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Ontong JC, Singh S, Siriyong T, Voravuthikunchai SP. Transferosomes stabilized hydrogel incorporated rhodomyrtone-rich extract from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf fortified with phosphatidylcholine for the management of skin and soft-tissue infections. Biotechnol Lett 2024; 46:127-142. [PMID: 38150096 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-023-03452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf (RT)-incorporated transferosomes were developed with lecithin and cholesterol blends with edge activators at different ratios. RT-transferosomes were characterized and employed in transferosomal gel formulations for the management of skin and soft-tissue infections. The optimized formulation entrapped up to 81.90 ± 0.31% of RT with spherical vesicles (405.3 ± 2.0 nm), polydispersity index value of 0.16 ± 0.08, and zeta potential of - 61.62 ± 0.86 mV. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of RT-transferosomes were 15.65 ± 0.04 μg GAE/g extract and 43.13 ± 0.91 μg QE/g extract, respectively. RT-transferosomes demonstrated minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations at 8-256 and 64-1024 μg/mL, respectively. Free radical scavenging assay showed RT-transferosomes with high scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS radicals. Moreover, RT-transferosomes demonstrated moderate activity against mushroom tyrosinase, with IC50 values of 245.32 ± 1.32 μg/mL. The biocompatibility results against L929 fibroblast and Vero cells demonstrated IC50 at 7.05 ± 0.17 and 4.73 ± 0.13 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, nitric oxide production significantly decreased by 6.78-88.25% following the treatment with 31.2-500 ng/mL RT-transferosomes (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the freeze-thaw stability study displayed no significant change in stability in the sedimentation and pH of gel fortified with RT-transferosomes. The results suggested that RT-transferosome formulation can be effectively employed as natural biomedicines for scar prevention and the management of skin soft-tissue infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julalak Chorachoo Ontong
- Cosmetic Technology and Dietary Supplement Products Program, Faculty of Agro and Bio Industry, Thaksin University, Ban Pa Phayom, 93210, Phatthalung, Thailand.
- Center of Antimicrobial Biomaterial Innovation-Southeast Asia, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90112, Songkhla, Thailand.
| | - Sudarshan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Thanyaluck Siriyong
- Faculty of Traditional Thai Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90112, Songkhla, Thailand
- Center of Antimicrobial Biomaterial Innovation-Southeast Asia, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90112, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Supayang P Voravuthikunchai
- Center of Antimicrobial Biomaterial Innovation-Southeast Asia, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90112, Songkhla, Thailand
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2
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Pattaranggoon NC, Daduang S, Rungrotmongkol T, Teajaroen W, Tipmanee V, Hannongbua S. Computational model for lipid binding regions in phospholipase (Ves a 1) from Vespa venom. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10652. [PMID: 37391452 PMCID: PMC10313747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36742-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Thai banded tiger wasp (Vespa affinis) is a dangerous vespid species found in Southeast Asia, and its stings often result in fatalities due to the presence of lethal phospholipase A[Formula: see text], known as Vespapase or Ves a 1. Developing anti-venoms for Ves a 1 using chemical drugs, such as chemical drug guide, remains a challenging task. In this study, we screened 2056 drugs against the opening conformation of the venom using the ZINC 15 and e-Drug 3D databases. The binding free energy of the top five drug candidates complexed with Ves a 1 was calculated using 300-ns-MD trajectories. Our results revealed that voxilaprevir had a higher binding free energy at the catalytic sites than other drug candidates. Furthermore, the MD simulation results indicated that voxilaprevir formed stable conformations within the catalytic pocket. Consequently, voxilaprevir could act as a potent inhibitor, opening up avenues for the development of more effective anti-venom therapeutics for Ves a 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawanwat C Pattaranggoon
