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Gonzales DL, Khan HF, Keri HVS, Yadav S, Steward C, Muller LE, Pluta SR, Jayant K. A Translaminar Spacetime Code Supports Touch-Evoked Traveling Waves. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.09.593381. [PMID: 38766232 PMCID: PMC11100787 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.09.593381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Linking sensory-evoked traveling waves to underlying circuit patterns is critical to understanding the neural basis of sensory perception. To form this link, we performed simultaneous electrophysiology and two-photon calcium imaging through transparent NeuroGrids and mapped touch-evoked cortical traveling waves and their underlying microcircuit dynamics. In awake mice, both passive and active whisker touch elicited traveling waves within and across barrels, with a fast early component followed by a variable late wave that lasted hundreds of milliseconds post-stimulus. Strikingly, late-wave dynamics were modulated by stimulus value and correlated with task performance. Mechanistically, the late wave component was i) modulated by motor feedback, ii) complemented by a sparse ensemble pattern across layer 2/3, which a balanced-state network model reconciled via inhibitory stabilization, and iii) aligned to regenerative Layer-5 apical dendritic Ca 2+ events. Our results reveal a translaminar spacetime pattern organized by cortical feedback in the sensory cortex that supports touch-evoked traveling waves. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT AND HIGHLIGHTS Whisker touch evokes both early- and late-traveling waves in the barrel cortex over 100's of millisecondsReward reinforcement modulates wave dynamics Late wave emergence coincides with network sparsity in L23 and time-locked L5 dendritic Ca 2+ spikes Experimental and computational results link motor feedback to distinct translaminar spacetime patterns.
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Powell A, Hanna C, Sajjad M, Yao R, Blum K, Gold MS, Quattrin T, Thanos PK. Exercise Influences the Brain's Metabolic Response to Chronic Cocaine Exposure in Male Rats. J Pers Med 2024; 14:500. [PMID: 38793082 PMCID: PMC11122626 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14050500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cocaine use is associated with negative health outcomes: cocaine use disorders, speedballing, and overdose deaths. Currently, treatments for cocaine use disorders and overdose are non-existent when compared to opioid use disorders, and current standard cocaine use disorder treatments have high dropout and recidivism rates. Physical exercise has been shown to attenuate addiction behavior as well as modulate brain activity. This study examined the differential effects of chronic cocaine use between exercised and sedentary rats. The effects of exercise on brain glucose metabolism (BGluM) following chronic cocaine exposure were assessed using Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and [18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). Compared to sedentary animals, exercise decreased metabolism in the SIBF primary somatosensory cortex. Activation occurred in the amygdalopiriform and piriform cortex, trigeminothalamic tract, rhinal and perirhinal cortex, and visual cortex. BGluM changes may help ameliorate various aspects of cocaine abuse and reinstatement. Further investigation is needed into the underlying neuronal circuits involved in BGluM changes and their association with addiction behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Powell
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (A.P.); (C.H.)
| | - Colin Hanna
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (A.P.); (C.H.)
| | - Munawwar Sajjad
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; (M.S.); (R.Y.)
| | - Rutao Yao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; (M.S.); (R.Y.)
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Center for Sports, Exercise, and Mental Health, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
- Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Mark S. Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Teresa Quattrin
- UBMD Pediatrics, JR Oishei Children’s Hospital, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (A.P.); (C.H.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
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Lewis CM, Wunderle T, Fries P. Top-down modulation of visual cortical stimulus encoding and gamma independent of firing rates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.11.589006. [PMID: 38645050 PMCID: PMC11030389 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.11.589006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Neurons in primary visual cortex integrate sensory input with signals reflecting the animal's internal state to support flexible behavior. Internal variables, such as expectation, attention, or current goals, are imposed in a top-down manner via extensive feedback projections from higher-order areas. We optogenetically activated a high-order visual area, area 21a, in the lightly anesthetized cat (OptoTD), while recording from neuronal populations in V1. OptoTD induced strong, up to several fold, changes in gamma-band synchronization together with much smaller changes in firing rate, and the two effects showed no correlation. OptoTD effects showed specificity for the features of the simultaneously presented visual stimuli. OptoTD-induced changes in gamma synchronization, but not firing rates, were predictive of simultaneous changes in the amount of encoded stimulus information. Our findings suggest that one important role of top-down signals is to modulate synchronization and the information encoded by populations of sensory neurons.
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Delavari F, Sandini C, Kojovic N, Saccaro LF, Eliez S, Van De Ville D, Bolton TAW. Thalamic contributions to psychosis susceptibility: Evidence from co-activation patterns accounting for intra-seed spatial variability (μCAPs). Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26649. [PMID: 38520364 PMCID: PMC10960557 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The temporal variability of the thalamus in functional networks may provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. To address the complexity of the role of the thalamic nuclei in psychosis, we introduced micro-co-activation patterns (μCAPs) and employed this method on the human genetic model of schizophrenia 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS). Participants underwent resting-state functional MRI and a data-driven iterative process resulting in the identification of six whole-brain μCAPs with specific activity patterns within the thalamus. Unlike conventional methods, μCAPs extract dynamic spatial patterns that reveal partially overlapping and non-mutually exclusive functional subparts. Thus, the μCAPs method detects finer foci of activity within the initial seed region, retaining valuable and clinically relevant temporal and spatial information. We found that a μCAP showing co-activation of the mediodorsal thalamus with brain-wide cortical regions was expressed significantly less frequently in patients with 22q11.2DS, and its occurrence negatively correlated with the severity of positive psychotic symptoms. Additionally, activity within the auditory-visual cortex and their respective geniculate nuclei was expressed in two different μCAPs. One of these auditory-visual μCAPs co-activated with salience areas, while the other co-activated with the default mode network (DMN). A significant shift of occurrence from the salience+visuo-auditory-thalamus to the DMN + visuo-auditory-thalamus μCAP was observed in patients with 22q11.2DS. Thus, our findings support existing research on the gatekeeping role of the thalamus for sensory information in the pathophysiology of psychosis and revisit the evidence of geniculate nuclei hyperconnectivity with the audio-visual cortex in 22q11.2DS in the context of dynamic functional connectivity, seen here as the specific hyper-occurrence of these circuits with the task-negative brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Delavari
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology LaboratoryUniversity of Geneva School of MedicineGenevaSwitzerland
- Neuro‐X InstituteÉcole Polytechnique FÉdÉrale de LausanneGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Corrado Sandini
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology LaboratoryUniversity of Geneva School of MedicineGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Nada Kojovic
- Autism Brain and Behavior Lab, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Luigi F. Saccaro
- Faculty of Medicine, Psychiatry DepartmentUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
- Psychiatry DepartmentGeneva University HospitalGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology LaboratoryUniversity of Geneva School of MedicineGenevaSwitzerland
- Department of Genetic Medicine and DevelopmentUniversity of Geneva School of MedicineGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Dimitri Van De Ville
- Neuro‐X InstituteÉcole Polytechnique FÉdÉrale de LausanneGenevaSwitzerland
- Department of Radiology and Medical InformaticsUniversity of Geneva (UNIGE)GenevaSwitzerland
| | - Thomas A. W. Bolton
- Neuro‐X InstituteÉcole Polytechnique FÉdÉrale de LausanneGenevaSwitzerland
- Connectomics Laboratory, Department of RadiologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV)LausanneSwitzerland
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Yonk AJ, Linares-García I, Pasternak L, Juliani SE, Gradwell MA, George AJ, Margolis DJ. Role of Posterior Medial Thalamus in the Modulation of Striatal Circuitry and Choice Behavior. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.21.586152. [PMID: 38585753 PMCID: PMC10996534 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.21.586152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The posterior medial (POm) thalamus is heavily interconnected with sensory and motor circuitry and is likely involved in behavioral modulation and sensorimotor integration. POm provides axonal projections to the dorsal striatum, a hotspot of sensorimotor processing, yet the role of POm-striatal projections has remained undetermined. Using optogenetics with slice electrophysiology, we found that POm provides robust synaptic input to direct and indirect pathway striatal spiny projection neurons (D1- and D2-SPNs, respectively) and parvalbumin-expressing fast spiking interneurons (PVs). During the performance of a whisker-based tactile discrimination task, POm-striatal projections displayed learning-related activation correlating with anticipatory, but not reward-related, pupil dilation. Inhibition of POm-striatal axons across learning caused slower reaction times and an increase in the number of training sessions for expert performance. Our data indicate that POm-striatal inputs provide a behaviorally relevant arousal-related signal, which may prime striatal circuitry for efficient integration of subsequent choice-related inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Yonk
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Ivan Linares-García
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Logan Pasternak
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Sofia E. Juliani
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Mark A. Gradwell
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Arlene J. George
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - David J. Margolis
