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Cheng M, Tao X, Wang F, Shen N, Xu Z, Hu Y, Huang P, Luo P, He Q, Zhang Y, Yan F. Underlying mechanisms and management strategies for regorafenib-induced toxicity in hepatocellular carcinoma. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2024:1-16. [PMID: 39225462 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2024.2398628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for 85% of liver cancer cases and is the third leading cause of cancer death. Regorafenib is a multi-target inhibitor that dramatically prolongs progression-free survival in HCC patients who have failed sorafenib therapy. However, one of the primary factors limiting regorafenib's clinical utilization is toxicity. Using Clinical Trials.gov and PubMed, we gathered clinical data on regorafenib and conducted a extensive analysis of the medication's adverse reactions and mechanisms. Next, we suggested suitable management techniques to improve regorafenib's effectiveness. AREAS COVERED We have reviewed the mechanisms by which regorafenib-induced toxicity occurs and general management strategies through clinical trials of regorafenib. Furthermore, by examining the literature on regorafenib and other tyrosine kinase inhibition, we summarized the mechanics of the onset of regorafenib toxicity and mechanism-based intervention strategies by reviewing the literature related to regorafenib and other tyrosine kinase inhibition. EXPERT OPINION One of the primary factors restricting regorafenib's clinical utilization and combination therapy is its toxicity reactions. To optimize regorafenib treatment regimens, it is especially important to further understand the specific toxicity mechanisms of regorafenib as a multi-kinase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Cheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Tao
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Outpatient Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nonger Shen
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhifei Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuhuai Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for malignant tumor, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Peihua Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for malignant tumor, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangjie Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Sun P, Zhang Y, Tian S, Cui K, Zhong J, Zhang C, Wang D, Zhang B, Shi X, Li Z. Analysis of efficacy and safety for the combination of tislelizumab and regorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: A prospective clinical study. J Cancer Res Ther 2024; 20:1344-1349. [PMID: 39206997 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_2376_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibody has been approved for the first and second-line treatments of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tislelizumab + regorafenib as a second-line treatment option for advanced HCC. METHODS Treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) were the primary endpoints in this clinical trial comprising 28 patients with advanced HCC. The secondary endpoints included objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS According to the mRECIST 1.1 evaluation criteria, the ORR was 28.6%. Complete and partial response were observed in 3 and 5 patients, respectively; stable disease was observed in 12 patients (DCR, 71.4%). The median PFS was 6.4 months. The incidence of grade 1-2 and 3-4 TRAEs was 57.1% and 39.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION This study suggests that tislelizumab + regorafenib can be used as a second-line treatment for advanced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Huaiyin District, Jinan, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, People's Hospital of Shizhong District, Shizhong District, Jinan, China
| | - Shilin Tian
- Department of Intervention Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Huaiyin District, Jinan, China
| | - Kai Cui
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Huaiyin District, Jinan, China
| | - Jingtao Zhong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Huaiyin District, Jinan, China
| | - Chengsheng Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Huaiyin District, Jinan, China
| | - Dongxu Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Lixia District, Jinan, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Huaiyin District, Jinan, China
| | - Xuetao Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Huaiyin District, Jinan, China
| | - Zhongchao Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Huaiyin District, Jinan, China
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Wu J, Xu X, Wu S, Shi W, Zhang G, Cao Y, Wang Z, Wu J, Jiang C. UBE2S promotes malignant properties via VHL/HIF-1α and VHL/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways and decreases sensitivity to sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Med 2023; 12:18078-18097. [PMID: 37563971 PMCID: PMC10523983 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2S (UBE2S), an E2 enzyme, is associated with the development of various tumors and exerts oncogenic activities. UBE2S is overexpressed in tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the key molecular mechanisms of UBE2S in HCC still need additional research. The aim of this study was to explore the role of UBE2S in HCC. METHODS The expression levels of UBE2S in HCC tissues and cells were detected by western blot analysis, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis (qRT-PCR), and immunohistochemistry (IHC). A 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, wound healing assay, colony formation assay transwell assay, and animal models were used to detect the proliferation and migration ability of HCC cells. Western blot analysis, qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence, small-interfering RNA (siRNA), and plasmid transfection and coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays were performed to detect the interaction among UBE2S, von Hippel-Lindau (VHL), hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α), Janus kinase-2 (JAK2), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). RESULTS In this study, we found that high UBE2S expression was associated with poor prognosis in HCC patients. In addition, UBE2S expression was upregulated in HCC tissues and cell lines. Knockdown of UBE2S inhibited the proliferation and migration of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo by directly interacting with VHL to downregulate the HIF-1α and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways. Accordingly, overexpression of UBE2S significantly enhanced the proliferation and migration of HCC cells in vitro via VHL to upregulate HIF-1α and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways. Furthermore, we found that downregulation of UBE2S expression enhanced the sensitivity of HCC cells to sorafenib in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION UBE2S enhances malignant properties via the VHL/HIF-1α and VHL/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways and reduces sensitivity to sorafenib in HCC. The findings of this study may open a new approach for HCC diagnosis and provide a potential option for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Wu
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong LaboratoryShounuo City Light West BlockJinanShandongChina
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Xiangjie Xu
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Shasha Wu
- Department of Clinical Medicine and RehabilitationJiangsu College of NursingHuai'anJiangsuChina
| | - Weiwei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular MedicineMedical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Guang Zhang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingJiangsuChina
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular MedicineMedical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Yin Cao
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingJiangsuChina
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular MedicineMedical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Zhongxia Wang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingJiangsuChina
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular MedicineMedical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Junhua Wu
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong LaboratoryShounuo City Light West BlockJinanShandongChina
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular MedicineMedical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Chunping Jiang
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong LaboratoryShounuo City Light West BlockJinanShandongChina
