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Krishnan JM, Roskin KM, Meeds HL, Blackard JT. Effect of fentanyl on HIV expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1463441. [PMID: 39386369 PMCID: PMC11461324 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1463441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Illicit drug use, particularly the synthetic opioid fentanyl, presents a significant global health challenge. Previous studies have shown that fentanyl enhances viral replication; yet, the mechanisms by which it affects HIV pathogenesis remain unclear. This study investigated the impact of fentanyl on HIV replication in CD4+ T lymphocytes. Methods CD4+ T lymphocytes from HIV-negative donors were activated, infected with HIVNL4-3, and treated with fentanyl. HIV proviral DNA and p24 antigen expression were quantified using real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. Single-cell RNA libraries were analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes. Results Results indicated that fentanyl treatment increased HIV p24 expression and proviral DNA levels, and naltrexone mitigated these effects. Single-cell RNAseq analysis identified significantly altered gene expression in CD4+ T lymphocytes. Discussion The results of our findings suggest that fentanyl promotes HIV replication ex vivo, emphasizing the need for a deeper understanding of opioid-virus interactions to develop better treatment strategies for individuals with HIV and opioid use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Madhuravasal Krishnan
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Krishna M. Roskin
- Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Heidi L. Meeds
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jason T. Blackard
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Man Y, Zhai Y, Jiang A, Bai H, Gulati A, Plebani R, Mannix RJ, Merry GE, Goyal G, Belgur C, Hall SRR, Ingber DE. Exacerbation of influenza virus induced lung injury by alveolar macrophages and its suppression by pyroptosis blockade in a human lung alveolus chip. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.13.607799. [PMID: 39211234 PMCID: PMC11361059 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.13.607799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are the major sentinel immune cells in human alveoli and play a central role in eliciting host inflammatory responses upon distal lung viral infection. Here, we incorporated peripheral human monocyte-derived macrophages within a microfluidic human Lung Alveolus Chip that recreates the human alveolar-capillary interface under an air-liquid interface along with vascular flow to study how residential AMs contribute to the human pulmonary response to viral infection. When Lung Alveolus Chips that were cultured with macrophages were infected with influenza H3N2, there was a major reduction in viral titers compared to chips without macrophages; however, there was significantly greater inflammation and tissue injury. Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, recruitment of immune cells circulating through the vascular channel, and expression of genes involved in myelocyte activation were all increased, and this was accompanied by reduced epithelial and endothelial cell viability and compromise of the alveolar tissue barrier. These effects were partially mediated through activation of pyroptosis in macrophages and release of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, and blocking pyroptosis via caspase-1 inhibition suppressed lung inflammation and injury on-chip. These findings demonstrate how integrating tissue resident immune cells within human Lung Alveolus Chip can identify potential new therapeutic targets and uncover cell and molecular mechanisms that contribute to the development of viral pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
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Li Y, Qiang R, Cao Z, Wu Q, Wang J, Lyu W. NLRP3 Inflammasomes: Dual Function in Infectious Diseases. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 213:407-417. [PMID: 39102612 PMCID: PMC11299487 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
The Nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has been the most distinctive polymer protein complex. After recognizing the endogenous and exogenous danger signals, NLRP3 can cause inflammation by pyroptosis and secretion of mature, bioactive forms of IL-1β and IL-18. The NLRP3 inflammasome is essential in the genesis and progression of infectious illnesses. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the NLRP3 inflammasome in infectious diseases, focusing on its two-sided effects. As an essential part of host defense with a protective impact, abnormal NLRP3 inflammasome activation, however, result in a systemic high inflammatory response, leading to subsequent damage. In addition, scientific evidence of small molecules, biologics, and phytochemicals acting on the NLRP3 inflammasome has been reviewed. We believe that the NLRP3 inflammasome helps us understand the pathological mechanism of different stages of infectious diseases and that inhibitors targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome will become a new and valuable research direction for the treatment of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing
| | - Rui Qiang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shunyi Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengmin Cao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing
| | - Qingjuan Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing
| | - Jiuchong Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing
| | - Wenliang Lyu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing
