1
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Cui Y, Qian H, Yin J, Xu C, Luo P, Zhang X, Yu M, Su B, Li X, Lin J. Single-molecule analysis reveals the phosphorylation of FLS2 governs its spatiotemporal dynamics and immunity. eLife 2024; 12:RP91072. [PMID: 39046447 PMCID: PMC11268883 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana FLAGELLIN-SENSITIVE2 (FLS2), a typical receptor kinase, recognizes the conserved 22 amino acid sequence in the N-terminal region of flagellin (flg22) to initiate plant defense pathways, which was intensively studied in the past decades. However, the dynamic regulation of FLS2 phosphorylation at the plasma membrane after flg22 recognition needs further elucidation. Through single-particle tracking, we demonstrated that upon flg22 treatment the phosphorylation of Ser-938 in FLS2 impacts its spatiotemporal dynamics and lifetime. Following Förster resonance energy transfer-fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy and protein proximity indexes assays revealed that flg22 treatment increased the co-localization of GFP-tagged FLS2/FLS2S938D but not FLS2S938A with AtRem1.3-mCherry, a sterol-rich lipid marker, indicating that the phosphorylation of FLS2S938 affects FLS2 sorting efficiency to AtRem1.3-associated nanodomains. Importantly, we found that the phosphorylation of Ser-938 enhanced flg22-induced FLS2 internalization and immune responses, demonstrating that the phosphorylation may activate flg22-triggered immunity through partitioning FLS2 into functional AtRem1.3-associated nanodomains, which fills the gap between the FLS2S938 phosphorylation and FLS2-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hongping Qian
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jinhuan Yin
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Changwen Xu
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Pengyun Luo
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xi Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Meng Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Bodan Su
- Biotechnology Research InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jinxing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
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Cheung AY. FERONIA: A Receptor Kinase at the Core of a Global Signaling Network. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 75:345-375. [PMID: 38424067 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-103424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Initially identified as a key regulator of female fertility in Arabidopsis, the FERONIA (FER) receptor kinase is now recognized as crucial for almost all aspects of plant growth and survival. FER partners with a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein of the LLG family to act as coreceptors on the cell surface. The FER-LLG coreceptor interacts with different RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR (RALF) peptide ligands to function in various growth and developmental processes and to respond to challenges from the environment. The RALF-FER-LLG signaling modules interact with molecules in the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus and mediate an interwoven signaling network. Multiple FER-LLG modules, each anchored by FER or a FER-related receptor kinase, have been studied, illustrating the functional diversity and the mechanistic complexity of the FER family signaling modules. The challenges going forward are to distill from this complexity the unifying schemes where possible and attain precision and refinement in the knowledge of critical details upon which future investigations can be built. By focusing on the extensively characterized FER, this review provides foundational information to guide the next phase of research on FER in model as well as crop species and potential applications for improving plant growth and resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Y Cheung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Biology Program, Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA;
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3
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Lalun VO, Breiden M, Galindo-Trigo S, Smakowska-Luzan E, Simon RGW, Butenko MA. A dual function of the IDA peptide in regulating cell separation and modulating plant immunity at the molecular level. eLife 2024; 12:RP87912. [PMID: 38896460 PMCID: PMC11186634 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The abscission of floral organs and emergence of lateral roots in Arabidopsis is regulated by the peptide ligand inflorescence deficient in abscission (IDA) and the receptor protein kinases HAESA (HAE) and HAESA-like 2 (HSL2). During these cell separation processes, the plant induces defense-associated genes to protect against pathogen invasion. However, the molecular coordination between abscission and immunity has not been thoroughly explored. Here, we show that IDA induces a release of cytosolic calcium ions (Ca2+) and apoplastic production of reactive oxygen species, which are signatures of early defense responses. In addition, we find that IDA promotes late defense responses by the transcriptional upregulation of genes known to be involved in immunity. When comparing the IDA induced early immune responses to known immune responses, such as those elicited by flagellin22 treatment, we observe both similarities and differences. We propose a molecular mechanism by which IDA promotes signatures of an immune response in cells destined for separation to guard them from pathogen attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilde Olsson Lalun
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Maike Breiden
- Institute for Developmental Genetics and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Sergio Galindo-Trigo
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Elwira Smakowska-Luzan
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
| | - Rüdiger GW Simon
- Institute for Developmental Genetics and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Melinka A Butenko
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of OsloOsloNorway
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4
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Liu L, Liu X, Bai Z, Tanveer M, Zhang Y, Chen W, Shabala S, Huang L. Small but powerful: RALF peptides in plant adaptive and developmental responses. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 343:112085. [PMID: 38588983 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Plants live in a highly dynamic environment and require to rapidly respond to a plethora of environmental stimuli, so that to maintain their optimal growth and development. A small plant peptide, rapid alkalization factor (RALF), can rapidly increase the pH value of the extracellular matrix in plant cells. RALFs always function with its corresponding receptors. Mechanistically, effective amount of RALF is induced and released at the critical period of plant growth and development or under different external environmental factors. Recent studies also highlighted the role of RALF peptides as important regulators in plant intercellular communications, as well as their operation in signal perception and as ligands for different receptor kinases on the surface of the plasma membrane, to integrate various environmental cues. In this context, understanding the fine-print of above processes may be essential to solve the problems of crop adaptation to various harsh environments under current climate trends scenarios, by genetic means. This paper summarizes the current knowledge about the structure and diversity of RALF peptides and their roles in plant development and response to stresses, highlighting unanswered questions and problems to be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lining Liu
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Xing Liu
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Zhenkun Bai
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Mohsin Tanveer
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Yujing Zhang
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Wenjie Chen
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Sergey Shabala
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China; School of Biological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Australia.
| | - Liping Huang
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China.
