the feasibility of a viral vector-mediated gene therapy approach, iPSC-derived neuronal cultures were treated with lentiviral DNAJC6 gene transfer, which restored auxilin expression and rescued CME. Our patient-derived neuronal model provides deeper insights into the molecular mechanisms of auxilin deficiency as well as a robust platform for the development of targeted precision therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Abela
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Lorita Gianfrancesco
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Erica Tagliatti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Milano, Italy
| | - Giada Rossignoli
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Katy Barwick
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Clara Zourray
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Kimberley M Reid
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Dimitri Budinger
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Joanne Ng
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK
- Genetic Therapy Accelerator Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - John Counsell
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Arlo Simpson
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Toni S Pearson
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032-3784, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Neurology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Simon Edvardson
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah, Hebrew University Medical Center, 9574869 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Orly Elpeleg
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah, Hebrew University Medical Center, 9574869 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Frances M Brodsky
- Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Gabriele Lignani
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Serena Barral
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK
- Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
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3
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Jin X, Si X, Lei X, Liu H, Shao A, Li L. Disruption of Dopamine Homeostasis Associated with Alteration of Proteins in Synaptic Vesicles: A Putative Central Mechanism of Parkinson's Disease Pathogenesis. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1204-1226. [PMID: 37815908 PMCID: PMC11081171 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0821-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Vestigial dopaminergic cells in PD have selectivity for a sub-class of hypersensitive neurons with the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) tract. DA is modulated in pre-synaptic nerve terminals to remain stable. To be specific, proteins at DA release sites that have a function of synthesizing and packing DA in cytoplasm, modulating release and reingestion, and changing excitability of neurons, display regional discrepancies that uncover relevancy of the observed sensitivity to neurodegenerative changes. Although the reasons of a majority of PD cases are still indistinct, heredity and environment are known to us to make significant influences. For decades, genetic analysis of PD patients with heredity in family have promoted our comprehension of pathogenesis to a great extent, which reveals correlative mechanisms including oxidative stress, abnormal protein homeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, we review the constitution of presynaptic vesicle related to DA homeostasis and describe the genetic and environmental evidence of presynaptic dysfunction that increase risky possibility of PD concerning intracellular vesicle transmission and their functional outcomes. We summarize alterations in synaptic vesicular proteins with great involvement in the reasons of some DA neurons highly vulnerable to neurodegenerative changes. We generalize different potential targets and therapeutic strategies for different pathogenic mechanisms, providing a reference for further studies of PD treatment in the future. But it remains to be further researched on this recently discovered and converging mechanism of vesicular dynamics and PD, which will provide a more profound comprehension and put up with new therapeutic tactics for PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanxiang Jin
- The First School of Medicine, School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaoli Si
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaoguang Lei
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, the First School of Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
| | - Huifang Liu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Disease, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Lingfei Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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4
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Zhou S, Zhou Y, Zhong W, Su Z, Qin Z. Involvement of protein L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase in the physiopathology of neurodegenerative diseases: Possible substrates associated with synaptic function. Neurochem Int 2023; 170:105606. [PMID: 37657764 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic dysfunction is a typical pathophysiologic change in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Hintington's disease (HD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which involves protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) including L-isoaspartate (L-isoAsp) formed by isomerization of aspartate or deamidation of asparagine. The formation of L-isoAsp could be repaired by protein L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase (PIMT). Some synaptic proteins have been identified as PIMT potential substrates and play an essential role in ensuring synaptic function. In this review, we discuss the role of certain synaptic proteins as PIMT substrates in neurodegenerative disease, thus providing therapeutic synapse-centered targets for the treatment of NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirui Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yancheng Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wanyu Zhong
- Department of Anatomy, School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhonghao Su
- Department of Febrile Disease, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhenxia Qin
- Department of Anatomy, School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Evlanenkov KK, Zhigulin AS, Tikhonov DB. Possible Compensatory Role of ASICs in Glutamatergic Synapses. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12974. [PMID: 37629153 PMCID: PMC10455551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Proton-gated channels of the ASIC family are widely distributed in central neurons, suggesting their role in common neurophysiological functions. They are involved in glutamatergic neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity; however, the exact function of these channels remains unclear. One problem is that acidification of the synaptic cleft due to the acidic content of synaptic vesicles has opposite effects on ionotropic glutamate receptors and ASICs. Thus, the pH values required to activate ASICs strongly inhibit AMPA receptors and almost completely inhibit NMDA receptors. This, in turn, suggests that ASICs can provide compensation for post-synaptic responses in the case of significant acidifications. We tested this hypothesis by patch-clamp recordings of rat brain neuron responses to acidifications and glutamate receptor agonists at different pH values. Hippocampal pyramidal neurons have much lower ASICs than glutamate receptor responses, whereas striatal interneurons show the opposite ratio. Cortical pyramidal neurons and hippocampal interneurons show similar amplitudes in their responses to acidification and glutamate. Consequently, the total response to glutamate agonists at different pH levels remains rather stable up to pH 6.2. Besides these pH effects, the relationship between the responses mediated by glutamate receptors and ASICs depends on the presence of Mg2+ and the membrane voltage. Together, these factors create a complex picture that provides a framework for understanding the role of ASICs in synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Denis B. Tikhonov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry RAS, St. Petersburg 194223, Russia; (K.K.E.); (A.S.Z.)
