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Skovmand L, O'Dea RE, Greig KA, Amato KR, Hendry AP. Effects of leaf herbivory and autumn seasonality on plant secondary metabolites: A meta-analysis. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e10912. [PMID: 38357594 PMCID: PMC10864732 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are produced by plants to overcome environmental challenges, both biotic and abiotic. We were interested in characterizing how autumn seasonality in temperate and subtropical climates affects overall PSM production in comparison to herbivory. Herbivory is commonly measured between spring to summer when plants have high resource availability and prioritize growth and reproduction. However, autumn seasonality also challenges plants as they cope with limited resources and prepare survival for winter. This suggests a potential gap in our understanding of how herbivory affects PSM production in autumn compared to spring/summer. Using meta-analysis, we recorded overall production of 22 different PSM subgroups from 58 published papers to calculate effect sizes from herbivory studies (absence to presence) and temperate to subtropical seasonal studies (summer to autumn), while considering other variables (e.g., plant type, increase in time since herbivory, temperature, and precipitation). We also compared production of five phenolic PSM subgroups - hydroxybenzoic acids, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, hydrolysable tannins, and condensed tannins. We wanted to detect a shared response across all PSMs and found that herbivory increased overall PSM production in herbaceous plants. Herbivory was also found to have a positive effect on individual PSM subgroups, such as flavonol production, while autumn seasonality was found to have a positive effect on flavan-3-ol and condensed tannin production. We discuss how these responses might stem from plants producing some PSMs constitutively, whereas others are induced only after herbivory, and how plants produce metabolites with higher costs only during seasons when other resources for growth and reproduction are less available, while other phenolic PSM subgroups serve more than one function for plants and such functions can be season dependent. The outcome of our meta-analysis is that autumn seasonality changes some PSM production differently from herbivory, and we see value in further investigating seasonality-herbivory interactions with plant chemical defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lota Skovmand
- Redpath Museum & Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Rose E. O'Dea
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Ecosystem SciencesUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Keri A. Greig
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
| | | | - Andrew P. Hendry
- Redpath Museum & Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
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Xie K, Qiu J, Mamut J, Li Y, Tan D. Protection against insect predation during fruit development: the role of fleshy fruit wings of three species of Zygophyllum in the cold desert of Central Asia. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1267714. [PMID: 38034578 PMCID: PMC10682714 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1267714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Fruit wings serve various ecological functions, including facilitating wind dispersal, providing physical protection to seeds, and regulating seed germination. While many studies have reported the role of fruit wings in plants, little is known about their protective function during fruit development. Methods In this study, winged fruits damaged by insects in natural populations of three Zygophyllum species (Z. potaninii, Z. lehmannianum and Z. macropterum) were investigated. We measured and compared the percentage of damaged winged fruits, seed set, seed mass, seed germination, and seedling growth of different insect herbivory categories. Results The results revealed that the percentage of winged fruits with damaged wings only (low predation) was significantly higher than that of with damaged both fruit wings and fruit bodies (high predation). Furthermore, winged fruits with low predation had significant higher seed set, seed mass, seed germination, and dry mass and relative growth rate (RGR) in the seedlings which grown from the seeds, than that from winged fruits with high predation. Discussion These results demonstrate that the presence of the fruit wings may provide protection for the seeds to alleviate harm from insect predation before dispersal. These findings provide new insights into the function of fruit wings and the reproductive strategies of desert plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Western Arid Region Grassland Resources and Ecology, College of Grassland Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory for Ecological Adaptation and Evolution of Extreme Environment Biology, College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Juan Qiu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory for Ecological Adaptation and Evolution of Extreme Environment Biology, College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Jannathan Mamut
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Western Arid Region Grassland Resources and Ecology, College of Grassland Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory for Ecological Adaptation and Evolution of Extreme Environment Biology, College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Yuting Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory for Ecological Adaptation and Evolution of Extreme Environment Biology, College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Dunyan Tan
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory for Ecological Adaptation and Evolution of Extreme Environment Biology, College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
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Grčić A, Ilijin L, Filipović A, Matić D, Mrdaković M, Todorović D, Vlahović M, Perić-Mataruga V. Digestive enzyme activity and macromolecule content in the hemolymph of differentially adapted Lymantria dispar L. populations after short-term increases in ambient temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 236:116461. [PMID: 37343759 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Global, unpredictable temperature increases have strong effects on all organisms, especially insects. Elucidating the effects of short-term temperature increases on midgut digestive enzymes (α-glucosidase, lipase, trypsin, and leucine aminopeptidase - LAP) and metabolic macromolecules in the hemolymph (proteins, lipids, and trehalose) of phytophagous pest larvae of Lymantria dispar is important for general considerations of insect adaptation to a warming climate and potential pest control options. We also wanted to determine whether the different adaptations of L. dispar populations to environmental pollution might affect their ability to cope with heat stress using larvae from the undisturbed, Kosmaj forest and disturbed, Lipovica forest. Heat treatments at 28 °C increased α-glucosidase activity in both larval populations, inhibited LAP activity in larvae from the polluted forest, and had no significant effect on trypsin and lipase activities, regardless of larval origin. The concentration of proteins, lipids, and trehalose in the hemolymph of larvae from the disturbed forest increased, whereas the population from the undisturbed forest showed only an increase in proteins and lipids after the heat treatments. Larval mass was also increased in larvae from the undisturbed forest. Our results suggest a higher sensitivity of digestive enzymes and metabolism to short-term heat stress in L. dispar populations adapted to pollution in their forest habitat, although climate warming is not beneficial even for populations from unpolluted forests. The digestive and metabolic processes of L. dispar larvae are substantially affected by sublethal short-term increases in ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Grčić
- Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd.142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Larisa Ilijin
- Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd.142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Filipović
- Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd.142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Matić
- Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd.142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Mrdaković
- Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd.142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dajana Todorović
- Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd.142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Vlahović
- Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd.142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Perić-Mataruga
- Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd.142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
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Xirocostas ZA, Ollerton J, Tamme R, Peco B, Lesieur V, Slavich E, Junker RR, Pärtel M, Raghu S, Uesugi A, Bonser SP, Chiarenza GM, Hovenden MJ, Moles AT. The great escape: patterns of enemy release are not explained by time, space or climate. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231022. [PMID: 37583319 PMCID: PMC10427826 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
When a plant is introduced to a new ecosystem it may escape from some of its coevolved herbivores. Reduced herbivore damage, and the ability of introduced plants to allocate resources from defence to growth and reproduction can increase the success of introduced species. This mechanism is known as enemy release and is known to occur in some species and situations, but not in others. Understanding the conditions under which enemy release is most likely to occur is important, as this will help us to identify which species and habitats may be most at risk of invasion. We compared in situ measurements of herbivory on 16 plant species at 12 locations within their native European and introduced Australian ranges to quantify their level of enemy release and understand the relationship between enemy release and time, space and climate. Overall, plants experienced approximately seven times more herbivore damage in their native range than in their introduced range. We found no evidence that enemy release was related to time since introduction, introduced range size, temperature, precipitation, humidity or elevation. From here, we can explore whether traits, such as leaf defences or phylogenetic relatedness to neighbouring plants, are stronger indicators of enemy release across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe A. Xirocostas
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jeff Ollerton
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, UK
| | - Riin Tamme
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, J. Liivi 2, 50409 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Begoña Peco
- Terrestrial Ecology Group (TEG), Department of Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Global Change, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vincent Lesieur
- CSIRO European Laboratory, 830 Avenue du Campus Agropolis, 34980 Montferrier sur Lez, France
| | - Eve Slavich
- Stats Central, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Robert R. Junker
- Evolutionary Ecology of Plants, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Meelis Pärtel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, J. Liivi 2, 50409 Tartu, Estonia
| | - S. Raghu
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Akane Uesugi
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Biosciences and Food Technology Division, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Stephen P. Bonser
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Giancarlo M. Chiarenza
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Mark J. Hovenden
- Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Angela T. Moles
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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Kozlov MV, Zverev V, Sandner TM, van Nieukerken EJ, Zvereva EL. Poleward increase in feeding efficiency of leafminer Stigmella lapponica (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae) in a latitudinal gradient crossing a boreal forest zone. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:857-866. [PMID: 36269128 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Damage to plant communities imposed by insect herbivores generally decreases from low to high latitudes. This decrease is routinely attributed to declines in herbivore abundance and/or diversity, whereas latitudinal changes in per capita food consumption remain virtually unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the lifetime food consumption by a herbivore individual decreases from low to high latitudes due to a temperature-driven decrease in metabolic expenses. From 2016 to 2019, we explored latitudinal changes in multiple characteristics of linear (gallery) mines made by larvae of the pygmy moth, Stigmella lapponica, in leaves of downy birch, Betula pubescens. The mined leaves were larger than intact leaves at the southern end of our latitudinal gradient (at 60°N) but smaller than intact leaves at its northern end (at 69°N), suggesting that female oviposition preference changes with latitude. No latitudinal changes were observed in larval size, mine length or area, and in per capita food consumption, but the larval feeding efficiency (quantified as the ratio between larval size and mine size) increased with latitude. Consequently, S. lapponica larvae consumed less foliar biomass at higher latitudes than at lower latitudes to reach the same size. Based on space-for-time substitution, we suggest that climate warming will increase metabolic expenses of insect herbivores with uncertain consequences for plant-herbivore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vitali Zverev
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tobias M Sandner
- Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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6
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Insect herbivory within modern forests is greater than fossil localities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2202852119. [PMID: 36215482 PMCID: PMC9586316 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2202852119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fossilized leaves provide the longest running record of hyperdiverse plant-insect herbivore associations. Reconstructions of these relationships over deep time indicate strong links between environmental conditions, herbivore diversity, and feeding damage on leaves. However, herbivory has not been compared between the past and the modern era, which is characterized by intense anthropogenic environmental change. Here, we present estimates for damage frequencies and diversities on fossil leaves from the Late Cretaceous (66.8 Ma) through the Pleistocene (2.06 Ma) and compare these estimates with Recent (post-1955) leaves collected via paleobotanical methods from modern ecosystems: Harvard Forest, United States; the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, United States; and La Selva, Costa Rica. Total damage frequency, measured as the percentage of leaves with any herbivore damage, within modern ecosystems is greater than any fossil locality within this record. This pattern is driven by increased frequencies across nearly all functional feeding groups within the Recent. Diversities of total, specialized, and mining damage types are elevated within the Recent compared with fossil floras. Our results demonstrate that plants in the modern era are experiencing unprecedented levels of insect damage, despite widespread insect declines. Human influence, such as the rate of global climate warming, influencing insect feeding and timing of life cycle processes along with urbanization and the introduction of invasive plant and insect species may drive elevated herbivory. This research suggests that the strength of human influence on plant-insect interactions is not controlled by climate change alone but rather, the way in which humans interact with terrestrial landscape.