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5
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Kwon OK, Moon H, Jeong AR, Yeom G, Park CJ. Rice small secreted peptide, OsRALF26, recognized by FERONIA-like receptor 1 induces immunity in rice and Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1528-1549. [PMID: 38507319 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Rapid alkalinization factors (RALFs), belonging to a family of small secreted peptides, have been considered as important signaling molecules in diverse biological processes, including immunity. Current studies on RALF-modulated immunity mainly focus on Arabidopsis, but little is reported in crop plants. The rice immune receptor XA21 confers immunity to the bacterial blight pathogen, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Here, we pursued functional characterization of rice RALF26 (OsRALF26) up-regulated by Xoo during XA21-mediated immune response. When applied exogenously as a recombinant peptide, OsRALF26 induced a series of immune responses, including pathogenesis-related genes (PRs) induction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and callose deposition in rice and/or Arabidopsis. Transgenic rice and Arabidopsis overexpressing OsRALF26 exhibited significantly enhanced resistance to Xoo and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000), respectively. In yeast two-hybrid, pull-down assays, and co-immunoprecipitation analyses, rice FER-like receptor 1 (OsFLR1) was identified as a receptor of OsRALF26. Transient expression of OsFLR1 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves displayed significantly increased ROS production and callose deposition after OsRALF26 treatment. Together, we propose that OsRALF26 induced by Xoo in an XA21-dependent manner is perceived by OsFLR1 and may play a novel role in the enforcement of XA21-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh-Kyu Kwon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Hyeran Moon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - A-Ram Jeong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Gunn Yeom
- Department of Bioresources Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Chang-Jin Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
- Department of Bioresources Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
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6
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Amokrane L, Pokotylo I, Acket S, Ducloy A, Troncoso-Ponce A, Cacas JL, Ruelland E. Phospholipid Signaling in Crop Plants: A Field to Explore. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1532. [PMID: 38891340 PMCID: PMC11174929 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
In plant models such as Arabidopsis thaliana, phosphatidic acid (PA), a key molecule of lipid signaling, was shown not only to be involved in stress responses, but also in plant development and nutrition. In this article, we highlight lipid signaling existing in crop species. Based on open access databases, we update the list of sequences encoding phospholipases D, phosphoinositide-dependent phospholipases C, and diacylglycerol-kinases, enzymes that lead to the production of PA. We show that structural features of these enzymes from model plants are conserved in equivalent proteins from selected crop species. We then present an in-depth discussion of the structural characteristics of these proteins before focusing on PA binding proteins. For the purpose of this article, we consider RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOGUEs (RBOHs), the most documented PA target proteins. Finally, we present pioneering experiments that show, by different approaches such as monitoring of gene expression, use of pharmacological agents, ectopic over-expression of genes, and the creation of silenced mutants, that lipid signaling plays major roles in crop species. Finally, we present major open questions that require attention since we have only a perception of the peak of the iceberg when it comes to the exciting field of phospholipid signaling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Amokrane
- Unité Génie Enzymatique & Cellulaire, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UMR CNRS 7025, 60200 Compiègne, France; (L.A.); (I.P.); (S.A.); (A.T.-P.)
| | - Igor Pokotylo
- Unité Génie Enzymatique & Cellulaire, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UMR CNRS 7025, 60200 Compiègne, France; (L.A.); (I.P.); (S.A.); (A.T.-P.)
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), University Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France (J.-L.C.)
| | - Sébastien Acket
- Unité Génie Enzymatique & Cellulaire, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UMR CNRS 7025, 60200 Compiègne, France; (L.A.); (I.P.); (S.A.); (A.T.-P.)
| | - Amélie Ducloy
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), University Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France (J.-L.C.)
| | - Adrian Troncoso-Ponce
- Unité Génie Enzymatique & Cellulaire, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UMR CNRS 7025, 60200 Compiègne, France; (L.A.); (I.P.); (S.A.); (A.T.-P.)
| | - Jean-Luc Cacas
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), University Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France (J.-L.C.)
| | - Eric Ruelland
- Unité Génie Enzymatique & Cellulaire, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, UMR CNRS 7025, 60200 Compiègne, France; (L.A.); (I.P.); (S.A.); (A.T.-P.)
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7
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Zhou LZ, Wang L, Chen X, Ge Z, Mergner J, Li X, Küster B, Längst G, Qu LJ, Dresselhaus T. The RALF signaling pathway regulates cell wall integrity during pollen tube growth in maize. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1673-1696. [PMID: 38142229 PMCID: PMC11062432 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Autocrine signaling pathways regulated by RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTORs (RALFs) control cell wall integrity during pollen tube germination and growth in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). To investigate the role of pollen-specific RALFs in another plant species, we combined gene expression data with phylogenetic and biochemical studies to identify candidate orthologs in maize (Zea mays). We show that Clade IB ZmRALF2/3 mutations, but not Clade III ZmRALF1/5 mutations, cause cell wall instability in the sub-apical region of the growing pollen tube. ZmRALF2/3 are mainly located in the cell wall and are partially able to complement the pollen germination defect of their Arabidopsis orthologs AtRALF4/19. Mutations in ZmRALF2/3 compromise pectin distribution patterns leading to altered cell wall organization and thickness culminating in pollen tube burst. Clade IB, but not Clade III ZmRALFs, strongly interact as ligands with the pollen-specific Catharanthus roseus RLK1-like (CrRLK1L) receptor kinases Z. mays FERONIA-like (ZmFERL) 4/7/9, LORELEI-like glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor (LLG) proteins Z. mays LLG 1 and 2 (ZmLLG1/2), and Z. mays pollen extension-like (PEX) cell wall proteins ZmPEX2/4. Notably, ZmFERL4 outcompetes ZmLLG2 and ZmPEX2 outcompetes ZmFERL4 for ZmRALF2 binding. Based on these data, we suggest that Clade IB RALFs act in a dual role as cell wall components and extracellular sensors to regulate cell wall integrity and thickness during pollen tube growth in maize and probably other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Zi Zhou
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Lele Wang
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Xia Chen
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Zengxiang Ge
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Julia Mergner
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Xingli Li
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Küster
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85354 Freising, Germany
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Gernot Längst
- Biochemistry Center Regensburg, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Li-Jia Qu
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences at College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Thomas Dresselhaus
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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8
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Su B, Wang A, Lin J, Xie D, Shan X. Signal-specific spatiotemporal organization of AtRGS1 in plant pattern-triggered immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:841-852. [PMID: 38453800 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Bodan Su
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- National State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Anqi Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Daoxin Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaoyi Shan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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9
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Del Corpo D, Coculo D, Greco M, De Lorenzo G, Lionetti V. Pull the fuzes: Processing protein precursors to generate apoplastic danger signals for triggering plant immunity. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024:100931. [PMID: 38689495 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The apoplast is one of the first cellular compartments outside the plasma membrane encountered by phytopathogenic microbes in the early stages of plant tissue invasion. Plants have developed sophisticated surveillance mechanisms to sense danger events at the cell surface and promptly activate immunity. However, a fine tuning of the activation of immune pathways is necessary to mount a robust and effective defense response. Several endogenous proteins and enzymes are synthesized as inactive precursors, and their post-translational processing has emerged as a critical mechanism for triggering alarms in the apoplast. In this review, we focus on the precursors of phytocytokines, cell wall remodeling enzymes, and proteases. The physiological events that convert inactive precursors into immunomodulatory active peptides or enzymes are described. This review also explores the functional synergies among phytocytokines, cell wall damage-associated molecular patterns, and remodeling, highlighting their roles in boosting extracellular immunity and reinforcing defenses against pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Del Corpo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Coculo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Greco
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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10
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Delesalle C, Vert G, Fujita S. The cell surface is the place to be for brassinosteroid perception and responses. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:206-218. [PMID: 38388723 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01621-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Adjusting the microenvironment around the cell surface is critical to responding to external cues or endogenous signals and to maintaining cell activities. In plant cells, the plasma membrane is covered by the cell wall and scaffolded with cytoskeletal networks, which altogether compose the cell surface. It has long been known that these structures mutually interact, but the mechanisms that integrate the whole system are still obscure. Here we spotlight the brassinosteroid (BR) plant hormone receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) since it represents an outstanding model for understanding cell surface signalling and regulation. We summarize how BRI1 activity and dynamics are controlled by plasma membrane components and their associated factors to fine-tune signalling. The downstream signals, in turn, manipulate cell surface structures by transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms. Moreover, the changes in these architectures impact BR signalling, resulting in a feedback loop formation. This Review discusses how BRI1 and BR signalling function as central hubs to integrate cell surface regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Delesalle
- Plant Science Research Laboratory (LRSV), UMR5546 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Grégory Vert
- Plant Science Research Laboratory (LRSV), UMR5546 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Plant Science Research Laboratory (LRSV), UMR5546 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3, Auzeville-Tolosane, France.
