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Maiti AK. Bioinformatic analysis predicts the regulatory function of noncoding SNPs associated with Long COVID-19 syndrome. Immunogenetics 2024:10.1007/s00251-024-01348-6. [PMID: 39042286 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-024-01348-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Long or Post COVID-19 is a condition of collected symptoms persisted after recovery from COVID-19. Host genetic factors play a crucial role in developing Long COVID-19, and GWAS studies identified several SNPs/genes in various ethnic populations. In African-American population two SNPS, rs10999901 (C>T, p = 3.6E-08, OR = 1.39, MAF-0,27, GRCH38, chr10:71584799 bp) and rs1868001 (G>A, p = 6.7E-09, OR = 1.40, MAF-0.46, GRCH38, chr10:71587815 bp) and in Hispanic population, rs3759084 (A>C, p = 9.7E-09, OR = 1.56, MAF-0.17, chr12: 81,110,156 bp) are strongly associated with Long COVID-19. All these three SNPs reside in noncoding regions implying their regulatory function in the genome. In silico dissection suggests that rs10999901 and rs1868001 physically interact with the CDH23 and C10orf105 genes. Both SNPs act as distant enhancers and bind with several transcription factors (TFs). Further, rs10999901 SNP is a CpG that is methylated in CD4++ T cells and monocytes and loses its methylation due to transition from C>T. rs3759084 is located in the promoter (- 687 bp) of MYF5, acts as a distant enhancer, and physically interacts with PTPRQ. These results offer plausible explanations for their association and provide the basis for experiments to dissect the development of symptoms of Long COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Maiti
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Mydnavar, 28475 Greenfield Rd, Southfield, USA.
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2
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Zheng HY, Song TZ, Zheng YT. Immunobiology of COVID-19: Mechanistic and therapeutic insights from animal models. Zool Res 2024; 45:747-766. [PMID: 38894519 PMCID: PMC11298684 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2024.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The distribution of the immune system throughout the body complicates in vitro assessments of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) immunobiology, often resulting in a lack of reproducibility when extrapolated to the whole organism. Consequently, developing animal models is imperative for a comprehensive understanding of the pathology and immunology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. This review summarizes current progress related to COVID-19 animal models, including non-human primates (NHPs), mice, and hamsters, with a focus on their roles in exploring the mechanisms of immunopathology, immune protection, and long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as their application in immunoprevention and immunotherapy of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Differences among these animal models and their specific applications are also highlighted, as no single model can fully encapsulate all aspects of COVID-19. To effectively address the challenges posed by COVID-19, it is essential to select appropriate animal models that can accurately replicate both fatal and non-fatal infections with varying courses and severities. Optimizing animal model libraries and associated research tools is key to resolving the global COVID-19 pandemic, serving as a robust resource for future emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Tian-Zhang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China. E-mail:
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3
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Kratzer B, Gattinger P, Trapin D, Ettel P, Körmöczi U, Rottal A, Stieger RB, Sehgal ANA, Feichter M, Borochova K, Tulaeva I, Grabmeier-Pfistershammer K, Tauber PA, Perkmann T, Fae I, Wenda S, Kundi M, Fischer GF, Valenta R, Pickl WF. Differential decline of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels, innate and adaptive immune cells, and shift of Th1/inflammatory to Th2 serum cytokine levels long after first COVID-19. Allergy 2024. [PMID: 39003594 DOI: 10.1111/all.16210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 has triggered a pandemic and contributes to long-lasting morbidity. Several studies have investigated immediate cellular and humoral immune responses during acute infection. However, little is known about long-term effects of COVID-19 on the immune system. METHODS We performed a longitudinal investigation of cellular and humoral immune parameters in 106 non-vaccinated subjects ten weeks (10 w) and ten months (10 m) after their first SARS-CoV-2 infection. Peripheral blood immune cells were analyzed by multiparametric flow cytometry, serum cytokines were examined by multiplex technology. Antibodies specific for the Spike protein (S), the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and the nucleocapsid protein (NC) were determined. All parameters measured 10 w and 10 m after infection were compared with those of a matched, noninfected control group (n = 98). RESULTS Whole blood flow cytometric analyses revealed that 10 m after COVID-19, convalescent patients compared to controls had reduced absolute granulocyte, monocyte, and lymphocyte counts, involving T, B, and NK cells, in particular CD3+CD45RA+CD62L+CD31+ recent thymic emigrant T cells and non-class-switched CD19+IgD+CD27+ memory B cells. Cellular changes were associated with a reversal from Th1- to Th2-dominated serum cytokine patterns. Strong declines of NC- and S-specific antibody levels were associated with younger age (by 10.3 years, p < .01) and fewer CD3-CD56+ NK and CD19+CD27+ B memory cells. Changes of T-cell subsets at 10 m such as normalization of effector and Treg numbers, decline of RTE, and increase of central memory T cell numbers were independent of antibody decline pattern. CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 causes long-term reduction of innate and adaptive immune cells which is associated with a Th2 serum cytokine profile. This may provide an immunological mechanism for long-term sequelae after COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Kratzer