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Hwang BC, Giardina CP, Litton CM, Francisco KS, Pacheco C, Thomas N, Uehara T, Metcalfe DB. Impacts of insect frass and cadavers on soil surface litter decomposition along a tropical forest temperature gradient. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9322. [PMID: 36188494 PMCID: PMC9493466 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect herbivores play important roles in shaping many ecosystem processes, but how climate change will alter the effects of insect herbivory are poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we quantified for the first time how insect frass and cadavers affected leaf litter decomposition rates and nutrient release along a highly constrained 4.3°C mean annual temperature (MAT) gradient in a Hawaiian montane tropical wet forest. We constructed litterbags of standardized locally sourced leaf litter, with some amended with insect frass + cadavers to produce treatments designed to simulate ambient (Control = no amendment), moderate (Amended‐Low = 2 × Control level), or severe (Amended‐High = 11 × Control level) insect outbreak events. Multiple sets of these litterbags were deployed across the MAT gradient, with individual litterbags collected periodically over one year to assess how rising MAT altered the effects of insect deposits on litter decomposition rates and nitrogen (N) release. Increased MAT and insect inputs additively increased litter decomposition rates and N immobilization rates, with effects being stronger for Amended‐High litterbags. However, the apparent temperature sensitivity (Q10) of litter decomposition was not clearly affected by amendments. The effects of adding insect deposits in this study operated differently than the slower litter decomposition and greater N mobilization rates often observed in experiments which use chemical fertilizers (e.g., urea, ammonium nitrate). Further research is required to understand mechanistic differences between amendment types. Potential increases in outbreak‐related herbivore deposits coupled with climate warming will accelerate litter decomposition and nutrient cycling rates with short‐term consequences for nutrient cycling and carbon storage in tropical montane wet forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernice C. Hwang
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Christian P. Giardina
- Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry Hilo Hawaii USA
| | - Creighton M. Litton
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa Honolulu Hawaii USA
| | - Kainana S. Francisco
- Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry Hilo Hawaii USA
| | - Cody Pacheco
- Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry Hilo Hawaii USA
| | - Naneaikealaula Thomas
- Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry Hilo Hawaii USA
| | - Tyler Uehara
- Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry Hilo Hawaii USA
| | - Daniel B. Metcalfe
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science Lund University Lund Sweden
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå University Umeå Sweden
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8
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Réveillon T, Rota T, Chauvet É, Lecerf A, Sentis A. Energetic mismatch induced by warming decreases leaf litter decomposition by aquatic detritivores. J Anim Ecol 2022; 91:1975-1987. [PMID: 35471565 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
1. The balance of energetic losses and gains is of paramount importance for understanding and predicting the persistence of populations and ecosystem processes in a rapidly changing world. Previous studies suggested that metabolic rate often increases faster with warming than resource ingestion rate, leading to an energetic mismatch at high temperature. However, little is known about the ecological consequences of this energetic mismatch for population demography and ecosystem functions. 2. Here, we combined laboratory experiments and modeling to investigate the energetic balance of a stream detritivore (Gammarus fossarum) along a temperature gradient and the consequences for detritivore populations and organic matter decomposition. 3. We experimentally measured the energetic losses (metabolic rate) and supplies (ingestion rate) of Gammarus and we modeled the impact of rising temperatures and changes in Gammarus body size induced by warming on population dynamics and benthic organic matter dynamics in freshwater systems. 4. Our experimental results indicated an energetic mismatch in a Gammarus population where losses via metabolic rate increase faster than supplies via food ingestion with warming, which translated in a decrease of energetic efficiency with temperature rising from 5 to 20 °C. Moreover, our consumer-resource model predicts a decrease in the biomass of Gammarus population with warming, associated with lower maximum abundances and steeper abundance decreases after biomass annual peaks. These changes resulted in a decrease of leaf litter decomposition rate and thus longer persistence of leaf litter standing stock over years in the simulations. In addition, Gammarus body size reductions led to shorter persistence for both leaf litter and Gammarus biomasses at low temperature and the opposite trend at high temperature, revealing that body size reduction was weakening the effect of temperature on resource and consumer persistence. 5. Our model contributes to identifying the mechanisms that explain how thermal effects at the level of individuals may cascade through trophic interactions and influence important ecosystem processes. Considering the balance of physiological processes is crucial to improve our ability to predict the impact of climate change on carbon stocks and ecosystem functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Réveillon
- Laboratoire écologie fonctionnelle et environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INP, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Thibaut Rota
- Laboratoire écologie fonctionnelle et environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INP, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Éric Chauvet
- Laboratoire écologie fonctionnelle et environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INP, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Antoine Lecerf
- Laboratoire écologie fonctionnelle et environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INP, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Arnaud Sentis
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, UMR RECOVER, 3275 route Cézanne, FR-13182, Aix-en-Provence, France
