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Sureram S, Chutiwitoonchai N, Pooprasert T, Sangsopha W, Limjiasahapong S, Jariyasopit N, Sirivatanauksorn Y, Khoomrung S, Mahidol C, Ruchirawat S, Kittakoop P. Discovery of procyanidin condensed tannins of (-)-epicatechin from Kratom, Mitragyna speciosa, as virucidal agents against SARS-CoV-2. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:133059. [PMID: 38866269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Kratom, Mitragyna speciosa, is one of the most popular herbs in the West and Southeast Asia. A number of previous works have focused on bioactive alkaloids in this plant; however, non-alkaloids have never been investigated for their biological activities. Antiviral and virucidal assays of a methanol leaf extract of Kratom, M. speciosa, revealed that a crude extract displayed virucidal activity against the SARS-CoV-2. Activity-guided isolation of a methanol leaf extract of Kratom led to the identification of B-type procyanidin condensed tannins of (-)-epicatechin as virucidal compounds against SARS-CoV-2. The fraction containing condensed tannins exhibited virucidal activity with an EC50 value of 8.38 μg/mL and a selectivity index (SI) value >23.86. LC-MS/MS analysis and MALDI-TOF MS identified the structure of the virucidal compounds in Kratom as B-type procyanidin condensed tannins, while gel permeation chromatograph (GPC) revealed weight average molecular weight of 238,946 Da for high molecular-weight condensed tannins. In addition to alkaloids, (-)-epicatechin was found as a major component in the leaves of M. speciosa, but it did not have virucidal activity. Macromolecules of (-)-epicatechin, i.e., procyanidin condensed tannins, showed potent virucidal activity against SARS-CoV-2, suggesting that the high molecular weights of these polyphenols are important for virucidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanya Sureram
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand University, Thailand
| | - Nopporn Chutiwitoonchai
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Tam Pooprasert
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand University, Thailand
| | - Watchara Sangsopha
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand University, Thailand
| | - Suphitcha Limjiasahapong
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narumol Jariyasopit
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Siriraj Center of Research Excellent in Metabolomics and Systems Biology (SiCORE-MSB), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yongyut Sirivatanauksorn
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Siriraj Center of Research Excellent in Metabolomics and Systems Biology (SiCORE-MSB), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sakda Khoomrung
- Siriraj Metabolomics and Phenomics Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Siriraj Center of Research Excellent in Metabolomics and Systems Biology (SiCORE-MSB), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chulabhorn Mahidol
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand University, Thailand; Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Program in Chemical Sciences, Kamphaeng Phet, 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Somsak Ruchirawat
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand University, Thailand; Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Program in Chemical Sciences, Kamphaeng Phet, 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Prasat Kittakoop
- Chulabhorn Research Institute, Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand University, Thailand; Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Program in Chemical Sciences, Kamphaeng Phet, 6 Road, Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Chen CY, Wang WJ, Wu CS, Wang SC, Chang WC, Hung MC. Tannic acids and proanthocyanidins in tea inhibit SARS-CoV-2 variants infection. Am J Cancer Res 2024; 14:2555-2569. [PMID: 38859869 PMCID: PMC11162682 DOI: 10.62347/qjbg3026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused hundreds million cases and millions death as well as continues to infect human life in the world since late of 2019. The breakthrough infection caused from mutation of SARS-CoV-2 is rising even the vaccinated population has been increasing. Currently, the severe threat posed by SARS-CoV-2 has been alleviated worldwide, and the situation has transitioned to coexisting with the virus. The dietary food with antiviral activities may improve to prevent virus infection for living with COVID-19 pandemic. Teas containing enriched phenolic ingredients such as tannins have been reported to be antitumor agents as well as be good inhibitors for coronavirus. This study developed a highly sensitive and selective ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometric method for quantification of tannic acids, a hydrolysable tannin, and proanthocyanidins, a condense tannin, in teas with different levels of fermentation. The in vitro pseudoviral particles (Vpp) infection assay was used to evaluate the inhibition activities of various teas. The results of current research demonstrate that the tannins in teas are effective inhibitors against infection of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yu Chen
- Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical UniversityTaichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jan Wang
- Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical UniversityTaichung 406040, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical UniversityTaichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Shiou Wu
- Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical UniversityTaichung 406040, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical UniversityTaichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chun Wang
- Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical UniversityTaichung 406040, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical UniversityTaichung 406040, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical UniversityTaichung 406040, Taiwan