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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Kawatani M, Horio K, Ohkuma M, Li WR, Yamashita T. Interareal Synaptic Inputs Underlying Whisking-Related Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Barrel Cortex. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1148232023. [PMID: 38050130 PMCID: PMC10860602 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1148-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Body movements influence brain-wide neuronal activities. In the sensory cortex, thalamocortical bottom-up inputs and motor-sensory top-down inputs are thought to affect the dynamics of membrane potentials (Vm ) of neurons and change their processing of sensory information during movements. However, direct perturbation of the axons projecting to the sensory cortex from other remote areas during movements has remained unassessed, and therefore the interareal circuits generating motor-related signals in sensory cortices remain unclear. Using a Gi/o -coupled opsin, eOPN3, we here inhibited interareal signals incoming to the whisker primary somatosensory barrel cortex (wS1) of awake male mice and tested their effects on whisking-related changes in neuronal activities in wS1. Spontaneous whisking in air induced the changes in spike rates of a subset of wS1 neurons, which were accompanied by depolarization and substantial reduction of slow-wave oscillatory fluctuations of Vm Despite an extensive innervation, inhibition of inputs from the whisker primary motor cortex (wM1) to wS1 did not alter the spike rates and Vm dynamics of wS1 neurons during whisking. In contrast, inhibition of axons from the whisker-related thalamus (wTLM) and the whisker secondary somatosensory cortex (wS2) to wS1 largely attenuated the whisking-related supra- and sub-threshold Vm dynamics of wS1 neurons. Notably, silencing inputs from wTLM markedly decreased the modulation depth of whisking phase-tuned neurons in wS1, while inhibiting wS2 inputs did not impact the whisking variable tuning of wS1 neurons. Thus, sensorimotor integration in wS1 during spontaneous whisking is predominantly facilitated by direct synaptic inputs from wTLM and wS2 rather than from wM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kawatani
- Department of Physiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kayo Horio
- Department of Physiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Mahito Ohkuma
- Department of Physiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Wan-Ru Li
- Department of Physiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yamashita
- Department of Physiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
- International Center for Brain Science (ICBS), Fujita Health University, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
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7
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Odean NN, Sanayei M, Shadlen MN. Transient Oscillations of Neural Firing Rate Associated With Routing of Evidence in a Perceptual Decision. J Neurosci 2023; 43:6369-6383. [PMID: 37550053 PMCID: PMC10500999 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2200-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To form a perceptual decision, the brain must acquire samples of evidence from the environment and incorporate them in computations that mediate choice behavior. While much is known about the neural circuits that process sensory information and those that form decisions, less is known about the mechanisms that establish the functional linkage between them. We trained monkeys of both sexes to make difficult decisions about the net direction of visual motion under conditions that required trial-by-trial control of functional connectivity. In one condition, the motion appeared at different locations on different trials. In the other, two motion patches appeared, only one of which was informative. Neurons in the parietal cortex produced brief oscillations in their firing rate at the time routing was established: upon onset of the motion display when its location was unpredictable across trials, and upon onset of an attention cue that indicated in which of two locations an informative patch of dots would appear. The oscillation was absent when the stimulus location was fixed across trials. We interpret the oscillation as a manifestation of the mechanism that establishes the source and destination of flexibly routed information, but not the transmission of the information per se Significance Statement It has often been suggested that oscillations in neural activity might serve a role in routing information appropriately. We observe an oscillation in neural firing rate in the lateral intraparietal area consistent with such a role. The oscillations are transient. They coincide with the establishment of routing, but they do not appear to play a role in the transmission (or conveyance) of the routed information itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi N Odean
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York 10025
| | - Mehdi Sanayei
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York 10025
| | - Michael N Shadlen
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York 10025
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York 10025
- Kavli Institute, New York, New York 10025
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8
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Shine JM, Lewis LD, Garrett DD, Hwang K. The impact of the human thalamus on brain-wide information processing. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023; 24:416-430. [PMID: 37237103 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The thalamus is a small, bilateral structure in the diencephalon that integrates signals from many areas of the CNS. This critical anatomical position allows the thalamus to influence whole-brain activity and adaptive behaviour. However, traditional research paradigms have struggled to attribute specific functions to the thalamus, and it has remained understudied in the human neuroimaging literature. Recent advances in analytical techniques and increased accessibility to large, high-quality data sets have brought forth a series of studies and findings that (re-)establish the thalamus as a core region of interest in human cognitive neuroscience, a field that otherwise remains cortico-centric. In this Perspective, we argue that using whole-brain neuroimaging approaches to investigate the thalamus and its interaction with the rest of the brain is key for understanding systems-level control of information processing. To this end, we highlight the role of the thalamus in shaping a range of functional signatures, including evoked activity, interregional connectivity, network topology and neuronal variability, both at rest and during the performance of cognitive tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Shine
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laura D Lewis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Douglas D Garrett
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Hwang
- Cognitive Control Collaborative, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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9
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Inácio AR, Lam KC, Zhao Y, Pereira F, Gerfen CR, Lee S. Distinct brain-wide presynaptic networks underlie the functional identity of individual cortical neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.25.542329. [PMID: 37425800 PMCID: PMC10327181 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.25.542329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal connections provide the scaffolding for neuronal function. Revealing the connectivity of functionally identified individual neurons is necessary to understand how activity patterns emerge and support behavior. Yet, the brain-wide presynaptic wiring rules that lay the foundation for the functional selectivity of individual neurons remain largely unexplored. Cortical neurons, even in primary sensory cortex, are heterogeneous in their selectivity, not only to sensory stimuli but also to multiple aspects of behavior. Here, to investigate presynaptic connectivity rules underlying the selectivity of pyramidal neurons to behavioral state 1-12 in primary somatosensory cortex (S1), we used two-photon calcium imaging, neuropharmacology, single-cell based monosynaptic input tracing, and optogenetics. We show that behavioral state-dependent neuronal activity patterns are stable over time. These are not determined by neuromodulatory inputs but are instead driven by glutamatergic inputs. Analysis of brain-wide presynaptic networks of individual neurons with distinct behavioral state-dependent activity profiles revealed characteristic patterns of anatomical input. While both behavioral state-related and unrelated neurons had a similar pattern of local inputs within S1, their long-range glutamatergic inputs differed. Individual cortical neurons, irrespective of their functional properties, received converging inputs from the main S1-projecting areas. Yet, neurons that tracked behavioral state received a smaller proportion of motor cortical inputs and a larger proportion of thalamic inputs. Optogenetic suppression of thalamic inputs reduced behavioral state-dependent activity in S1, but this activity was not externally driven. Our results revealed distinct long-range glutamatergic inputs as a substrate for preconfigured network dynamics associated with behavioral state.
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10
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Nogueira R, Rodgers CC, Bruno RM, Fusi S. The geometry of cortical representations of touch in rodents. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:239-250. [PMID: 36624277 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Neurons often encode highly heterogeneous non-linear functions of multiple task variables, a signature of a high-dimensional geometry. We studied the representational geometry in the somatosensory cortex of mice trained to report the curvature of objects touched by their whiskers. High-speed videos of the whiskers revealed that the task can be solved by linearly integrating multiple whisker contacts over time. However, the neural activity in somatosensory cortex reflects non-linear integration of spatio-temporal features of the sensory inputs. Although the responses at first appeared disorganized, we identified an interesting structure in the representational geometry: different whisker contacts are disentangled variables represented in approximately, but not fully, orthogonal subspaces of the neural activity space. This geometry allows linear readouts to perform a broad class of tasks of different complexities without compromising the ability to generalize to novel situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Nogueira
- Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Chris C Rodgers
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Randy M Bruno
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stefano Fusi
- Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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11
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Loeb GE. Remembrance of things perceived: Adding thalamocortical function to artificial neural networks. Front Integr Neurosci 2023; 17:1108271. [PMID: 36959924 PMCID: PMC10027940 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2023.1108271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research has illuminated the complexity and importance of the thalamocortical system but it has been difficult to identify what computational functions it performs. Meanwhile, deep-learning artificial neural networks (ANNs) based on bio-inspired models of purely cortical circuits have achieved surprising success solving sophisticated cognitive problems associated historically with human intelligence. Nevertheless, the limitations and shortcomings of artificial intelligence (AI) based on such ANNs are becoming increasingly clear. This review considers how the addition of thalamocortical connectivity and its putative functions related to cortical attention might address some of those shortcomings. Such bio-inspired models are now providing both testable theories of biological cognition and improved AI technology, much of which is happening outside the usual academic venues.