- Programme in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate school, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sakda Daduang
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- Programme in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate school, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Center of Excellence in Structural and Computational Biology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Withan Teajaroen
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Center for Innovation and Standard for Medical Technology and Physical Therapy, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Varomyalin Tipmanee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
| | - Supot Hannongbua
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Center of Excellence in Computational Chemistry (CECC), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Importance of the 2,6-Difluorobenzamide Motif for FtsZ Allosteric Inhibition: Insights from Conformational Analysis, Molecular Docking and Structural Modifications. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052055. [PMID: 36903302 PMCID: PMC10003973 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A conformational analysis and molecular docking study comparing 2,6-difluoro-3-methoxybenzamide (DFMBA) with 3-methoxybenzamide (3-MBA) has been undertaken for investigating the known increase of FtsZ inhibition related anti S. aureus activity due to fluorination. For the isolated molecules, the calculations reveal that the presence of the fluorine atoms in DFMBA is responsible for its non-planarity, with a dihedral angle of -27° between the carboxamide and the aromatic ring. When interacting with the protein, the fluorinated ligand can thus more easily adopt the non-planar conformation found in reported co-crystallized complexes with FtsZ, than the non-fluorinated one. Molecular docking studies of the favored non-planar conformation of 2,6-difluoro-3-methoxybenzamide highlights the strong hydrophobic interactions between the difluoroaromatic ring and several key residues of the allosteric pocket, precisely between the 2-fluoro substituent and residues Val203 and Val297 and between the 6-fluoro group and the residues Asn263. The docking simulation in the allosteric binding site also confirms the critical importance of the hydrogen bonds between the carboxamide group with the residues Val207, Leu209 and Asn263. Changing the carboxamide functional group of 3-alkyloxybenzamide and 3-alkyloxy-2,6-difluorobenzamide to a benzohydroxamic acid or benzohydrazide led to inactive compounds, confirming the importance of the carboxamide group.
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4
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Identification of anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis agents targeting the interaction of bacterial division proteins FtsZ and SepF. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:2056-2070. [PMID: 37250168 PMCID: PMC10213792 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the deadly diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which presents a significant public health challenge. Treatment of TB relies on the combination of several anti-TB drugs to create shorter and safer regimens. Therefore, new anti-TB agents working by different mechanisms are urgently needed. FtsZ, a tubulin-like protein with GTPase activity, forms a dynamic Z-ring in cell division. Most of FtsZ inhibitors are designed to inhibit GTPase activity. In Mtb, the function of Z-ring is modulated by SepF, a FtsZ binding protein. The FtsZ/SepF interaction is essential for FtsZ bundling and localization at the site of division. Here, we established a yeast two-hybrid based screening system to identify inhibitors of FtsZ/SepF interaction in M. tuberculosis. Using this system, we found compound T0349 showing strong anti-Mtb activity but with low toxicity to other bacteria strains and mice. Moreover, we have demonstrated that T0349 binds specifically to SepF to block FtsZ/SepF interaction by GST pull-down, fluorescence polarization (FP), surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and CRISPRi knockdown assays. Furthermore, T0349 can inhibit bacterial cell division by inducing filamentation and abnormal septum. Our data demonstrated that FtsZ/SepF interaction is a promising anti-TB drug target for identifying agents with novel mechanisms.