- Cancer Biology and Precision Therapeutics Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical UniversityTaichung 406040, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia UniversityTaichung 413305, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chao Chang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical UniversityTaichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical UniversityTaichung 406040, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical UniversityTaichung 406040, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical UniversityTaichung 406040, Taiwan
- Cancer Biology and Precision Therapeutics Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical UniversityTaichung 406040, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical UniversityTaichung 406040, Taiwan
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Abarova S, Alexova R, Dragomanova S, Solak A, Fagone P, Mangano K, Petralia MC, Nicoletti F, Kalfin R, Tancheva L. Emerging Therapeutic Potential of Polyphenols from Geranium sanguineum L. in Viral Infections, Including SARS-CoV-2. Biomolecules 2024; 14:130. [PMID: 38275759 PMCID: PMC10812934 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The existing literature supports the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiviral capacities of the polyphenol extracts derived from Geranium sanguineum L. These extracts exhibit potential in hindering viral replication by inhibiting enzymes like DNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase. The antiviral properties of G. sanguineum L. seem to complement its immunomodulatory effects, contributing to infection resolution. While preclinical studies on G. sanguineum L. suggest its potential effectiveness against COVID-19, there is still a lack of clinical evidence. Therefore, the polyphenols extracted from this herb warrant further investigation as a potential alternative for preventing and treating COVID-19 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silviya Abarova
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Zdrave Str. 2, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Ralitza Alexova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Zdrave Str. 2, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Stela Dragomanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Varna, Tsar Osvoboditel Blvd 84A, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria;
| | - Ayten Solak
- Institute of Cryobiology and Food Technologies, Cherni Vrah Blvd. 53, 1407 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Paolo Fagone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 89, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Katia Mangano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 89, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Petralia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 89, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Reni Kalfin
- Department of Biological Effects of Natural and Synthetic Substances, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str. 23, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (R.K.); (L.T.)
- Department of Healthcare, South-West University “Neofit Rilski”, Ivan Mihailov Str. 66, 2700 Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria
| | - Lyubka Tancheva
- Department of Biological Effects of Natural and Synthetic Substances, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str. 23, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (R.K.); (L.T.)
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Dabrell SN, Li YC, Yamaguchi H, Chen HF, Hung MC. Herbal Compounds Dauricine and Isoliensinine Impede SARS-CoV-2 Viral Entry. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2914. [PMID: 38001915 PMCID: PMC10669532 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting viral entry has been the focal point for the last 3 years due to the continued threat posed by SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2's entry is highly dependent on the interaction between the virus's Spike protein and host receptors. The virus's Spike protein is a key modulator of viral entry, allowing sequential cleavage of ACE2 at the S1/S2 and S2 sites, resulting in the amalgamation of membranes and subsequent entry of the virus. A Polybasic insertion (PRRAR) conveniently located at the S1/S2 site can also be cleaved by furin or by serine protease, TMPRSS2, at the cell surface. Since ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are conveniently located on the surface of host cells, targeting one or both receptors may inhibit receptor-ligand interaction. Here, we show that Dauricine and Isoliensinine, two commonly used herbal compounds, were capable of inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 viral entry by reducing Spike-ACE2 interaction but not suppressing TMPRSS2 protease activity. Further, our biological assays using pseudoviruses engineered to express Spike proteins of different variants revealed a reduction in infection rates following treatment with these compounds. The molecular modeling revealed an interconnection between R403 of Spike protein and both two compounds. Spike mutations at residue R403 are critical, and often utilized by ACE2 to gain cell access. Overall, our findings strongly suggest that Dauricine and Isoliensinine are effective in blocking Spike-ACE2 interaction and may serve as effective therapeutic agents for targeting SARS-CoV-2's viral entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaneek Natoya Dabrell
- International Master's Program of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chuan Li
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Hirohito Yamaguchi
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Fan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Cancer Biology and Precision Therapeutics Center, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413305, Taiwan
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