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Wilkinson V, Richards SA, Burgess L, Næsborg-Nielsen C, Gutwein K, Vermaak Y, Mounsey K, Carver S. Adaptive interventions for advancing in situ wildlife disease management. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2024:e3019. [PMID: 39103912 DOI: 10.1002/eap.3019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
There is a critical need for advancements in disease management strategies for wildlife, but free-living animals pose numerous challenges that can hinder progress. Most disease management attempts involve fixed interventions accompanied by post hoc outcome assessments focused on success or failure. Though these approaches have led to valuable management advances, there are limitations to both the rate of advancement and amount of information that can be gained. As such, strategies that support more rapid progress are required. Sarcoptic mange, caused by epidermal infection with Sarcoptes scabiei mites, is a globally emerging and re-emerging panzootic that exemplifies this problem. The bare-nosed wombat (Vombatus ursinus), a marsupial endemic to southeastern Australia, is impacted by sarcoptic mange throughout its geographic range and enhanced disease management capabilities are needed to improve upon existing in situ methods. We sought to advance in situ wildlife disease management for sarcoptic mange in free-living bare-nosed wombats, implementing an adaptive approach using fluralaner (Bravecto, MSD Animal Health) and a structured process of learning and method-optimisation. By using surveillance of treated wombats to inform real-time management changes, we have demonstrated the efficacy of topically administered fluralaner at 45 and 85 mg/kg against sarcoptic mange. Importantly, we observed variation in the effects of 45 mg/kg doses, but through our adaptive approach found that 85 mg/kg doses consistently reduced mange severity. Through modifying our surveillance program, we also identified individual-level variation in wombat observability and used this to quantify the level of surveillance needed to assess long-term management success. Our adaptive intervention represents the first report of sarcoptic mange management with fluralaner in free-living wildlife and evaluation of its efficacy in situ. This study illustrates how adapting interventions in real time can advance wildlife disease management and may be applicable to accelerating in situ improvements for other host-pathogen systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Wilkinson
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Shane A Richards
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Leah Burgess
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Katja Gutwein
- Mange Management Inc., St Andrews, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yolandi Vermaak
- Wombat Support & Rescue NSW/ACT Inc., Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Kate Mounsey
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Scott Carver
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Odum School of Ecology, Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athena, USA
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2
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Wilber MQ, DeMarchi JA, Briggs CJ, Streipert S. Rapid Evolution of Resistance and Tolerance Leads to Variable Host Recoveries following Disease-Induced Declines. Am Nat 2024; 203:535-550. [PMID: 38635360 DOI: 10.1086/729437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
AbstractRecoveries of populations that have suffered severe disease-induced declines are being observed across disparate taxa. Yet we lack theoretical understanding of the drivers and dynamics of recovery in host populations and communities impacted by infectious disease. Motivated by disease-induced declines and nascent recoveries in amphibians, we developed a model to ask the following question: How does the rapid evolution of different host defense strategies affect the transient recovery trajectories of hosts following pathogen invasion and disease-induced declines? We found that while host life history is predictably a major driver of variability in population recovery trajectories (including declines and recoveries), populations that use different host defense strategies (i.e., tolerance, avoidance resistance, and intensity-reduction resistance) experience notably different recoveries. In single-species host populations, populations evolving tolerance recovered on average four times slower than populations evolving resistance. Moreover, while populations using avoidance resistance strategies had the fastest potential recovery rates, these populations could get trapped in long transient states at low abundance prior to recovery. In contrast, the recovery of populations evolving intensity-reduction resistance strategies were more consistent across ecological contexts. Overall, host defense strategies strongly affect the transient dynamics of population recovery and may affect the ultimate fate of real populations recovering from disease-induced declines.