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6
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Imoto Y, Raychaudhuri S, Ma Y, Fenske P, Sandoval E, Itoh K, Blumrich EM, Matsubayashi HT, Mamer L, Zarebidaki F, Söhl-Kielczynski B, Trimbuch T, Nayak S, Iwasa JH, Liu J, Wu B, Ha T, Inoue T, Jorgensen EM, Cousin MA, Rosenmund C, Watanabe S. Dynamin is primed at endocytic sites for ultrafast endocytosis. Neuron 2022; 110:2815-2835.e13. [PMID: 35809574 PMCID: PMC9464723 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dynamin mediates fission of vesicles from the plasma membrane during endocytosis. Typically, dynamin is recruited from the cytosol to endocytic sites, requiring seconds to tens of seconds. However, ultrafast endocytosis in neurons internalizes vesicles as quickly as 50 ms during synaptic vesicle recycling. Here, we demonstrate that Dynamin 1 is pre-recruited to endocytic sites for ultrafast endocytosis. Specifically, Dynamin 1xA, a splice variant of Dynamin 1, interacts with Syndapin 1 to form molecular condensates on the plasma membrane. Single-particle tracking of Dynamin 1xA molecules confirms the liquid-like property of condensates in vivo. When Dynamin 1xA is mutated to disrupt its interaction with Syndapin 1, the condensates do not form, and consequently, ultrafast endocytosis slows down by 100-fold. Mechanistically, Syndapin 1 acts as an adaptor by binding the plasma membrane and stores Dynamin 1xA at endocytic sites. This cache bypasses the recruitment step and accelerates endocytosis at synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuta Imoto
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Sumana Raychaudhuri
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ye Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Pascal Fenske
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eduardo Sandoval
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kie Itoh
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Eva-Maria Blumrich
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9XD, UK; The Muir Maxwell Epilepsy Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiatives for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Hideaki T Matsubayashi
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lauren Mamer
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fereshteh Zarebidaki
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Thorsten Trimbuch
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shraddha Nayak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0840, USA
| | - Janet H Iwasa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0840, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Bin Wu
- The Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Taekjip Ha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Takanari Inoue
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Erik M Jorgensen
- HHMI, Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0840, USA
| | - Michael A Cousin
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9XD, UK; The Muir Maxwell Epilepsy Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiatives for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Christian Rosenmund
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Shigeki Watanabe
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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7
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Wang QX, Chen X, Li ZL, Gong YC, Xiong XY. Transferrin/folate dual-targeting Pluronic F127/poly(lactic acid) polymersomes for effective anticancer drug delivery. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2022; 33:1140-1156. [PMID: 35179085 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2022.2044434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel dual-targeting Pluronic/poly(lactic acid) polymersome containing transferrin and folic acid ligands (Tf/FA-F127-PLA) has been designed to study its application in the targeted drug delivery system. Both biotin and folic acid conjugated Biotin/FA-F127-PLA polymersomes (Ps) were prepared as the precursor. The dual-targeting behaviors of Tf/FA-F127-PLA over C6 glioma cells were then fulfilled through connecting the precursor with biotinylated transferrin by using a three-step biotin-avidin technique. Paclitaxel (PTX) was loaded successfully into Biotin/FA-F127-PLA and showed a burst release followed by a slow-release process in vitro. It was also obtained that Tf/FA-F127-PLA had higher cytotoxicity and cellular uptake amount than non-targeted and single-targeted Ps did. These results could be because more PTX-loaded Tf/FA-F127-PLA Ps entered C6 cells through both FA-folate receptor (FR) and Tf-transferrin receptor (TfR) specific affinity and thus possessed the better anti-tumor ability. It was further proved that the uptake of Ps by C6 cells was through the endocytosis related to clathrin, caveolae, lysosome, etc. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the uptake of dual-targeting Tf/FA-F127-PLA Ps by C6 cells was related to the endocytosis mediated by both FR and TfR. These findings indicated that dual-targeting Tf/FA-F127-PLA Ps could be a potential carrier in targeted drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xiao Wang
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Xiang Chen
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Zi Ling Li
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Yan Chun Gong
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Xiang Yuan Xiong
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, PR China
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8
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Azarnia Tehran D, Maritzen T. Endocytic proteins: An expanding repertoire of presynaptic functions. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 73:102519. [PMID: 35217312 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
From a presynaptic perspective, neuronal communication mainly relies on two interdependent events: The fast Ca2+-triggered fusion of neurotransmitter-containing synaptic vesicles (SVs) and their subsequent high-fidelity reformation. To allow rapid neurotransmission, SVs have evolved into fascinating molecular nanomachines equipped with a well-defined set of proteins. However, upon exocytosis, SVs fully collapse into the presynaptic plasma membrane leading to the dispersal of their molecular components. While the canonical function of endocytic proteins at the presynapse was believed to be the retrieval of SV proteins via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, it is now evident that clathrin-independent endocytic mechanisms predominate. We will highlight in how far these mechanisms still rely on the classical endocytic machinery and discuss the emerging functions of endocytic proteins in release site clearance and SV reformation from endosomal-like vacuoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Azarnia Tehran