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingJiangsuChina
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Institute of Healthcare Data Science at Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular MedicineMedical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
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Sariyar E, Firtina Karagonlar Z. Modelling the Sorafenib-resistant Liver Cancer Microenvironment by Using 3-D Spheroids. Altern Lab Anim 2023; 51:301-312. [PMID: 37555318 DOI: 10.1177/02611929231193421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Liver cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of liver cancer, and it usually occurs in the setting of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. For patients with advanced HCC, systemic treatment is the first choice - however, resistance occurs frequently. Sorafenib was the first tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for advanced HCC, and resistance to the therapy is a serious concern. When sorafenib therapy fails in a patient, it can be challenging to decide whether they can undergo a second-line therapy, and to determine which therapy they will be able to tolerate. Thus, physiologically relevant in vitro preclinical models are crucial for screening potential therapies, and 3-D tumour spheroids permit studies of tumour pathobiology. In this study, a drug-resistant 3-D tumour spheroid model was developed, based on sorafenib-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma cells, LX2 stellate cells and THP-1 monocytes. Model tumour spheroids that were formed with the sorafenib-resistant cells demonstrated lower diffusion of doxorubicin and exhibited increased resistance to regorafenib. Moreover, in the sorafenib-resistant spheroids, there was increased presence of CD68-positive cells and a reduction in inflammatory marker secretion. The sorafenib-resistant cell line-derived spheroids also showed a higher expression of FGF-19, PDGF-AA and GDF-15, which are known to be involved in malignancies. This multi-cell type spheroid model represents a potentially useful system to test drug candidates in a microenvironment that mimics the drug-resistant tumour microenvironment in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Sariyar
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, İzmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey
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Sarıyar E, Karpat O, Sezan S, Baylan SM, Kıpçak A, Guven K, Erdal E, Fırtına Karagonlar Z. EGFR and Lyn inhibition augments regorafenib induced cell death in sorafenib resistant 3D tumor spheroid model. Cell Signal 2023; 105:110608. [PMID: 36693455 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary cancer of the liver and the third most lethal malignancy worldwide. Patients with unresectable HCC receive systemic therapies, traditionally sorafenib or lenvatinib as first line therapy. Despite its poor therapeutic response and high rates of resistance, in most countries, sorafenib still remains the globally used first-line treatment for advanced HCC. Thus, preclinical models demonstrating sorafenib resistance are crucial. 3D tumor spheroid models are becoming extremely important as screening platforms for drug therapies. In this paper, we utilized sorafenib resistant Huh7 cell line and LX2 hepatic stellate cell line to establish a sorafenib resistant 3D tumor spheroid model which can be used to test second-line treatment options. Our analysis demonstrated that sorafenib resistant 3D tumor spheroids are also more resistant to regorafenib and exhibit diverse features compared to parental tumor spheroids. Sorafenib resistant spheroids had higher CD24 and EpCAM positive cancer stem cell populations. In addition, several oncogenic kinases are upregulated in the sorafenib resistant spheroids. Importantly, combined inhibition of EGFR and Lyn kinase in sorafenib resistant tumor spheroids are effective in inducing cell death. Our model proved to be an affordable and useful model to mimic drug resistant tumor microenvironment in HCC and provided novel insights into candidates for new combinational therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Sarıyar
- Division of Bioengineering, Graduate School, İzmir University of Economics, Sakarya Cad., İzmir 35330, Turkey; Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ozum Karpat
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, İzmir University of Economics, Sakarya Cad., İzmir 35330, Turkey
| | - Sıla Sezan
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, İzmir University of Economics, Sakarya Cad., İzmir 35330, Turkey
| | - Sude Mısra Baylan
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, İzmir University of Economics, Sakarya Cad., İzmir 35330, Turkey
| | - Arda Kıpçak
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, İzmir University of Economics, Sakarya Cad., İzmir 35330, Turkey; Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Kadriye Guven
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35340, Turkey
| | - Esra Erdal
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35340, Turkey; Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir 35340, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Fırtına Karagonlar
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, İzmir University of Economics, Sakarya Cad., İzmir 35330, Turkey.
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Yang X, Deng H, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Lu Y, Xu G, Huang X. Efficacy and Safety of Regorafenib Plus Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors with or Without TACE as a Second-Line Treatment for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2023; 10:303-313. [PMID: 36874252 PMCID: PMC9983436 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s399135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose We compare the efficacy and safety of regorafenib plus immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) with transarterial chemoembolization (R+ICIs+TACE) versus regorafenib plus ICIs (R+ICIs) as the second-line treatment for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods This retrospective study included patients with advanced HCC who received R+ICIs+TACE or R+ICIs as the second-line treatment from January 2019 to April 2022. Objective response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) were compared between the two groups. The propensity score matching (PSM) was used to reduce the influence of confounding factors on the outcomes. Factors affecting PFS and OS were analyzed using a Cox proportional-hazards regression model. Results In total, 52 patients were included in this study, of whom 28 patients received R+ICIs+TACE and 24 patients received R+ICIs. After PSM (n=23 in each group), patients who received R+ICIs+TACE had a higher ORR (34.8% vs 4.3%, P=0.009), a longer PFS (5.8 vs 2.6 months, P<0.0001), and a longer OS (15.0 vs 7.5 months, P=0.014) than those who received R+ICIs. Age ≤ 50 years old, Child-Pugh class A6 and B7, and R+ICIs were found as independent prognostic factors for poor PFS. R+ICIs, α-fetoprotein >400 ng/mL, and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio >133 were noted as independent prognostic factors for poor OS. The difference in the incidence of TRAEs between the two groups was not statistically significant (P> 0.05). Conclusion Compared to regorafenib plus ICIs, regorafenib plus ICIs with TACE was tolerated and improved survival as the second-line treatment for patients with advanced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuegang Yang
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Heping Deng
- Department of Radiology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanyuan Sun
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yujie Lu
- Department of Radiology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guohui Xu
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqi Huang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