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3
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Chaganti T, Tsai CY, Juang YP, Abdelalim M, Cernak T. Medicinal Chemistry Gone Wild. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 38662285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Earth is currently experiencing a mass extinction event. The flora and fauna of our planet are experiencing mass die-offs from a multitude of factors, with wildlife disease emerging as one parameter where medicinal chemists are equipped to intervene. While contemporary medicinal chemistry focuses on human health, many traditional pharmaceutical companies have historic roots in human health, animal health, and plant health. This trifecta of health sciences perfectly maps to the current field of One Health, which recognizes that optimal health outcomes can only be achieved through the health of humans, plants, animals, and their shared environments. This Perspective imagines a world where state-of-the-art medicinal chemistry tactics are used to prevent the extinction of endangered species and points to preliminary work in the emerging area of conservation medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesko Chaganti
- Canton High School, Canton, Michigan 48187, United States
| | - Chun-Yi Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yu-Pu Juang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Mohamed Abdelalim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Tim Cernak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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4
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Thumsová B, González-Miras E, Rubio Á, Granados I, Bates KA, Bosch J. Chemical disinfection as a simple and reliable method to control the amphibian chytrid fungus at breeding points of endangered amphibians. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5151. [PMID: 38431740 PMCID: PMC10908824 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55946-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Chytridiomycosis caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is pushing amphibians towards extinction. Whilst mitigation methods were suggested a decade ago, we lack field trials testing their efficacy. We used the agrochemical fungicide, tebuconazole, to treat Bd infected breeding waterbodies of an endangered species that is highly susceptible to the fungus. Just two applications of tebuconazole led to a significant reduction in infection loads in the vast majority of sites, and at six sites the disinfection remained one/two-years post-application. Tebuconazole values drastically decreased in the waterbodies within a week after application, with no significant effects on their hydrochemical and hydrobiological characteristics. Although the use of chemicals in natural populations is undesirable, the growing existential threat to amphibians all over the world indicates that effective interventions in selected populations of endangered species are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Thumsová
- Asociación Herpetológica Española (AHE), Madrid, Spain
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, 28006, Madrid, Spain
- IMIB-Research Unit of Biodiversity (University of Oviedo, CSIC, Principality of Asturias), 33600, Mieres, Spain
| | - Emilio González-Miras
- Agencia de Medio Ambiente y Agua de Andalucía, Consejería de Sostenibilidad, Medio Ambiente y Economía Azul, Junta de Andalucía, Seville, Spain
| | - Ángel Rubio
- Centro de Investigación, Seguimiento y Evaluación, Parque Nacional Sierra de Guadarrama, 28740, Rascafría, Spain
| | - Ignacio Granados
- Centro de Investigación, Seguimiento y Evaluación, Parque Nacional Sierra de Guadarrama, 28740, Rascafría, Spain
| | - Kieran A Bates
- Centre for Immunobiology, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Jaime Bosch
- IMIB-Research Unit of Biodiversity (University of Oviedo, CSIC, Principality of Asturias), 33600, Mieres, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación, Seguimiento y Evaluación, Parque Nacional Sierra de Guadarrama, 28740, Rascafría, Spain.
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5
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Berger L, Skerratt LF, Kosch TA, Brannelly LA, Webb RJ, Waddle AW. Advances in Managing Chytridiomycosis for Australian Frogs: Gradarius Firmus Victoria. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2024; 12:113-133. [PMID: 38358840 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021122-100823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Extensive knowledge gains from research worldwide over the 25 years since the discovery of chytridiomycosis can be used for improved management. Strategies that have saved populations in the short term and/or enabled recovery include captive breeding, translocation into disease refugia, translocation from resistant populations, disease-free exclosures, and preservation of disease refuges with connectivity to previous habitat, while antifungal treatments have reduced mortality rates in the wild. Increasing host resistance is the goal of many strategies under development, including vaccination and targeted genetic interventions. Pathogen-directed strategies may be more challenging but would have broad applicability. While the search for the silver bullet solution continues, we should value targeted local interventions that stop extinction and buy time for evolution of resistance or development of novel solutions. As for most invasive species and infectious diseases, we need to accept that ongoing management is necessary. For species continuing to decline, proactive deployment and assessment of promising interventions are more valid than a hands-off, do-no-harm approach that will likely allow further extinctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Berger
- One Health Research Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia; , , , ,
| | - Lee F Skerratt
- One Health Research Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia; , , , ,
| | - Tiffany A Kosch
- One Health Research Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia; , , , ,
| | - Laura A Brannelly
- One Health Research Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia; , , , ,
| | - Rebecca J Webb
- One Health Research Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia; , , , ,
| | - Anthony W Waddle