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11
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Zhang C, Xie Y, He P, Shan L. Unlocking Nature's Defense: Plant Pattern Recognition Receptors as Guardians Against Pathogenic Threats. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:73-83. [PMID: 38416059 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-23-0177-hh] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Embedded in the plasma membrane of plant cells, receptor kinases (RKs) and receptor proteins (RPs) act as key sentinels, responsible for detecting potential pathogenic invaders. These proteins were originally characterized more than three decades ago as disease resistance (R) proteins, a concept that was formulated based on Harold Flor's gene-for-gene theory. This theory implies genetic interaction between specific plant R proteins and corresponding pathogenic effectors, eliciting effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Over the years, extensive research has unraveled their intricate roles in pathogen sensing and immune response modulation. RKs and RPs recognize molecular patterns from microbes as well as dangers from plant cells in initiating pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and danger-triggered immunity (DTI), which have intricate connections with ETI. Moreover, these proteins are involved in maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmunity. This review showcases seminal studies in discovering RKs and RPs as R proteins and discusses the recent advances in understanding their functions in sensing pathogen signals and the plant cell integrity and in preventing autoimmunity, ultimately contributing to a robust and balanced plant defense response. [Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 "No Rights Reserved" license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, U.S.A
| | - Yingpeng Xie
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, U.S.A
| | - Ping He
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, U.S.A
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, U.S.A
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12
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Jobert F, Yadav S, Robert S. Auxin as an architect of the pectin matrix. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6933-6949. [PMID: 37166384 PMCID: PMC10690733 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a versatile plant growth regulator that triggers multiple signalling pathways at different spatial and temporal resolutions. A plant cell is surrounded by the cell wall, a complex and dynamic network of polysaccharides. The cell wall needs to be rigid to provide mechanical support and protection and highly flexible to allow cell growth and shape acquisition. The modification of the pectin components, among other processes, is a mechanism by which auxin activity alters the mechanical properties of the cell wall. Auxin signalling precisely controls the transcriptional output of several genes encoding pectin remodelling enzymes, their local activity, pectin deposition, and modulation in different developmental contexts. This review examines the mechanism of auxin activity in regulating pectin chemistry at organ, cellular, and subcellular levels across diverse plant species. Moreover, we ask questions that remain to be addressed to fully understand the interplay between auxin and pectin in plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Jobert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183, Umeå, Sweden
- CRRBM, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80000, Amiens, France
| | - Sandeep Yadav
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183, Umeå, Sweden
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13
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Lee HK, Santiago J. Structural insights of cell wall integrity signaling during development and immunity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 76:102455. [PMID: 37739866 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
A communication system between plant cells and their surrounding cell wall is required to coordinate development, immunity, and the integration of environmental cues. This communication network is facilitated by a large pool of membrane- and cell-wall-anchored proteins that can potentially interact with the matrix or its fragments, promoting cell wall patterning or eliciting cellular responses that may lead to changes in the architecture and chemistry of the wall. A mechanistic understanding of how these receptors and cell wall proteins recognize and interact with cell wall epitopes would be key to a better understanding of all plant processes that require cell wall remodeling such as expansion, morphogenesis, and defense responses. This review focuses on the latest developments in structurally and biochemically characterized receptors and protein complexes implicated in reading and regulating cell wall integrity and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kyung Lee
- The Plant Signaling Mechanisms Laboratory, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julia Santiago
- The Plant Signaling Mechanisms Laboratory, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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14
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Lan Z, Song Z, Wang Z, Li L, Liu Y, Zhi S, Wang R, Wang J, Li Q, Bleckmann A, Zhang L, Dresselhaus T, Dong J, Gu H, Zhong S, Qu LJ. Antagonistic RALF peptides control an intergeneric hybridization barrier on Brassicaceae stigmas. Cell 2023; 186:4773-4787.e12. [PMID: 37806310 PMCID: PMC10615786 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Pollen-pistil interactions establish interspecific/intergeneric pre-zygotic hybridization barriers in plants. The rejection of undesired pollen at the stigma is crucial to avoid outcrossing but can be overcome with the support of mentor pollen. The mechanisms underlying this hybridization barrier are largely unknown. Here, in Arabidopsis, we demonstrate that receptor-like kinases FERONIA/CURVY1/ANJEA/HERCULES RECEPTOR KINASE 1 and cell wall proteins LRX3/4/5 interact on papilla cell surfaces with autocrine stigmatic RALF1/22/23/33 peptide ligands (sRALFs) to establish a lock that blocks the penetration of undesired pollen tubes. Compatible pollen-derived RALF10/11/12/13/25/26/30 peptides (pRALFs) act as a key, outcompeting sRALFs and enabling pollen tube penetration. By treating Arabidopsis stigmas with synthetic pRALFs, we unlock the barrier, facilitating pollen tube penetration from distantly related Brassicaceae species and resulting in interspecific/intergeneric hybrid embryo formation. Therefore, we uncover a "lock-and-key" system governing the hybridization breadth of interspecific/intergeneric crosses in Brassicaceae. Manipulating this system holds promise for facilitating broad hybridization in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihan Song
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaihua Zhi
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruihan Wang
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Jizong Wang
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Andrea Bleckmann
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Thomas Dresselhaus
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Juan Dong
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Hongya Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li-Jia Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Liu F, Zeng M, Sun Y, Chen Z, Chen Z, Wang L, Cui JR, Zhang F, Lv D, Chen X, Xu Y, Duan KX, Wang Y, Wang Y. BAK1 protects the receptor-like kinase BIR2 from SNIPER2a/b-mediated degradation to promote pattern-triggered immunity in Nicotiana benthamiana. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:3566-3584. [PMID: 37378590 PMCID: PMC10473216 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The detection of microbial infections by plants induces the rapid formation of immune receptor complexes at the plasma membrane. However, how this process is controlled to ensure proper immune signaling remains largely unknown. Here, we found that the Nicotiana benthamiana membrane-localized leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase BAK1-INTERACTING RLK 2 (NbBIR2) constitutively associates with BRI1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE 1 (NbBAK1) in vivo and in vitro and promotes complex formation with pattern recognition receptors. In addition, NbBIR2 is targeted by 2 RING-type ubiquitin E3 ligases, SNC1-INFLUENCING PLANT E3 LIGASE REVERSE 2a (NbSNIPER2a) and NbSNIPER2b, for ubiquitination and subsequent degradation in planta. NbSNIPER2a and NbSNIPER2b interact with NbBIR2 in vivo and in vitro and are released from NbBIR2 upon treatment with different microbial patterns. Furthermore, accumulation of NbBIR2 in response to microbial patterns is tightly associated with NbBAK1 abundance in N. benthamiana. NbBAK1 acts as a modular protein that stabilizes NbBIR2 by competing with NbSNIPER2a or NbSNIPER2b for association with NbBIR2. Similar to NbBAK1, NbBIR2 positively regulates pattern-triggered immunity and resistance to bacterial and oomycete pathogens in N. benthamiana, whereas NbSNIPER2a and NbSNIPER2b have the opposite effect. Together, these results reveal a feedback regulatory mechanism employed by plants to tailor pattern-triggered immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mengzhu Zeng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yujing Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhiyuan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhaodan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jia-Rong Cui
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fushuang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Di Lv
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuanpeng Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kai-Xuan Duan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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16