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Pourhamzeh M, Asadian S, Mirzaei H, Minaei A, Shahriari E, Shpichka A, Es HA, Timashev P, Hassan M, Vosough M. Novel antigens for targeted radioimmunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:23-37. [PMID: 35708866 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04483-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Liver cancer is the sixth common cancer and forth cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Based on usually advanced stages of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) at the time of diagnosis, therapeutic options are limited and, in many cases, not effective, and typically result in the tumor recurrence with a poor prognosis. Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) offers a selective internal radiation therapy approach using beta or alpha emitting radionuclides conjugated with tumor-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), or specific selective peptides. When compared to chemotherapy or radiotherapy, radiolabeled mAbs against cancer-associated antigens could provide a high therapeutic and exclusive radiation dose for cancerous cells while decreasing the exposure-induced side effects to healthy tissues. The recent advances in cancer immunotherapy, such as blockade of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has changed the landscape of cancer therapy, and the efficacy of different classes of immunotherapy has been tested in many clinical trials. Taking into account the use of ICIs in the liver tumor microenvironment, combined therapies with different approaches may enhance the outcome in the future clinical studies. With the development of novel immunotherapy treatment options in the recent years, there has been a great deal of information about combining the diverse treatment modalities to boost the effectiveness of immunomodulatory drugs. In this opinion review, we will discuss the recent advancements in RIT. The current status of immunotherapy and internal radiotherapy will be updated, and we will propose novel approaches for the combination of both techniques. Potential target antigens for radioimmunotherapy in Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC radioimmunotherapy target antigens are the most specific and commonly accessible antigens on the surface of HCC cells. CTLA-4 ligand and receptor, TAMs, PD-1/PD-L, TIM-3, specific IEXs/TEXs, ROBO1, and cluster of differentiation antigens CD105, CD147 could all be used in HCC radioimmunotherapy. Abbreviations: TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen-4; PD-1, Programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L, programmed death-ligand1; TIM-3, T-cell immunoglobulin (Ig) and mucin-domain containing protein-3; IEXs, immune cell-derived exosomes; TEXs, tumor-derived exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Pourhamzeh
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Departments of Pathology and Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Samieh Asadian
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Azita Minaei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Elahe Shahriari
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anastasia Shpichka
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Peter Timashev
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia. .,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia. .,Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Moustapha Hassan
- Experimental Cancer Medicine, Institution for Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. .,Experimental Cancer Medicine, Institution for Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Mohapatra P, Chandrasekaran N. Wnt/β-catenin targeting in liver carcinoma through nanotechnology-based drug repurposing: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113713. [PMID: 36126453 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is the fifth most widespread in the world, with a high fatality rate and poor prognosis.However,surgicalresction,thermal/radiofrequencyablation,chemo/radioembolization and pathway targeting to the cancer cells are all possible options for treating Liver Carcinoma. Unfortunately, once the tumour has developed and spread, diagnosis often occurs too late. The targeted therapy has demonstrated notable, albeit modest, efficacy in some patients with advanced HCC. This demonstrates the necessity of creating additional focused treatments and, in pursuit of this end, the need to find ever-more pathways as prospective targets. Despite the critical need, there are currently no Wnt signalling directed therapy on the research field, only a few methods have progressed beyond the early stage of clinical studies. In the present study, we report that repurposing of drug previously licensed for other diseases is one possible strategy inhibit malignant cell proliferation and renewal by removing individuals protein expression in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Particularly β-catenin complex is present in Liver cancer, where tumour necrosis factor is indispensable for the complex formation and β-catenin interactions are disrupted upon drug in nano-carrier through nanotechnology. This study findings not only highlight that repurposing drug could improve liver cancer treatment outcomes but also focused to character traits and functions of the Wnt signalling cascade's molecular targets and how they could be used to get anti-tumour results method to targeting Wnt/β-catenin in liver carcinoma.
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Xin Y, Zheng T, Zhang M, Zhang R, Zhu S, Li D, Zhao D, Ma Y, Ho CT, Huang Q. Demethylnobiletin and its major metabolites: Efficient preparation and mechanism of their anti-proliferation activity in HepG2 cells. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Wang D, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Xu S. A ferroptosis-associated lncRNAs signature predicts the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29546. [PMID: 35839000 PMCID: PMC11132323 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Mounting evidence shows that lncRNAs can be used as prognostic biomarkers of HCC. Here, we developed a multi-lncRNA prognostic signature comprising ferroptosis-related lncRNAs in HCC. METHODS Gene expression data and clinical information of HCC were obtained from the TCGA dataset. Differentially expressed genes of ferroptosis (DE-Ferrs) were screened. Correlation analysis was carried between lncRNAs and DE-Ferrs to identify ferroptosis-related lncRNAs. lncRNAs associated with prognosis and ferroptosis were identified using Univariate Cox analysis. Data from a TCGA dataset were randomly grouped into training and verification sets. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator method analysis was carried out to identify lncRNAs with prognostic value. These lncRNAs were used to construct a prognostic signature using the training set. The signature was validated in the verification set. RESULTS A total of 90 DE-Ferrs-related lncRNAs were identified which were significantly correlated with HCC prognosis. Seven lncRNAs were used to construct a 7-lncRNA signature. The area under the curves for 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival (OS) were 0.748, 0.681, and 0.659 in the training set, and 0.791, 0.731, and 0.815 in the validation set, respectively. The results demonstrated that a high-risk score was significantly associated with a high tumor grade, high infiltration of macrophages and fibroblasts in the tumor, and high expression of m6A methylation regulatory factors. A nomogram was constructed using the risk score and clinical features for predicting the prognosis of HCC. The nomogram showed high prediction accuracy. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the established 7 ferroptosis-related lncRNAs signature can accurately predict HCC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengchuan Wang
- Office of Medical Ethics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Limei Zhang
- Oncology Department, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - YingJie Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shi Xu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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11
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FOXM1-CD44 Signaling Is Critical for the Acquisition of Regorafenib Resistance in Human Liver Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147782. [PMID: 35887129 PMCID: PMC9324640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regorafenib is a multikinase inhibitor that was approved by the US Food and Drug administration in 2017. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subset of cancer-initiating cells that are thought to contribute to therapeutic resistance. The forkhead box protein M1 (FOXM1) plays an important role in the regulation of the stemness of CSCs and mediates resistance to chemotherapy. However, the relationship between FOXM1 and regorafenib resistance in liver cancer cells remains unknown. We found that regorafenib-resistant HepG2 clones overexpressed FOXM1 and various markers of CSCs. Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma also exhibited an upregulation of FOXM1 and resistance to regorafenib, which were correlated with a poor survival rate. We identified a close relationship between FOXM1 expression and regorafenib resistance, which was correlated with the survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, a strategy that antagonizes FOXM1–CD44 signaling would enhance the therapeutic efficacy of regorafenib in these patients.