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Thirugnanam S, Rout N. A Perfect Storm: The Convergence of Aging, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection, and Inflammasome Dysregulation. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:4768-4786. [PMID: 38785555 PMCID: PMC11119826 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46050287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has greatly transformed the life expectancy of people living with HIV (PWH). Today, over 76% of the individuals with HIV have access to this life-saving therapy. However, this progress has come with a new challenge: an increase in age-related non-AIDS conditions among patients with HIV. These conditions manifest earlier in PWH than in uninfected individuals, accelerating the aging process. Like PWH, the uninfected aging population experiences immunosenescence marked by an increased proinflammatory environment. This phenomenon is linked to chronic inflammation, driven in part by cellular structures called inflammasomes. Inflammatory signaling pathways activated by HIV-1 infection play a key role in inflammasome formation, suggesting a crucial link between HIV and a chronic inflammatory state. This review outlines the inflammatory processes triggered by HIV-1 infection and aging, with a focus on the inflammasomes. This review also explores current research regarding inflammasomes and potential strategies for targeting inflammasomes to mitigate inflammation. Further research on inflammasome signaling presents a unique opportunity to develop targeted interventions and innovative therapeutic modalities for combating HIV and aging-associated inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Thirugnanam
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Namita Rout
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Holloway AJ, Saito TB, Naqvi KF, Huante MB, Fan X, Lisinicchia JG, Gelman BB, Endsley JJ, Endsley MA. Inhibition of caspase pathways limits CD4 + T cell loss and restores host anti-retroviral function in HIV-1 infected humanized mice with augmented lymphoid tissue. Retrovirology 2024; 21:8. [PMID: 38693565 PMCID: PMC11064318 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-024-00641-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The study of HIV infection and pathogenicity in physical reservoirs requires a biologically relevant model. The human immune system (HIS) mouse is an established model of HIV infection, but defects in immune tissue reconstitution remain a challenge for examining pathology in tissues. We utilized exogenous injection of the human recombinant FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (rFLT-3 L) into the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) cord blood HIS mouse model to significantly expand the total area of lymph node (LN) and the number of circulating human T cells. The results enabled visualization and quantification of HIV infectivity, CD4 T cell depletion and other measures of pathogenesis in the secondary lymphoid tissues of the spleen and LN. Treatment with the Caspase-1/4 inhibitor VX-765 limited CD4+ T cell loss in the spleen and reduced viral load in both the spleen and axillary LN. In situ hybridization further demonstrated a decrease in viral RNA in both the spleen and LN. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that in vivo inhibition of caspase-1/4 led to an upregulation in host HIV restriction factors including SAMHD1 and APOBEC3A. These findings highlight the use of rFLT-3 L to augment human immune system characteristics in HIS mice to support investigations of HIV pathogenesis and test host directed therapies, though further refinements are needed to further augment LN architecture and cellular populations. The results further provide in vivo evidence of the potential to target inflammasome pathways as an avenue of host-directed therapy to limit immune dysfunction and virus replication in tissue compartments of HIV+ persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Holloway
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 77555, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Tais B Saito
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 77555, Galveston, TX, USA
- Current at the Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 59840, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Kubra F Naqvi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 77555, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 75390, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Matthew B Huante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 77555, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Xiuzhen Fan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 77555, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo, 43614, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Joshua G Lisinicchia
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 77555, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin B Gelman
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 77555, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Janice J Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 77555, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mark A Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 77555, Galveston, TX, USA.
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Pieren DKJ, Benítez-Martínez A, Genescà M. Targeting HIV persistence in the tissue. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2024; 19:69-78. [PMID: 38169333 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The complex nature and distribution of the HIV reservoir in tissue of people with HIV remains one of the major obstacles to achieve the elimination of HIV persistence. Challenges include the tissue-specific states of latency and viral persistence, which translates into high levels of reservoir heterogeneity. Moreover, the best strategies to reach and eliminate these reservoirs may differ based on the intrinsic characteristics of the cellular and anatomical reservoir to reach. RECENT FINDINGS While major focus has been undertaken for lymphoid tissues and follicular T helper cells, evidence of viral persistence in HIV and non-HIV antigen-specific CD4 + T cells and macrophages resident in multiple tissues providing long-term protection presents new challenges in the quest for an HIV cure. Considering the microenvironments where these cellular reservoirs persist opens new venues for the delivery of drugs and immunotherapies to target these niches. New tools, such as single-cell RNA sequencing, CRISPR screenings, mRNA technology or tissue organoids are quickly developing and providing detailed information about the complex nature of the tissue reservoirs. SUMMARY Targeting persistence in tissue reservoirs represents a complex but essential step towards achieving HIV cure. Combinatorial strategies, particularly during the early phases of infection to impact initial reservoirs, capable of reaching and reactivating multiple long-lived reservoirs in the body may lead the path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan K J Pieren