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Pan X, Pérez-Henríquez P, Van Norman JM, Yang Z. Membrane nanodomains: Dynamic nanobuilding blocks of polarized cell growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:83-97. [PMID: 37194569 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity is intimately linked to numerous biological processes, such as oriented plant cell division, particular asymmetric division, cell differentiation, cell and tissue morphogenesis, and transport of hormones and nutrients. Cell polarity is typically initiated by a polarizing cue that regulates the spatiotemporal dynamic of polarity molecules, leading to the establishment and maintenance of polar domains at the plasma membrane. Despite considerable progress in identifying key polarity regulators in plants, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying cell polarity formation have yet to be fully elucidated. Recent work suggests a critical role for membrane protein/lipid nanodomains in polarized morphogenesis in plants. One outstanding question is how the spatiotemporal dynamics of signaling nanodomains are controlled to achieve robust cell polarization. In this review, we first summarize the current state of knowledge on potential regulatory mechanisms of nanodomain dynamics, with a special focus on Rho-like GTPases from plants. We then discuss the pavement cell system as an example of how cells may integrate multiple signals and nanodomain-involved feedback mechanisms to achieve robust polarity. A mechanistic understanding of nanodomains' roles in plant cell polarity is still in the early stages and will remain an exciting area for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Pan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto-Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Patricio Pérez-Henríquez
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jaimie M Van Norman
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350002, China
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17
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George J, Stegmann M, Monaghan J, Bailey-Serres J, Zipfel C. Arabidopsis translation initiation factor binding protein CBE1 negatively regulates accumulation of the NADPH oxidase respiratory burst oxidase homolog D. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105018. [PMID: 37423301 PMCID: PMC10432800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell surface pattern recognition receptors sense invading pathogens by binding microbial or endogenous elicitors to activate plant immunity. These responses are under tight control to avoid excessive or untimely activation of cellular responses, which may otherwise be detrimental to host cells. How this fine-tuning is accomplished is an area of active study. We previously described a suppressor screen that identified Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with regained immune signaling in the immunodeficient genetic background bak1-5, which we named modifier of bak1-5 (mob) mutants. Here, we report that bak1-5 mob7 mutant restores elicitor-induced signaling. Using a combination of map-based cloning and whole-genome resequencing, we identified MOB7 as conserved binding of eIF4E1 (CBE1), a plant-specific protein that interacts with the highly conserved eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E1. Our data demonstrate that CBE1 regulates the accumulation of respiratory burst oxidase homolog D, the NADPH oxidase responsible for elicitor-induced apoplastic reactive oxygen species production. Furthermore, several mRNA decapping and translation initiation factors colocalize with CBE1 and similarly regulate immune signaling. This study thus identifies a novel regulator of immune signaling and provides new insights into reactive oxygen species regulation, potentially through translational control, during plant stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeoffrey George
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom; Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Stegmann
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline Monaghan
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Bailey-Serres
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom; Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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18
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Su B, Wang A, Xie D, Shan X. VA-TIRFM-based SM kymograph analysis for dwell time and colocalization of plasma membrane protein in plant cells. PLANT METHODS 2023; 19:70. [PMID: 37422677 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-023-01047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plasma membrane (PM) proteins function in a highly dynamic state, including protein trafficking and protein homeostasis, to regulate various biological processes. The dwell time and colocalization of PM proteins are considered to be two important dynamic features determining endocytosis and protein interactions, respectively. Dwell-time and colocalization detected using traditional fluorescence microscope techniques are often misestimated due to bulk measurement. In particular, analyzing these two features of PM proteins at the single-molecule level with spatiotemporal continuity in plant cells remains greatly challenging. RESULTS We developed a single molecular (SM) kymograph method, which is based on variable angle-total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (VA-TIRFM) observation and single-particle (co-)tracking (SPT) analysis, to accurately analyze the dwell time and colocalization of PM proteins in a spatial and temporal manner. Furthermore, we selected two PM proteins with distinct dynamic behaviors, including AtRGS1 (Arabidopsis regulator of G protein signaling 1) and AtREM1.3 (Arabidopsis remorin 1.3), to analyze their dwell time and colocalization upon jasmonate (JA) treatment by SM kymography. First, we established new 3D (2D+t) images to view all trajectories of the interest protein by rotating these images, and then we chose the appropriate point without changing the trajectory for further analysis. Upon JA treatment, the path lines of AtRGS1-YFP appeared curved and short, while the horizontal lines of mCherry-AtREM1.3 demonstrated limited changes, indicating that JA might initiate the endocytosis of AtRGS1. Analysis of transgenic seedlings coexpressing AtRGS1-YFP/mCherry-AtREM1.3 revealed that JA induces a change in the trajectory of AtRGS1-YFP, which then merges into the kymography line of mCherry-AtREM1.3, implying that JA increases the colocalization degree between AtRGS1 and AtREM1.3 on the PM. These results illustrate that different types of PM proteins exhibit specific dynamic features in line with their corresponding functions. CONCLUSIONS The SM-kymograph method provides new insight into quantitively analyzing the dwell time and correlation degree of PM proteins at the single-molecule level in living plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodan Su
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, and School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Anqi Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, and School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Daoxin Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, and School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaoyi Shan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, and School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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19
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Bender KW, Zipfel C. Paradigms of receptor kinase signaling in plants. Biochem J 2023; 480:835-854. [PMID: 37326386 PMCID: PMC10317173 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant receptor kinases (RKs) function as key plasma-membrane localized receptors in the perception of molecular ligands regulating development and environmental response. Through the perception of diverse ligands, RKs regulate various aspects throughout the plant life cycle from fertilization to seed set. Thirty years of research on plant RKs has generated a wealth of knowledge on how RKs perceive ligands and activate downstream signaling. In the present review, we synthesize this body of knowledge into five central paradigms of plant RK signaling: (1) RKs are encoded by expanded gene families, largely conserved throughout land plant evolution; (2) RKs perceive many different kinds of ligands through a range of ectodomain architectures; (3) RK complexes are typically activated by co-receptor recruitment; (4) post-translational modifications fulfill central roles in both the activation and attenuation of RK-mediated signaling; and, (5) RKs activate a common set of downstream signaling processes through receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs). For each of these paradigms, we discuss key illustrative examples and also highlight known exceptions. We conclude by presenting five critical gaps in our understanding of RK function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W. Bender
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH Norwich, U.K
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20
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Malivert A, Hamant O. Why is FERONIA pleiotropic? NATURE PLANTS 2023:10.1038/s41477-023-01434-9. [PMID: 37336971 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01434-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall has many roles: structure, hydraulics, signalling and immunity. Monitoring its status is therefore essential for plant life. Among many candidate cell wall sensors, FERONIA, a member of the Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase-1-like kinase (CrRLK1L) family, has received considerable attention, notably because of its numerous interactors and its implication in many biological pathways. Conversely, such an analytical dissection may blur its core function. Here we revisit the array of feronia phenotypes as an attempt to identify a unifying feature behind the plethora of biological and biochemical functions. We propose that the contribution of FERONIA in monitoring turgor-dependent cell wall tension may explain its pleiotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Malivert
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France.