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pia Gattinger
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Trapin
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Ettel
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Körmöczi
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arno Rottal
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert B Stieger
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Al Nasar Ahmed Sehgal
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Melanie Feichter
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina Borochova
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Inna Tulaeva
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory for Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Peter A Tauber
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Perkmann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingrid Fae
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Wenda
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Kundi
- Center for Public Health, Department for Environmental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gottfried F Fischer
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory for Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
- NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russia
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - Winfried F Pickl
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
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4
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Martín-Martín C, del Riego ES, Castiñeira JRV, Zapico-Gonzalez MS, Rodríguez-Pérez M, Corte-Iglesias V, Saiz ML, Diaz-Bulnes P, Escudero D, Suárez-Alvarez B, López-Larrea C. Assessing Predictive Value of SARS-CoV-2 Epitope-Specific CD8 + T-Cell Response in Patients with Severe Symptoms. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:679. [PMID: 38932408 PMCID: PMC11209605 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Specific T cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 provided an overview of acquired immunity during the pandemic. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity determines the severity of acute illness, but also might be related to the possible persistence of symptoms (long COVID). We retrospectively analyzed ex vivo longitudinal CD8+ T cell responses in 26 COVID-19 patients diagnosed with severe disease, initially (1 month) and long-term (10 months), and in a cohort of 32 vaccinated healthcare workers without previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. We used peptide-human leukocyte antigen (pHLA) dextramers recognizing 26 SARS-CoV-2-derived epitopes of viral and other non-structural proteins. Most patients responded to at least one of the peptides studied, mainly derived from non-structural ORF1ab proteins. After 10 months follow-up, CD8+ T cell responses were maintained at long term and reaction against certain epitopes (A*01:01-ORF1ab1637) was still detected and functional, showing a memory-like phenotype (CD127+ PD-1+). The total number of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells was significantly associated with protection against long COVID in these patients. Compared with vaccination, infected patients showed a less effective immune response to spike protein-derived peptides restricted by HLA. So, the A*01:01-S865 and A*24:02-S1208 dextramers were only recognized in vaccinated individuals. We conclude that initial SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cell response could be used as a marker to understand the evolution of severe disease and post-acute sequelae after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Martín-Martín
- Translational Immunology, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma S/N, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (C.M.-M.); (J.R.V.C.); (V.C.-I.); (M.L.S.); (P.D.-B.)
| | - Estefanía Salgado del Riego
- Service of Intensive Medicine, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (E.S.d.R.); (D.E.)
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma S/N, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jose R. Vidal Castiñeira
- Translational Immunology, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma S/N, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (C.M.-M.); (J.R.V.C.); (V.C.-I.); (M.L.S.); (P.D.-B.)
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Mercedes Rodríguez-Pérez
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (M.S.Z.-G.); (M.R.-P.)
- Translational Microbiology, Health Research Institute of Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Viviana Corte-Iglesias
- Translational Immunology, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma S/N, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (C.M.-M.); (J.R.V.C.); (V.C.-I.); (M.L.S.); (P.D.-B.)
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Maria Laura Saiz
- Translational Immunology, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma S/N, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (C.M.-M.); (J.R.V.C.); (V.C.-I.); (M.L.S.); (P.D.-B.)
| | - Paula Diaz-Bulnes
- Translational Immunology, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma S/N, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (C.M.-M.); (J.R.V.C.); (V.C.-I.); (M.L.S.); (P.D.-B.)
| | - Dolores Escudero
- Service of Intensive Medicine, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (E.S.d.R.); (D.E.)
- Translational Microbiology, Health Research Institute of Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Suárez-Alvarez
- Translational Immunology, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma S/N, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (C.M.-M.); (J.R.V.C.); (V.C.-I.); (M.L.S.); (P.D.-B.)
| | - Carlos López-Larrea
- Translational Immunology, Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Avenida de Roma S/N, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (C.M.-M.); (J.R.V.C.); (V.C.-I.); (M.L.S.); (P.D.-B.)