- One Health Research Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia; , , , ,
- Applied Biosciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;
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Osborne OG, Jiménez RR, Byrne AQ, Gratwicke B, Ellison A, Muletz-Wolz CR. Phylosymbiosis shapes skin bacterial communities and pathogen-protective function in Appalachian salamanders. THE ISME JOURNAL 2024; 18:wrae104. [PMID: 38861457 PMCID: PMC11195472 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrae104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Phylosymbiosis is an association between host-associated microbiome composition and host phylogeny. This pattern can arise via the evolution of host traits, habitat preferences, diets, and the co-diversification of hosts and microbes. Understanding the drivers of phylosymbiosis is vital for modelling disease-microbiome interactions and manipulating microbiomes in multi-host systems. This study quantifies phylosymbiosis in Appalachian salamander skin in the context of infection by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), while accounting for environmental microbiome exposure. We sampled ten salamander species representing >150M years of divergence, assessed their Bd infection status, and analysed their skin and environmental microbiomes. Our results reveal a significant signal of phylosymbiosis, whereas the local environmental pool of microbes, climate, geography, and Bd infection load had a smaller impact. Host-microbe co-speciation was not evident, indicating that the effect stems from the evolution of host traits influencing microbiome assembly. Bd infection is correlated with host phylogeny and the abundance of Bd-inhibitory bacterial strains, suggesting that the long-term evolutionary dynamics between salamander hosts and their skin microbiomes affect the present-day distribution of the pathogen, along with habitat-linked exposure risk. Five Bd-inhibitory bacterial strains showed unusual generalism: occurring in most host species and habitats. These generalist strains may enhance the likelihood of probiotic manipulations colonising and persisting on hosts. Our results underscore the substantial influence of host-microbiome eco-evolutionary dynamics on environmental health and disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen G Osborne
- School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2DG, United Kingdom
| | - Randall R Jiménez
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC 20008, United States
- International Union for Conservation of Nature, C. 39, Los Yoses, San Jose, 146-2150, Costa Rica
| | - Allison Q Byrne
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC 20008, United States
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, United States
| | - Brian Gratwicke
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, United States
| | - Amy Ellison
- School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2DG, United Kingdom
| | - Carly R Muletz-Wolz
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC 20008, United States
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Troitsky TS, Laine VN, Lilley TM. When the host's away, the pathogen will play: the protective role of the skin microbiome during hibernation. Anim Microbiome 2023; 5:66. [PMID: 38129884 PMCID: PMC10740296 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-023-00285-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin of animals is enveloped by a symbiotic microscopic ecosystem known as the microbiome. The host and microbiome exhibit a mutualistic relationship, collectively forming a single evolutionary unit sometimes referred to as a holobiont. Although the holobiome theory highlights the importance of the microbiome, little is known about how the skin microbiome contributes to protecting the host. Existing studies focus on humans or captive animals, but research in wild animals is in its infancy. Specifically, the protective role of the skin microbiome in hibernating animals remains almost entirely overlooked. This is surprising, considering the massive population declines in hibernating North American bats caused by the fungal pathogen Pseudogymnoascus destructans, which causes white-nose syndrome. Hibernation offers a unique setting in which to study the function of the microbiome because, during torpor, the host's immune system becomes suppressed, making it susceptible to infection. We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature on the protective role of the skin microbiome in non-human animals. We selected 230 publications that mentioned pathogen inhibition by microbes residing on the skin of the host animal. We found that the majority of studies were conducted in North America and focused on the bacterial microbiome of amphibians infected by the chytrid fungus. Despite mentioning pathogen inhibition by the skin microbiome, only 30.4% of studies experimentally tested the actual antimicrobial activity of symbionts. Additionally, only 7.8% of all publications studied defensive cutaneous symbionts during hibernation. With this review, we want to highlight the knowledge gap surrounding skin microbiome research in hibernating animals. For instance, research looking to mitigate the effects of white-nose syndrome in bats should focus on the antifungal microbiome of Palearctic bats, as they survive exposure to the Pseudogymnoascus destructans -pathogen during hibernation. We also recommend future studies prioritize lesser-known microbial symbionts, such as fungi, and investigate the effects of a combination of anti-pathogen microbes, as both areas of research show promise as probiotic treatments. By incorporating the protective skin microbiome into disease mitigation strategies, conservation efforts can be made more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Troitsky
- BatLab Finland, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - V N Laine
- BatLab Finland, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T M Lilley