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12
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Qi J, Ye C, Naskar S, Inácio AR, Lee S. Posteromedial thalamic nucleus activity significantly contributes to perceptual discrimination. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001896. [PMID: 36441759 PMCID: PMC9731480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher-order sensory thalamic nuclei are densely connected with multiple cortical and subcortical areas, yet the role of these nuclei remains elusive. The posteromedial thalamic nucleus (POm), the higher-order thalamic nucleus in the rodent somatosensory system, is an anatomical hub broadly connected with multiple sensory and motor brain areas yet weakly responds to passive sensory stimulation and whisker movements. To understand the role of POm in sensory perception, we developed a self-initiated, two-alternative forced-choice task in freely moving mice during active sensing. Using optogenetic and chemogenetic manipulation, we show that POm plays a significant role in sensory perception and the projection from the primary somatosensory cortex to POm is critical for the contribution of POm in sensory perception during active sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Qi
- Unit on Functional Neural Circuits, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Changquan Ye
- Unit on Functional Neural Circuits, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shovan Naskar
- Unit on Functional Neural Circuits, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ana R. Inácio
- Unit on Functional Neural Circuits, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Soohyun Lee
- Unit on Functional Neural Circuits, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Aksenov DP, Doubovikov ED, Serdyukova NA, Gascoigne DA, Linsenmeier RA, Drobyshevsky A. Brain tissue oxygen dynamics while mimicking the functional deficiency of interneurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:983298. [PMID: 36339824 PMCID: PMC9630360 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.983298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic interaction between excitatory and inhibitory activity in the brain is known as excitatory-inhibitory balance (EIB). A significant shift in EIB toward excitation has been observed in numerous pathological states and diseases, such as autism or epilepsy, where interneurons may be dysfunctional. The consequences of this on neurovascular interactions remains to be elucidated. Specifically, it is not known if there is an elevated metabolic consumption of oxygen due to increased excitatory activity. To investigate this, we administered microinjections of picrotoxin, a gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist, to the rabbit cortex in the awake state to mimic the functional deficiency of GABAergic interneurons. This caused an observable shift in EIB toward excitation without the induction of seizures. We used chronically implanted electrodes to measure both neuronal activity and brain tissue oxygen concentrations (PO2) simultaneously and in the same location. Using a high-frequency recording rate for PO2, we were able to detect two important phenomena, (1) the shift in EIB led to a change in the power spectra of PO2 fluctuations, such that higher frequencies (8-15 cycles per minute) were suppressed and (2) there were brief periods (dips with a duration of less than 100 ms associated with neuronal bursts) when PO2 dropped below 10 mmHg, which we defined as the threshold for hypoxia. The dips were followed by an overshoot, which indicates either a rapid vascular response or decrease in oxygen consumption. Our results point to the essential role of interneurons in brain tissue oxygen regulation in the resting state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil P. Aksenov
- Department of Radiology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, United States,Department of Anesthesiology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, United States,Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States,*Correspondence: Daniil P. Aksenov,
| | - Evan D. Doubovikov
- Department of Radiology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Natalya A. Serdyukova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States,Department of Pediatrics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - David A. Gascoigne
- Department of Radiology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Robert A. Linsenmeier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Alexander Drobyshevsky
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States,Department of Pediatrics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, United States
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14
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Higinio-Rodríguez F, Rivera-Villaseñor A, Calero-Vargas I, López-Hidalgo M. From nociception to pain perception, possible implications of astrocytes. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:972827. [PMID: 36159392 PMCID: PMC9492445 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.972827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are determinants for the functioning of the CNS. They respond to neuronal activity with calcium increases and can in turn modulate synaptic transmission, brain plasticity as well as cognitive processes. Astrocytes display sensory-evoked calcium responses in different brain structures related to the discriminative system of most sensory modalities. In particular, noxious stimulation evoked calcium responses in astrocytes in the spinal cord, the hippocampus, and the somatosensory cortex. However, it is not clear if astrocytes are involved in pain. Pain is a private, personal, and complex experience that warns us about potential tissue damage. It is a perception that is not linearly associated with the amount of tissue damage or nociception; instead, it is constructed with sensory, cognitive, and affective components and depends on our previous experiences. However, it is not fully understood how pain is created from nociception. In this perspective article, we provide an overview of the mechanisms and neuronal networks that underlie the perception of pain. Then we proposed that coherent activity of astrocytes in the spinal cord and pain-related brain areas could be important in binding sensory, affective, and cognitive information on a slower time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Higinio-Rodríguez
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Angélica Rivera-Villaseñor
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Isnarhazni Calero-Vargas
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Mónica López-Hidalgo
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Mónica López-Hidalgo,
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15
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Larsen NY, Vihrs N, Møller J, Sporring J, Tan X, Li X, Ji G, Rajkowska G, Sun F, Nyengaard JR. Layer III pyramidal cells in the prefrontal cortex reveal morphological changes in subjects with depression, schizophrenia, and suicide. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:363. [PMID: 36064829 PMCID: PMC9445178 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02128-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Brodmann Area 46 (BA46) has long been regarded as a hotspot of disease pathology in individuals with schizophrenia (SCH) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Pyramidal neurons in layer III of the Brodmann Area 46 (BA46) project to other cortical regions and play a fundamental role in corticocortical and thalamocortical circuits. The AutoCUTS-LM pipeline was used to study the 3-dimensional structural morphology and spatial organization of pyramidal cells. Using quantitative light microscopy, we used stereology to calculate the entire volume of layer III in BA46 and the total number and density of pyramidal cells. Volume tensors estimated by the planar rotator quantified the volume, shape, and nucleus displacement of pyramidal cells. All of these assessments were carried out in four groups of subjects: controls (C, n = 10), SCH (n = 10), MDD (n = 8), and suicide subjects with a history of depression (SU, n = 11). SCH subjects had a significantly lower somal volume, total number, and density of pyramidal neurons when compared to C and tended to show a volume reduction in layer III of BA46. When comparing MDD subjects with C, the measured parameters were inclined to follow SCH, although there was only a significant reduction in pyramidal total cell number. While no morphometric differences were observed between SU and MDD, SU had a significantly higher total number of pyramidal cells and nucleus displacement than SCH. Finally, no differences in the spatial organization of pyramidal cells were found among groups. These results suggest that despite significant morphological alterations in layer III of BA46, which may impair prefrontal connections in people with SCH and MDD, the spatial organization of pyramidal cells remains the same across the four groups and suggests no defects in neuronal migration. The increased understanding of pyramidal cell biology may provide the cellular basis for symptoms and neuroimaging observations in SCH and MDD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Y. Larsen
- grid.7048.b0000 0001 1956 2722Core Centre for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark ,grid.7048.b0000 0001 1956 2722Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark ,Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Aarhus, Denmark ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XCentre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aalborg University, Aarhus University and University of Copenhagen, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ninna Vihrs
- grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XDepartment of Mathematical Sciences, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jesper Møller
- grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XCentre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aalborg University, Aarhus University and University of Copenhagen, Aarhus, Denmark ,grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XDepartment of Mathematical Sciences, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jon Sporring
- grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XCentre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aalborg University, Aarhus University and University of Copenhagen, Aarhus, Denmark ,grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xueke Tan
- grid.418856.60000 0004 1792 5640National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.418856.60000 0004 1792 5640Center for Biological Imaging, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xixia Li
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark ,grid.418856.60000 0004 1792 5640National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Ji
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark ,grid.418856.60000 0004 1792 5640National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Grazyna Rajkowska
- grid.410721.10000 0004 1937 0407Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS USA
| | - Fei Sun
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Aarhus, Denmark ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.418856.60000 0004 1792 5640National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China ,grid.418856.60000 0004 1792 5640Center for Biological Imaging, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jens R. Nyengaard
- grid.7048.b0000 0001 1956 2722Core Centre for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark ,Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Aarhus, Denmark ,grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XCentre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aalborg University, Aarhus University and University of Copenhagen, Aarhus, Denmark ,grid.154185.c0000 0004 0512 597XDepartment of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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16
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Conserved patterns of functional organization between cortex and thalamus in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201481119. [PMID: 35588455 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201481119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SignificanceNeuroanatomical tracing provides just a partial picture of information flow in the brain, because excitatory synapses are not all equal. Some strongly drive postsynaptic targets to transfer information, whereas others weakly modulate their responsiveness. Here, we show conserved patterns of synaptic function across somatosensory and visual thalamocortical circuits in mice involving higher-order thalamic nuclei. These nuclei serve as hubs in transthalamic or cortico-thalamo-cortical pathways. We report that feedforward transthalamic circuits in the somatosensory and visual systems operate to efficiently transmit information, whereas feedback transthalamic circuits act to modulate their target areas. These patterns may generalize to other brain systems and show how methods of synapse physiology and molecular biology can inform the exploration of brain circuitry and information processing.