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Roessle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany. https://twitter.com/@DomenicoAzTe
| | - Tanja Maritzen
- Department of Nanophysiology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 23, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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9
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Prichard KL, O'Brien NS, Murcia SR, Baker JR, McCluskey A. Role of Clathrin and Dynamin in Clathrin Mediated Endocytosis/Synaptic Vesicle Recycling and Implications in Neurological Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:754110. [PMID: 35115907 PMCID: PMC8805674 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.754110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis is a process essential to the health and well-being of cell. It is required for the internalisation and sorting of “cargo”—the macromolecules, proteins, receptors and lipids of cell signalling. Clathrin mediated endocytosis (CME) is one of the key processes required for cellular well-being and signalling pathway activation. CME is key role to the recycling of synaptic vesicles [synaptic vesicle recycling (SVR)] in the brain, it is pivotal to signalling across synapses enabling intracellular communication in the sensory and nervous systems. In this review we provide an overview of the general process of CME with a particular focus on two key proteins: clathrin and dynamin that have a central role to play in ensuing successful completion of CME. We examine these two proteins as they are the two endocytotic proteins for which small molecule inhibitors, often of known mechanism of action, have been identified. Inhibition of CME offers the potential to develop therapeutic interventions into conditions involving defects in CME. This review will discuss the roles and the current scope of inhibitors of clathrin and dynamin, providing an insight into how further developments could affect neurological disease treatments.
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10
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Hori T, Takamori S. Physiological Perspectives on Molecular Mechanisms and Regulation of Vesicular Glutamate Transport: Lessons From Calyx of Held Synapses. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:811892. [PMID: 35095427 PMCID: PMC8793065 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.811892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of glutamate, the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, into presynaptic synaptic vesicles (SVs) depends upon three vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs). Since VGLUTs are driven by a proton electrochemical gradient across the SV membrane generated by vacuolar-type H+-ATPases (V-ATPases), the rate of glutamate transport into SVs, as well as the amount of glutamate in SVs at equilibrium, are influenced by activities of both VGLUTs and V-ATPase. Despite emerging evidence that suggests various factors influencing glutamate transport by VGLUTs in vitro, little has been reported in physiological or pathological contexts to date. Historically, this was partially due to a lack of appropriate methods to monitor glutamate loading into SVs in living synapses. Furthermore, whether or not glutamate refilling of SVs can be rate-limiting for synaptic transmission is not well understood, primarily due to a lack of knowledge concerning the time required for vesicle reuse and refilling during repetitive stimulation. In this review, we first introduce a unique electrophysiological method to monitor glutamate refilling by VGLUTs in a giant model synapse from the calyx of Held in rodent brainstem slices, and we discuss the advantages and limitations of the method. We then introduce the current understanding of factors that potentially alter the amount and rate of glutamate refilling of SVs in this synapse, and discuss open questions from physiological viewpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Hori
- Cellular and Molecular Synaptic Function Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
- *Correspondence: Tetsuya Hori Shigeo Takamori
| | - Shigeo Takamori
- Laboratory of Neural Membrane Biology, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
- *Correspondence: Tetsuya Hori Shigeo Takamori
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11
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Kallergi E, Nikoletopoulou V. Macroautophagy and normal aging of the nervous system: Lessons from animal models. Cell Stress 2021; 5:146-166. [PMID: 34708187 PMCID: PMC8490955 DOI: 10.15698/cst2021.10.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging represents a cumulative form of cellular stress, which is thought to challenge many aspects of proteostasis. The non-dividing, long-lived neurons are particularly vulnerable to stress, and, not surprisingly, even normal aging is highly associated with a decline in brain function in humans, as well as in other animals. Macroautophagy is a fundamental arm of the proteostasis network, safeguarding proper protein turnover during different cellular states and against diverse cellular stressors. An intricate interplay between macroautophagy and aging is beginning to unravel, with the emergence of new tools, including those for monitoring autophagy in cultured neurons and in the nervous system of different organisms in vivo. Here, we review recent findings on the impact of aging on neuronal integrity and on neuronal macroautophagy, as they emerge from studies in invertebrate and mammalian models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouela Kallergi
- University of Lausanne, Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
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12
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Clathrin: the molecular shape shifter. Biochem J 2021; 478:3099-3123. [PMID: 34436540 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Clathrin is best known for its contribution to clathrin-mediated endocytosis yet it also participates to a diverse range of cellular functions. Key to this is clathrin's ability to assemble into polyhedral lattices that include curved football or basket shapes, flat lattices or even tubular structures. In this review, we discuss clathrin structure and coated vesicle formation, how clathrin is utilised within different cellular processes including synaptic vesicle recycling, hormone desensitisation, spermiogenesis, cell migration and mitosis, and how clathrin's remarkable 'shapeshifting' ability to form diverse lattice structures might contribute to its multiple cellular functions.