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Schäfer AB, Steenhuis M, Jim KK, Neef J, O’Keefe S, Whitehead RC, Swanton E, Wang B, Halbedel S, High S, van Dijl JM, Luirink J, Wenzel M. Dual Action of Eeyarestatin 24 on Sec-Dependent Protein Secretion and Bacterial DNA. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:253-269. [PMID: 36637435 PMCID: PMC9926488 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Eeyarestatin 24 (ES24) is a promising new antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity. It shares structural similarity with nitrofurantoin (NFT), yet appears to have a distinct and novel mechanism: ES24 was found to inhibit SecYEG-mediated protein transport and membrane insertion in Gram-negative bacteria. However, possible additional targets have not yet been explored. Moreover, its activity was notably better against Gram-positive bacteria, for which its mechanism of action had not yet been investigated. We have used transcriptomic stress response profiling, phenotypic assays, and protein secretion analyses to investigate the mode of action of ES24 in comparison with NFT using the Gram-positive model bacterium Bacillus subtilis and have compared our findings to Gram-negative Escherichia coli. Here, we show the inhibition of Sec-dependent protein secretion in B. subtilis and additionally provide evidence for DNA damage, probably caused by the generation of reactive derivatives of ES24. Interestingly, ES24 caused a gradual dissipation of the membrane potential, which led to delocalization of cytokinetic proteins and subsequent cell elongation in E. coli. However, none of those effects were observed in B. subtilis, thereby suggesting that ES24 displays distinct mechanistic differences with respect to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Despite its structural similarity to NFT, ES24 profoundly differed in our phenotypic analysis, which implies that it does not share the NFT mechanism of generalized macromolecule and structural damage. Importantly, ES24 outperformed NFT in vivo in a zebrafish embryo pneumococcal infection model. Our results suggest that ES24 not only inhibits the Sec translocon, but also targets bacterial DNA and, in Gram-negative bacteria, the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Britt Schäfer
- Division
of Chemical Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maurice Steenhuis
- Molecular
Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kin Ki Jim
- Department
of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers - Location Vrije Universiteit
Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Amsterdam
Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam
University Medical Centers, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda Neef
- Department
of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah O’Keefe
- School
of
Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Roger C. Whitehead
- School
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Eileithyia Swanton
- School
of
Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Biwen Wang
- Bacterial
Cell Biology and Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Halbedel
- FG11
Division of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella, Robert Koch Institute, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany,Institute
for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stephen High
- School
of
Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- Department
of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joen Luirink
- Molecular
Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
| | - Michaela Wenzel
- Division
of Chemical Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden,
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Suwanhom P, Saetang J, Khongkow P, Nualnoi T, Tipmanee V, Lomlim L. Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and In Silico Studies of New Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors Based on Quinoxaline Scaffold. Molecules 2021; 26:4895. [PMID: 34443482 PMCID: PMC8400540 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A quinoxaline scaffold exhibits various bioactivities in pharmacotherapeutic interests. In this research, twelve quinoxaline derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as new acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. We found all compounds showed potent inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with IC50 values of 0.077 to 50.080 µM, along with promising predicted drug-likeness and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeation. In addition, potent butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 14.91 to 60.95 µM was observed in some compounds. Enzyme kinetic study revealed the most potent compound (6c) as a mixed-type AChE inhibitor. No cytotoxicity from the quinoxaline derivatives was noticed in the human neuroblastoma cell line (SHSY5Y). In silico study suggested the compounds preferred the peripheral anionic site (PAS) to the catalytic anionic site (CAS), which was different from AChE inhibitors (tacrine and galanthamine). We had proposed the molecular design guided for quinoxaline derivatives targeting the PAS site. Therefore, the quinoxaline derivatives could offer the lead for the newly developed candidate as potential acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paptawan Suwanhom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90112, Songkhla, Thailand;