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5
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Liew F, Efstathiou C, Fontanella S, Richardson M, Saunders R, Swieboda D, Sidhu JK, Ascough S, Moore SC, Mohamed N, Nunag J, King C, Leavy OC, Elneima O, McAuley HJC, Shikotra A, Singapuri A, Sereno M, Harris VC, Houchen-Wolloff L, Greening NJ, Lone NI, Thorpe M, Thompson AAR, Rowland-Jones SL, Docherty AB, Chalmers JD, Ho LP, Horsley A, Raman B, Poinasamy K, Marks M, Kon OM, Howard LS, Wootton DG, Quint JK, de Silva TI, Ho A, Chiu C, Harrison EM, Greenhalf W, Baillie JK, Semple MG, Turtle L, Evans RA, Wain LV, Brightling C, Thwaites RS, Openshaw PJM. Large-scale phenotyping of patients with long COVID post-hospitalization reveals mechanistic subtypes of disease. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:607-621. [PMID: 38589621 PMCID: PMC11003868 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01778-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
One in ten severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections result in prolonged symptoms termed long coronavirus disease (COVID), yet disease phenotypes and mechanisms are poorly understood1. Here we profiled 368 plasma proteins in 657 participants ≥3 months following hospitalization. Of these, 426 had at least one long COVID symptom and 233 had fully recovered. Elevated markers of myeloid inflammation and complement activation were associated with long COVID. IL-1R2, MATN2 and COLEC12 were associated with cardiorespiratory symptoms, fatigue and anxiety/depression; MATN2, CSF3 and C1QA were elevated in gastrointestinal symptoms and C1QA was elevated in cognitive impairment. Additional markers of alterations in nerve tissue repair (SPON-1 and NFASC) were elevated in those with cognitive impairment and SCG3, suggestive of brain-gut axis disturbance, was elevated in gastrointestinal symptoms. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) was persistently elevated in some individuals with long COVID, but virus was not detected in sputum. Analysis of inflammatory markers in nasal fluids showed no association with symptoms. Our study aimed to understand inflammatory processes that underlie long COVID and was not designed for biomarker discovery. Our findings suggest that specific inflammatory pathways related to tissue damage are implicated in subtypes of long COVID, which might be targeted in future therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity Liew
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Sara Fontanella
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew Richardson
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Ruth Saunders
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Dawid Swieboda
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jasmin K Sidhu
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stephanie Ascough
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Shona C Moore
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Noura Mohamed
- The Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit, Imperial College NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jose Nunag
- Cardiovascular Research Team, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Clara King
- Cardiovascular Research Team, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Olivia C Leavy
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Omer Elneima
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Hamish J C McAuley
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Aarti Shikotra
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Amisha Singapuri
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Marco Sereno
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Victoria C Harris
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Linzy Houchen-Wolloff
- Centre for Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre-Respiratory, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Neil J Greening
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Nazir I Lone
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Matthew Thorpe
- Centre for Medical Informatics, The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A A Roger Thompson
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sarah L Rowland-Jones
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Annemarie B Docherty
- Centre for Medical Informatics, The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James D Chalmers
- University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Ling-Pei Ho
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander Horsley
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Betty Raman
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Michael Marks
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospital, London, UK
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Onn Min Kon
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Luke S Howard
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel G Wootton
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jennifer K Quint
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Thushan I de Silva
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Antonia Ho
- MRC Centre for Virus Research, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christopher Chiu
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ewen M Harrison
- Centre for Medical Informatics, The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - William Greenhalf
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - J Kenneth Baillie
- Centre for Medical Informatics, The Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Pandemic Science Hub, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Malcolm G Semple
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- The Pandemic Institute, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lance Turtle
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- The Pandemic Institute, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rachael A Evans
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Louise V Wain
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Christopher Brightling
- Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Ryan S Thwaites
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Bohmwald K, Diethelm-Varela B, Rodríguez-Guilarte L, Rivera T, Riedel CA, González PA, Kalergis AM. Pathophysiological, immunological, and inflammatory features of long COVID. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1341600. [PMID: 38482000 PMCID: PMC10932978 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1341600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to cause severe global disruption, resulting in significant excess mortality, overwhelming healthcare systems, and imposing substantial social and economic burdens on nations. While most of the attention and therapeutic efforts have concentrated on the acute phase of the disease, a notable proportion of survivors experience persistent symptoms post-infection clearance. This diverse set of symptoms, loosely categorized as long COVID, presents a potential additional public health crisis. It is estimated that 1 in 5 COVID-19 survivors exhibit clinical manifestations consistent with long COVID. Despite this prevalence, the mechanisms and pathophysiology of long COVID remain poorly understood. Alarmingly, evidence suggests that a significant proportion of cases within this clinical condition develop debilitating or disabling symptoms. Hence, urgent priority should be given to further studies on this condition to equip global public health systems for its management. This review provides an overview of available information on this emerging clinical condition, focusing on the affected individuals' epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, and immunological and inflammatory profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bohmwald
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Benjamín Diethelm-Varela
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Linmar Rodríguez-Guilarte
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Thomas Rivera
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A. González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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7
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Zhang XB, He W, Gui YH, Lu Q, Yin Y, Zhang JH, Dong XY, Wang YW, Ye YZ, Xu H, Wang JY, Shen B, Gu DP, Wang LB, Wang Y. Current Mycoplasma pneumoniae epidemic among children in Shanghai: unusual pneumonia caused by usual pathogen. World J Pediatr 2024; 20:5-10. [PMID: 38231466 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-023-00793-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bo Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Wen He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Yong-Hao Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproduction & Development, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan Lu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Yin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Dong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Wen Wang
- Department of Nursing, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Zi Ye
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Yu Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Shen
- Shanghai Shenkang Hospital Development Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan-Ping Gu
- Center for Medical Quality Control Management of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Bo Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201102, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201102, China.