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17
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La Terra D, Rosier M, Bjerre AS, Masuda R, Ryan TJ, Palmer LM. The role of higher order thalamus during learning and correct performance in goal-directed behavior. eLife 2022; 11:77177. [PMID: 35259091 PMCID: PMC8937217 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The thalamus is a gateway to the cortex. Cortical encoding of complex behavior can therefore only be understood by considering the thalamic processing of sensory and internally generated information. Here, we use two-photon Ca2+ imaging and optogenetics to investigate the role of axonal projections from the posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus (POm) to the forepaw area of the mouse primary somatosensory cortex (forepaw S1). By recording the activity of POm axonal projections within forepaw S1 during expert and chance performance in two tactile goal-directed tasks, we demonstrate that POm axons increase activity in the response and, to a lesser extent, reward epochs specifically during correct HIT performance. When performing at chance level during learning of a new behavior, POm axonal activity was decreased to naive rates and did not correlate with task performance. However, once evoked, the Ca2+ transients were larger than during expert performance, suggesting POm input to S1 differentially encodes chance and expert performance. Furthermore, the POm influences goal-directed behavior, as photoinactivation of archaerhodopsin-expressing neurons in the POm decreased the learning rate and overall success in the behavioral task. Taken together, these findings expand the known roles of the higher-thalamic nuclei, illustrating the POm encodes and influences correct action during learning and performance in a sensory-based goal-directed behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo La Terra
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marius Rosier
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ann-Sofie Bjerre
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rei Masuda
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Lucy Maree Palmer
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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18
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Petty GH, Kinnischtzke AK, Hong YK, Bruno RM. Effects of arousal and movement on secondary somatosensory and visual thalamus. eLife 2021; 10:67611. [PMID: 34842139 PMCID: PMC8660016 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neocortical sensory areas have associated primary and secondary thalamic nuclei. While primary nuclei transmit sensory information to cortex, secondary nuclei remain poorly understood. We recorded juxtasomally from secondary somatosensory (POm) and visual (LP) nuclei of awake mice while tracking whisking and pupil size. POm activity correlated with whisking, but not precise whisker kinematics. This coarse movement modulation persisted after facial paralysis and thus was not due to sensory reafference. This phenomenon also continued during optogenetic silencing of somatosensory and motor cortex and after lesion of superior colliculus, ruling out a motor efference copy mechanism. Whisking and pupil dilation were strongly correlated, possibly reflecting arousal. Indeed LP, which is not part of the whisker system, tracked whisking equally well, further indicating that POm activity does not encode whisker movement per se. The semblance of movement-related activity is likely instead a global effect of arousal on both nuclei. We conclude that secondary thalamus monitors behavioral state, rather than movement, and may exist to alter cortical activity accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon H Petty
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Kavli Institute for Brain Science, New York, United States.,Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, New York, United States
| | - Amanda K Kinnischtzke
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Kavli Institute for Brain Science, New York, United States.,Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, New York, United States
| | - Y Kate Hong
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Kavli Institute for Brain Science, New York, United States.,Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, New York, United States
| | - Randy M Bruno
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Kavli Institute for Brain Science, New York, United States.,Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, New York, United States
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19
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Castejon C, Martin-Cortecero J, Nuñez A. Higher-Order Thalamic Encoding of Somatosensory Patterns and Bilateral Events. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:752804. [PMID: 34759802 PMCID: PMC8573422 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.752804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of the higher-order sensory thalamus remains unclear. Here, the posterior medial (POm) nucleus of the thalamus was examined by in vivo extracellular recordings in anesthetized rats across a variety of contralateral, ipsilateral, and bilateral whisker sensory patterns. We found that POm was highly sensitive to multiwhisker stimuli involving diverse spatiotemporal interactions. Accurate increases in POm activity were produced during the overlapping time between spatial signals reflecting changes in the spatiotemporal structure of sensory patterns. In addition, our results showed for first time that POm was also able to respond to tactile stimulation of ipsilateral whiskers. This finding challenges the notion that the somatosensory thalamus only computes unilateral stimuli. We found that POm also integrates signals from both whisker pads and described how this integration is generated. Our results showed that ipsilateral activity reached one POm indirectly from the other POm and demonstrated a transmission of sensory activity between both nuclei through a functional POm-POm loop formed by thalamocortical, interhemispheric, and corticothalamic projections. The implication of different cortical areas was investigated revealing that S1 plays a central role in this POm-POm loop. Accordingly, the subcortical and cortical inputs allow POm but not the ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus (VPM) to have sensory information from both sides of the body. This finding is in agreement with the higher-order nature of POm and can be considered to functionally differentiate and classify these thalamic nuclei. A possible functional role of these higher-order thalamic patterns of integrated activity in brain function is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Castejon
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Autónoma de Madrid University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus Martin-Cortecero
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Autónoma de Madrid University, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical Biophysics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angel Nuñez
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Autónoma de Madrid University, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Mease RA, Gonzalez AJ. Corticothalamic Pathways From Layer 5: Emerging Roles in Computation and Pathology. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:730211. [PMID: 34566583 PMCID: PMC8458899 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.730211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Large portions of the thalamus receive strong driving input from cortical layer 5 (L5) neurons but the role of this important pathway in cortical and thalamic computations is not well understood. L5-recipient "higher-order" thalamic regions participate in cortico-thalamo-cortical (CTC) circuits that are increasingly recognized to be (1) anatomically and functionally distinct from better-studied "first-order" CTC networks, and (2) integral to cortical activity related to learning and perception. Additionally, studies are beginning to elucidate the clinical relevance of these networks, as dysfunction across these pathways have been implicated in several pathological states. In this review, we highlight recent advances in understanding L5 CTC networks across sensory modalities and brain regions, particularly studies leveraging cell-type-specific tools that allow precise experimental access to L5 CTC circuits. We aim to provide a focused and accessible summary of the anatomical, physiological, and computational properties of L5-originating CTC networks, and outline their underappreciated contribution in pathology. We particularly seek to connect single-neuron and synaptic properties to network (dys)function and emerging theories of cortical computation, and highlight information processing in L5 CTC networks as a promising focus for computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Mease
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical Biophysics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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An increase in dendritic plateau potentials is associated with experience-dependent cortical map reorganization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2024920118. [PMID: 33619110 PMCID: PMC7936269 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024920118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we describe a mechanism for cortical map plasticity. Classically, representational map changes are thought to be driven by changes within cortico-cortical circuits, e.g., Hebbian plasticity of synaptic circuits that lost vs. maintained an excitatory drive from the first-order thalamus, possibly steered by neuromodulatory forces from deep brain regions. Our work provides evidence for an additional gating mechanism, provided by plateau potentials, which are driven by higher-order thalamic feedback. Higher-order thalamic neurons are characterized by broad receptive fields, and the plateau potentials that they evoke strongly facilitate long-term potentiation and elicit spikes. We show that these features combined constitute a powerful driving force for the fusion or expansion of sensory representations within cortical maps. The organization of sensory maps in the cerebral cortex depends on experience, which drives homeostatic and long-term synaptic plasticity of cortico-cortical circuits. In the mouse primary somatosensory cortex (S1) afferents from the higher-order, posterior medial thalamic nucleus (POm) gate synaptic plasticity in layer (L) 2/3 pyramidal neurons via disinhibition and the production of dendritic plateau potentials. Here we address whether these thalamocortically mediated responses play a role in whisker map plasticity in S1. We find that trimming all but two whiskers causes a partial fusion of the representations of the two spared whiskers, concomitantly with an increase in the occurrence of POm-driven N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-dependent plateau potentials. Blocking the plateau potentials restores the archetypical organization of the sensory map. Our results reveal a mechanism for experience-dependent cortical map plasticity in which higher-order thalamocortically mediated plateau potentials facilitate the fusion of normally segregated cortical representations.
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22
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Gobbo D, Scheller A, Kirchhoff F. From Physiology to Pathology of Cortico-Thalamo-Cortical Oscillations: Astroglia as a Target for Further Research. Front Neurol 2021; 12:661408. [PMID: 34177766 PMCID: PMC8219957 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.661408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrographic hallmark of childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) and other idiopathic forms of epilepsy are 2.5-4 Hz spike and wave discharges (SWDs) originating from abnormal electrical oscillations of the cortico-thalamo-cortical network. SWDs are generally associated with sudden and brief non-convulsive epileptic events mostly generating impairment of consciousness and correlating with attention and learning as well as cognitive deficits. To date, SWDs are known to arise from locally restricted imbalances of excitation and inhibition in the deep layers of the primary somatosensory cortex. SWDs propagate to the mostly GABAergic nucleus reticularis thalami (NRT) and the somatosensory thalamic nuclei that project back to the cortex, leading to the typical generalized spike and wave oscillations. Given their shared anatomical basis, SWDs have been originally considered the pathological transition of 11-16 Hz bursts of neural oscillatory activity (the so-called sleep spindles) occurring during Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep, but more recent research revealed fundamental functional differences between sleep spindles and SWDs, suggesting the latter could be more closely related to the slow (<1 Hz) oscillations alternating active (Up) and silent (Down) cortical activity and concomitantly occurring during NREM. Indeed, several lines of evidence support the fact that SWDs impair sleep architecture as well as sleep/wake cycles and sleep pressure, which, in turn, affect seizure circadian frequency and distribution. Given the accumulating evidence on the role of astroglia in the field of epilepsy in the modulation of excitation and inhibition in the brain as well as on the development of aberrant synchronous network activity, we aim at pointing at putative contributions of astrocytes to the physiology of slow-wave sleep and to the pathology of SWDs. Particularly, we will address the astroglial functions known to be involved in the control of network excitability and synchronicity and so far mainly addressed in the context of convulsive seizures, namely (i) interstitial fluid homeostasis, (ii) K+ clearance and neurotransmitter uptake from the extracellular space and the synaptic cleft, (iii) gap junction mechanical and functional coupling as well as hemichannel function, (iv) gliotransmission, (v) astroglial Ca2+ signaling and downstream effectors, (vi) reactive astrogliosis and cytokine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Gobbo
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Anja Scheller
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
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23
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Liew YJ, Pala A, Whitmire CJ, Stoy WA, Forest CR, Stanley GB. Inferring thalamocortical monosynaptic connectivity in vivo. J Neurophysiol 2021; 125:2408-2431. [PMID: 33978507 PMCID: PMC8285656 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00591.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As the tools to simultaneously record electrophysiological signals from large numbers of neurons within and across brain regions become increasingly available, this opens up for the first time the possibility of establishing the details of causal relationships between monosynaptically connected neurons and the patterns of neural activation that underlie perception and behavior. Although recorded activity across synaptically connected neurons has served as the cornerstone for much of what we know about synaptic transmission and plasticity, this has largely been relegated to ex vivo preparations that enable precise targeting under relatively well-controlled conditions. Analogous studies in vivo, where image-guided targeting is often not yet possible, rely on indirect, data-driven measures, and as a result such studies have been sparse and the dependence upon important experimental parameters has not been well studied. Here, using in vivo extracellular single-unit recordings in the topographically aligned rodent thalamocortical pathway, we sought to establish a general experimental and computational framework for inferring synaptic connectivity. Specifically, attacking this problem within a statistical signal detection framework utilizing experimentally recorded data in the ventral-posterior medial (VPm) region of the thalamus and the homologous region in layer 4 of primary somatosensory cortex (S1) revealed a trade-off between network activity levels needed for the data-driven inference and synchronization of nearby neurons within the population that results in masking of synaptic relationships. Here, we provide a framework for establishing connectivity in multisite, multielectrode recordings based on statistical inference, setting the stage for large-scale assessment of synaptic connectivity within and across brain structures.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Despite the fact that all brain function relies on the long-range transfer of information across different regions, the tools enabling us to measure connectivity across brain structures are lacking. Here, we provide a statistical framework for identifying and assessing potential monosynaptic connectivity across neuronal circuits from population spiking activity that generalizes to large-scale recording technologies that will help us to better understand the signaling within networks that underlies perception and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Juin Liew
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Joint PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology-Emory University-Peking University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Aurélie Pala
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Clarissa J Whitmire
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - William A Stoy
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Craig R Forest
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Garrett B Stanley
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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24
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Cerebellar Purkinje cells can differentially modulate coherence between sensory and motor cortex depending on region and behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2015292118. [PMID: 33443203 PMCID: PMC7812746 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015292118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity of sensory and motor cortices is essential for sensorimotor integration. In particular, coherence between these areas may indicate binding of critical functions like perception, motor planning, action, or sleep. Evidence is accumulating that cerebellar output modulates cortical activity and coherence, but how, when, and where it does so is unclear. We studied activity in and coherence between S1 and M1 cortices during whisker stimulation in the absence and presence of optogenetic Purkinje cell stimulation in crus 1 and 2 of awake mice, eliciting strong simple spike rate modulation. Without Purkinje cell stimulation, whisker stimulation triggers fast responses in S1 and M1 involving transient coherence in a broad spectrum. Simultaneous stimulation of Purkinje cells and whiskers affects amplitude and kinetics of sensory responses in S1 and M1 and alters the estimated S1-M1 coherence in theta and gamma bands, allowing bidirectional control dependent on behavioral context. These effects are absent when Purkinje cell activation is delayed by 20 ms. Focal stimulation of Purkinje cells revealed site specificity, with cells in medial crus 2 showing the most prominent and selective impact on estimated coherence, i.e., a strong suppression in the gamma but not the theta band. Granger causality analyses and computational modeling of the involved networks suggest that Purkinje cells control S1-M1 phase consistency predominantly via ventrolateral thalamus and M1. Our results indicate that activity of sensorimotor cortices can be dynamically and functionally modulated by specific cerebellar inputs, highlighting a widespread role of the cerebellum in coordinating sensorimotor behavior.