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Changes in Biomass and Diversity of Soil Macrofauna along a Climatic Gradient in European Boreal Forests. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13010094. [PMID: 35055937 PMCID: PMC8779977 DOI: 10.3390/insects13010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary We used a 1000 km long latitudinal gradient in north-western Russia to study the potential impacts of a changing climate on soil invertebrates visible by a naked eye (insects, spiders, earthworms etc.). We extracted these animals from soil, weighed them and identified them to the species level. We found that the diversity of soil invertebrates decreased towards the north, whereas the latitudinal pattern in biomass depended on the animal’s feeding habit. The biomass of species feeding on live plant roots and fungal mycelia decreased towards the north, whereas the biomass of species feeding on dead plant tissues and live invertebrates showed no significant latitudinal changes. The discovery of this variation in latitudinal biomass patterns suggests that soil invertebrates from different feeding guilds may respond differently to climate change. As a result, the biomass ratio between consumers and their food resources (e.g., herbivores and plants, predators and prey) may change. We poorly understood how this change will affect the future structure and functions of boreal forest ecosystems. Abstract Latitudinal gradients allow insights into the factors that shape ecosystem structure and delimit ecosystem processes, particularly climate. We asked whether the biomass and diversity of soil macrofauna in boreal forests change systematically along a latitudinal gradient spanning from 60° N to 69° N. Invertebrates (3697 individuals) were extracted from 400 soil samples (20 × 20 cm, 30 cm depth) collected at ten sites in 2015–2016 and then weighed and identified. We discovered 265 species living in soil and on the soil surface; their average density was 0.486 g d·w·m−2. The species-level diversity decreased from low to high latitudes. The biomass of soil macrofauna showed no latitudinal changes in early summer but decreased towards the north in late summer. This variation among study sites was associated with the decrease in mean annual temperature by ca 5 °C and with variation in fine root biomass. The biomass of herbivores and fungivores decreased towards the north, whereas the biomass of detritivores and predators showed no significant latitudinal changes. This variation in latitudinal biomass patterns among the soil macrofauna feeding guilds suggests that these guilds may respond differently to climate change, with poorly understood consequences for ecosystem structure and functions.
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Kharouba HM, Yang LH. Disentangling the direct, indirect, and combined effects of experimental warming on a plant–insect herbivore interaction. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heather M. Kharouba
- Center for Population Biology University of California Davis California 95616 USA
- Department of Biology University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario K1N 9B4 Canada
| | - Louie H. Yang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology University of California Davis California 95616 USA
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11
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Capobianco JN, Pietrantuono AL, Aparicio AG, Fernández‐Arhex V. Host plant choice and effect of temperature on feeding behaviour of
Perzelia arda
(Lepidoptera: Depressariidae), a leaf‐tying larva, on Nothofagaceae from the Andean Patagonian forest. AUSTRAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Nahuel Capobianco
- Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche Universidad Nacional del Comahue Quintral 1250 San Carlos de Bariloche 8400 Argentina
| | - Ana Laura Pietrantuono
- IFAB – Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche (INTA– CONICET) San Carlos de Bariloche Argentina
| | - Alejandro Gabriel Aparicio
- IFAB – Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche (INTA– CONICET) San Carlos de Bariloche Argentina
| | - Valeria Fernández‐Arhex
- IFAB – Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche (INTA– CONICET) San Carlos de Bariloche Argentina
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Iltis C, Louâpre P, Vogelweith F, Thiéry D, Moreau J. How to stand the heat? Post-stress nutrition and developmental stage determine insect response to a heat wave. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 131:104214. [PMID: 33662375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organisms are increasingly confronted with intense and long-lasting heat waves. In insects, the effects of heat waves on individual performance can vary in magnitude both within (e.g. from one larval instar to another) and between life stages. However, the reasons underlying these stage-dependent effects are not fully understood. There are several lines of evidence suggesting that individual ability to withstand a heat stress depends on mechanisms based on nutrition and supporting energetically physiological stress responses. Hence, we tested the hypothesis that the efficiency of these food-based buffering mechanisms may vary between different larval instars of a phytophagous insect. Using larvae of the moth Lobesia botrana, we examined the importance of post-stress food quality in insect response to a non-lethal heat wave at two distinct larval instars. Three major conclusions were drawn from this work. First, heat waves induced an overall decline in larval performance (delayed development, depressed immunity). Second, food quality primarily mediated the insect's ability to respond to the heat stress: the reduction in performance following heat wave application was mostly restricted to individuals with access to low-quality food after the heat stress. Third, larval instars differed in their susceptibility to this combination of thermal and food stressors, but conclusions about the instar being the most vulnerable differed in a trait-specific manner. In a global warming context, this study may shed additional light on the combination of direct and indirect (through alteration of plant nutritional value) effects of rising temperatures on the ecology and the evolution of phytophagous insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Iltis
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Philippe Louâpre
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | | | - Denis Thiéry
- UMR INRAe 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33882 Villenave-d'Ornon, France.