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13
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Zou L, Tian Y, Zhang Z. Dysfunction of Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Parkinson's Disease. Front Integr Neurosci 2021; 15:619160. [PMID: 34093144 PMCID: PMC8172812 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2021.619160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s disease. It is a chronic and progressive disorder estimated to affect at least 4 million people worldwide. Although the etiology of PD remains unclear, it has been found that the dysfunction of synaptic vesicle endocytosis (SVE) in neural terminal happens before the loss of dopaminergic neurons. Recently, accumulating evidence reveals that the PD-linked synaptic genes, including DNAJC6, SYNJ1, and SH3GL2, significantly contribute to the disruptions of SVE, which is vital for the pathogenesis of PD. In addition, the proteins encoded by other PD-associated genes such as SNCA, LRRK2, PRKN, and DJ-1 also play key roles in the regulation of SVE. Here we present the facts about SVE-related genes and discussed their potential relevance to the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zou
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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14
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Milosevic I. Spatial and Temporal Aspects of Exocytosis Studied on the Isolated Plasma Membranes. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2233:311-325. [PMID: 33222144 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1044-2_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Exocytosis of large-dense core vesicles in neuroendocrine cells is a highly regulated, calcium-dependent process, mediated by networks of interrelated proteins and lipids. Here, I describe experimental procedures for studies of selective spatial and temporal aspects of exocytosis at the plasma membrane, or in its proximity, using adrenal chromaffin cells. The assay utilizes primary cells subjected to a brief ultrasonic pulse, resulting in the formation of thin, flat inside-out plasma membranes with attached secretory vesicles and elements of cell cytoskeleton. In this model, secretion of plasma membrane-attached secretory vesicles was found to be dependent on calcium and sensitive to clostridial neurotoxins. Depending on the probe selected for secretory vesicle cargo, protein, and/or lipid detection, this simple assay is versatile, fast and inexpensive, and offers excellent spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Milosevic
- European Neuroscience Institute (ENI), A Joint Initiative of the University Medical Center Göttingen and the Max Planck Society, Göttingen, Germany. .,Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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15
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Wittig S, Ganzella M, Barth M, Kostmann S, Riedel D, Pérez-Lara Á, Jahn R, Schmidt C. Cross-linking mass spectrometry uncovers protein interactions and functional assemblies in synaptic vesicle membranes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:858. [PMID: 33558502 PMCID: PMC7870876 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21102-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic vesicles are storage organelles for neurotransmitters. They pass through a trafficking cycle and fuse with the pre-synaptic membrane when an action potential arrives at the nerve terminal. While molecular components and biophysical parameters of synaptic vesicles have been determined, our knowledge on the protein interactions in their membranes is limited. Here, we apply cross-linking mass spectrometry to study interactions of synaptic vesicle proteins in an unbiased approach without the need for specific antibodies or detergent-solubilisation. Our large-scale analysis delivers a protein network of vesicle sub-populations and functional assemblies including an active and an inactive conformation of the vesicular ATPase complex as well as non-conventional arrangements of the luminal loops of SV2A, Synaptophysin and structurally related proteins. Based on this network, we specifically target Synaptobrevin-2, which connects with many proteins, in different approaches. Our results allow distinction of interactions caused by 'crowding' in the vesicle membrane from stable interaction modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Wittig
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre HALOmem, Charles Tanford Protein Centre, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Marcelo Ganzella
- Department for Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marie Barth
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre HALOmem, Charles Tanford Protein Centre, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Susann Kostmann
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre HALOmem, Charles Tanford Protein Centre, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Dietmar Riedel
- Department for Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ángel Pérez-Lara
- Department for Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Reinhard Jahn
- Department for Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carla Schmidt
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre HALOmem, Charles Tanford Protein Centre, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
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16