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25
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Environmental Enrichment Sharpens Sensory Acuity by Enhancing Information Coding in Barrel Cortex and Premotor Cortex. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0309-20.2021. [PMID: 33893166 PMCID: PMC8143018 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0309-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) is beneficial to sensory functions. Thus, elucidating the neural mechanism underlying improvement of sensory stimulus discrimination is important for developing therapeutic strategies. We aim to advance the understanding of such neural mechanism. We found that tactile enrichment improved tactile stimulus feature discrimination. The neural correlate of such improvement was revealed by analyzing single-cell information coding in both the primary somatosensory cortex and the premotor cortex of awake behaving animals. Our results show that EE enhances the decision-information coding capacity of cells that are tuned to adjacent whiskers, and of premotor cortical cells.
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26
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Effects of Optogenetic Stimulation of Primary Somatosensory Cortex and Its Projections to Striatum on Vibrotactile Perception in Freely Moving Rats. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0453-20.2021. [PMID: 33593733 PMCID: PMC7986534 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0453-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tactile sensation is one of our primary means to collect information about the nearby environment and thus crucial for daily activities and survival. Therefore, it is of high importance to restore sensory feedback after sensory loss. Optogenetic manipulation allows local or pathway-specific write-in of information. However, it remains elusive whether optogenetic stimulation can be interpreted as tactile sensation to guide operant behavior and how it is integrated with tactile stimuli. To address these questions, we employed a vibrotactile detection task combined with optogenetic neuromodulation in freely moving rats. By bidirectionally manipulating the activity of neurons in primary somatosensory cortex (S1), we demonstrated that optical activation as well as inhibition of S1 reduced the detection rate for vibrotactile stimuli. Interestingly, activation of corticostriatal terminals improved the detection of tactile stimuli, while inhibition of corticostriatal terminals did not affect the performance. To manipulate the corticostriatal pathway more specifically, we employed a dual viral system. Activation of corticostriatal cell bodies disturbed the tactile perception while activation of corticostriatal terminals slightly facilitated the detection of vibrotactile stimuli. In the absence of tactile stimuli, both corticostriatal cell bodies as well as terminals caused a reaction. Taken together, our data confirmed the possibility to restore sensation using optogenetics and demonstrated that S1 and its descending projections to striatum play differential roles in the neural processing underlying vibrotactile detection.
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27
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Naskar S, Qi J, Pereira F, Gerfen CR, Lee S. Cell-type-specific recruitment of GABAergic interneurons in the primary somatosensory cortex by long-range inputs. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108774. [PMID: 33626343 PMCID: PMC7995594 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive hierarchical yet highly reciprocal interactions among cortical areas are fundamental for information processing. However, connectivity rules governing the specificity of such corticocortical connections, and top-down feedback projections in particular, are poorly understood. We analyze synaptic strength from functionally relevant brain areas to diverse neuronal types in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). Long-range projections from different areas preferentially engage specific sets of GABAergic neurons in S1. Projections from other somatosensory cortices strongly recruit parvalbumin (PV)-positive GABAergic neurons and lead to PV neuron-mediated feedforward inhibition of pyramidal neurons in S1. In contrast, inputs from whisker-related primary motor cortex are biased to vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-positive GABAergic neurons and potentially result in VIP neuron-mediated disinhibition. Regardless of the input areas, somatostatin-positive neurons receive relatively weak long-range inputs. Computational analyses suggest that a characteristic combination of synaptic inputs to different GABAergic IN types in S1 represents a specific long-range input area. Naskar et al. show how functionally relevant brain areas interact with neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex, demonstrating that long-range projections from diverse brain areas differentially recruit specific subtypes of GABAergic neurons in S1, and each distinct subtype of GABAergic neurons differentially affects local network activity in S1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shovan Naskar
- Unit on Functional Neural Circuits, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jia Qi
- Unit on Functional Neural Circuits, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Francisco Pereira
- Machine Learning Team, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Charles R Gerfen
- Section on Neuroanatomy, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Soohyun Lee
- Unit on Functional Neural Circuits, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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28
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Anastasiades PG, Collins DP, Carter AG. Mediodorsal and Ventromedial Thalamus Engage Distinct L1 Circuits in the Prefrontal Cortex. Neuron 2021; 109:314-330.e4. [PMID: 33188733 PMCID: PMC7855187 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between the thalamus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) play a critical role in cognitive function and arousal. Here, we use anatomical tracing, electrophysiology, optogenetics, and 2-photon Ca2+ imaging to determine how ventromedial (VM) and mediodorsal (MD) thalamus target specific cell types and subcellular compartments in layer 1 (L1) of mouse PFC. We find thalamic inputs make distinct connections in L1, where VM engages neuron-derived neurotrophic factor (NDNF+) cells in L1a and MD drives vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP+) cells in L1b. These separate populations of L1 interneurons participate in different inhibitory networks in superficial layers by targeting either parvalbumin (PV+) or somatostatin (SOM+) interneurons. NDNF+ cells also inhibit the apical dendrites of L5 pyramidal tract (PT) cells to suppress action potential (AP)-evoked Ca2+ signals. Lastly, NDNF+ cells mediate a unique form of thalamus-evoked inhibition at PT cells, selectively blocking VM-evoked dendritic Ca2+ spikes. Together, our findings reveal how two thalamic nuclei differentially communicate with the PFC through distinct L1 micro-circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Anastasiades
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - David P Collins
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Adam G Carter
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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29
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Lu J, Tjia M, Mullen B, Cao B, Lukasiewicz K, Shah-Morales S, Weiser S, Cameron LP, Olson DE, Chen L, Zuo Y. An analog of psychedelics restores functional neural circuits disrupted by unpredictable stress. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:6237-6252. [PMID: 34035476 PMCID: PMC8613316 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01159-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Psychological stress affects a wide spectrum of brain functions and poses risks for many mental disorders. However, effective therapeutics to alleviate or revert its deleterious effects are lacking. A recently synthesized psychedelic analog tabernanthalog (TBG) has demonstrated anti-addictive and antidepressant potential. Whether TBG can rescue stress-induced affective, sensory, and cognitive deficits, and how it may achieve such effects by modulating neural circuits, remain unknown. Here we show that in mice exposed to unpredictable mild stress (UMS), administration of a single dose of TBG decreases their anxiety level and rescues deficits in sensory processing as well as in cognitive flexibility. Post-stress TBG treatment promotes the regrowth of excitatory neuron dendritic spines lost during UMS, decreases the baseline neuronal activity, and enhances whisking-modulation of neuronal activity in the somatosensory cortex. Moreover, calcium imaging in head-fixed mice performing a whisker-dependent texture discrimination task shows that novel textures elicit responses from a greater proportion of neurons in the somatosensory cortex than do familiar textures. Such differential response is diminished by UMS and is restored by TBG. Together, our study reveals the effects of UMS on cortical neuronal circuit activity patterns and demonstrate that TBG combats the detrimental effects of stress by modulating basal and stimulus-dependent neural activity in cortical networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Lu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
| | - Michelle Tjia
- grid.205975.c0000 0001 0740 6917Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA USA
| | - Brian Mullen
- grid.205975.c0000 0001 0740 6917Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA USA
| | - Bing Cao
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Departments of Neurosurgery, Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Kacper Lukasiewicz
- grid.205975.c0000 0001 0740 6917Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA USA
| | - Sajita Shah-Morales
- grid.205975.c0000 0001 0740 6917Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA USA
| | - Sydney Weiser
- grid.205975.c0000 0001 0740 6917Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA USA
| | - Lindsay P. Cameron
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - David E. Olson
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Lu Chen
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Departments of Neurosurgery, Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Yi Zuo
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
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30
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Crunelli V, Lőrincz ML, McCafferty C, Lambert RC, Leresche N, Di Giovanni G, David F. Clinical and experimental insight into pathophysiology, comorbidity and therapy of absence seizures. Brain 2020; 143:2341-2368. [PMID: 32437558 PMCID: PMC7447525 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Absence seizures in children and teenagers are generally considered relatively benign because of their non-convulsive nature and the large incidence of remittance in early adulthood. Recent studies, however, show that 30% of children with absence seizures are pharmaco-resistant and 60% are affected by severe neuropsychiatric comorbid conditions, including impairments in attention, cognition, memory and mood. In particular, attention deficits can be detected before the epilepsy diagnosis, may persist even when seizures are pharmacologically controlled and are aggravated by valproic acid monotherapy. New functional MRI-magnetoencephalography and functional MRI-EEG studies provide conclusive evidence that changes in blood oxygenation level-dependent signal amplitude and frequency in children with absence seizures can be detected in specific cortical networks at least 1 min before the start of a seizure, spike-wave discharges are not generalized at seizure onset and abnormal cortical network states remain during interictal periods. From a neurobiological perspective, recent electrical recordings and imaging of large neuronal ensembles with single-cell resolution in non-anaesthetized models show that, in contrast to the predominant opinion, cortical mechanisms, rather than an exclusively thalamic rhythmogenesis, are key in driving seizure ictogenesis and determining spike-wave frequency. Though synchronous ictal firing characterizes cortical and thalamic activity at the population level, individual cortico-thalamic and thalamocortical neurons are sparsely recruited to successive seizures and consecutive paroxysmal cycles within a seizure. New evidence strengthens previous findings on the essential role for basal ganglia networks in absence seizures, in particular the ictal increase in firing of substantia nigra GABAergic neurons. Thus, a key feature of thalamic ictogenesis is the powerful increase in the inhibition of thalamocortical neurons that originates at least from two sources, substantia nigra and thalamic reticular nucleus. This undoubtedly provides a major contribution to the ictal decrease in total firing and the ictal increase of T-type calcium channel-mediated burst firing of thalamocortical neurons, though the latter is not essential for seizure expression. Moreover, in some children and animal models with absence seizures, the ictal increase in thalamic inhibition is enhanced by the loss-of-function of the astrocytic GABA transporter GAT-1 that does not necessarily derive from a mutation in its gene. Together, these novel clinical and experimental findings bring about paradigm-shifting views of our understanding of absence seizures and demand careful choice of initial monotherapy and continuous neuropsychiatric evaluation of affected children. These issues are discussed here to focus future clinical and experimental research and help to identify novel therapeutic targets for treating both absence seizures and their comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Crunelli