| | - Jérôme Moreau
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France; UMR 7372 Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS & La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France.
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13
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Castro WACD, Luz RC, Peres CK. Seasonality and forest edge as drivers of Tradescantia zebrina Hort. ex Bosse invasion in the Atlantic Forest. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 82:e238403. [PMID: 33825758 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.238403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As a result of biodiversity and ecosystem service losses associated with biological invasions, there has been growing interest in basic and applied research on invasive species aiming to improve management strategies. Tradescantia zebrina is a herbaceous species increasingly reported as invasive in the understory of disturbed forest ecosystems. In this study, we assess the effect of spatial and seasonal variation on biological attributes of this species in the Atlantic Forest. To this end, we measured attributes of T. zebrina associated with plant growth and stress in the four seasons at the forest edge and in the forest interior of invaded sites in the Iguaçu National Park, Southern Brazil. The invasive plant had higher growth at the forest edge than in the forest interior and lower leaf asymmetry and herbivory in the winter than in the summer. Our findings suggest that the forest edge environment favours the growth of T. zebrina. This invasive species is highly competitive in the understory of semi-deciduous seasonal forests all over the year. Our study contributes to the management of T. zebrina by showing that the summer is the best season for controlling this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Chiba de Castro
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana - UNILA, Instituto Latino-Americano de Ciências da Vida e da Natureza, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brasil
| | - R C Luz
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana - UNILA, Instituto Latino-Americano de Ciências da Vida e da Natureza, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brasil
| | - C K Peres
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana - UNILA, Instituto Latino-Americano de Ciências da Vida e da Natureza, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brasil
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14
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Influence of Environmental Factors on the Genetic and Chemical Diversity of Brickellia veronicifolia Populations Growing in Fragmented Shrublands from Mexico. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020325. [PMID: 33567633 PMCID: PMC7915050 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Brickellia veronicifolia is a native Asteraceae from Mexico that persists in fragmented habitats. This investigation reports the genetic and chemical diversity of B. veronicifolia. The diversity analysis based on iPBS markers showed an averaged Shannon index (S) of 0.3493, a Nei genetic diversity (h) of 0.2256, and a percentage of polymorphic loci average (P) of 80.7867%. The population structure obtained by AMOVA revealed that the highest variation found within populations was 94.58%. GC-MS profiling of six populations indicated that major volatiles were β–caryophyllene (11.63%), spathulenol (12.85%), caryophyllene oxide (13.98%), α–cadinol (7.04%), cubedol (6.72%) and tau-muurolol (4.81%). Mantel tests suggested a statistically significant relationship between minor volatiles and geographical distance (r = 0.6163; p = 0.0470; p ˂ 0.05). Likewise, major volatiles showed a significant correlation with the soil pH (r = 0.6862; p = 0.0230) and maximum temperature (r = 0.4999; p = 0.0280). Our study suggests that the variation and genetic divergence of B. veronicifolia has no relationship with climatic parameters, whereas the volatiles are probably influenced by environmental factors and not by the genotype per se. Based on the characteristics of B. veronicifolia, this plant could be considered as a candidate for restoring fragmented shrublands in Mexico.