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Winner BM, Bodt SML, McNutt PM. Special Delivery: Potential Mechanisms of Botulinum Neurotoxin Uptake and Trafficking within Motor Nerve Terminals. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228715. [PMID: 33218099 PMCID: PMC7698961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are highly potent, neuroparalytic protein toxins that block the release of acetylcholine from motor neurons and autonomic synapses. The unparalleled toxicity of BoNTs results from the highly specific and localized cleavage of presynaptic proteins required for nerve transmission. Currently, the only pharmacotherapy for botulism is prophylaxis with antitoxin, which becomes progressively less effective as symptoms develop. Treatment for symptomatic botulism is limited to supportive care and artificial ventilation until respiratory function spontaneously recovers, which can take weeks or longer. Mechanistic insights into intracellular toxin behavior have progressed significantly since it was shown that toxins exploit synaptic endocytosis for entry into the nerve terminal, but fundamental questions about host-toxin interactions remain unanswered. Chief among these are mechanisms by which BoNT is internalized into neurons and trafficked to sites of molecular toxicity. Elucidating how receptor-bound toxin is internalized and conditions under which the toxin light chain engages with target SNARE proteins is critical for understanding the dynamics of intoxication and identifying novel therapeutics. Here, we discuss the implications of newly discovered modes of synaptic vesicle recycling on BoNT uptake and intraneuronal trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M. Winner
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Gunpowder, MD 21047, USA;
| | - Skylar M. L. Bodt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Patrick M. McNutt
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
- Correspondence:
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17
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Toth AE, Holst MR, Nielsen MS. Vesicular Transport Machinery in Brain Endothelial Cells: What We Know and What We Do not. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:1405-1416. [PMID: 32048959 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200212113421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The vesicular transport machinery regulates numerous essential functions in cells such as cell polarity, signaling pathways, and the transport of receptors and their cargoes. From a pharmaceutical perspective, vesicular transport offers avenues to facilitate the uptake of therapeutic agents into cells and across cellular barriers. In order to improve receptor-mediated transcytosis of biologics across the blood-brain barrier and into the diseased brain, a detailed understanding of intracellular transport mechanisms is essential. The vesicular transport machinery is a highly complex network and involves an array of protein complexes, cytosolic adaptor proteins, and the subcellular structures of the endo-lysosomal system. The endo-lysosomal system includes several types of vesicular entities such as early, late, and recycling endosomes, exosomes, ectosomes, retromer-coated vesicles, lysosomes, trans-endothelial channels, and tubules. While extensive research has been done on the trafficking system in many cell types, little is known about vesicular trafficking in brain endothelial cells. Consequently, assumptions on the transport system in endothelial cells are based on findings in polarised epithelial cells, although recent studies have highlighted differences in the endothelial system. This review highlights aspects of the vesicular trafficking machinery in brain endothelial cells, including recent findings, limitations, and opportunities for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Toth
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldberg Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mikkel R Holst
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldberg Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Morten S Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldberg Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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18
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The Synaptic Vesicle Cycle Revisited: New Insights into the Modes and Mechanisms. J Neurosci 2020; 39:8209-8216. [PMID: 31619489 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1158-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmission is sustained by endocytosis and refilling of synaptic vesicles (SVs) locally within the presynapse. Until recently, a consensus formed that after exocytosis, SVs are recovered by either fusion pore closure (kiss-and-run) or clathrin-mediated endocytosis directly from the plasma membrane. However, recent data have revealed that SV formation is more complex than previously envisaged. For example, two additional recycling pathways have been discovered, ultrafast endocytosis and activity-dependent bulk endocytosis, in which SVs are regenerated from the internalized membrane and synaptic endosomes. Furthermore, these diverse modes of endocytosis appear to influence both the molecular composition and subsequent physiological role of individual SVs. In addition, previously unknown complexity in SV refilling and reclustering has been revealed. This review presents a modern view of the SV life cycle and discusses how neuronal subtype, physiological temperature, and individual activity patterns can recruit different endocytic modes to generate new SVs and sculpt subsequent presynaptic performance.