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.,Neuroscience Division, School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, UK
| | - Magor L Lőrincz
- Neuroscience Division, School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, UK.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Cian McCafferty
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Régis C Lambert
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neuroscience Paris Seine and Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Leresche
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neuroscience Paris Seine and Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Paris, France
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.,Neuroscience Division, School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, UK
| | - François David
- Cerebral dynamics, learning and plasticity, Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center - UMR 8002, Paris, France
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31
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Buchan MJ, Gothard G, von Klemperer A, van Rheede J. Diverse roles for the posteromedial thalamus in sensory-evoked cortical plasticity. J Neurophysiol 2020; 125:537-539. [PMID: 33356869 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00291.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The posteromedial thalamus (POm) has extensive recurrent connectivity with the whisker-related primary somatosensory cortex (wS1) of rodents. However, its functional contribution to somatosensory processing in wS1 remains unclear. This article reviews several recent findings, which begin to elucidate the role of POm in sensory-evoked plasticity and discusses their implications for somatosensory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Buchan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Gothard
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Joram van Rheede
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom
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32
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Developmental divergence of sensory stimulus representation in cortical interneurons. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5729. [PMID: 33184269 PMCID: PMC7661508 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19427-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasocative-intestinal-peptide (VIP+) and somatostatin (SST+) interneurons are involved in modulating barrel cortex activity and perception during active whisking. Here we identify a developmental transition point of structural and functional rearrangements onto these interneurons around the start of active sensation at P14. Using in vivo two-photon Ca2+ imaging, we find that before P14, both interneuron types respond stronger to a multi-whisker stimulus, whereas after P14 their responses diverge, with VIP+ cells losing their multi-whisker preference and SST+ neurons enhancing theirs. Additionally, we find that Ca2+ signaling dynamics increase in precision as the cells and network mature. Rabies virus tracings followed by tissue clearing, as well as photostimulation-coupled electrophysiology reveal that SST+ cells receive higher cross-barrel inputs compared to VIP+ neurons at both time points. In addition, whereas prior to P14 both cell types receive direct input from the sensory thalamus, after P14 VIP+ cells show reduced inputs and SST+ cells largely shift to motor-related thalamic nuclei. Sensory neuronal circuits adapt during maturation when animals start to actively interact with the external world. The authors reveal structural and functional rearrangements of the input cortical interneurons receive around the time the animals start active sensation.
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33
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Distinct Age-Dependent C Fiber-Driven Oscillatory Activity in the Rat Somatosensory Cortex. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0036-20.2020. [PMID: 32759177 PMCID: PMC7545434 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0036-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
When skin afferents are activated, the sensory signals are transmitted to the spinal cord and eventually reach the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), initiating the encoding of the sensory percept in the brain. While subsets of primary afferents mediate specific somatosensory information from an early age, the subcortical pathways that transmit this information undergo striking changes over the first weeks of life, reflected in the gradual emergence of specific sensory behaviors. We therefore hypothesized that this period is associated with differential changes in the encoding of incoming afferent volleys in S1. To test this, we compared S1 responses to A fiber skin afferent stimulation and A + C skin afferent fiber stimulation in lightly anaesthetized male rats at postnatal day (P)7, P14, P21, and P30. Differences in S1 activity following A and A + C fiber stimulation changed dramatically over this period. At P30, A + C fiber stimulation evoked significantly larger γ, β, and α energy increases compared with A fiber stimulation alone. At younger ages, the changes in S1 oscillatory activity evoked by the two afferent volleys were not significantly different. Silencing TRPV1+ C fibers with QX-314 significantly reduced the γ and β S1 oscillatory energy increases evoked by A + C fibers, at P30 and P21, but not at younger ages. Thus, C fibers differentially modulate S1 oscillatory activity only from the third postnatal week, well after the functional maturation of the somatosensory cortex. This age-related change in afferent evoked S1 oscillatory activity may underpin the maturation of sensory discrimination in the developing brain.
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34
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Staiger JF, Petersen CCH. Neuronal Circuits in Barrel Cortex for Whisker Sensory Perception. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:353-415. [PMID: 32816652 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The array of whiskers on the snout provides rodents with tactile sensory information relating to the size, shape and texture of objects in their immediate environment. Rodents can use their whiskers to detect stimuli, distinguish textures, locate objects and navigate. Important aspects of whisker sensation are thought to result from neuronal computations in the whisker somatosensory cortex (wS1). Each whisker is individually represented in the somatotopic map of wS1 by an anatomical unit named a 'barrel' (hence also called barrel cortex). This allows precise investigation of sensory processing in the context of a well-defined map. Here, we first review the signaling pathways from the whiskers to wS1, and then discuss current understanding of the various types of excitatory and inhibitory neurons present within wS1. Different classes of cells can be defined according to anatomical, electrophysiological and molecular features. The synaptic connectivity of neurons within local wS1 microcircuits, as well as their long-range interactions and the impact of neuromodulators, are beginning to be understood. Recent technological progress has allowed cell-type-specific connectivity to be related to cell-type-specific activity during whisker-related behaviors. An important goal for future research is to obtain a causal and mechanistic understanding of how selected aspects of tactile sensory information are processed by specific types of neurons in the synaptically connected neuronal networks of wS1 and signaled to downstream brain areas, thus contributing to sensory-guided decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen F Staiger
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Neuroanatomy, Göttingen, Germany; and Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Faculty of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carl C H Petersen
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Neuroanatomy, Göttingen, Germany; and Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Faculty of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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35
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Martinez-Garcia RI, Voelcker B, Zaltsman JB, Patrick SL, Stevens TR, Connors BW, Cruikshank SJ. Two dynamically distinct circuits drive inhibition in the sensory thalamus. Nature 2020; 583:813-818. [PMID: 32699410 PMCID: PMC7394732 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2512-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Most sensory information destined for the neocortex is relayed through the thalamus, where considerable transformation occurs1,2. One means of transformation involves interactions between excitatory thalamocortical neurons that carry data to the cortex and inhibitory neurons of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) that regulate the flow of those data3-6. Although the importance of the TRN has long been recognised7-9, understanding of its cell types, their organization and their functional properties has lagged behind that of the thalamocortical systems they control. Here we address this by investigating the somatosensory and visual circuits of the TRN in mice. In the somatosensory TRN we observed two groups of genetically defined neurons that are topographically segregated and physiologically distinct, and that connect reciprocally with independent thalamocortical nuclei through dynamically divergent synapses. Calbindin-expressing cells-located in the central core-connect with the ventral posterior nucleus, the primary somatosensory thalamocortical relay. By contrast, somatostatin-expressing cells-which reside along the surrounding edges of the TRN-synapse with the posterior medial thalamic nucleus, a higher-order structure that carries both top-down and bottom-up information10-12. The two TRN cell groups process their inputs in pathway-specific ways. Synapses from the ventral posterior nucleus to central TRN cells transmit rapid excitatory currents that depress deeply during repetitive activity, driving phasic spike output. Synapses from the posterior medial thalamic nucleus to edge TRN cells evoke slower, less depressing excitatory currents that drive more persistent spiking. Differences in the intrinsic physiology of TRN cell types, including state-dependent bursting, contribute to these output dynamics. The processing specializations of these two somatosensory TRN subcircuits therefore appear to be tuned to the signals they carry-a primary central subcircuit tuned to discrete sensory events, and a higher-order edge subcircuit tuned to temporally distributed signals integrated from multiple sources. The structure and function of visual TRN subcircuits closely resemble those of the somatosensory TRN. These results provide insights into how subnetworks of TRN neurons may differentially process distinct classes of thalamic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa I Martinez-Garcia
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Robert J. & Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Bettina Voelcker
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julia B Zaltsman
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Robert J. & Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Saundra L Patrick
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Robert J. & Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Tanya R Stevens
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Robert J. & Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Barry W Connors
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Robert J. & Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Scott J Cruikshank
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA. .,The UAB Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. .,UAB Comprehensive Neuroscience Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. .,Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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36
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Ansorge J, Humanes‐Valera D, Pauzin FP, Schwarz MK, Krieger P. Cortical layer 6 control of sensory responses in higher‐order thalamus. J Physiol 2020; 598:3973-4001. [DOI: 10.1113/jp279915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Ansorge