- BatLab Finland, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Forrest MJ, Halstead BJ, Grear DA, Kleeman PM, Todd BD, Miano OJ, Urquhart KD. KEEPING THE HEAT ON: WEIGHTED SURVEILLANCE FOR CHYTRID FUNGUS (BATRACHOCHYTRIUM DENDROBATIDIS) IN DIXIE VALLEY TOADS (ANAXYRUS [= BUFO] WILLIAMSI). J Wildl Dis 2023; 59:557-568. [PMID: 37486870 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-22-00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Introduced fungal pathogens have caused declines and extinctions of naïve wildlife populations across vertebrate classes. Consequences of introduced pathogens to hosts with small ranges might be especially severe because of limited redundancy to rescue populations and lower abundance that may limit the resilience of populations to perturbations like disease introduction. As a complement to biosecurity measures to prevent the spread of pathogens, surveillance programs may enable early detection of pathogens, when management actions to limit the effects of pathogens on naïve hosts might be most beneficial. We analyzed surveillance data for the endangered and narrowly endemic Dixie Valley toad (Anaxyrus [= Bufo] williamsi) from two time periods (2011-2014 and 2019-2021) to estimate the minimum detectable prevalence of the amphibian fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). We assessed if detection efficiency could be improved by using samples from both Dixie Valley toads and co-occurring introduced American bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) and literature-derived surveillance weights. We further evaluated a weighted surveillance design to increase the efficiency of surveillance efforts for Bd within the toad's small (<6 km2) range. We found that monitoring adult and larval American bullfrogs would probably detect Bd more efficiently than monitoring Dixie Valley toads alone. Given that no Bd was detected, minimum detectable prevalence of Bd was <3% in 2011-2014, and <5% (Dixie Valley toads only) and <10% (American bullfrogs only) in 2019-2021. Optimal management for Bd depends on the mechanisms underlying its apparent absence from the range of Dixie Valley toads, but a balanced surveillance scheme that includes sampling American bullfrogs to increase the likelihood of detecting Bd, and adult Dixie Valley toads to ensure broad spatial coverage where American bullfrogs do not occur, would probably result in efficient surveillance, which might permit timely management of Bd if it is detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Forrest
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Co-primary authors
| | - Brian J Halstead
- US Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station, 800 Business Park Drive, Suite D, Dixon, California 95620, USA
- Co-primary authors
| | - Daniel A Grear
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA
| | - Patrick M Kleeman
- US Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Point Reyes Field Station, 1 Bear Valley Road, Point Reyes Station, California 94956, USA
| | - Brian D Todd
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Oliver J Miano
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Kris D Urquhart
- Nevada Department of Wildlife, 380 West B Street, Fallon, Nevada 89406, USA
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Nolan N, Hayward MW, Klop-Toker K, Mahony M, Lemckert F, Callen A. Complex Organisms Must Deal with Complex Threats: How Does Amphibian Conservation Deal with Biphasic Life Cycles? Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101634. [PMID: 37238064 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented rate of global amphibian decline is attributed to The Anthropocene, with human actions triggering the Sixth Mass Extinction Event. Amphibians have suffered some of the most extreme declines, and their lack of response to conservation actions may reflect challenges faced by taxa that exhibit biphasic life histories. There is an urgent need to ensure that conservation measures are cost-effective and yield positive outcomes. Many conservation actions have failed to meet their intended goals of bolstering populations to ensure the persistence of species into the future. We suggest that past conservation efforts have not considered how different threats influence multiple life stages of amphibians, potentially leading to suboptimal outcomes for their conservation. Our review highlights the multitude of threats amphibians face at each life stage and the conservation actions used to mitigate these threats. We also draw attention to the paucity of studies that have employed multiple actions across more than one life stage. Conservation programs for biphasic amphibians, and the research that guides them, lack a multi-pronged approach to deal with multiple threats across the lifecycle. Conservation management programs must recognise the changing threat landscape for biphasic amphibians to reduce their notoriety as the most threatened vertebrate taxa globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Nolan
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Matthew W Hayward
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Kaya Klop-Toker
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Michael Mahony
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Frank Lemckert
- Eco Logical Australia Pty Ltd., Perth, WA 6000, Australia
| | - Alex Callen
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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Plewnia A, Lötters S, Veith M, Peters M, Böning P. Successful Drug-Mediated Host Clearance of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:411-414. [PMID: 36692470 PMCID: PMC9881767 DOI: 10.3201/eid2902.221162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin fungi are among the most dangerous drivers of global amphibian declines, and few mitigation strategies are known. For Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Chytridiomycota), available treatments rely on temperature, partially combined with antifungal drugs. We report the clearance of B. salamandrivorans in 2 urodelan species using a solely drug-based approach.
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11
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Cook K, Pope K, Cummings A, Piovia‐Scott J. In situ treatment of juvenile frogs for disease can reverse population declines. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Cook
- School of Biological Sciences Washington State University Vancouver WA USA
| | - Karen Pope
- Pacific Southwest Research Station United States Forest Service California USA
| | - Adam Cummings
- Pacific Southwest Research Station United States Forest Service California USA
| | - Jonah Piovia‐Scott
- School of Biological Sciences Washington State University Vancouver WA USA
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