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
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Mu W, Patankar V, Kitchen S, Zhen A. Examining Chronic Inflammation, Immune Metabolism, and T Cell Dysfunction in HIV Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:219. [PMID: 38399994 PMCID: PMC10893210 DOI: 10.3390/v16020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection remains a significant challenge to global public health. Despite advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART), which has transformed HIV infection from a fatal disease into a manageable chronic condition, a definitive cure remains elusive. One of the key features of HIV infection is chronic immune activation and inflammation, which are strongly associated with, and predictive of, HIV disease progression, even in patients successfully treated with suppressive ART. Chronic inflammation is characterized by persistent inflammation, immune cell metabolic dysregulation, and cellular exhaustion and dysfunction. This review aims to summarize current knowledge of the interplay between chronic inflammation, immune metabolism, and T cell dysfunction in HIV infection, and also discusses the use of humanized mice models to study HIV immune pathogenesis and develop novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Mu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Vaibhavi Patankar
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Scott Kitchen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Anjie Zhen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Ago Y, Rintz E, Musini KS, Ma Z, Tomatsu S. Molecular Mechanisms in Pathophysiology of Mucopolysaccharidosis and Prospects for Innovative Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1113. [PMID: 38256186 PMCID: PMC10816168 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are a group of inborn errors of the metabolism caused by a deficiency in the lysosomal enzymes required to break down molecules called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). These GAGs accumulate over time in various tissues and disrupt multiple biological systems, including catabolism of other substances, autophagy, and mitochondrial function. These pathological changes ultimately increase oxidative stress and activate innate immunity and inflammation. We have described the pathophysiology of MPS and activated inflammation in this paper, starting with accumulating the primary storage materials, GAGs. At the initial stage of GAG accumulation, affected tissues/cells are reversibly affected but progress irreversibly to: (1) disruption of substrate degradation with pathogenic changes in lysosomal function, (2) cellular dysfunction, secondary/tertiary accumulation (toxins such as GM2 or GM3 ganglioside, etc.), and inflammatory process, and (3) progressive tissue/organ damage and cell death (e.g., skeletal dysplasia, CNS impairment, etc.). For current and future treatment, several potential treatments for MPS that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and bone have been proposed and/or are in clinical trials, including targeting peptides and molecular Trojan horses such as monoclonal antibodies attached to enzymes via receptor-mediated transport. Gene therapy trials with AAV, ex vivo LV, and Sleeping Beauty transposon system for MPS are proposed and/or underway as innovative therapeutic options. In addition, possible immunomodulatory reagents that can suppress MPS symptoms have been summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Ago
- Nemours Children’s Health, 1600 Rockland Rd., Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (Y.A.); (K.S.M.); (Z.M.)
| | - Estera Rintz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Krishna Sai Musini
- Nemours Children’s Health, 1600 Rockland Rd., Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (Y.A.); (K.S.M.); (Z.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Zhengyu Ma
- Nemours Children’s Health, 1600 Rockland Rd., Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (Y.A.); (K.S.M.); (Z.M.)
| | - Shunji Tomatsu
- Nemours Children’s Health, 1600 Rockland Rd., Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (Y.A.); (K.S.M.); (Z.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1112, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19144, USA
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Deng CH, Li TQ, Zhang W, Zhao Q, Wang Y. Targeting Inflammasome Activation in Viral Infection: A Therapeutic Solution? Viruses 2023; 15:1451. [PMID: 37515138 PMCID: PMC10384481 DOI: 10.3390/v15071451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasome activation is exclusively involved in sensing activation of innate immunity and inflammatory response during viral infection. Accumulating evidence suggests that the manipulation of inflammasome assembly or its interaction with viral proteins are critical factors in viral pathogenesis. Results from pilot clinical trials show encouraging results of NLRP3 inflammasome suppression in reducing mortality and morbidity in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. In this article, we summarize the up-to-date understanding of inflammasomes, including NLRP3, AIM2, NLRP1, NLRP6, and NLRC4 in various viral infections, with particular focus on RNA viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, HIV, IAV, and Zika virus and DNA viruses such as herpes simplex virus 1. We also discuss the current achievement of the mechanisms involved in viral infection-induced inflammatory response, host defense, and possible therapeutic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Han Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Tian-Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Av. Wai Long, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Cancer Centre, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
- MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
- MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
- Minister of Education Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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