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Constantinescu-Bercu A, Lobiuc A, Căliman-Sturdza OA, Oiţă RC, Iavorschi M, Pavăl NE, Șoldănescu I, Dimian M, Covasa M. Long COVID: Molecular Mechanisms and Detection Techniques. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:408. [PMID: 38203577 PMCID: PMC10778767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Long COVID, also known as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), has emerged as a significant health concern following the COVID-19 pandemic. Molecular mechanisms underlying the occurrence and progression of long COVID include viral persistence, immune dysregulation, endothelial dysfunction, and neurological involvement, and highlight the need for further research to develop targeted therapies for this condition. While a clearer picture of the clinical symptomatology is shaping, many molecular mechanisms are yet to be unraveled, given their complexity and high level of interaction with other metabolic pathways. This review summarizes some of the most important symptoms and associated molecular mechanisms that occur in long COVID, as well as the most relevant molecular techniques that can be used in understanding the viral pathogen, its affinity towards the host, and the possible outcomes of host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela Constantinescu-Bercu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, “Ştefan cel Mare” University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania; (A.C.-B.); (O.A.C.-S.); (M.I.); (N.-E.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Andrei Lobiuc
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, “Ştefan cel Mare” University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania; (A.C.-B.); (O.A.C.-S.); (M.I.); (N.-E.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Olga Adriana Căliman-Sturdza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, “Ştefan cel Mare” University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania; (A.C.-B.); (O.A.C.-S.); (M.I.); (N.-E.P.); (M.C.)
- Suceava Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 720224 Suceava, Romania
| | - Radu Cristian Oiţă
- Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, Manufacturing and Control Distributed Systems (MANSiD), Ştefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania; (R.C.O.); (I.Ș.); (M.D.)
| | - Monica Iavorschi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, “Ştefan cel Mare” University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania; (A.C.-B.); (O.A.C.-S.); (M.I.); (N.-E.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Naomi-Eunicia Pavăl
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, “Ştefan cel Mare” University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania; (A.C.-B.); (O.A.C.-S.); (M.I.); (N.-E.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Iuliana Șoldănescu
- Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, Manufacturing and Control Distributed Systems (MANSiD), Ştefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania; (R.C.O.); (I.Ș.); (M.D.)
| | - Mihai Dimian
- Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, Manufacturing and Control Distributed Systems (MANSiD), Ştefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania; (R.C.O.); (I.Ș.); (M.D.)
- Department of Computers, Electronics and Automation, Ştefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania
| | - Mihai Covasa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, “Ştefan cel Mare” University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania; (A.C.-B.); (O.A.C.-S.); (M.I.); (N.-E.P.); (M.C.)