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21
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Zhang R, Shi PT, Zhou M, Liu HZ, Xu XJ, Liu WT, Chen KM. Rapid alkalinization factor: function, regulation, and potential applications in agriculture. STRESS BIOLOGY 2023; 3:16. [PMID: 37676530 PMCID: PMC10442051 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-023-00093-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Rapid alkalinization factor (RALF) is widespread throughout the plant kingdom and controls many aspects of plant life. Current studies on the regulatory mechanism underlying RALF function mainly focus on Arabidopsis, but little is known about the role of RALF in crop plants. Here, we systematically and comprehensively analyzed the relation between RALF family genes from five important crops and those in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Simultaneously, we summarized the functions of RALFs in controlling growth and developmental behavior using conservative motifs as cues and predicted the regulatory role of RALFs in cereal crops. In conclusion, RALF has considerable application potential in improving crop yields and increasing economic benefits. Using gene editing technology or taking advantage of RALF as a hormone additive are effective way to amplify the role of RALF in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peng-Tao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huai-Zeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen-Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kun-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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22
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Huerta AI, Sancho-Andrés G, Montesinos JC, Silva-Navas J, Bassard S, Pau-Roblot C, Kesten C, Schlechter R, Dora S, Ayupov T, Pelloux J, Santiago J, Sánchez-Rodríguez C. The WAK-like protein RFO1 acts as a sensor of the pectin methylation status in Arabidopsis cell walls to modulate root growth and defense. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:865-881. [PMID: 37002606 PMCID: PMC10168605 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Most organisms adjust their development according to the environmental conditions. For the majority, this implies the sensing of alterations to cell walls caused by different cues. Despite the relevance of this process, few molecular players involved in cell wall sensing are known and characterized. Here, we show that the wall-associated kinase-like protein RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM 1 (RFO1) is required for plant growth and early defense against Fusarium oxysporum and functions by sensing changes in the pectin methylation levels in the cell wall. The RFO1 dwell time at the plasma membrane is affected by the pectin methylation status at the cell wall, regulating MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE and gene expression. We show that the extracellular domain of RFO1 binds de-methylated pectin in vitro, whose distribution in the cell wall is altered during F. oxysporum infection. Further analyses also indicate that RFO1 is required for the BR-dependent plant growth alteration in response to inhibition of pectin de-methyl-esterase activity at the cell wall. Collectively, our work demonstrates that RFO1 is a sensor of the pectin methylation status that plays a unique dual role in plant growth and defense against vascular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apolonio I Huerta
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (D-BIOL), Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Javier Silva-Navas
- University of Lausanne, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Solène Bassard
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Corinne Pau-Roblot
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Christopher Kesten
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (D-BIOL), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rudolf Schlechter
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (D-BIOL), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Dora
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (D-BIOL), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Temurkhan Ayupov
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (D-BIOL), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Julia Santiago
- University of Lausanne, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Lausanne, Switzerland
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23
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Hurst CH, Turnbull D, Xhelilaj K, Myles S, Pflughaupt RL, Kopischke M, Davies P, Jones S, Robatzek S, Zipfel C, Gronnier J, Hemsley PA. S-acylation stabilizes ligand-induced receptor kinase complex formation during plant pattern-triggered immune signaling. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1588-1596.e6. [PMID: 36924767 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant receptor kinases are key transducers of extracellular stimuli, such as the presence of beneficial or pathogenic microbes or secreted signaling molecules. Receptor kinases are regulated by numerous post-translational modifications.1,2,3 Here, using the immune receptor kinases FLS24 and EFR,5 we show that S-acylation at a cysteine conserved in all plant receptor kinases is crucial for function. S-acylation involves the addition of long-chain fatty acids to cysteine residues within proteins, altering their biochemical properties and behavior within the membrane environment.6 We observe S-acylation of FLS2 at C-terminal kinase domain cysteine residues within minutes following the perception of its ligand, flg22, in a BAK1 co-receptor and PUB12/13 ubiquitin ligase-dependent manner. We demonstrate that S-acylation is essential for FLS2-mediated immune signaling and resistance to bacterial infection. Similarly, mutating the corresponding conserved cysteine residue in EFR suppressed elf18-triggered signaling. Analysis of unstimulated and activated FLS2-containing complexes using microscopy, detergents, and native membrane DIBMA nanodiscs indicates that S-acylation stabilizes, and promotes retention of, activated receptor kinase complexes at the plasma membrane to increase signaling efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte H Hurst
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK; Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Dionne Turnbull
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Kaltra Xhelilaj
- ZMBP Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sally Myles
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Robin L Pflughaupt
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Michaela Kopischke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Paul Davies
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Susan Jones
- Information and Computational Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julien Gronnier
- ZMBP Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Piers A Hemsley
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK; Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.
