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Serino-Silva C, Bittencourt Rodrigues CF, Miyamoto JG, Hatakeyama DM, Kavazoi VK, Da Rocha MMT, Tanaka AS, Tashima AK, de Morais-Zani K, Grego KF, Tanaka-Azevedo AM. Proteomics and life-history variability of Endogenous Phospholipases A2 Inhibitors (PLIs) in Bothrops jararaca plasma. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295806. [PMID: 38319909 PMCID: PMC10846723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
In Brazil, the genus Bothrops is responsible for most ophidian accidents. Snake venoms have a wide variety of proteins and peptides exhibiting a broad repertoire of pharmacological and toxic effects that elicit systemic injury and characteristic local effects. The snakes' natural resistance to envenomation caused by the presence of inhibitory compounds on their plasma have been extensively studied. However, the presence of these inhibitors in different developmental stages is yet to be further discussed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ontogeny of Bothrops jararaca plasma inhibitor composition and, to this end, plasma samples of B. jararaca were obtained from different developmental stages (neonates, youngs, and adults) and sexes (female and male). SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, affinity chromatography, and mass spectrometry were performed to analyze the protein profile and interaction between B. jararaca plasma and venom proteins. In addition, the presence of γBjPLI, a PLA2 inhibitor previously identified and characterized in B. jararaca serum, was confirmed by Western blotting. According to our results, 9-17% of plasma proteins were capable of binding to venom proteins in the three developmental stages. The presence of different endogenous inhibitors and, more specifically, different PLA2 inhibitor (PLI) classes and antihemorrhagic factors were confirmed in specimens of B. jararaca from newborn by mass spectrometry. For the first time, the αPLI and βPLI were detected in B. jararaca plasma, although low or no ontogenetic and sexual correlation were found. The γPLI were more abundant in adult female, than in neonate and young female, but similar to neonate, young and adult male according to the results of mass spectrometry analysis. Our results suggest that there are proteins in the plasma of these animals that can help counteract the effects of self-envenomation from birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Serino-Silva
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia (PPIB—IPT, IBU and USP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Caroline Fabri Bittencourt Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia (PPIB—IPT, IBU and USP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Miki Hatakeyama
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia (PPIB—IPT, IBU and USP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Victor Koiti Kavazoi
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia (PPIB—IPT, IBU and USP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Aparecida Sadae Tanaka
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Keiji Tashima
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Ochoa A, Hassinger ATB, Holding ML, Gibbs HL. Genetic characterization of potential venom resistance proteins in California ground squirrels (
Otospermophilus beecheyi
) using transcriptome analyses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B: MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2022; 340:259-269. [PMID: 35611404 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular basis of adaptations in coevolving species requires identifying the genes that underlie reciprocally selected phenotypes, such as those involved in venom in snakes and resistance to the venom in their prey. In this regard, California ground squirrels (CGS; Otospermophilus beecheyi) are eaten by northern Pacific rattlesnakes (Crotalus oreganus oreganus), but individual squirrels may still show substantial resistance to venom and survive bites. A recent study using proteomics identified venom interactive proteins (VIPs) in the blood serum of CGS. These VIPs represent possible resistance proteins, but the sequences of genes encoding them are unknown despite the value of such data to molecular studies of coevolution. To address this issue, we analyzed a de novo assembled transcriptome from CGS liver tissue-where many plasma proteins are synthesized-and other tissues from this species. We then examined VIP sequences in terms of three characteristics that identify them as possible resistance proteins: evidence for positive selection, high liver expression, and nonsynonymous variation across CGS populations. Based on these characteristics, we identified five VIPs (i.e., α-2-macroglobulin, α-1-antitrypsin-like protein GS55-LT, apolipoprotein A-II, hibernation-associated plasma protein HP-20, and hibernation-associated plasma protein HP-27) as the most likely candidates for resistance proteins among VIPs identified to date. Four of these proteins have been previously implicated in conferring resistance to the venom in mammals, validating our approach. When combined with the detailed information available for rattlesnake venom proteins, these results set the stage for future work focused on understanding coevolutionary interactions at the molecular level between these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ochoa
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology and Ohio Biodiversity Conservation Partnership Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA
- Department of Biology University of Central Florida Orlando Florida USA
| | - Alyssa T. B. Hassinger
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology and Ohio Biodiversity Conservation Partnership Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA
| | | | - H. Lisle Gibbs
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology and Ohio Biodiversity Conservation Partnership Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA
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Lian Q, Zhang D, Fu K, Liu C, Cao L, Xiong K, Huang C. The molecular basis of venom resistance in the non-venomous snake Sinonatrix annularis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1195:123182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Aguiar WDS, Galizio NDC, Serino-Silva C, Sant’Anna SS, Grego KF, Tashima AK, Nishiduka ES, de Morais-Zani K, Tanaka-Azevedo AM. Comparative compositional and functional analyses of Bothrops moojeni specimens reveal several individual variations. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222206. [PMID: 31513632 PMCID: PMC6742229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venoms are complex protein mixtures with different biological activities that can act in both their preys and human victims. Many of these proteins play a role in prey capture and in the digestive process of these animals. It is known that some snakes are resistant to the toxicity of their own venom by mechanisms not yet fully elucidated. However, it was observed in the Laboratory of Herpetology of Instituto Butantan that some Bothrops moojeni individuals injured by the same snake species showed mortalities caused by envenoming effects. This study analyzed the biochemical composition of 13 venom and plasma samples from Bothrops moojeni specimens to assess differences in their protein composition. Application of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed distinct venom protein profiles, but very homogeneous plasma profiles. Western Blotting (WB) was performed with plasma samples, which were submitted to incubation with the respective venom. Some individuals showed an immunorecognized band zone around 25 kDa, indicating interaction between the same individual plasma and venom proteins. Crossed-WB assay using non-self-plasma and venom showed that this variability is due to venom protein composition instead of plasma composition. These venoms presented higher caseinolytic, collagenolytic and coagulant activities than the venoms without these regions recognized by WB. Mass spectrometry analyses performed on two individuals revealed that these individuals present, in addition to higher protein concentrations, other exclusive proteins in their composition. When these same two samples were tested in vivo, the results also showed higher lethality in these venoms, but lower hemorrhagic activity than in the venoms without these regions recognized by WB. In conclusion, some Bothrops moojeni specimens differ in venom composition, which may have implications in envenomation. Moreover, the high individual venom variability found in this species demonstrates the importance to work with individual analyses in studies involving intraspecific venom variability and venom evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weslei da Silva Aguiar
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Nathália da Costa Galizio
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Caroline Serino-Silva
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | - Karen de Morais-Zani
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Anita Mitico Tanaka-Azevedo
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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Serino-Silva C, Morais-Zani K, Hikari Toyama M, Toyama DDO, Gaeta HH, Rodrigues CFB, Aguiar WDS, Tashima AK, Grego KF, Tanaka-Azevedo AM. Purification and characterization of the first γ-phospholipase inhibitor (γPLI) from Bothrops jararaca snake serum. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193105. [PMID: 29505564 PMCID: PMC5837083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are enzymes acting on the cell membrane phospholipids resulting in fatty acids and lysophospholipids and deconstructing the cell membrane. This protein is commonly found in snake venoms, causing tissue inflammation in the affected area. Evidence indicates that snakes have natural resistance to their own venom due to protective properties in plasma, that inhibit the action of proteins present in their venom. Given that, this study aimed to purify and characterize a γPLI from Bothrops jararaca serum, named γBjPLI. PLA2 inhibitor was isolated using two chromatographic steps: an ion exchange column (DEAE), followed by an affinity column (crotoxin coupled to a CNBr-activated Sepharose resin). The purity and biochemical characterization of the isolated protein were analyzed by RP-HPLC, SEC, SDS-PAGE, circular dichroism and mass spectrometry. The ability to inhibit PLA2 was determined by enzymatic activity, neutralization of paw edema and myonecrosis. The protein purity was confirmed by RP-HPLC and SEC, whilst an apparent molecular mass of 25 kDa and 20 kDa was obtained by SDS-PAGE, under reducing and non-reducing conditions, respectively. According to mass spectrometry analysis, this protein showed 72% and 68% of coverage when aligned to amino acid sequences of two proteins already described as PLIs. Thus, the inhibitory activity of enzymatic, edema and myonecrotic activities by γBjPLI suggests a role of this inhibitor for protection of these snakes against self-envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Serino-Silva
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo - Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas - Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.,Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Karen Morais-Zani
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Marcos Hikari Toyama
- Instituto de Biociências do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Daniela de Oliveira Toyama
- Instituto de Biociências do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Henrique Hessel Gaeta
- Instituto de Biociências do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Caroline Fabri Bittencourt Rodrigues
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo - Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas - Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.,Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Wéslei da Silva Aguiar
- Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo - Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas - Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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