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15
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Hamann E, Blevins C, Franks SJ, Jameel MI, Anderson JT. Climate change alters plant-herbivore interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1894-1910. [PMID: 33111316 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant-herbivore interactions have evolved in response to coevolutionary dynamics, along with selection driven by abiotic conditions. We examine how abiotic factors influence trait expression in both plants and herbivores to evaluate how climate change will alter this long-standing interaction. The paleontological record documents increased herbivory during periods of global warming in the deep past. In phylogenetically corrected meta-analyses, we find that elevated temperatures, CO2 concentrations, drought stress and nutrient conditions directly and indirectly induce greater food consumption by herbivores. Additionally, elevated CO2 delays herbivore development, but increased temperatures accelerate development. For annual plants, higher temperatures, CO2 and drought stress increase foliar herbivory. Our meta-analysis also suggests that greater temperatures and drought may heighten florivory in perennials. Human actions are causing concurrent shifts in CO2 , temperature, precipitation regimes and nitrogen deposition, yet few studies evaluate interactions among these changing conditions. We call for additional multifactorial studies that simultaneously manipulate multiple climatic factors, which will enable us to generate more robust predictions of how climate change could disrupt plant-herbivore interactions. Finally, we consider how shifts in insect and plant phenology and distribution patterns could lead to ecological mismatches, and how these changes may drive future adaptation and coevolution between interacting species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hamann
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, 10458, USA
| | - Cameron Blevins
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Steven J Franks
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, 10458, USA
| | - M Inam Jameel
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jill T Anderson
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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16
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Zvereva EL, Zverev V, Kozlov MV. Predation and parasitism on herbivorous insects change in opposite directions in a latitudinal gradient crossing a boreal forest zone. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:2946-2957. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vitali Zverev
- Department of Biology University of Turku Turku Finland
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17
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Werger L, Bergmann J, Weber E, Heinze J. Wind intensity affects fine root morphological traits with consequences for plant-soil feedback effects. AOB PLANTS 2020; 12:plaa050. [PMID: 33133480 PMCID: PMC7583724 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plaa050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wind influences the development, architecture and morphology of plant roots and may modify subsequent interactions between plants and soil (plant-soil feedbacks-PSFs). However, information on wind effects on fine root morphology is scarce and the extent to which wind changes plant-soil interactions remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of two wind intensity levels by manipulating surrounding vegetation height in a grassland PSF field experiment. We grew four common plant species (two grasses and two non-leguminous forbs) with soil biota either previously conditioned by these or other species and tested the effect of wind on root:shoot ratio, fine root morphological traits as well as the outcome for PSFs. Wind intensity did not affect biomass allocation (i.e. root:shoot ratio) in any species. However, fine-root morphology of all species changed under high wind intensity. High wind intensity increased specific root length and surface area and decreased root tissue density, especially in the two grasses. Similarly, the direction of PSFs changed under high wind intensity in all four species, but differences in biomass production on the different soils between high and low wind intensity were marginal and most pronounced when comparing grasses with forbs. Because soils did not differ in plant-available nor total nutrient content, the results suggest that wind-induced changes in root morphology have the potential to influence plant-soil interactions. Linking wind-induced changes in fine-root morphology to effects on PSF improves our understanding of plant-soil interactions under changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Werger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Joana Bergmann
- Institute of Biology, Dahlem Center of Plant Science (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Ewald Weber
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Johannes Heinze
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
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18
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Walker R, Wilder SM, González AL. Temperature dependency of predation: Increased killing rates and prey mass consumption by predators with warming. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:9696-9706. [PMID: 33005340 PMCID: PMC7520176 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature dependency of consumer-resource interactions is fundamentally important for understanding and predicting the responses of food webs to climate change. Previous studies have shown temperature-driven shifts in herbivore consumption rates and resource preference, but these effects remain poorly understood for predatory arthropods. Here, we investigate how predator killing rates, prey mass consumption, and macronutrient intake respond to increased temperatures using a laboratory and a field reciprocal transplant experiment. Ectothermic predators, wolf spiders (Pardosa sp.), in the lab experiment, were exposed to increased temperatures and different prey macronutrient content (high lipid/low protein and low lipid/high protein) to assess changes in their killing rates and nutritional demands. Additionally, we investigate prey mass and lipid consumption by spiders under contrasting temperatures, along an elevation gradient. We used a field reciprocal transplant experiment between low (420 masl; 26°C) and high (2,100 masl; 15°C) elevations in the Ecuadorian Andes, using wild populations of two common orb-weaver spider species (Leucauge sp. and Cyclosa sp.) present along the elevation gradient. We found that killing rates of wolf spiders increased with warmer temperatures but were not significantly affected by prey macronutrient content, although spiders consumed significantly more lipids from lipid-rich prey. The field reciprocal transplant experiment showed no consistent predator responses to changes in temperature along the elevational gradient. Transplanting Cyclosa sp. spiders to low- or high-elevation sites did not affect their prey mass or lipid consumption rate, whereas Leucauge sp. individuals increased prey mass consumption when transplanted from the high to the low warm elevation. Our findings show that increases in temperature intensify predator killing rates, prey consumption, and lipid intake, but the responses to temperature vary between species, which may be a result of species-specific differences in their hunting behavior and sensitivity to temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Walker