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24
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Smokvarska M, Bayle V, Maneta-Peyret L, Fouillen L, Poitout A, Dongois A, Fiche JB, Gronnier J, Garcia J, Höfte H, Nolmann M, Zipfel C, Maurel C, Moreau P, Jaillais Y, Martiniere A. The receptor kinase FERONIA regulates phosphatidylserine localization at the cell surface to modulate ROP signaling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd4791. [PMID: 37027473 PMCID: PMC10081841 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add4791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Cells maintain a constant dialog between the extracellular matrix and their plasma membrane to fine tune signal transduction processes. We found that the receptor kinase FERONIA (FER), which is a proposed cell wall sensor, modulates phosphatidylserine plasma membrane accumulation and nano-organization, a key regulator of Rho GTPase signaling in Arabidopsis. We demonstrate that FER is required for both Rho-of-Plant 6 (ROP6) nano-partitioning at the membrane and downstream production of reactive oxygen species upon hyperosmotic stimulus. Genetic and pharmacological rescue experiments indicate that phosphatidylserine is required for a subset of, but not all, FER functions. Furthermore, application of FER ligand shows that its signaling controls both phosphatidylserine membrane localization and nanodomains formation, which, in turn, tunes ROP6 signaling. Together, we propose that a cell wall-sensing pathway controls via the regulation of membrane phospholipid content, the nano-organization of the plasma membrane, which is an essential cell acclimation to environmental perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Smokvarska
- IPSiM Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Bayle
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Lilly Maneta-Peyret
- UMR 5200 Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, CNRS and University of Bordeaux, INRAE Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Laetitia Fouillen
- UMR 5200 Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, CNRS and University of Bordeaux, INRAE Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- MetaboHub-Bordeaux, Metabolome platform, INRAE, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Arthur Poitout
- IPSiM Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Armelle Dongois
- IPSiM Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Bernard Fiche
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5048, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1054, Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Gronnier
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Tübingen, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - José Garcia
- IPSiM Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Herman Höfte
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Marcelo Nolmann
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5048, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1054, Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH, Norwich, UK
| | - Christophe Maurel
- IPSiM Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Moreau
- UMR 5200 Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, CNRS and University of Bordeaux, INRAE Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342 Lyon, France
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25
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Zarreen F, Kumar K, Chakraborty S. Phosphoinositides in plant-pathogen interaction: trends and perspectives. STRESS BIOLOGY 2023; 3:4. [PMID: 37676371 PMCID: PMC10442044 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-023-00082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides are important regulatory membrane lipids, with a role in plant development and cellular function. Emerging evidence indicates that phosphoinositides play crucial roles in plant defence and are also utilized by pathogens for infection. In this review, we highlight the role of phosphoinositides in plant-pathogen interaction and the implication of this remarkable convergence in the battle against plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauzia Zarreen
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Kamal Kumar
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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26
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Chen W, Zhou H, Xu F, Yu M, Coego A, Rodriguez L, Lu Y, Xie Q, Fu Q, Chen J, Xu G, Wu D, Li X, Li X, Jaillais Y, Rodriguez PL, Zhu S, Yu F. CAR modulates plasma membrane nano-organization and immune signaling downstream of RALF1-FERONIA signaling pathway. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:2148-2162. [PMID: 36527240 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, the receptor-like kinase (RLK) FERONIA (FER) senses peptide ligands in the plasma membrane (PM), modulates plant growth and development, and integrates biotic and abiotic stress signaling for downstream adaptive responses. However, the molecular interplay of these diverse processes is largely unknown. Here, we show that FER, the receptor of Rapid Alkalinization Factor 1 (RALF1), physically interacts with C2 domain ABA-related (CAR) proteins to control the nano-organization of the PM. During this process, the RALF1-FER pathway upregulates CAR protein translation, and then more CAR proteins are recruited to the PM. This acts as a rapid feedforward loop that stabilizes the PM liquid-ordered phase. FER interacts with and phosphorylates CARs, thereby reducing their lipid-binding ability and breaking the feedback regulation at later time points. The formation of the flg22-induced FLS2-BAK1 immune complex, which depends on the integrity of FER-containing nanodomains, is impaired in fer and pentuple car14569 mutant. Together, we propose that the FER-CAR module controls the formation of PM nano-organization during RALF signaling through a self-contained amplifying loop including both positive and negative feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Huina Zhou
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Fan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Meng Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Alberto Coego
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, ES-46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lesia Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, ES-46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yuqing Lu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qijun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Qiong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Guoyun Xu
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Dousheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xiushan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Pedro L Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, ES-46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sirui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Feng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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27
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Zhang Y, Yin Z, Pi L, Wang N, Wang J, Peng H, Dou D. A Nicotiana benthamiana receptor-like kinase regulates Phytophthora resistance by coupling with BAK1 to enhance elicitin-triggered immunity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 36661038 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cell-surface-localized leucine-rich-repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) are crucial for plant immunity. Most LRR-RLKs that act as receptors directly recognize ligands via a large extracellular domain (ECD), whereas LRR-RLK that serve as regulators are relatively small and contain fewer LRRs. Here, we identified LRR-RLK regulators using high-throughput tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based gene silencing in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. We used the cell-death phenotype caused by INF1, an oomycete elicitin that induces pattern-triggered immunity, as an indicator. By screening 33 small LRR-RLKs (≤6 LRRs) of unknown function, we identified ELICITIN INSENSITIVE RLK 1 (NbEIR1) as a positive regulator of INF1-induced immunity and oomycete resistance. Nicotiana benthamiana mutants of eir1 generated by CRISPR/Cas9-editing showed significantly compromised immune responses to INF1 and were more vulnerable to the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici. NbEIR1 associates with BRI1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE 1 (NbBAK1) and a downstream component, BRASSINOSTEROID-SIGNALING KINASE 1 (NbBSK1). NbBSK1 also contributes to INF1-induced defense and P. capsici resistance. Upon INF1 treatment, NbEIR1 was released from NbBAK1 and NbBSK1 in vivo. Moreover, the silencing of NbBSK1 compromised the association of NbEIR1 with NbBAK1. We also showed that NbEIR1 regulates flg22-induced immunity and associates with its receptor, FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (NbFLS2). Collectively, our results suggest that NbEIR1 is a novel regulatory element for BAK1-dependent immunity. NbBSK1-NbEIR1 association is required for maintaining the NbEIR1/NbBAK1 complex in the resting state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yin
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lei Pi
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jinghao Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - Daolong Dou
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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28
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Zhu Q, Feng Y, Xue J, Chen P, Zhang A, Yu Y. Advances in Receptor-like Protein Kinases in Balancing Plant Growth and Stress Responses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:427. [PMID: 36771514 PMCID: PMC9919196 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Accompanying the process of growth and development, plants are exposed to ever-changing environments, which consequently trigger abiotic or biotic stress responses. The large protein family known as receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) is involved in the regulation of plant growth and development, as well as in the response to various stresses. Understanding the biological function and molecular mechanism of RLKs is helpful for crop breeding. Research on the role and mechanism of RLKs has recently received considerable attention regarding the balance between plant growth and environmental adaptability. In this paper, we systematically review the classification of RLKs, the regulatory roles of RLKs in plant development (meristem activity, leaf morphology and reproduction) and in stress responses (disease resistance and environmental adaptation). This review focuses on recent findings revealing that RLKs simultaneously regulate plant growth and stress adaptation, which may pave the way for the better understanding of their function in crop improvement. Although the exact crosstalk between growth constraint and plant adaptation remains elusive, a profound study on the adaptive mechanisms for decoupling the developmental processes would be a promising direction for the future research.