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12
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Ren SH, Cui ZL, Lang MR, Li Q, Zhang W, Fang F, Wu Q, Cui YL, Li HK, Chen P, Zhang Y, Song T. Efficacy and safety of sequential therapy with sorafenib and regorafenib for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a two-center study in China. J Gastrointest Oncol 2022; 13:1266-1277. [PMID: 35837206 PMCID: PMC9274072 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-22-397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regorafenib is a standard 2nd-line treatment for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the efficacy and safety of sequential therapy with sorafenib and regorafenib among advanced HCC patients in China is not clear. METHODS This was a retrospective, two-center, cohort study of advanced HCC patients who received sequential therapy of sorafenib and regorafenib from October 2018 to April 2020 at 2 Chinese institutions. The patients were converted directly to regorafenib after failing to respond to sorafenib monotherapy. The patients underwent evaluations every 4-6 weeks to determine the efficacy and safety of the treatment according to physiological, laboratory, and radiological results. A radiological evaluation using computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scans was conducted. The outcomes included overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS A total of 43 patients received regorafenib as a 2nd-line treatment after sorafenib progression. Of these patients, 26 (60.5%) and 17 (39.5%) were diagnosed with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stages B and C, respectively. The median PFS was 11.0 [95% confidence interval (CI): 5.8-16.2] months, and the median OS was 17.0 (95% CI: 12.8-21.2) months. Conversely, the most common toxicities were hand-foot skin reaction (48.8%), diarrhea (32.6%), and hypertension (14%). The most common grade 3-4 toxicities were hypoalbuminemia (4.7%), anemia (4.7%), and thrombocytopenia (4.7%). Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) ≥400, alanine transaminase (ALT) ≥60 IU/L, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) ≥60 IU/L before 2nd-line treatment were associated with PFS in the univariable analyses. The Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis showed that AFP [hazard ratio (HR) =0.225; 95% CI: 0.073-0.688; P=0.009], ALT (HR =0.195; 95% CI: 0.051-0.741; P=0.016), AST (HR =0.209; 95% CI: 0.063-0.697; P=0.011), and presence of extrahepatic metastasis (HR =0.074; 95% CI: 0.009-0.608; P=0.015) before 2nd-line treatment were independently associated with PFS. CONCLUSIONS The sequential therapy of sorafenib and regorafenib is well-tolerated and effective in advanced HCC patients after sorafenib progression based on our two-center real-world data. Patients with good liver function reserve and a high level of AFP before 2nd-line treatment may benefit from sequential treatment. These results still need further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Hua Ren
- Liver Cancer Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Zi-Lin Cui
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Meng-Ran Lang
- Liver Cancer Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Liver Cancer Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Liver Cancer Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Fang
- Liver Cancer Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Liver Cancer Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Yun-Long Cui
- Liver Cancer Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui-Kai Li
- Liver Cancer Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Liver Cancer Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Yamin Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianqiang Song
- Liver Cancer Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
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Chu PY, Chan SH. Cure the Incurable? Recent Breakthroughs in Immune Checkpoint Blockade for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5295. [PMID: 34771459 PMCID: PMC8582442 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HCC usually arises from a chronic inflammation background, driven by several factors including fatty liver, HBV/HCV viral infection and metabolic syndrome. Systemic treatment for advanced HCC remains disappointing due to its strong resistance to chemotherapy and even to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Recently, the use of ICI therapy has revolutionized the systemic treatment of advanced HCC. For the first time, clinical trials testing ICIs, anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD1/PDL1 reported a survival benefit in patients with sorafenib resistance. However, it took four more years to find the right combination regimen to use ICI in combination with the anti-angiogenic agent bevacizumab to substantially prolong overall survival (OS) of patients with advanced HCC after sorafenib. This review provides a comprehensive history of ICI therapy in HCC, up-to-date information on the latest ICI clinical trials, and discusses the recent development of novel ICIs that would potentially lead to a new checkpoint blockade therapy for advanced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yi Chu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 704, Taiwan;
- College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei 242, Taiwan
- Department of Health Food, Chung Chou University of Science and Technology, Changhua 510, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsuan Chan
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medial University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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14
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The Natural Pigment Violacein Potentially Suppresses the Proliferation and Stemness of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910731. [PMID: 34639072 PMCID: PMC8509727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant type of primary liver cancer with high incidence and mortality, worldwide. A major challenge in the treatment of HCC is chemotherapeutic resistance. It is therefore necessary to develop novel anticancer drugs for suppressing the growth of HCC cells and overcoming drug resistance for improving the treatment of HCC. Violacein is a deep violet-colored indole derivative that is produced by several bacterial strains, including Chromobacterium violaceum, and it possesses numerous pharmacological properties, including antitumor activity. However, the therapeutic effects of violacein and the mechanism underlying its antitumor effect against HCC remain to be elucidated. This study is the first to demonstrate that violacein inhibits the proliferation and stemness of Huh7 and Hep3B HCC cells. The antiproliferative effect of violacein was attributed to cell cycle arrest at the sub-G1 phase and the induction of apoptotic cell death. Violacein induced nuclear condensation, dissipated mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activated the caspase cascade, and upregulated p53 and p21. The anticancer effect of violacein on HCC cells was also associated with the downregulation of protein kinase B (AKT) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 signaling. Violacein not only suppressed the proliferation and formation of tumorspheres of Huh7 and Hep3B cancer stem-like cells but also reduced the expression of key markers of cancer stemness, including CD133, Sox2, Oct4, and Nanog, by inhibiting the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)/AKT/ERK pathways. These results suggest the therapeutic potential of violacein in effectively suppressing HCC by targeting the proliferation and stemness of HCC cells.