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19
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Banerjee S, Kane PM. Regulation of V-ATPase Activity and Organelle pH by Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Lipids. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:510. [PMID: 32656214 PMCID: PMC7324685 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Luminal pH and the distinctive distribution of phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP) lipids are central identifying features of organelles in all eukaryotic cells that are also critical for organelle function. V-ATPases are conserved proton pumps that populate and acidify multiple organelles of the secretory and the endocytic pathway. Complete loss of V-ATPase activity causes embryonic lethality in higher animals and conditional lethality in yeast, while partial loss of V-ATPase function is associated with multiple disease states. On the other hand, many cancer cells increase their virulence by upregulating V-ATPase expression and activity. The pH of individual organelles is tightly controlled and essential for function, but the mechanisms for compartment-specific pH regulation are not completely understood. There is substantial evidence indicating that the PIP content of membranes influences organelle pH. We present recent evidence that PIPs interact directly with subunit isoforms of the V-ATPase to dictate localization of V-ATPase subpopulations and participate in their regulation. In yeast cells, which have only one set of organelle-specific V-ATPase subunit isoforms, the Golgi-enriched lipid PI(4)P binds to the cytosolic domain of the Golgi-enriched a-subunit isoform Stv1, and loss of PI(4)P binding results in mislocalization of Stv1-containing V-ATPases from the Golgi to the vacuole/lysosome. In contrast, levels of the vacuole/lysosome-enriched signaling lipid PI(3,5)P2 affect assembly and activity of V-ATPases containing the Vph1 a-subunit isoform. Mutations in the Vph1 isoform that disrupt the lipid interaction increase sensitivity to stress. These studies have decoded “zip codes” for PIP lipids in the cytosolic N-terminal domain of the a-subunit isoforms of the yeast V-ATPase, and similar interactions between PIP lipids and the V-ATPase subunit isoforms are emerging in higher eukaryotes. In addition to direct effects on the V-ATPase, PIP lipids are also likely to affect organelle pH indirectly, through interactions with other membrane transporters. We discuss direct and indirect effects of PIP lipids on organelle pH, and the functional consequences of the interplay between PIP lipid content and organelle pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhrajit Banerjee
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Patricia M Kane
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
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20
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Song Q, Meng B, Xu H, Mao Z. The emerging roles of vacuolar-type ATPase-dependent Lysosomal acidification in neurodegenerative diseases. Transl Neurodegener 2020; 9:17. [PMID: 32393395 PMCID: PMC7212675 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-00196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lysosomes digest extracellular material from the endocytic pathway and intracellular material from the autophagic pathway. This process is performed by the resident hydrolytic enzymes activated by the highly acidic pH within the lysosomal lumen. Lysosome pH gradients are mainly maintained by the vacuolar (H+) ATPase (or V-ATPase), which pumps protons into lysosomal lumen by consuming ATP. Dysfunction of V-ATPase affects lysosomal acidification, which disrupts the clearance of substrates and leads to many disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases. Main body As a large multi-subunit complex, the V-ATPase is composed of an integral membrane V0 domain involved in proton translocation and a peripheral V1 domain catalyzing ATP hydrolysis. The canonical functions of V-ATPase rely on its H+-pumping ability in multiple vesicle organelles to regulate endocytic traffic, protein processing and degradation, synaptic vesicle loading, and coupled transport. The other non-canonical effects of the V-ATPase that are not readily attributable to its proton-pumping activity include membrane fusion, pH sensing, amino-acid-induced activation of mTORC1, and scaffolding for protein-protein interaction. In response to various stimuli, V-ATPase complex can reversibly dissociate into V1 and V0 domains and thus close ATP-dependent proton transport. Dysregulation of pH and lysosomal dysfunction have been linked to many human diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as well as neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders. Conclusion V-ATPase complex is a universal proton pump and plays an important role in lysosome acidification in all types of cells. Since V-ATPase dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of multiple neurodegenerative diseases, further understanding the mechanisms that regulate the canonical and non-canonical functions of V-ATPase will reveal molecular details of disease process and help assess V-ATPase or molecules related to its regulation as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyun Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Reproductive Genetics, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050051, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Bo Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Haidong Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Zixu Mao
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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21
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Abbas YM, Wu D, Bueler SA, Robinson CV, Rubinstein JL. Structure of V-ATPase from the mammalian brain. Science 2020; 367:1240-1246. [PMID: 32165585 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz2924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In neurons, the loading of neurotransmitters into synaptic vesicles uses energy from proton-pumping vesicular- or vacuolar-type adenosine triphosphatases (V-ATPases). These membrane protein complexes possess numerous subunit isoforms, which complicates their analysis. We isolated homogeneous rat brain V-ATPase through its interaction with SidK, a Legionella pneumophila effector protein. Cryo-electron microscopy allowed the construction of an atomic model, defining the enzyme's ATP:proton ratio as 3:10 and revealing a homolog of yeast subunit f in the membrane region, which we tentatively identify as RNAseK. The c ring encloses the transmembrane anchors for cleaved ATP6AP1/Ac45 and ATP6AP2/PRR, the latter of which is the (pro)renin receptor that, in other contexts, is involved in both Wnt signaling and the renin-angiotensin system that regulates blood pressure. This structure shows how ATP6AP1/Ac45 and ATP6AP2/PRR enable assembly of the enzyme's catalytic and membrane regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazan M Abbas