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Systems Neuroscience Ruhr University Bochum Bochum Germany
| | - Desire Humanes‐Valera
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Systems Neuroscience Ruhr University Bochum Bochum Germany
| | - François P. Pauzin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Systems Neuroscience Ruhr University Bochum Bochum Germany
| | - Martin K. Schwarz
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research University of Bonn Medical School Bonn Germany
| | - Patrik Krieger
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Systems Neuroscience Ruhr University Bochum Bochum Germany
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37
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Gilad A, Maor I, Mizrahi A. Learning-related population dynamics in the auditory thalamus. eLife 2020; 9:56307. [PMID: 32639231 PMCID: PMC7371423 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning to associate sensory stimuli with a chosen action involves a dynamic interplay between cortical and thalamic circuits. While the cortex has been widely studied in this respect, how the thalamus encodes learning-related information is still largely unknown. We studied learning-related activity in the medial geniculate body (MGB; Auditory thalamus), targeting mainly the dorsal and medial regions. Using fiber photometry, we continuously imaged population calcium dynamics as mice learned a go/no-go auditory discrimination task. The MGB was tuned to frequency and responded to cognitive features like the choice of the mouse within several hundred milliseconds. Encoding of choice in the MGB increased with learning, and was highly correlated with the learning curves of the mice. MGB also encoded motor parameters of the mouse during the task. These results provide evidence that the MGB encodes task- motor- and learning-related information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Gilad
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.,The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ido Maor
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adi Mizrahi
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Neurobiology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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38
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El-Boustani S, Sermet BS, Foustoukos G, Oram TB, Yizhar O, Petersen CCH. Anatomically and functionally distinct thalamocortical inputs to primary and secondary mouse whisker somatosensory cortices. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3342. [PMID: 32620835 PMCID: PMC7335197 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17087-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Subdivisions of mouse whisker somatosensory thalamus project to cortex in a region-specific and layer-specific manner. However, a clear anatomical dissection of these pathways and their functional properties during whisker sensation is lacking. Here, we use anterograde trans-synaptic viral vectors to identify three specific thalamic subpopulations based on their connectivity with brainstem. The principal trigeminal nucleus innervates ventral posterior medial thalamus, which conveys whisker-selective tactile information to layer 4 primary somatosensory cortex that is highly sensitive to self-initiated movements. The spinal trigeminal nucleus innervates a rostral part of the posterior medial (POm) thalamus, signaling whisker-selective sensory information, as well as decision-related information during a goal-directed behavior, to layer 4 secondary somatosensory cortex. A caudal part of the POm, which apparently does not receive brainstem input, innervates layer 1 and 5A, responding with little whisker selectivity, but showing decision-related modulation. Our results suggest the existence of complementary segregated information streams to somatosensory cortices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami El-Boustani
- Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL-SV-BMI-LSENS Station 19, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - B Semihcan Sermet
- Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL-SV-BMI-LSENS Station 19, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Georgios Foustoukos
- Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL-SV-BMI-LSENS Station 19, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tess B Oram
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street POB 26, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ofer Yizhar
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street POB 26, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Carl C H Petersen
- Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL-SV-BMI-LSENS Station 19, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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39
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Oh JY, Han JH, Lee H, Han YE, Rah JC, Park H. Labeling Dual Presynaptic Inputs using cFork Anterograde Tracing System. Exp Neurobiol 2020; 29:219-229. [PMID: 32624506 PMCID: PMC7344376 DOI: 10.5607/en20006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding brain function-related neural circuit connectivity is essential for investigating how cognitive functions are decoded in neural circuits. Trans-synaptic viral vectors are useful for identifying neural synaptic connectivity because of their ability to be transferred from transduced cells to synaptically connected cells. However, concurrent labeling of multisynaptic inputs to postsynaptic neurons is impossible with currently available trans-synaptic viral vectors. Here, we report a neural circuit tracing system that can simultaneously label postsynaptic neurons with two different markers, the expression of which is defined by presynaptic input connectivity. This system, called “cFork (see fork)”, includes delivering serotype 1-packaged AAV vectors (AAV1s) containing Cre or flippase recombinase (FlpO) into two different presynaptic brain areas, and AAV5 with a dual gene expression cassette in postsynaptic neurons. Our in vitro and in vivo tests showed that selective expression of two different fluorescence proteins, EGFP and mScarlet, in postsynaptic neurons could be achieved by AAV1-mediated anterograde trans-synaptic transfer of Cre or FlpO constructs. When this tracing system was applied to the somatosensory barrel field cortex (S1BF) or striatum innervated by multiple presynaptic inputs, postsynaptic neurons defined by presynaptic inputs were simultaneously labeled with EGFP or mScarlet. Our new anterograde tracing tool may be useful for elucidating the complex multisynaptic connectivity of postsynaptic neurons regulating diverse brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Young Oh
- Multi-institutional Collaborative Research Center for Cortical Processing, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Han
- Molecular Neurobiology Lab, Research Group for Neurovascular Unit, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea
| | - Hyoeun Lee
- Molecular Neurobiology Lab, Research Group for Neurovascular Unit, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea
| | - Young-Eun Han
- Multi-institutional Collaborative Research Center for Cortical Processing, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea
| | - Jong Cheol Rah
- Multi-institutional Collaborative Research Center for Cortical Processing, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Hyungju Park
- Multi-institutional Collaborative Research Center for Cortical Processing, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea.,Molecular Neurobiology Lab, Research Group for Neurovascular Unit, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
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40
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A Fatal Alliance between Microglia, Inflammasomes, and Central Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113764. [PMID: 32466593 PMCID: PMC7312017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells in the CNS, which survey the brain parenchyma for pathogens, initiate inflammatory responses, secrete inflammatory mediators, and phagocyte debris. Besides, they play a role in the regulation of brain ion homeostasis and in pruning synaptic contacts and thereby modulating neural networks. More recent work shows that microglia are embedded in brain response related to stress phenomena, the development of major depressive disorders, and pain-associated neural processing. The microglia phenotype varies between activated-toxic-neuroinflammatory to non-activated-protective-tissue remodeling, depending on the challenges and regulatory signals. Increased inflammatory reactions result from brain damage, such as stroke, encephalitis, as well as chronic dysfunctions, including stress and pain. The dimension of damage/toxic stimuli defines the amplitude of inflammation, ranging from an on-off event to low but continuous simmering to uncontrollable. Pain, either acute or chronic, involves inflammasome activation at the point of origin, the different relay stations, and the sensory and processing cortical areas. This short review aimed at identifying a sinister role of the microglia-inflammasome platform for the development and perpetuation of acute and chronic central pain and its association with changes in CNS physiology.
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41
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Gharaei S, Honnuraiah S, Arabzadeh E, Stuart GJ. Superior colliculus modulates cortical coding of somatosensory information. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1693. [PMID: 32245963 PMCID: PMC7125203 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15443-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The cortex modulates activity in superior colliculus via a direct projection. What is largely unknown is whether (and if so how) the superior colliculus modulates activity in the cortex. Here, we investigate this issue and show that optogenetic activation of superior colliculus changes the input-output relationship of neurons in somatosensory cortex, enhancing responses to low amplitude whisker deflections. While there is no direct pathway from superior colliculus to somatosensory cortex, we found that activation of superior colliculus drives spiking in the posterior medial (POm) nucleus of the thalamus via a powerful monosynaptic pathway. Furthermore, POm neurons receiving input from superior colliculus provide monosynaptic excitatory input to somatosensory cortex. Silencing POm abolished the capacity of superior colliculus to modulate cortical whisker responses. Our findings indicate that the superior colliculus, which plays a key role in attention, modulates sensory processing in somatosensory cortex via a powerful di-synaptic pathway through the thalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Gharaei
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, The Australian National University Node, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Suraj Honnuraiah
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, The Australian National University Node, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ehsan Arabzadeh
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, The Australian National University Node, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Greg J Stuart
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, The Australian National University Node, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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42
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Layer-specific sensory processing impairment in the primary somatosensory cortex after motor cortex infarction. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3771. [PMID: 32111927 PMCID: PMC7048762 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60662-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary motor cortex (M1) infarctions sometimes cause sensory impairment. Because sensory signals play a vital role in motor control, sensory impairment compromises the recovery and rehabilitation of motor disability. However, the neural mechanism of the sensory impairment is poorly understood. We show that sensory processing in mouse primary somatosensory cortex (S1) was impaired in the acute phase of M1 infarctions and recovered in a layer-specific manner in the subacute phase. This layer-dependent recovery process and the anatomical connection pattern from M1 to S1 suggested that functional connectivity from M1 to S1 plays a key role in the sensory processing impairment. A simulation study demonstrated that the loss of inhibition from M1 to S1 in the acute phase of M1 infarctions could impair sensory processing in S1, and compensation for the inhibition could recover the temporal coding. Consistently, the optogenetic activation of M1 suppressed the sustained response in S1. Taken together, we revealed how focal stroke in M1 alters the cortical network activity of sensory processing, in which inhibitory input from M1 to S1 may be involved.