- Department of BiologyRutgers UniversityCamdenNJUSA
| | - Shawn M. Wilder
- Department of Integrative BiologyOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOKUSA
| | - Angélica L. González
- Department of BiologyRutgers UniversityCamdenNJUSA
- Center for Computational and Integrative BiologyRutgers UniversityCamdenNJUSA
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19
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Paudel S, Lin PA, Hoover K, Felton GW, Rajotte EG. Asymmetric Responses to Climate Change: Temperature Differentially Alters Herbivore Salivary Elicitor and Host Plant Responses to Herbivory. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:891-905. [PMID: 32700062 PMCID: PMC7467972 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01201-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effect of temperature on insect-plant interactions in the face of changing climate is complex as the plant, its herbivores and their interactions are usually affected differentially leading to an asymmetry in response. Using experimental warming and a combination of biochemical and herbivory bioassays, the effects of elevated temperatures and herbivore damage (Helicoverpa zea) on resistance and tolerance traits of Solanum lycopersicum var. Better boy (tomato), as well as herbivory performance and salivary defense elicitors were examined. Insects and plants were differentially sensitive towards warming within the experimental temperature range. Herbivore growth rate increased with temperature, whereas plants growth as well as the ability to tolerate stress measured by photosynthesis recovery and regrowth ability were compromised at the highest temperature regime. In particular, temperature influenced the caterpillars’ capacity to induce plant defenses due to changes in the amount of a salivary defense elicitor, glucose oxidase (GOX). This was further complexed by the temperature effects on plant inducibility, which was significantly enhanced at an above-optimum temperature; this paralleled with an increased plants resistance to herbivory but significantly varied between previously damaged and undamaged leaves. Elevated temperatures produced asymmetry in species’ responses and changes in the relationship among species, indicating a more complicated response under a climate change scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulav Paudel
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Po-An Lin
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Kelli Hoover
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Gary W Felton
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Edwin G Rajotte
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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20
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Kent DR, Lynn JS, Pennings SC, Souza LA, Smith MD, Rudgers JA. Weak latitudinal gradients in insect herbivory for dominant rangeland grasses of North America. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:6385-6394. [PMID: 32724520 PMCID: PMC7381578 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Patterns of insect herbivory may follow predictable geographical gradients, with greater herbivory at low latitudes. However, biogeographic studies of insect herbivory often do not account for multiple abiotic factors (e.g., precipitation and soil nutrients) that could underlie gradients. We tested for latitudinal clines in insect herbivory as well as climatic, edaphic, and trait-based drivers of herbivory. We quantified herbivory on five dominant grass species over 23 sites across the Great Plains, USA. We examined the importance of climate, edaphic factors, and traits as correlates of herbivory. Herbivory increased at low latitudes when all grass species were analyzed together and for two grass species individually, while two other grasses trended in this direction. Higher precipitation was related to more herbivory for two species but less herbivory for a different species, while higher specific root length was related to more herbivory for one species and less herbivory for a different species. Taken together, results highlight that climate and trait-based correlates of herbivory can be highly contextual and species-specific. Patterns of insect herbivory on dominant grasses support the hypothesis that herbivory increases toward lower latitudes, though weakly, and indicates that climate change may have species-specific effects on plant-herbivore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan R. Kent
- Department of BiologyUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Joshua S. Lynn
- Department of BiologyUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNMUSA
- Present address:
Department of BiologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | | | - Lara A. Souza
- Oklahoma Biological Survey & Department of Microbiology and Plant BiologyUniversity of OklahomaNormanOKUSA
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21
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Plant palatability and trait responses to experimental warming. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10526. [PMID: 32601471 PMCID: PMC7324391 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67437-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate warming is expected to significantly affect plant-herbivore interactions. Even though direct effects of temperature on herbivores were extensively studied, indirect effects of temperature (acting via changes in host plant quality) on herbivore performance have rarely been addressed. We conducted multiple-choice feeding experiments with generalist herbivore Schistocerca gregaria feeding on six species of genus Impatiens cultivated at three different temperatures in growth chambers and a common garden. We also studied changes in leaf morphology and chemistry. We tested effects of temperature on plant palatability and assessed whether the effects could be explained by changes in the leaf traits. The leaves of most Impatiens species experienced the highest herbivory when cultivated at the warmest temperature. Traits related to leaf morphology (specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content and leaf area), but not to leaf chemistry, partly mediated the effects of temperature on plant palatability. Herbivores preferred smaller leaves with lower specific leaf area and higher leaf dry matter content. Our study suggests that elevated temperature will lead to changes in leaf traits and increase their palatability. This might further enhance the levels of herbivory under the increased herbivore pressure, which is forecasted as a consequence of climate warming.