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Di Wu
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Stephanie A Bueler
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Carol V Robinson
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - John L Rubinstein
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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22
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Hsc70 Ameliorates the Vesicle Recycling Defects Caused by Excess α-Synuclein at Synapses. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0448-19.2020. [PMID: 31941659 PMCID: PMC7031854 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0448-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein overexpression and aggregation are linked to Parkinson’s disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and several other neurodegenerative disorders. In addition to effects in the cell body, α-synuclein accumulation occurs at presynapses where the protein is normally localized. While it is generally agreed that excess α-synuclein impairs synaptic vesicle trafficking, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. α-Synuclein overexpression and aggregation are linked to Parkinson’s disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and several other neurodegenerative disorders. In addition to effects in the cell body, α-synuclein accumulation occurs at presynapses where the protein is normally localized. While it is generally agreed that excess α-synuclein impairs synaptic vesicle trafficking, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We show here that acute introduction of excess human α-synuclein at a classic vertebrate synapse, the lamprey reticulospinal (RS) synapse, selectively impaired the uncoating of clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) during synaptic vesicle recycling, leading to an increase in endocytic intermediates and a severe depletion of synaptic vesicles. Furthermore, human α-synuclein and lamprey γ-synuclein both interact in vitro with Hsc70, the chaperone protein that uncoats CCVs at synapses. After introducing excess α-synuclein, Hsc70 availability was reduced at stimulated synapses, suggesting Hsc70 sequestration as a possible mechanism underlying the synaptic vesicle trafficking defects. In support of this hypothesis, increasing the levels of exogenous Hsc70 along with α-synuclein ameliorated the CCV uncoating and vesicle recycling defects. These experiments identify a reduction in Hsc70 availability at synapses, and consequently its function, as the mechanism by which α-synuclein induces synaptic vesicle recycling defects. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a viable chaperone-based strategy for reversing the synaptic vesicle trafficking defects associated with excess α-synuclein, which may be of value for improving synaptic function in PD and other synuclein-linked diseases.
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23
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Yambire KF, Rostosky C, Watanabe T, Pacheu-Grau D, Torres-Odio S, Sanchez-Guerrero A, Senderovich O, Meyron-Holtz EG, Milosevic I, Frahm J, West AP, Raimundo N. Impaired lysosomal acidification triggers iron deficiency and inflammation in vivo. eLife 2019; 8:51031. [PMID: 31793879 PMCID: PMC6917501 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal acidification is a key feature of healthy cells. Inability to maintain lysosomal acidic pH is associated with aging and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the mechanisms elicited by impaired lysosomal acidification remain poorly understood. We show here that inhibition of lysosomal acidification triggers cellular iron deficiency, which results in impaired mitochondrial function and non-apoptotic cell death. These effects are recovered by supplying iron via a lysosome-independent pathway. Notably, iron deficiency is sufficient to trigger inflammatory signaling in cultured primary neurons. Using a mouse model of impaired lysosomal acidification, we observed a robust iron deficiency response in the brain, verified by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging. Furthermore, the brains of these mice present a pervasive inflammatory signature associated with instability of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), both corrected by supplementation of the mice diet with iron. Our results highlight a novel mechanism linking impaired lysosomal acidification, mitochondrial malfunction and inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- King Faisal Yambire
- Institute of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christine Rostosky
- European Neuroscience Institute, a Joint Initiative of the Max-Planck Institute and of the University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Biomedizinische NMR, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - David Pacheu-Grau
- Institute of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sylvia Torres-Odio
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Austin, United States
| | - Angela Sanchez-Guerrero
- Institute of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,European Neuroscience Institute, a Joint Initiative of the Max-Planck Institute and of the University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ola Senderovich
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Esther G Meyron-Holtz
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ira Milosevic
- European Neuroscience Institute, a Joint Initiative of the Max-Planck Institute and of the University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jens Frahm
- Biomedizinische NMR, Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
| | - A Phillip West
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Austin, United States
| | - Nuno Raimundo
- Institute of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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24
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Zhang XM, François U, Silm K, Angelo MF, Fernandez-Busch MV, Maged M, Martin C, Bernard V, Cordelières FP, Deshors M, Pons S, Maskos U, Bemelmans AP, Wojcik SM, El Mestikawy S, Humeau Y, Herzog E. A proline-rich motif on VGLUT1 reduces synaptic vesicle super-pool and spontaneous release frequency. eLife 2019; 8:50401. [PMID: 31663854 PMCID: PMC6861006 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate secretion at excitatory synapses is tightly regulated to allow for the precise tuning of synaptic strength. Vesicular Glutamate Transporters (VGLUT) accumulate glutamate into synaptic vesicles (SV) and thereby regulate quantal size. Further, the number of release sites and the release probability of SVs maybe regulated by the organization of active-zone proteins and SV clusters. In the present work, we uncover a mechanism mediating an increased SV clustering through the interaction of VGLUT1 second proline-rich domain, endophilinA1 and intersectin1. This strengthening of SV clusters results in a combined reduction of axonal SV super-pool size and miniature excitatory events frequency. Our findings support a model in which clustered vesicles are held together through multiple weak interactions between Src homology three and proline-rich domains of synaptic proteins. In mammals, VGLUT1 gained a proline-rich sequence that recruits endophilinA1 and turns the transporter into a regulator of SV organization and spontaneous release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Min Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience CNRS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Urielle François