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15
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Nguyen R, Da Won Bae S, Qiao L, George J. Developing liver organoids from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs): An alternative source of organoid generation for liver cancer research. Cancer Lett 2021; 508:13-17. [PMID: 33771683 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Primary liver cancer (PLC) represents a significant proportion of all human cancers and constitutes a substantial health and economic burden to society. Traditional therapeutic approaches such as surgical resection and chemotherapy often fail due to tumour relapse or innate tumour chemoresistance. There is a dearth of efficient treatments for PLC in part due to the poor capacity of current laboratory models to reflect critical features of the native tumour in vivo. The increasing incorporation of organoid systems has led to a resurgence of interest in liver cancer research. Organoid systems show promise as the gold standard for recapitulating tumours in vitro. Further, developments in culturing techniques will improve the various shortcomings of the current systems. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived liver organoids are a promising alternative to the conventional liver organoid model as it circumvents the need to rely on primary resections which are often scarce. In this concise review, we will discuss novel techniques for organoid culture with a focus on organoid co-cultures and their advantages over traditional organoid systems. A detailed technical protocol for the generation of iPSC-derived liver organoids is provided as an appendix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romario Nguyen
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Sarah Da Won Bae
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Liang Qiao
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
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16
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Li H. Angiogenesis in the progression from liver fibrosis to cirrhosis and hepatocelluar carcinoma. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 15:217-233. [PMID: 33131349 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2021.1842732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Persistent inflammation and hypoxia are strong stimulus for pathological angiogenesis and vascular remodeling, and are also the most important elements resulting in liver fibrosis. Sustained inflammatory process stimulates fibrosis to the end-point of cirrhosis and sinusoidal portal hypertension is an important feature of cirrhosis. Neovascularization plays a pivotal role in collateral circulation formation of portal vein, mesenteric congestion, and high perfusion. Imbalance of hepatic artery and portal vein blood flow leads to the increase of hepatic artery inflow, which is beneficial to the formation of nodules. Angiogenesis contributes to progression from liver fibrosis to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and anti-angiogenesis therapy can improve liver fibrosis, reduce portal pressure, and prolong overall survival of patients with HCC. Areas covers: This paper will try to address the difference of the morphological characteristics and mechanisms of neovascularization in the process from liver fibrosis to cirrhosis and HCC and further compare the different efficacy of anti-angiogenesis therapy in these three stages. Expert opinion: More in-depth understanding of the role of angiogenesis factors and the relationship between angiogenesis and other aspects of the pathogenesis and transformation may be the key to enabling future progress in the treatment of patients with liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Central Laboratory, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
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17
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Yan Y, Pan J, Chen Y, Xing W, Li Q, Wang D, Zhou X, Xie J, Miao C, Yuan Y, Zeng W, Chen D. Increased dopamine and its receptor dopamine receptor D1 promote tumor growth in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2020; 40:694-710. [PMID: 33017522 PMCID: PMC7743025 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dopamine and dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1), a member of the dopamine receptor family, have been indicated to play important roles in cancer progression, but dopamine secretion in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the effects of DRD1 on HCC remain unclear. This study was designed to explore the contribution of the dopaminergic system to HCC and determine the relationship between DRD1 and prognosis in HCC patients. Methods The dopamine metabolic system was monitored using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The expression of DRD1 was detected by microarray analysis, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR). Stable DRD1 knockout and overexpression cell lines were established for investigation. Transwell, colony formation, and Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8) assays were performed to assess the malignant behaviors of cancer cells. The cAMP/PI3K/AKT/ cAMP response element‐binding (CREB) signaling pathway was evaluated by Western blot. This pathway, which is agitated by DRD1 in striatal neurons, had been proven to participate in tumor progression. Xenograft HCC tumors were generated for in vivo experiments. Results Dopamine secretion increased locally in HCC due to an imbalance in dopamine metabolism, including the upregulation of dopa decarboxylase (DDC) and the downregulation of monoamine oxidase A (MAOA). Dopamine promoted the proliferation and metastasis of HCC. DRD1 was highly expressed in HCC tissues and positive DRD1 expression was related to a poor prognosis in HCC patients. The upregulation of DRD1 agitated malignant activities, including proliferation and metastasis in HCC by regulating the cAMP/PI3K/AKT/CREB pathway, and the downregulation of DRD1 had opposing effects. The effects of dopamine on HCC was reversed by depleting DRD1. SCH23390, a selective DRD1 antagonist, inhibited the proliferation and metastasis of HCC cells both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion Dopamine secretion was locally increased in HCC and promoted HCC cell proliferation and metastasis. DRD1 was found to exert positive effects on HCC progression and play a vital role in the dopamine system, and could be a potential therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong, 516001, P. R. China
| | - Jiahao Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Yonghua Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Dongyin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoshuang Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Jingdun Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Changhong Miao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, 20032, P. R. China
| | - Yunfei Yuan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Weian Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Dongtai Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
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Jo HH, Chun SJ, Yoo JJ, Lee MH, Kim SG, Kim YS. Early Experience of Oncolytic Virus Injection Combined with Sorafenib in a Patient with Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Portal Vein Thrombosis. JOURNAL OF LIVER CANCER 2020; 20:177-182. [PMID: 37384323 PMCID: PMC10035676 DOI: 10.17998/jlc.20.2.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
JX-594 is a modified oncolytic poxvirus designed to selectively replicate in and destroy cancer cells. In a pilot study, JX-594 injection followed by sorafenib was well-tolerated in three patients and associated with objective tumor responses. In this study, we report a case in which a patient with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma and portal vein thrombosis was treated with a combination of JX-594 and sorafenib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ho Jo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Seong Joon Chun
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ju Yoo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Min Hee Lee
- Department of Radiology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Sang Gyune Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Young Seok Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
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Identification of the Novel Oncogenic Role of SAAL1 and Its Therapeutic Potential in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071843. [PMID: 32650537 PMCID: PMC7408781 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, affecting over 700,000 people per year. The treatment effect in advanced HCC is still disappointing and prognosis of advanced HCC remains poor. Hence, to find more effective therapeutic targets to improve the treatment outcome of HCC is of urgent need. In this study, we reported the novel oncogenic function of SAAL1 (serum amyloid A-like 1) in HCC, which previously is considered as an inflammation-related gene. We found that SAAL1 was significantly upregulated in HCC tumor tissues when compared to the adjacent normal tissues and high expression of SAAL1 correlated with shorter overall survival in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) HCC database. Functionally, we showed that the depletion of SAAL1 significantly reduced cell proliferation, 3D colony formation, and migration/invasion abilities of HCC cancer cells. Furthermore, suppression of SAAL1 impaired the HGF/Met-driven Akt/mTOR phosphorylation cascade and increased the chemosensitivity of HCC cells to sorafenib and foretinib treatment. Our data indicated that SAAL1 plays an important role in HCC via mediating oncogenic HGF/Met-driven Akt/mTOR signaling and could serve as an independent prognostic marker, as well as a promising therapeutic target for HCC patients.