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91711, USA
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9
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Huang D, Yu Y, Lu J, Tan F, Shi Y. Biologics targeting IL-17 and IL-23 maintain stability in patients with psoriasis during COVID-19 infection: a case-control study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1280965. [PMID: 38020100 PMCID: PMC10657819 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1280965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Psoriasis is a chronic and refractory skin disease. The emergence of biologics provides more options for the treatment of psoriasis, but the COVID-19 pandemic poses challenges for the management of psoriasis. Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different biologics on the stabilization of psoriasis during COVID-19 infection in China. Methods This is a single-center, observational, retrospective, case-control study. Using our database, we conducted a remote dermatologic study by means of questionnaire follow-up or telephone follow-up to collect general information of patients, information related to COVID-19 infection and conditions of psoriasis for comparison and further analysis between groups. Results Our study ultimately included 274 patients for analysis. We found that the patients in this collection had mild symptoms of COVID-19 infection, and only 13 of them needed to go to the hospital for medical treatment. Further studies found that in biologics, relative to tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors (TNF-αi), interleukin-17 inhibitors (IL-17i) and interleukin-23 inhibitors (IL-23i) are both protective factors in flare-up of psoriasis [IL-17i: OR (95% CI) = 0.412 (0.189-0.901); IL-23i: OR (95% CI) = 0.291 (0.097-0.876)]. In addition, we also found that the proportion of people with increased psoriasis developing long COVID-19 increased, and we speculated that increased psoriasis may be a potential risk factor for long COVID-19. Conclusion Our study showed that the use of IL-17i and IL-23i was a protective factor for psoriasis compared with TNF-αi, and could keep the psoriasis stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Huang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Clinical College, Fifth Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Psoriasis, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingyuan Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Psoriasis, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajing Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Psoriasis, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Tan
- Shanghai Skin Disease Clinical College, Fifth Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuling Shi
- Shanghai Skin Disease Clinical College, Fifth Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Psoriasis, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Domènech-Montoliu S, Puig-Barberà J, Badenes-Marques G, Gil-Fortuño M, Orrico-Sánchez A, Pac-Sa MR, Perez-Olaso O, Sala-Trull D, Sánchez-Urbano M, Arnedo-Pena A. Long COVID Prevalence and the Impact of the Third SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Dose: A Cross-Sectional Analysis from the Third Follow-Up of the Borriana Cohort, Valencia, Spain (2020-2022). Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1590. [PMID: 37896992 PMCID: PMC10611325 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In March 2020, a COVID-19 outbreak linked to mass gathering dinners at the Falles Festival in Borriana, Spain, resulted in an estimated attack rate of 42.6% among attendees. METHODS In June 2022, we conducted a cross-sectional follow-up study of 473 adults aged 18 to 64 who attended the dinners at the Falles Festival in 2020, examining the cumulative experience after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination responses. Data included demographic details, lifestyle habits, medical history, infection records, and vaccinations from a population-based vaccine registry. Blood samples were analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and cellular immunity. We employed a doubly robust inverse-probability weighting analysis to estimate the booster vaccine dose's impact on long COVID prevalence and symptom count. RESULTS A total of 28.1% of participants met the WHO criteria for long COVID, with older individuals showing higher rates. Long COVID diagnosis was less likely with factors including O blood group, higher occupational status, physical activity, three vaccine doses, strong SARS-CoV-2-S-reactive IFNγ-producing-CD8+ response, and infection during the Omicron period. Increased age, high or low social activity, underlying health conditions, a severe initial COVID episode, and reinfection were associated with higher long COVID likelihood. A booster dose, compared to one or two doses, reduced long COVID risk by 74% (95% CI: 56% to 92%) and symptom count by 55% (95% CI: 32% to 79%). CONCLUSION Long COVID was prevalent in a significant portion of those who contracted COVID-19, underscoring the need for sustained follow-up and therapeutic strategies. Vaccinations, notably the booster dose, had a substantial beneficial effect on long-term infection outcomes, affirming the vaccination's role in mitigating SARS-CoV-2 infection consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joan Puig-Barberà
- Vaccine Research Unit (AIV), Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana (FISABIO), 46020 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Gema Badenes-Marques
- Emergency Service, University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain (M.S.-U.)
| | - María Gil-Fortuño
- Microbiology Service, University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain; (M.G.-F.); (O.P.-O.)
| | - Alejandro Orrico-Sánchez
- Vaccine Research Unit (AIV), Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana (FISABIO), 46020 Valencia, Spain;
| | - María Rosario Pac-Sa
- Centro de Salud Pública de Castellón, 12003 Castelló de la Plana, Spain; (M.R.P.-S.)
| | - Oscar Perez-Olaso
- Microbiology Service, University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain; (M.G.-F.); (O.P.-O.)
| | - Diego Sala-Trull
- Emergency Service, University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain (M.S.-U.)
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Urbano
- Emergency Service, University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain (M.S.-U.)
| | - Alberto Arnedo-Pena
- Centro de Salud Pública de Castellón, 12003 Castelló de la Plana, Spain; (M.R.P.-S.)
- Department of Health Science, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
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