- Phytomedicine and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Excellent Center (PPBEC), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90112, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Jirakrit Saetang
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90112, Songkhla, Thailand;
| | - Pasarat Khongkow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90112, Songkhla, Thailand;
| | - Teerapat Nualnoi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90112, Songkhla, Thailand;
| | - Varomyalin Tipmanee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90112, Songkhla, Thailand;
| | - Luelak Lomlim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90112, Songkhla, Thailand;
- Phytomedicine and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Excellent Center (PPBEC), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90112, Songkhla, Thailand
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Rattanaburee T, Tanawattanasuntorn T, Thongpanchang T, Tipmanee V, Graidist P. Trans-(-)-Kusunokinin: A Potential Anticancer Lignan Compound against HER2 in Breast Cancer Cell Lines? Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154537. [PMID: 34361688 PMCID: PMC8348432 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans-(−)-kusunokinin, an anticancer compound, binds CSF1R with low affinity in breast cancer cells. Therefore, finding an additional possible target of trans-(−)-kusunokinin remains of importance for further development. Here, a computational study was completed followed by indirect proof of specific target proteins using small interfering RNA (siRNA). Ten proteins in breast cancer were selected for molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation. A preferred active form in racemic trans-(±)-kusunokinin was trans-(−)-kusunokinin, which had stronger binding energy on HER2 trans-(+)-kusunokinin; however, it was weaker than the designed HER inhibitors (03Q and neratinib). Predictively, trans-(−)-kusunokinin bound HER2 similarly to a reversible HER2 inhibitor. We then verified the action of (±)-kusunokinin compared with neratinibon breast cancer cells (MCF-7). (±)-Kusunokinin exhibited less cytotoxicity on normal L-929 and MCF-7 than neratinib. (±)-Kusunokinin and neratinib had stronger inhibited cell proliferation than siRNA-HER2. Moreover, (±)-kusunokinin decreased Ras, ERK, CyclinB1, CyclinD and CDK1. Meanwhile, neratinib downregulated HER, MEK1, ERK, c-Myc, CyclinB1, CyclinD and CDK1. Knocking down HER2 downregulated only HER2. siRNA-HER2 combination with (±)-kusunokinin suppressed HER2, c-Myc, CyclinB1, CyclinD and CDK1. On the other hand, siRNA-HER2 combination with neratinib increased HER2, MEK1, ERK, c-Myc, CyclinB1, CyclinD and CDK1 to normal levels. We conclude that trans-(±)-kusunokinin may bind HER2 with low affinity and had a different action from neratinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thidarath Rattanaburee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; (T.R.); (T.T.)
| | - Tanotnon Tanawattanasuntorn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; (T.R.); (T.T.)
| | - Tienthong Thongpanchang
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Varomyalin Tipmanee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; (T.R.); (T.T.)
- Correspondence: (V.T.); (P.G.); Tel.: +66-74-45-1743 (V.T.); +66-74-45-1184 (P.G.)
| | - Potchanapond Graidist
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; (T.R.); (T.T.)
- Correspondence: (V.T.); (P.G.); Tel.: +66-74-45-1743 (V.T.); +66-74-45-1184 (P.G.)
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Saechan C, Nguyen UH, Wang Z, Sugimoto S, Yamano Y, Matsunami K, Otsuka H, Phan GM, Pham VH, Tipmanee V, Kaewsrichan J. Potency of bisresorcinol from Heliciopsis terminalis on skin aging: in vitro bioactivities and molecular interactions. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11618. [PMID: 34221723 PMCID: PMC8231342 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A bisresorcinol was isolated as the main constituent of Heliciopsis terminalis’s trunk (Proteaceae). Recently, resorcinol is applied as an active whitening agent in various cosmetic products. Because of the structural mimic to resorcinol, benefits of the bisresorcinol as an aging-enzyme antagonist were demonstrated in this study. Methods The bisresorcinol was purified from the crude ethanolic extract of H. terminalis’s trunk by solvent extraction and preparative chromatography, respectively. Inhibitory activity on collagenase, elastase, and tyrosinase of the compound was investigated by using a different spectroscopic technique. Molecular docking was carried out to predict possible interactions of the substance around the enzyme active sites. Results The IC50 values on collagenase of the bisresorcinol and caffeic acid were 156.7 ± 0.7 and 308.9 ± 1.6 µmole L−1, respectively. For elastase activity, the IC50 of 33.2 ± 0.5 and 34.3 ± 0.3 µmole L−1 was respectively determined for the bisresorcinol and ursolic acid. The bisresorcinol was inhibitory to tyrosinase by exhibiting the IC50 of 22.8 µmole L−1, and that of 78.4 µmole L−1 was present for β-arbutin. The bisresorcinol bound to collagenase, elastase, and tyrosinase with the respective binding energies of −5.89, −5.69, and −6.57 kcal mol−1. These binding energies were in the same ranges of tested inhibitors. The aromatic phenol groups in the structure were responsible for principle as well as supporting binding interactions with enzymes. Hydrogen binding due to hydroxyl groups and π-related attractive forces from an aromatic ring(s) provided binding versatility to bisresorcinol. Conclusion The bisresorcinol purified from H. terminalis might be useful for inclusion in cosmetic products as an aging-enzyme antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charinrat Saechan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Delivery System Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Uyen Hoang Nguyen