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20
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Andrade FDO, Furtado KS, Heidor R, Sandri S, Hebeda CB, Miranda MLP, Fernandes LHG, Yamamoto RC, Horst MA, Farsky SHP, Moreno FS. Antiangiogenic effects of the chemopreventive agent tributyrin, a butyric acid prodrug, during the promotion phase of hepatocarcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2020; 40:979-988. [PMID: 30590392 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Agents that inhibit angiogenic factors may prevent the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Thus, the objective of this study was to kinetically evaluate the antiangiogenic activity of tributyrin (TB), a butyric acid prodrug, in the promotion stage of hepatocarcinogenesis. For this purpose, the resistant hepatocyte (RH) model was used for induction of preneoplastic lesions in Wistar rats. During the promotion phase, the animals received TB or maltodextrin (MD) as control daily. The rats were killed at three time-points (P1, P2 and P3). Increased expression of Vegfa and Vegfr2 was observed during promotion phase of hepatocarcinogenesis, which was not reversed by TB treatment. However, TB treatment reduced the expression of cluster of differentiation (CD) 34-positive vessels at P3 and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-positive vessels at P2 compared with MD. Enhanced levels of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (pERK) were detected at P3 when compared with P1 and P2 in the MD treatment. TB treatment reduced the levels of HIF-1α and pERK at P3 relative to the MD control. Experiments with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) showed that sodium butyrate (NaBu) inhibited cell migration and tube formation, confirming the antiangiogenic activity of its prodrug TB. In conclusion, antiangiogenic activity of TB is an early event that already occurs in preneoplastic livers, reinforcing its potential chemopreventive effects against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabia de Oliveira Andrade
- Laboratory of Diet, Nutrition and Cancer, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kelly Silva Furtado
- Laboratory of Diet, Nutrition and Cancer, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Heidor
- Laboratory of Diet, Nutrition and Cancer, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvana Sandri
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Bichels Hebeda
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayara Lilian Paulino Miranda
- Laboratory of Diet, Nutrition and Cancer, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laura Helena Gasparini Fernandes
- Laboratory of Diet, Nutrition and Cancer, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Carvalho Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Diet, Nutrition and Cancer, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Aderuza Horst
- Laboratory of Diet, Nutrition and Cancer, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Helena Poliselli Farsky
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Salvador Moreno
- Laboratory of Diet, Nutrition and Cancer, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Moawad AW, Szklaruk J, Lall C, Blair KJ, Kaseb AO, Kamath A, Rohren SA, Elsayes KM. Angiogenesis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma; Pathophysiology, Targeted Therapy, and Role of Imaging. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2020; 7:77-89. [PMID: 32426302 PMCID: PMC7188073 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s224471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common tumors worldwide, usually occurring on a background of liver cirrhosis. HCC is a highly vascular tumor in which angiogenesis plays a major role in tumor growth and spread. Tumor-induced angiogenesis is usually related to a complex interplay between multiple factors and pathways, with vascular endothelial growth factor being a major player in angiogenesis. In the past decade, understanding of tumor-induced angiogenesis has led to the emergence of novel anti-angiogenic therapies, which act by reducing neo-angiogenesis, and improving patient survival. Currently, Sorafenib and Lenvatinib are being used as the first-line treatment for advanced unresectable HCC. However, a disadvantage of these agents is the presence of numerous side effects. A major challenge in the management of HCC patients being treated with anti-angiogenic therapy is effective monitoring of treatment response, which decides whether to continue treatment or to seek second-line treatment. Several criteria can be used to assess response to treatment, such as quantitative perfusion on cross-sectional imaging and novel/emerging MRI techniques, including a host of known and emerging biomarkers and radiogenomics. This review addresses the pathophysiology of angiogenesis in HCC, accurate imaging assessment of angiogenesis, monitoring effects of anti-angiogenic therapy to guide future treatment and assessing prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed W Moawad
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Janio Szklaruk
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chandana Lall
- Department of Radiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Katherine J Blair
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ahmed O Kaseb
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amita Kamath
- Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai West, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott A Rohren
- School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Khaled M Elsayes
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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22
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Dewdney B, Roberts A, Qiao L, George J, Hebbard L. A Sweet Connection? Fructose's Role in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E496. [PMID: 32218179 PMCID: PMC7226025 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of few cancer types that continues to grow in incidence and mortality worldwide. With the alarming increase in diabetes and obesity rates, the higher rates of hepatocellular carcinoma are a result of underlying non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Many have attributed disease progression to an excess consumption of fructose sugar. Fructose has known toxic effects on the liver, including increased fatty acid production, increased oxidative stress, and insulin resistance. These effects have been linked to non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) disease and a progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). While the literature suggests fructose may enhance liver cancer progression, the precise mechanisms in which fructose induces tumor formation remains largely unclear. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of fructose metabolism in liver disease and liver tumor development. Furthermore, we consider the latest knowledge of cancer cell metabolism and speculate on additional mechanisms of fructose metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Dewdney
- Molecular and Cell Biology, and The Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811, Australia; (B.D.); (A.R.)
| | - Alexandra Roberts
- Molecular and Cell Biology, and The Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811, Australia; (B.D.); (A.R.)
| | - Liang Qiao
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2145, Australia; (L.Q.); (J.G.)
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2145, Australia; (L.Q.); (J.G.)
| | - Lionel Hebbard
- Molecular and Cell Biology, and The Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811, Australia; (B.D.); (A.R.)
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2145, Australia; (L.Q.); (J.G.)
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23
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Zhang Y, Mao X, Chen W, Guo X, Yu L, Jiang F, Wang X, Li W, Guo Q, Li T, Lin N. A Discovery of Clinically Approved Formula FBRP for Repositioning to Treat HCC by Inhibiting PI3K/AKT/NF-κB Activation. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 19:890-904. [PMID: 31982775 PMCID: PMC6994416 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Drug repositioning offers new clinical applications for existing drugs with shorter approval processes and lower costs and risks than de novo experimental drug development. The Fufang-Biejia-Ruangan pill (FBRP) is the first clinically approved anti-fibrosis herbal formula in China. Whether FBRP could be used to treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. Herein, a total of 161 FBRP candidate targets against HCC were identified according to the topological importance in the "hepatic fibrosis-cirrhosis-cancer axis-related gene-FBRP putative target" network, and mostly enriched in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling. Experimentally, FBRP inhibited liver fibrosis and prevented the development of neoplastic lesions at the early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis in a diethylnitrosamine-induced rat HCC model. FBRP inhibited tumor cell proliferation, induced tumor-specific cell death, and suppressed tumor progression in HCC rats while preventing the activation of PI3K, AKT and IKΚB proteins, reducing the nuclear accumulation of NFΚB1 protein, and decreasing the downstream expression of proteins. Consistently, FBRP suppressed HCC cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest in vitro. Co-treatment of FBRP with PI3K inhibitor exhibited an additive inhibitory effect on PI3K/AKT/NF-κB activation. Collectively, our data showed the potentials of FBRP in hepatic fibrosis microenvironment regulation and tumor prevention, suggesting that FBRP may be a promising candidate drug for reduction of fibrogenesis and prevention of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiong Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Xia Mao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Wenjia Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | | | | | - Funeng Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510230, China
| | - Xiaoyue Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Weijie Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Qiuyan Guo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Taixian Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Na Lin
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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24
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MET targeting: time for a rematch. Oncogene 2020; 39:2845-2862. [PMID: 32034310 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1193-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MET, the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) for hepatocyte growth factor, is a proto-oncogene involved in embryonic development and throughout life in homeostasis and tissue regeneration. Deregulation of MET signaling has been reported in numerous malignancies, prompting great interest in MET targeting for cancer therapy. The present review offers a summary of the biology of MET and its known functions in normal physiology and carcinogenesis, followed by an overview of the most relevant MET-targeting strategies and corresponding clinical trials, highlighting both past setbacks and promising future prospects. By placing their efforts on a more precise stratification strategy through the genetic analysis of tumors, modern trials such as the NCI-MATCH trial could revive the past enthusiasm for MET-targeted therapy.