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43
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Riva M, Genescu I, Habermacher C, Orduz D, Ledonne F, Rijli FM, López-Bendito G, Coppola E, Garel S, Angulo MC, Pierani A. Activity-dependent death of transient Cajal-Retzius neurons is required for functional cortical wiring. eLife 2019; 8:50503. [PMID: 31891351 PMCID: PMC6938399 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death and early activity contribute to the emergence of functional cortical circuits. While most neuronal populations are scaled-down by death, some subpopulations are entirely eliminated, raising the question of the importance of such demise for cortical wiring. Here, we addressed this issue by focusing on Cajal-Retzius neurons (CRs), key players in cortical development that are eliminated in postnatal mice in part via Bax-dependent apoptosis. Using Bax-conditional mutants and CR hyperpolarization, we show that the survival of electrically active subsets of CRs triggers an increase in both dendrite complexity and spine density of upper layer pyramidal neurons, leading to an excitation/inhibition imbalance. The survival of these CRs is induced by hyperpolarization, highlighting an interplay between early activity and neuronal elimination. Taken together, our study reveals a novel activity-dependent programmed cell death process required for the removal of transient immature neurons and the proper wiring of functional cortical circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Riva
- Institut Imagine, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ioana Genescu
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Chloé Habermacher
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM U1128, Paris, France
| | | | - Fanny Ledonne
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Filippo M Rijli
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Eva Coppola
- Institut Imagine, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sonia Garel
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Maria Cecilia Angulo
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM U1128, Paris, France
| | - Alessandra Pierani
- Institut Imagine, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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44
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Sermet BS, Truschow P, Feyerabend M, Mayrhofer JM, Oram TB, Yizhar O, Staiger JF, Petersen CC. Pathway-, layer- and cell-type-specific thalamic input to mouse barrel cortex. eLife 2019; 8:52665. [PMID: 31860443 PMCID: PMC6924959 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse primary somatosensory barrel cortex (wS1) processes whisker sensory information, receiving input from two distinct thalamic nuclei. The first-order ventral posterior medial (VPM) somatosensory thalamic nucleus most densely innervates layer 4 (L4) barrels, whereas the higher-order posterior thalamic nucleus (medial part, POm) most densely innervates L1 and L5A. We optogenetically stimulated VPM or POm axons, and recorded evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in different cell-types across cortical layers in wS1. We found that excitatory neurons and parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory neurons received the largest EPSPs, dominated by VPM input to L4 and POm input to L5A. In contrast, somatostatin-expressing inhibitory neurons received very little input from either pathway in any layer. Vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing inhibitory neurons received an intermediate level of excitatory input with less apparent layer-specificity. Our data help understand how wS1 neocortical microcircuits might process and integrate sensory and higher-order inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Semihcan Sermet
- Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pavel Truschow
- Institute for Neuroanatomy,University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael Feyerabend
- Institute for Neuroanatomy,University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Johannes M Mayrhofer
- Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tess B Oram
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ofer Yizhar
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy,University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Carl Ch Petersen
- Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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45
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Distinctive Spatial and Laminar Organization of Single Axons from Lateral Pulvinar in the Macaque. Vision (Basel) 2019; 4:vision4010001. [PMID: 31861468 PMCID: PMC7157709 DOI: 10.3390/vision4010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulvino-cortical (PC) projections are a major source of extrinsic input to early visual areas in the macaque. From bulk injections of anterograde tracers, these are known to terminate in layer 1 of V1 and densely in the middle cortical layers of extrastriate areas. Finer, single axon analysis, as reviewed here for projections from the lateral pulvinar (PL) in two macaque monkeys (n = 25 axons), demonstrates that PL axons have multiple arbors in V2 and V4, and that these are spatially separate and offset in different layers. In contrast, feedforward cortical axons, another major source of extrinsic input to extrastriate areas, are less spatially divergent and more typically terminate in layer 4. Functional implications are briefly discussed, including comparisons with the better investigated rodent brain.
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46
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Hu F, Kamigaki T, Zhang Z, Zhang S, Dan U, Dan Y. Prefrontal Corticotectal Neurons Enhance Visual Processing through the Superior Colliculus and Pulvinar Thalamus. Neuron 2019; 104:1141-1152.e4. [PMID: 31668485 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Top-down modulation of visual processing is mediated in part by direct prefrontal to visual cortical projections. Here, we show that the mouse cingulate cortex (Cg) regulates visual processing not only through corticocortical neurons projecting to the visual cortex but also through corticotectal neurons projecting subcortically. Bidirectional optogenetic manipulation demonstrated a prominent contribution of Cg corticotectal neurons to visually guided behavior, which is mediated by their collateral projections to both the motor-related layers of the superior colliculus (SC) and the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (LP, analogous to the primate pulvinar). Whereas the Cg innervates the anterior LP (LPa), the SC innervates the posterior LP (LPp). Activating each stage of the Cg→SC→LPp or the Cg→LPa pathway strongly enhanced visual performance of the mouse and the sensory responses of visual cortical neurons. These results delineate two subcortical pathways by which a subtype of prefrontal pyramidal neurons exerts a powerful top-down influence on visual processing. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Hu
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Tsukasa Kamigaki
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Siyu Zhang
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Usan Dan
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yang Dan
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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47
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Swanson OK, Maffei A. From Hiring to Firing: Activation of Inhibitory Neurons and Their Recruitment in Behavior. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:168. [PMID: 31333413 PMCID: PMC6617984 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The investigation of GABAergic inhibitory circuits has substantially expanded over the past few years. The development of new tools and technology has allowed investigators to classify many diverse groups of inhibitory neurons by several delineating factors: these include their connectivity motifs, expression of specific molecular markers, receptor diversity, and ultimately their role in brain function. Despite this progress, however, there is still limited understanding of how GABAergic neurons are recruited by their input and how their activity is modulated by behavioral states. This limitation is primarily due to the fact that studies of GABAergic inhibition are mainly geared toward determining how, once activated, inhibitory circuits regulate the activity of excitatory neurons. In this review article, we will outline recent work investigating the anatomical and physiological properties of inputs that activate cortical GABAergic neurons, and discuss how these inhibitory cells are differentially recruited during behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia K Swanson
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, SUNY-Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, United States.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, SUNY-Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Arianna Maffei
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, SUNY-Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, United States.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, SUNY-Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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48
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Voglewede RL, Vandemark KM, Davidson AM, DeWitt AR, Heffler MD, Trimmer EH, Mostany R. Reduced sensory-evoked structural plasticity in the aging barrel cortex. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 81:222-233. [PMID: 31323444 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Impairments in synaptic connectivity have been linked to cognitive deficits in age-related neurodegenerative disorders and healthy aging. However, the anatomical and structural bases of these impairments have not been identified yet. A hallmark of neural plasticity in young adults is short-term synaptic rearrangement, yet aged animals already display higher synaptic turnover rates at the baseline. Using two-photon excitation (2PE) microscopy, we explored if this elevated turnover alters the aged brain's response to plasticity. Following a sensory-evoked plasticity protocol involving whisker stimulation, aged mice display reduced spine dynamics (gain, loss, and turnover), decreased spine clustering, and lower spine stability when compared to young adult mice. These results suggest a deficiency of the cortical neurons of aged mice to structurally incorporate new sensory experiences, in the form of clustered, long-lasting synapses, into already existing cortical circuits. This research provides the first evidence linking experience-dependent plasticity with in vivo spine dynamics in the aged brain and supports a model of both reduced synaptic plasticity and reduced synaptic tenacity in the aged somatosensory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Voglewede
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane University School of Science and Engineering, New Orleans, LA, USA; Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Kaeli M Vandemark
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane University School of Science and Engineering, New Orleans, LA, USA; Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Andrew M Davidson
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Science and Engineering, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Annie R DeWitt
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane University School of Science and Engineering, New Orleans, LA, USA; Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Marissa D Heffler
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane University School of Science and Engineering, New Orleans, LA, USA; Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University School of Science and Engineering, Lindy Boggs Center Suite 500, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Emma H Trimmer
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ricardo Mostany
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane University School of Science and Engineering, New Orleans, LA, USA; Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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49
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Zhang W, Bruno RM. High-order thalamic inputs to primary somatosensory cortex are stronger and longer lasting than cortical inputs. eLife 2019; 8:44158. [PMID: 30741160 PMCID: PMC6370338 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Layer (L) 2/3 pyramidal neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) are sparsely active, spontaneously and during sensory stimulation. Long-range inputs from higher areas may gate L2/3 activity. We investigated their in vivo impact by expressing channelrhodopsin in three main sources of feedback to rat S1: primary motor cortex, secondary somatosensory cortex, and secondary somatosensory thalamic nucleus (the posterior medial nucleus, POm). Inputs from cortical areas were relatively weak. POm, however, more robustly depolarized L2/3 cells and, when paired with peripheral stimulation, evoked action potentials. POm triggered not only a stronger fast-onset depolarization but also a delayed all-or-none persistent depolarization, lasting up to 1 s and exhibiting alpha/beta-range oscillations. Inactivating POm somata abolished persistent but not initial depolarization, indicating a recurrent circuit mechanism. We conclude that secondary thalamus can enhance L2/3 responsiveness over long periods. Such timescales could provide a potential modality-specific substrate for attention, working memory, and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Randy M Bruno
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, United States
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