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Zhichao Wang
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Sachiko Sugimoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshi Yamano
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Matsunami
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hideaki Otsuka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Giang Minh Phan
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Viet Hung Pham
- Research Center for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Varomyalin Tipmanee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Jasadee Kaewsrichan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Delivery System Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
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9
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Abstract
Rhodomyrtone (Rom) is a plant-derived broad-spectrum antibiotic active against many Gram-positive pathogens. A single point mutation in the regulatory farR gene (farR*) confers resistance to Rom in Staphylococcus aureus (RomR). The mutation in farR* alters the activity of the regulator, FarR*, in such a way that not only its own gene, farR*, but also the divergently transcribed farE gene and genes controlled by the global regulator, agr, are highly upregulated. Here, we show that mainly the upregulation of the fatty acid efflux pump FarE causes the RomR phenotype, as farE deletion in either the parent or the RomR strain (RomR ΔfarE) yielded hypersensitivity to Rom. Comparative lipidome analysis of the supernatant (exolipidomics) and the pellet fraction revealed that the RomR strain excreted about 10 times more phospholipids (PGs) than the parent strain or the ΔfarE mutants. Since the PG content in the supernatant (2,244 ng/optical density [OD]) was more than 100-fold higher than that of fatty acids (FA), we assumed that PG interacts with Rom, thereby abrogating its antimicrobial activity. Indeed, by static and dynamic light scattering (SLS and DLS) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) analyses, we could demonstrate that both PG and Rom were vesicular and reacted with each other in milliseconds to form a 1:1.49 [Rom-PG(32:0), where PG(32:0) is PG with C32:0 lipids] complex. The binding is entropically driven and hence hydrophobic and of low specificity in nature. Our results indicate that the cytoplasmic membrane is the actual target of Rom, which is also in agreement with Rom's induced rapid collapse of the membrane potential and decreased membrane integrity. IMPORTANCE Antibiotic resistance is a growing public health problem, and alternative antibiotics are urgently needed. Rhodomyrtone (Rom), an antimicrobial compound originally isolated from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, is active against multidrug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens. However, Rom-resistant (RomR) mutants occur with low frequency. In this study, we unraveled the underlying resistance mechanism, which is based on a point mutation in the farR regulator gene, causing overexpression of FarE, which most likely acts as a phospholipid (PG) efflux pump, as large amounts of PG were found in the supernatant and the pellet fraction. We show that PG can bind to Rom, thereby abrogating its antimicrobial activity. The direct interaction of Rom with PG suggests that Rom's actual target is the cytoplasmic membrane. Antibiotics that interact with PG are rare. Since Rom can be chemically synthesized, it serves as a lead compound for synthesis of improved variants.
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Abstract
The division and cell wall (dcw) cluster is a highly conserved region of the bacterial genome consisting of genes that encode several cell division and cell wall synthesis factors, including the central division protein FtsZ. The region immediately downstream of ftsZ encodes the ylm genes and is conserved across diverse lineages of Gram-positive bacteria and Cyanobacteria In some organisms, this region remains part of the dcw cluster, but in others, it appears as an independent operon. A well-studied protein coded from this region is the positive FtsZ regulator SepF (YlmF), which anchors FtsZ to the membrane. Recent developments have shed light on the importance of SepF in a range of species. Additionally, new studies are highlighting the importance of the other conserved genes in this neighborhood. In this minireview, we aim to bring together the current research linking the ylm region to cell division and highlight further questions surrounding these conserved genes.