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25
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Nguyen R, Bae SDW, Zhou G, Read SA, Ahlenstiel G, George J, Qiao L. Application of organoids in translational research of human diseases with a particular focus on gastrointestinal cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1873:188350. [PMID: 32007597 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers constitute the largest portion of all human cancers and represent a significant health burden on modern society. Conventional therapeutic approaches such as chemotherapy and surgical resections often fail due to poor treatment response or tumour relapse. Unfortunately, drug discovery for GI cancers has stalled as current cancer models fail to recapitulate critical features of the parent tumour, leading to poor translation from bench to bedside. Recent advances in three-dimensional (3D) cell culturing techniques have driven the surge of interest in stem cell-derived organoid models, a promising platform with a plethora of potential applications due to its ability to retain crucial architectural, genomic and transcriptional properties of the native tissue. In this review article, we discuss current applications and advantages of organoid models in the translational research of GI cancers with a particular focus on primary liver cancer that currently lack effective curative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romario Nguyen
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Sarah Da Won Bae
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Gang Zhou
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Scott A Read
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Blacktown Medical School, Western Sydney University, Blacktown, NSW, Australia
| | - Golo Ahlenstiel
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Blacktown Medical School, Western Sydney University, Blacktown, NSW, Australia; Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Liang Qiao
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
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26
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Leboeuf D, Abakumova T, Prikazchikova T, Rhym L, Anderson DG, Zatsepin TS, Piatkov KI. Downregulation of the Arg/N-degron Pathway Sensitizes Cancer Cells to Chemotherapy In Vivo. Mol Ther 2020; 28:1092-1104. [PMID: 32087767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-degron pathway is an emerging target for anti-tumor therapies, because of its capacity to positively regulate many hallmarks of cancer, including angiogenesis, cell proliferation, motility, and survival. Thus, inhibition of the N-degron pathway offers the potential to be a highly effective anti-cancer treatment. With the use of a small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated approach for selective downregulation of the four Arg/N-degron-dependent ubiquitin ligases, UBR1, UBR2, UBR4, and UBR5, we demonstrated decreased cell migration and proliferation and increased spontaneous apoptosis in cancer cells. Chronic treatment with lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) loaded with siRNA in mice efficiently downregulates the expression of UBR-ubiquitin ligases in the liver without any significant toxic effects but engages the immune system and causes inflammation. However, when used in a lower dose, in combination with a chemotherapeutic drug, downregulation of the Arg/N-degron pathway E3 ligases successfully reduced tumor load by decreasing proliferation and increasing apoptosis in a mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma, while avoiding the inflammatory response. Our study demonstrates that UBR-ubiquitin ligases of the Arg/N-degron pathway are promising targets for the development of improved therapies for many cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luke Rhym
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel G Anderson
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard and MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Independent and Joint Use of Statins and Metformin by Elderly Patients With Diabetes and Overall Survival Following HCC Diagnosis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2020; 54:468-476. [PMID: 32271517 PMCID: PMC7150664 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000001182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
GOAL To investigate associations of prediagnosis and postdiagnosis use of statins and metformin on overall survival of patients with diabetes who later developed HCC. BACKGROUND Statins and metformin have received considerable interest as potential chemopreventive agents against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, their impact on overall survival of patients with T2DM who later develop HCC (diabetic HCC patients) is unclear. STUDY Data on 2499 elderly diabetic HCC patients obtained from the SEER-Medicare program (2009 to 2013) were analyzed. Patients were categorized based on use of statins only, metformin only, both, or neither (reference for all comparisons). The patients were further categorized based on: (1) metformin dose: ≤1500 or >1500 mg/d; (2) statins functional form: hydrophilic (pravastatin and rosuvastatin) or lipophilic (atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, and simvastatin); (3) statins potency: high (atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvastatin) or low (fluvastatin, lovastatin, and pravastatin); and (4) individual statins type. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS Prediagnosis use of metformin dose ≤1500 mg/d was associated with lower risk of death after HCC diagnosis in patients with T2DM (HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.58-0.91), adjusting for postdiagnosis metformin dose, diabetes severity, Charlson comorbidity index, tumor characteristics, and other relevant factors. No association was found for prediagnosis metformin dose >1500 mg/d or postdiagnosis metformin use. Further, no association was found for either prediagnosis or postdiagnosis statins use. CONCLUSIONS Prediagnosis use of metformin dose ≤1500 mg/d is associated with longer overall survival of elderly diabetic HCC patients.
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28
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Qin JM. Postoperative recurrent factors and therapeutic and preventive strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2019; 27:1407-1418. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v27.i23.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in China. The recurrence rate is about 50% at 3 years and over 70% at 5 years after hepatectomy for HCC. The high recurrence rate seriously affects the curative effect and long-term survival of patients with HCC, and is the primary cause of death after operation. Postoperative recurrence of HCC is a complex multi-step, multi-factorial process involving three factors: the body, microenvironment, and tumor tissue, which include body immunity, local pH value, interstitial pressure, vascular osmotic pressure, inflammatory reaction, tumor cell adhesion, extracellular matrix degradation, cell migration, cell proliferation, and tumor angiogenesis. HCC recurrence is closely related to abnormal gene expression and related molecular function changes, but the molecular mechanism has not been fully elucidated. How to treat the recurrence of HCC after operation directly affects the prognosis of patients with HCC, and treatments include reoperation, liver transplantation, local minimally invasive treatment, radiotherapy, molecular targeted drugs, immunotherapy, and traditional Chinese medicine treatment. It is difficult to cure or control tumor progression by a single therapy. Two or more therapeutic methods need to be combined organically to achieve a synergistic therapeutic effect. According to the specific situation of patients with HCC, it is key to analyze the individual characteristics of patients, to combine the clinical experience of clinicians and the best evidence, to adopt the individualized treatment plan, and to choose the appropriate treatment methods. For HCC patients with high-risk factors for recurrence, selecting the appropriate treatment is important to reduce the recurrence of HCC after operation and prolong the survival of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Min Qin
- Department of General Surgery, the Third Hospital Affiliated to Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai 201805, China
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29