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience CNRS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Kätlin Silm
- Neuroscience Paris Seine NPS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie INSERM U1130 CNRS UMR8246, Paris, France
| | - Maria Florencia Angelo
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience CNRS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maria Victoria Fernandez-Busch
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience CNRS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mona Maged
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience CNRS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christelle Martin
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience CNRS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Véronique Bernard
- Neuroscience Paris Seine NPS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie INSERM U1130 CNRS UMR8246, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice P Cordelières
- Bordeaux Imaging Center, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMS 3420, INSERM US4, Bordeaux, France
| | - Melissa Deshors
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience CNRS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphanie Pons
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3571, Unité NISC, Paris, France
| | - Uwe Maskos
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3571, Unité NISC, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Pierre Bemelmans
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Direction de laRecherche Fondamentale (DRF), Institut de Biologie François Jacob (IBFJ), MolecularImaging Research Center (MIRCen), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Sonja M Wojcik
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Salah El Mestikawy
- Neuroscience Paris Seine NPS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie INSERM U1130 CNRS UMR8246, Paris, France.,Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Yann Humeau
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience CNRS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Etienne Herzog
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience CNRS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
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25
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Watanabe S, Mamer LE, Raychaudhuri S, Luvsanjav D, Eisen J, Trimbuch T, Söhl-Kielczynski B, Fenske P, Milosevic I, Rosenmund C, Jorgensen EM. Synaptojanin and Endophilin Mediate Neck Formation during Ultrafast Endocytosis. Neuron 2019; 98:1184-1197.e6. [PMID: 29953872 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ultrafast endocytosis generates vesicles from the plasma membrane as quickly as 50 ms in hippocampal neurons following synaptic vesicle fusion. The molecular mechanism underlying the rapid maturation of these endocytic pits is not known. Here we demonstrate that synaptojanin-1, and its partner endophilin-A, function in ultrafast endocytosis. In the absence of synaptojanin or endophilin, the membrane is rapidly invaginated, but pits do not become constricted at the base. The 5-phosphatase activity of synaptojanin is involved in formation of the neck, but 4-phosphatase is not required. Nevertheless, these pits are eventually cleaved into vesicles; within a 30-s interval, synaptic endosomes form and are resolved by clathrin-mediated budding. Then synaptojanin and endophilin function at a second step to aid with the removal of clathrin coats from the regenerated vesicles. These data together suggest that synaptojanin and endophilin can mediate membrane remodeling on a millisecond timescale during ultrafast endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Watanabe
- Department of Neurophysiology, NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Lauren Elizabeth Mamer
- Department of Neurophysiology, NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sumana Raychaudhuri
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Delgermaa Luvsanjav
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Julia Eisen
- Barnard College of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thorsten Trimbuch
- Department of Neurophysiology, NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Berit Söhl-Kielczynski
- Department of Neurophysiology, NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pascal Fenske
- Department of Neurophysiology, NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ira Milosevic
- Synaptic Vesicle Dynamics, European Neuroscience Institute, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Rosenmund
- Department of Neurophysiology, NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Erik M Jorgensen
- Department of Neurophysiology, NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0840, USA.
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26
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Nguyen M, Wong YC, Ysselstein D, Severino A, Krainc D. Synaptic, Mitochondrial, and Lysosomal Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. Trends Neurosci 2018; 42:140-149. [PMID: 30509690 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of genetic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) has highlighted the importance of the autophagy/lysosomal and mitochondrial/oxidative stress pathways in disease pathogenesis. However, recently identified PD-linked genes, including DNAJC6 (auxilin), SYNJ1 (synaptojanin 1), and the PD risk gene SH3GL2 (endophilin A1), have also highlighted disruptions in synaptic vesicle endocytosis (SVE) as a significant contributor to disease pathogenesis. Additionally, the roles of other PD genes such as LRRK2, PRKN, and VPS35 in the regulation of SVE are beginning to emerge. Here we discuss the recent work on the contribution of dysfunctional SVE to midbrain dopaminergic neurons' selective vulnerability and highlight pathways that demonstrate the interplay of synaptic, mitochondrial, and lysosomal dysfunction in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nguyen
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yvette C Wong
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Daniel Ysselstein
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Alex Severino
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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