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29
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Noble JA, Bielski NV, Liu MCJ, DeFalco TA, Stegmann M, Nelson ADL, McNamara K, Sullivan B, Dinh KK, Khuu N, Hancock S, Shiu SH, Zipfel C, Cheung AY, Beilstein MA, Palanivelu R. Evolutionary analysis of the LORELEI gene family in plants reveals regulatory subfunctionalization. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:2539-2556. [PMID: 36156105 PMCID: PMC9706458 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A signaling complex comprising members of the LORELEI (LRE)-LIKE GPI-anchored protein (LLG) and Catharanthus roseus RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 1-LIKE (CrRLK1L) families perceive RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR (RALF) peptides and regulate growth, reproduction, immunity, and stress responses in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Genes encoding these proteins are members of multigene families in most angiosperms and could generate thousands of signaling complex variants. However, the links between expansion of these gene families and the functional diversification of this critical signaling complex as well as the evolutionary factors underlying the maintenance of gene duplicates remain unknown. Here, we investigated LLG gene family evolution by sampling land plant genomes and explored the function and expression of angiosperm LLGs. We found that LLG diversity within major land plant lineages is primarily due to lineage-specific duplication events, and that these duplications occurred both early in the history of these lineages and more recently. Our complementation and expression analyses showed that expression divergence (i.e. regulatory subfunctionalization), rather than functional divergence, explains the retention of LLG paralogs. Interestingly, all but one monocot and all eudicot species examined had an LLG copy with preferential expression in male reproductive tissues, while the other duplicate copies showed highest levels of expression in female or vegetative tissues. The single LLG copy in Amborella trichopoda is expressed vastly higher in male compared to in female reproductive or vegetative tissues. We propose that expression divergence plays an important role in retention of LLG duplicates in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Noble
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Nicholas V Bielski
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Ming-Che James Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Thomas A DeFalco
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Martin Stegmann
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Andrew D L Nelson
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Kara McNamara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Brooke Sullivan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Khanhlinh K Dinh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Nicholas Khuu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Sarah Hancock
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Shin-Han Shiu
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science, and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Alice Y Cheung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Mark A Beilstein
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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30
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Duan Z, Liu W, Li K, Duan W, Zhu S, Xing J, Chen T, Luo X. Regulation of immune complex formation and signalling by FERONIA, a busy goddess in plant-microbe interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1695-1700. [PMID: 35951729 PMCID: PMC9562586 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Being sessile in soil, plant cells rely on cell-surface receptors to sense and transduce environmental stimulus signals into intracellular responses. FERONIA (FER), a Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase 1-like protein, has emerged as a versatile regulator of plant growth, development, and stress responses. In recent years, accumulating studies have witnessed rapid advances in dissecting the mechanisms underlying the interaction between FER and its partners in response to pathogen invasion, particularly regulation of immune complex formation and signalling. Moreover, hormonal signalling, rhizosphere microbiota and other constituents are also extensively involved in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant ResourcesInstitute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Kaiwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Wenwen Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Shengwei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant PhysiologyInstitute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jingjing Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengChina
| | - Tong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant ResourcesInstitute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiaomin Luo
- Key Laboratory of Plant PhysiologyInstitute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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Wang J, Xi L, Wu XN, König S, Rohr L, Neumann T, Weber J, Harter K, Schulze WX. PEP7 acts as a peptide ligand for the receptor kinase SIRK1 to regulate aquaporin-mediated water influx and lateral root growth. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:1615-1631. [PMID: 36131543 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant receptors constitute a large protein family that regulates various aspects of development and responses to external cues. Functional characterization of this protein family and the identification of their ligands remain major challenges in plant biology. Previously, we identified plasma membrane-intrinsic sucrose-induced receptor kinase 1 (SIRK1) and Qian Shou kinase 1 (QSK1) as receptor/co-receptor pair involved in the regulation of aquaporins in response to osmotic conditions induced by sucrose. In this study, we identified a member of the elicitor peptide (PEP) family, namely PEP7, as the specific ligand of th receptor kinase SIRK1. PEP7 binds to the extracellular domain of SIRK1 with a binding constant of 1.44 ± 0.79 μM and is secreted to the apoplasm specifically in response to sucrose treatment. Stabilization of a signaling complex involving SIRK1, QSK1, and aquaporins as substrates is mediated by alterations in the external sucrose concentration or by PEP7 application. Moreover, the presence of PEP7 induces the phosphorylation of aquaporins in vivo and enhances water influx into protoplasts. Disturbed water influx, in turn, led to delayed lateral root development in the pep7 mutant. The loss-of-function mutant of SIRK1 is not responsive to external PEP7 treatment regarding kinase activity, aquaporin phosphorylation, water influx activity, and lateral root development. Taken together, our data indicate that the PEP7/SIRK1/QSK1 complex represents a crucial perception and response module that mediates sucrose-controlled water flux in plants and lateral root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wang
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lin Xi
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Xu Na Wu
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany; School of Life Science, Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Stefanie König
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Leander Rohr
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Theresia Neumann
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jan Weber
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Harter
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Waltraud X Schulze
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Rzemieniewski J, Stegmann M. Regulation of pattern-triggered immunity and growth by phytocytokines. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 68:102230. [PMID: 35588597 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous signalling peptides play diverse roles during plant growth, development and stress responses. Research in recent years has unravelled peptides with previously known growth-regulatory function as immune-modulatory agents that fine-tune pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Moreover, peptides that are long known as endogenous danger signals were recently implicated in growth and development. In analogy to metazoan systems these peptides are referred to as phytocytokines. In this review we will highlight recent progress made on our understanding of phytocytokines simultaneously regulating growth and PTI which shows the complex interplay of peptide signalling pathways regulating multiple aspects of a plant's life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Rzemieniewski
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Martin Stegmann
- Phytopathology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
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33
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Xing J, Ji D, Duan Z, Chen T, Luo X. Spatiotemporal dynamics of FERONIA reveal alternative endocytic pathways in response to flg22 elicitor stimuli. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:518-532. [PMID: 35358335 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The plant receptor-like kinase FERONIA (FER) functions in the response to multiple extracellular signals, thereby regulating diverse cellular processes, such as polarized cell growth, hormone signaling and responses to pathogens. Here, we reported that in Arabidopsis thaliana, flagellin peptide flg22 stimulus significantly promoted the lateral mobility and dissociation of FER from the plasma membrane by inducing the association of FER with membrane microdomain components. FER underwent constitutive endocytosis and recycling in a brefeldin A (BFA)-sensitive manner via a clathrin-mediated pathway. Following flg22 elicitation, FER localized to bona fide endosomes via two distinct endocytic routes, showing differential sensitivity to BFA. These results at the single-particle level confirm that FER acts as an essential regulator during flg22 perception and immune activation, thus broadening our understanding of location-specific protein dynamics and membrane trafficking in receptor/receptor kinase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Dongchao Ji
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Zhikun Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xiaomin Luo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
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What's new in protein kinase/phosphatase signalling in the control of plant immunity? Essays Biochem 2022; 66:621-634. [PMID: 35723080 PMCID: PMC9528078 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Plant immunity is crucial to plant health but comes at an expense. For optimal plant growth, tight immune regulation is required to prevent unnecessary rechannelling of valuable resources. Pattern- and effector-triggered immunity (PTI/ETI) represent the two tiers of immunity initiated after sensing microbial patterns at the cell surface or pathogen effectors secreted into plant cells, respectively. Recent evidence of PTI-ETI cross-potentiation suggests a close interplay of signalling pathways and defense responses downstream of perception that is still poorly understood. This review will focus on controls on plant immunity through phosphorylation, a universal and key cellular regulatory mechanism. Rather than a complete overview, we highlight “what’s new in protein kinase/phosphatase signalling” in the immunity field. In addition to phosphoregulation of components in the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) complex, we will cover the actions of the major immunity-relevant intracellular protein kinases/phosphatases in the ‘signal relay’, namely calcium-regulated kinases (e.g. calcium-dependent protein kinases, CDPKs), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and various protein phosphatases. We discuss how these factors define a phosphocode that generates cellular decision-making ‘logic gates’, which contribute to signalling fidelity, amplitude, and duration. To underscore the importance of phosphorylation, we summarize strategies employed by pathogens to subvert plant immune phosphopathways. In view of recent game-changing discoveries of ETI-derived resistosomes organizing into calcium-permeable pores, we speculate on a possible calcium-regulated phosphocode as the mechanistic control of the PTI-ETI continuum.