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Liu Z, Ma C, Tang X, Tang Q, Lou L, Yu Y, Zheng F, Wu J, Yang XB, Wang W, Hann SS. The Reciprocal Interaction Between LncRNA CCAT1 and miR-375-3p Contribute to the Downregulation of IRF5 Gene Expression by Solasonine in HepG2 Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1081. [PMID: 31681610 PMCID: PMC6813207 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Solasonine (SS), a natural glycoalkaloid component, has been shown to have potent inhibitory activity and cytotoxicity against many cancer types. However, the precise mechanisms underlying this, particularly in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are poorly understood. In this study, we showed that SS inhibited growth of HCC cells. Mechanistically, we observed that SS increased the expression of miR-375-3p, whereas reducing levels of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) CCAT1 was noticed in HepG2 HCC and other cells. In addition, we found that SS repressed transcription factors, SP1 and interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5), protein expressions. There was a reciprocal interaction among miR-375-3p, CCAT1, and SP1. Moreover, SS inhibited IRF5 promoter activity, which was not observed in cells transfected with excessive expressed SP1 vectors. Interestingly, exogenously expressed IRF5 was shown to reverse expressions of SS-inhibited CCAT1 and induced-miR-375-3p; and neutralized SS-inhibited growth of HCC cells. Similar results were also found in vivo mouse model. Collectively, our results show that SS inhibits HepG2 HCC growth through the reciprocal regulation between the miR-375-3p and lncRNA CCAT1, and this results in transcription factor SP1-mediated reduction of IRF5 expression. The regulations and interactions among miR-375-3p, CCAT1, SP1, and IRF5 axis unveil a novel molecular mechanism underlying the anti-HCC growth by SS. IRF5 may be a potential target for treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - ChangJu Ma
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - XiaoJuan Tang
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Tang
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - LiJie Lou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaya Yu
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Zheng
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - JingJing Wu
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Swei Sunny Hann
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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30
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CPAP promotes angiogenesis and metastasis by enhancing STAT3 activity. Cell Death Differ 2019; 27:1259-1273. [PMID: 31511651 PMCID: PMC7206147 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomal P4.1-associated protein (CPAP) is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and positively correlated with recurrence and vascular invasion. Here, we found that CPAP plays an important role in HCC malignancies. Functional characterization indicated that CPAP overexpression increases tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis ex vivo and in vivo. In addition, overexpressed CPAP contributes to sorafenib resistance. Mechanical investigation showed that the expression level of CPAP is positively correlated with activated STAT3 in HCC. CPAP acts as a transcriptional coactivator of STAT3 by directly binding with STAT3. Interrupting the interaction between CPAP and STAT3 attenuates STAT3-mediated tumor growth and angiogenesis. Overexpression of CPAP upregulates several STAT3 target genes such as IL-8 and CD44 that are involved in angiogenesis, and CPAP mRNA expression is positively correlated with the levels of both mRNAs in HCC. Knocked-down expression of CPAP impairs IL-6-mediated STAT3 activation, target gene expression, cell migration, and invasion abilities. IL-6/STAT3-mediated angiogenesis is significantly increased by CPAP overexpression and can be blocked by decreased expression of IL-8. Our findings not only shed light on the importance of CPAP in HCC malignancies, but also provide potential therapeutic strategies for inhibiting the angiogenesis pathway and treating metastatic HCC.
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Ogunwobi OO, Harricharran T, Huaman J, Galuza A, Odumuwagun O, Tan Y, Ma GX, Nguyen MT. Mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinoma progression. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:2279-2293. [PMID: 31148900 PMCID: PMC6529884 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i19.2279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignancy of the liver. It is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with a very poor prognosis. In the United States, there has been only minimal improvement in the prognosis for HCC patients over the past 15 years. Details of the molecular mechanisms and other mechanisms of HCC progression remain unclear. Consequently, there is an urgent need for better understanding of these mechanisms. HCC is often diagnosed at advanced stages, and most patients will therefore need systemic therapy, with sorafenib being the most common at the present time. However, sorafenib therapy only minimally enhances patient survival. This review provides a summary of some of the known mechanisms that either cause HCC or contribute to its progression. Included in this review are the roles of viral hepatitis, non-viral hepatitis, chronic alcohol intake, genetic predisposition and congenital abnormalities, toxic exposures, and autoimmune diseases of the liver. Well-established molecular mechanisms of HCC progression such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition, tumor-stromal interactions and the tumor microenvironment, cancer stem cells, and senescence bypass are also discussed. Additionally, we discuss the roles of circulating tumor cells, immunomodulation, and neural regulation as potential new mechanisms of HCC progression. A better understanding of these mechanisms could have implications for the development of novel and more effective therapeutic and prognostic strategies, which are critically needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olorunseun O Ogunwobi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of The City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, United States
- The Graduate Center Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, United States
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, United States
- Hunter College Center for Cancer Health Disparities Research (CCHDR), New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Trisheena Harricharran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of The City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, United States
- The Graduate Center Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, United States
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, United States
- Hunter College Center for Cancer Health Disparities Research (CCHDR), New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Jeannette Huaman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of The City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, United States
- The Graduate Center Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, United States
- Hunter College Center for Cancer Health Disparities Research (CCHDR), New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Anna Galuza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of The City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, United States
- Hunter College Center for Cancer Health Disparities Research (CCHDR), New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Oluwatoyin Odumuwagun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College of The City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, United States
- Hunter College Center for Cancer Health Disparities Research (CCHDR), New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Yin Tan
- Center for Asian Health, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Grace X Ma
- Center for Asian Health, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Minhhuyen T Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, United States
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Seebacher NA, Stacy AE, Porter GM, Merlot AM. Clinical development of targeted and immune based anti-cancer therapies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:156. [PMID: 30975211 PMCID: PMC6460662 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is currently the second leading cause of death globally and is expected to be responsible for approximately 9.6 million deaths in 2018. With an unprecedented understanding of the molecular pathways that drive the development and progression of human cancers, novel targeted therapies have become an exciting new development for anti-cancer medicine. These targeted therapies, also known as biologic therapies, have become a major modality of medical treatment, by acting to block the growth of cancer cells by specifically targeting molecules required for cell growth and tumorigenesis. Due to their specificity, these new therapies are expected to have better efficacy and limited adverse side effects when compared with other treatment options, including hormonal and cytotoxic therapies. In this review, we explore the clinical development, successes and challenges facing targeted anti-cancer therapies, including both small molecule inhibitors and antibody targeted therapies. Herein, we introduce targeted therapies to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), BRAF, and the inhibitors of the T-cell mediated immune response, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1)/ PD-1 ligand (PD-1 L).
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Seebacher
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - A E Stacy
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Notre Dame, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, 2010, Australia
| | - G M Porter
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, 2031, Australia
| | - A M Merlot
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, 2031, Australia. .,School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, 2031, Australia. .,UNSW Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, 2031, Australia.
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