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11
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Siriyong T, Ontong JC, Leejae S, Suwalak S, Coote PJ, Voravuthikunchai SP. In vivo safety assessment of rhodomyrtone, a potent compound, from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf extract. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:919-924. [PMID: 32793420 PMCID: PMC7406972 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. has been traditionally used to relieve various diseases. Rhodomyrtone, a bioactive acylphloroglucinol compound isolated from the leaves of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, has been scientifically evidenced as a potential antibacterial agent. This study aimed to assess safety of rhodomyrtone in both invertebrate and vertebrate models. MATERIAL AND METHODS Safety of rhodomyrtone was determined in an invertebrate model, Galleria mellonella as well as vertebrate models including zebrafish (Danio rerio) and murine. In addition, toxicity to human erythrocytes was also measured. RESULTS Treatment of Galleria mellonella with rhodomyrtone at 100 mg/kg body weight up to four days showed no visible toxic effects (100 % survival). In zebrafish embryo model, at least 80 % survival of embryos was demonstrated when treated with rhodomyrtone at 0.5 μg/mL for three days. Prior to clinical trial, it is a prerequisite that rhodomyrtone has to be evaluated for its biocompatibility with human blood components. The results displayed that rhodomyrtone at 256 μg/mL did not cause any observable human erythrocyte haemolysis. Furthermore, preclinical assessment of rhodomyrtone formulation justified potential applications of rhodomyrtone in humans. Oral toxicity testing in a mouse model indicated the absence of systemic toxicity when the animals received up to 5000 mg/kg body weight of rhodomyrtone formulation for a period of fourteen days. CONCLUSIONS As the minimal inhibitory concentration of rhodomyrtone against most Gram-positive pathogens is 0.5-1 μg/mL, the results suggest that it should produce no toxic effects at concentrations used in human, thus support further development in pharmaceutical industries and public health applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanyaluck Siriyong
- Faculty of Traditional Thai Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
- Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Julalak Chorachoo Ontong
- Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
- Cosmetic Technology and Dietary Supplement Products Program, Faculty of Agro and Bio Industry, Thaksin University, Ban Pa Phayom, Phatthalung, 93210, Thailand
| | - Sukanlaya Leejae
- Excellence Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Sakol Suwalak
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Peter John Coote
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, The North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Supayang Piyawan Voravuthikunchai
- Excellence Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
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Traithan A, Tongtawe P, Thanongsaksrikul J, Voravuthikunchai S, Srimanote P. Antibacterial mechanism of rhodomyrtone involves the disruption of nucleoid segregation checkpoint in Streptococcus suis. AMB Express 2020; 10:110. [PMID: 32514868 PMCID: PMC7280372 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodomyrtone has been recently demonstrated to possess a novel antibiotic mechanism of action against Gram-positive bacteria which involved the multiple targets, resulting in the interference of several bacterial biological processes including the cell division. The present study aims to closely look at the downstream effect of rhodomyrtone treatment on nucleoid segregation in Streptococcus suis, an important zoonotic pathogen. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of rhodomyrtone against the recombinant S. suis ParB-GFP, a nucleoid segregation reporter strain, were 0.5 and 1 µg/ml, respectively, which were equivalent to the potency of vancomycin. Using the fluorescence live-cell imaging, we demonstrated that rhodomyrtone at 2× MIC caused incomplete nucleoid segregation and septum misplacement, leading to the generation of anucleated cells. FtsZ immune-staining of rhodomyrtone-treated S. suis for 30 min revealed that the large amount of FtsZ was trapped in the region of high fluidity membrane and appeared to be able to polymerize to form a complete Z-ring. However, the Z-ring was shifted away from the midcell. Transmission electron microscopy further confirmed the disruption of nucleoid segregation and septum misplacement at 120 min following the rhodomyrtone treatment. Asymmetric septum formation resulted in either generation of minicells without nucleoid, septum formed over incomplete segregated nucleoid (guillotine effect), or formation of multi-constriction of Z-ring within a single cell. This finding spotlights on antibacterial mechanism of rhodomyrtone involves the early stage in bacterial cell division process.