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35
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Plant immunity by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Essays Biochem 2022; 66:459-469. [PMID: 35612381 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recognition by plant receptors of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and pathogenicity effectors activates immunity. However, before evolving the capacity of perceiving and responding to MAMPs and pathogenicity factors, plants, like animals, must have faced the necessity to protect and repair the mechanical wounds used by pathogens as an easy passage into their tissue. Consequently, plants evolved the capacity to react to damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) with responses capable of functioning also in the absence of pathogens. DAMPs include not only primarily cell wall (CW) fragments but also extracellular peptides, nucleotides and amino acids that activate both local and long-distance systemic responses and, in some cases, prime the subsequent responses to MAMPs. It is conceivable that DAMPs and MAMPs act in synergy to activate a stronger plant immunity and that MAMPs exploit the mechanisms and transduction pathways traced by DAMPs. The interest for the biology and mechanism of action of DAMPs, either in the plant or animal kingdom, is expected to substantially increase in the next future. This review focuses on the most recent advances in DAMPs biology, particularly in the field of CW-derived DAMPs.
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Knowing me, knowing you: Self and non-self recognition in plant immunity. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:447-458. [PMID: 35383834 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Perception of non-self molecules known as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) activates plant pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Pathogen infections often trigger the release of modified-self molecules, termed damage- or danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which modulate MAMP-triggered signaling to shape the frontline of plant immune responses against infections. In the context of advances in identifying MAMPs and DAMPs, cognate receptors, and their signaling, here, we focus on the most recent breakthroughs in understanding the perception and role of non-self and modified-self patterns. We highlight the commonalities and differences of MAMPs from diverse microbes, insects, and parasitic plants, as well as the production and perception of DAMPs upon infections. We discuss the interplay between MAMPs and DAMPs for emerging themes of the mutual potentiation and attenuation of PTI signaling upon MAMP and DAMP perception during infections.
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Xie Y, Sun P, Li Z, Zhang F, You C, Zhang Z. FERONIA Receptor Kinase Integrates with Hormone Signaling to Regulate Plant Growth, Development, and Responses to Environmental Stimuli. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073730. [PMID: 35409090 PMCID: PMC8998941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant hormones are critical chemicals that participate in almost all aspects of plant life by triggering cellular response cascades. FERONIA is one of the most well studied members in the subfamily of Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase1-like (CrRLK1Ls) hormones. It has been proved to be involved in many different processes with the discovery of its ligands, interacting partners, and downstream signaling components. A growing body of evidence shows that FERONIA serves as a hub to integrate inter- and intracellular signals in response to internal and external cues. Here, we summarize the recent advances of FERONIA in regulating plant growth, development, and immunity through interactions with multiple plant hormone signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, China; (Y.X.); (P.S.); (Z.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Ping Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, China; (Y.X.); (P.S.); (Z.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, China; (Y.X.); (P.S.); (Z.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Fujun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, China; (Y.X.); (P.S.); (Z.L.); (F.Z.)
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Chunxiang You
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, China; (Y.X.); (P.S.); (Z.L.); (F.Z.)
- Correspondence: (C.Y.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhenlu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, China; (Y.X.); (P.S.); (Z.L.); (F.Z.)
- Correspondence: (C.Y.); (Z.Z.)
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38
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Colin L, Martin-Arevalillo R, Bovio S, Bauer A, Vernoux T, Caillaud MC, Landrein B, Jaillais Y. Imaging the living plant cell: From probes to quantification. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:247-272. [PMID: 34586412 PMCID: PMC8774089 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
At the center of cell biology is our ability to image the cell and its various components, either in isolation or within an organism. Given its importance, biological imaging has emerged as a field of its own, which is inherently highly interdisciplinary. Indeed, biologists rely on physicists and engineers to build new microscopes and imaging techniques, chemists to develop better imaging probes, and mathematicians and computer scientists for image analysis and quantification. Live imaging collectively involves all the techniques aimed at imaging live samples. It is a rapidly evolving field, with countless new techniques, probes, and dyes being continuously developed. Some of these new methods or reagents are readily amenable to image plant samples, while others are not and require specific modifications for the plant field. Here, we review some recent advances in live imaging of plant cells. In particular, we discuss the solutions that plant biologists use to live image membrane-bound organelles, cytoskeleton components, hormones, and the mechanical properties of cells or tissues. We not only consider the imaging techniques per se, but also how the construction of new fluorescent probes and analysis pipelines are driving the field of plant cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leia Colin
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Raquel Martin-Arevalillo
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Simone Bovio
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France
- LYMIC-PLATIM imaging and microscopy core facility, Univ Lyon, SFR Biosciences, ENS de Lyon, Inserm US8, CNRS UMS3444, UCBL-50 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Amélie Bauer
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Teva Vernoux
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Cecile Caillaud
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Benoit Landrein
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France
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