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Zhao LY, Liu HX, Wang L, Xu ZF, Tan HB, Qiu SX. Rhodomyrtosone B, a membrane-targeting anti-MRSA natural acylgphloroglucinol from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 228:50-57. [PMID: 30195566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The leaves of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa are traditionally used in the treatment of infectious diseases such as wound infections in Chinese traditional medicine. The mechanisms of the activity of rhodomyrtosone B (RDSB), a natural acylphloroglucinol isolated from the leaves of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, are still not understood. We provided a detailed investigation of the antibacterial action of RDSB against bacteria in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antibacterial activity of RDSB was tested by the microdilution method against a panel of bacteria, and a time-killing assay was carried out according to CLSI guidelines. The cytotoxic potential of RDSB was evaluated against mammalian cells, and its haemolytic activity towards rabbit red blood cells (RBCs) was assessed. The mode of action of RDSB was investigated by targeting bacterial membranes, and its resistance was evaluated using a sequential passaging method. The antibacterial activities in vivo were assessed against MRSA in a mouse skin infection mode. RESULTS RDSB exhibited distinct antibacterial activities against selected Gram-positive pathogens responsible for serious infections, even including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.62-1.25 µg/mL and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) with an MIC of 2.5 µg/mL. RDSB displayed much more rapid bactericidal activity against MRSA than that of vancomycin. The membrane-targeting experiments revealed that RDSB exhibited significant antibacterial activity with the perturbation of bacterial membrane potential and an increase in membrane permeability. In particular, RDSB had weak cytotoxicity to mammalian cells (IC50 >14 µg/mL) and has advantageous specificity against selected Gram-positive bacterial membranes rather than RBCs. Notably, RDSB displayed in vitro antibacterial activities against MRSA without drug-resistance and profoundly attenuated the skin ulcer formation in a murine model of MRSA infection under a single dose of 40 µg RDSB per mouse. CONCLUSION RDSB has profound antibacterial activity against drug-resistant bacteria (MRSA and VRE) and low cytotoxicity. It is bactericidal in nature, and an increase in membrane permeability resulting from membrane perturbation is one of its modes of action. RDSB represents a promising natural antibiotic to combat drug-resistant (MRSA and VRE) infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yun Zhao
- Program for Natural Product Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Xin Liu
- Program for Natural Product Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Hypertension, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510085, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Fang Xu
- Program for Natural Product Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Bo Tan
- Program for Natural Product Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sheng-Xiang Qiu
- Program for Natural Product Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, People's Republic of China.
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Structures and Bioactive Properties of Myrtucommulones and Related Acylphloroglucinols from Myrtaceae. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123370. [PMID: 30572614 PMCID: PMC6321051 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myrtaceae are a group of plants that include a number of renowned species used in ethnomedicine in many areas worldwide. Their valuable therapeutic properties have stimulated a fruitful research activity addressed to the identification of the bioactive components of their extracts yielding a great diversity of terpenes; polyphenols; and other exclusive products. Among the latter, starting with the discovery of myrtucommulone A from myrtle (Myrtus communis), a series of structurally-related acylphloroglucinol compounds have been characterized from several species that represent the basic active principles to be considered in view of possible drug development. Aspects concerning chemical and biological properties of these products are reviewed in the present paper.
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Saeloh D, Tipmanee V, Jim KK, Dekker MP, Bitter W, Voravuthikunchai SP, Wenzel M, Hamoen LW. The novel antibiotic rhodomyrtone traps membrane proteins in vesicles with increased fluidity. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006876. [PMID: 29451901 PMCID: PMC5833292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The acylphloroglucinol rhodomyrtone is a promising new antibiotic isolated from the rose myrtle Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, a plant used in Asian traditional medicine. While many studies have demonstrated its antibacterial potential in a variety of clinical applications, very little is known about the mechanism of action of rhodomyrtone. Preceding studies have been focused on intracellular targets, but no specific intracellular protein could be confirmed as main target. Using live cell, high-resolution, and electron microscopy we demonstrate that rhodomyrtone causes large membrane invaginations with a dramatic increase in fluidity, which attract a broad range of membrane proteins. Invaginations then form intracellular vesicles, thereby trapping these proteins. Aberrant protein localization impairs several cellular functions, including the respiratory chain and the ATP synthase complex. Being uncharged and devoid of a particular amphipathic structure, rhodomyrtone did not seem to be a typical membrane-inserting molecule. In fact, molecular dynamics simulations showed that instead of inserting into the bilayer, rhodomyrtone transiently binds to phospholipid head groups and causes distortion of lipid packing, providing explanations for membrane fluidization and induction of membrane curvature. Both its transient binding mode and its ability to form protein-trapping membrane vesicles are unique, making it an attractive new antibiotic candidate with a novel mechanism of action. Bacterial antibiotic resistance constitutes a major public healthcare issue and deaths caused by antimicrobial resistance are expected to soon exceed the number of cancer-related fatalities. In order to fight resistance, new antibiotics have to be developed that are not affected by existing microbial resistance strategies. Thus, antibiotics with novel or multiple targets are urgently needed. Rhodomyrtone displays excellent antibacterial activity, has been safely used in traditional Asian medicine for a long time, and resistance against this promising antibiotic candidate could not be detected in multiple passaging experiments. Here we demonstrate that rhodomyrtone possesses a completely novel mechanism of action, which is opposed to that of existing cell envelope-targeting drugs, minimizing the risk of cross-resistance, and in fact rhodomyrtone is highly active against e.g. vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Thus, rhodomyrtone is an extremely interesting compound for further antibacterial drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennapa Saeloh
- Excellence Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Varomyalin Tipmanee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Kin Ki Jim
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marien P. Dekker
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Neuroscience Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilbert Bitter
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Supayang P. Voravuthikunchai
- Excellence Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Michaela Wenzel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Bacterial Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (MW); (LWH)
| | - Leendert W. Hamoen
- Bacterial Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (MW); (LWH)
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Saising J, Nguyen MT, Härtner T, Ebner P, Al Mamun Bhuyan A, Berscheid A, Muehlenkamp M, Schäkermann S, Kumari N, Maier ME, Voravuthikunchai SP, Bandow J, Lang F, Brötz-Oesterhelt H, Götz F. Rhodomyrtone (Rom) is a membrane-active compound. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:1114-1124. [PMID: 29317198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Particularly in Asia medicinal plants with antimicrobial activity are used for therapeutic purpose. One such plant-derived antibiotic is rhodomyrtone (Rom) isolated from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaves. Rom shows high antibacterial activity against a wide range of Gram-positive bacteria, however, its mode of action is still unclear. Reporter gene assays and proteomic profiling experiments in Bacillus subtilis indicate that Rom does not address classical antibiotic targets like translation, transcription or DNA replication, but acts at the cytoplasmic membrane. In Staphylococcus aureus, Rom decreases the membrane potential within seconds and at low doses, causes release of ATP and even the excretion of cytoplasmic proteins (ECP), but does not induce pore-formation as for example nisin. Lipid staining revealed that Rom induces local membrane damage. Rom's antimicrobial activity can be antagonized in the presence of a very narrow spectrum of saturated fatty acids (C15:0, C16:0, or C18:0) that most likely contribute to counteract the membrane damage. Gram-negative bacteria are resistant to Rom, presumably due to reduced penetration through the outer membrane and its neutralization by LPS. Rom is cytotoxic for many eukaryotic cells and studies with human erythrocytes showed that Rom induces eryptosis accompanied by erythrocyte shrinkage, cell membrane blebbing, and membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Rom's distinctive interaction with the cytoplasmic membrane reminds on the amphipathic, alpha-helical peptides, the phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs), and renders Rom an important tool for the investigation of membrane physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongkon Saising
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; School of Health Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Muang, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Minh-Thu Nguyen
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; School of Biological and Food Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thomas Härtner
- Biotechnology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Ebner
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Anne Berscheid
- Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Muehlenkamp
- Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Nimerta Kumari
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin E Maier
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Julia Bandow
- Applied Microbiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Departments of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine & Physiology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heike Brötz-Oesterhelt
- Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Götz
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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