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22
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Bhusal DR, Chandra Ghimire K, Patel P, Bista M, Upadhyay R, Kumar B. Temperature and altitude modulate feeding attributes of Mexican beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister on Parthenium hysterophorus. J Therm Biol 2020; 89:102540. [PMID: 32364984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is an effective biocontrol agent of Parthenium hysterophorus L. which is an alien invasive herbaceous weed with a pan-tropical distribution. The present study aimed to assess the effects of temperature and altitude on feeding attributes (consumption rate, conversion efficiency and growth rate) of adults from the wild populations of Z. bicolorata inhabiting India and Nepal. Results revealed that adults inhabiting areas of low temperature (24°C ‒ 25°C) and high altitude (415 m ‒1400 m) were large and had higher food consumption rates. In contrast, those inhabiting areas of high temperature (34°C ‒ 36°C) and low altitude (81 m ‒ 229 m) were smaller and had higher food utilization efficiencies. In all the eco-climatic regions, females were larger than males and had higher feeding attributes than their counterparts. Temperature between 27°C and 30°C was found optimal for Z. bicolorata adults to convert and utilize the food biomass to body mass. Above the optimal temperature the feeding attributes decreased. Present results suggest that there exists a possibility for decrease in body size, and thereby weed biocontrol efficiency of Z. bicolorata adults with an increase in temperature due to global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daya Ram Bhusal
- Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Priya Patel
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mahadev Bista
- Department of Zoology, Siddha Nath Science Campus (TU), Mahendranagar, Nepal
| | | | - Bhupendra Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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23
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Santangelo JS, Thompson KA, Cohan B, Syed J, Ness RW, Johnson MTJ. Predicting the strength of urban-rural clines in a Mendelian polymorphism along a latitudinal gradient. Evol Lett 2020; 4:212-225. [PMID: 32547782 PMCID: PMC7293085 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cities are emerging as models for addressing the fundamental question of whether populations evolve in parallel to similar environments. Here, we examine the environmental factors that drive the evolution of parallel urban‐rural clines in a Mendelian trait—the cyanogenic antiherbivore defense of white clover (Trifolium repens). Previous work suggested urban‐rural gradients in frost and snow depth could drive the evolution of reduced hydrogen cyanide (HCN) frequencies in urban populations. Here, we sampled over 700 urban and rural clover populations across 16 cities along a latitudinal transect in eastern North America. In each population, we quantified changes in the frequency of genotypes that produce HCN, and in a subset of the cities we estimated the frequency of the alleles at the two genes (CYP79D15 and Li) that epistatically interact to produce HCN. We then tested the hypothesis that cold climatic conditions are necessary for the evolution of cyanogenesis clines by comparing the strength of clines among cities located along a latitudinal gradient of winter temperature and frost exposure. Overall, half of the cities exhibited urban‐rural clines in the frequency of HCN, whereby urban populations evolved lower HCN frequencies. Clines did not evolve in cities with the lowest temperatures and greatest snowfall, supporting the hypothesis that snow buffers plants against winter frost and constrains the formation of clines. By contrast, the strongest clines occurred in the warmest cities where snow and frost are rare, suggesting that alternative selective agents are maintaining clines in warmer cities. Some clines were driven by evolution at only CYP79D15, consistent with stronger and more consistent selection on this locus than on Li. Together, our results demonstrate that urban environments often select for similar phenotypes, but different selective agents and targets underlie the evolutionary response in different cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Santangelo
- Department of Biology University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga ON L5L 1C6 Canada.,Centre for Urban Environments University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga ON L5L 1C6 Canada.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto ON M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Ken A Thompson
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre University of British Columbia Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Beata Cohan
- Department of Biology University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga ON L5L 1C6 Canada
| | - Jibran Syed
- Department of Biology University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga ON L5L 1C6 Canada
| | - Rob W Ness
- Department of Biology University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga ON L5L 1C6 Canada.,Centre for Urban Environments University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga ON L5L 1C6 Canada.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto ON M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Marc T J Johnson
- Department of Biology University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga ON L5L 1C6 Canada.,Centre for Urban Environments University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga ON L5L 1C6 Canada.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto ON M5S 3B2 Canada
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24
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Stimulation of Insect Herbivory by Elevated Temperature Outweighs Protection by the Jasmonate Pathway. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9020172. [PMID: 32024094 PMCID: PMC7076421 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rising global temperatures are associated with increases in the geographic range, population size, and feeding voracity of insect herbivores. Although it is well established that the plant hormone jasmonate (JA) promotes durable resistance to many ectothermic herbivores, little is known about how JA-mediated defense is influenced by rising temperatures. Here, we used the Arabidopsis-Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper) interaction to investigate the relative contribution of JA and elevated temperature to host resistance. Video monitoring of T. ni larval behavior showed that elevated temperature greatly enhanced defoliation by increasing the bite rate and total time spent feeding, whereas loss of resistance in a JA-deficient mutant did not strongly affect these behaviors. The acceleration of insect feeding at elevated temperature was not attributed to decreases in wound-induced JA biosynthesis, expression of JA-responsive genes, or the accumulation of defensive glucosinolates prior to insect challenge. Quantitative proteomic analysis of insect frass, however, provided evidence for a temperature-dependent increase in the production of T. ni digestive enzymes. Our results demonstrate that temperature-driven stimulation of T. ni feeding outweighs the protective effects of JA-mediated resistance in Arabidopsis, thus highlighting a potential threat to plant resilience in a warming world.
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25
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Influence of Temperature on the Interaction for Resource Utilization Between Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and a Community of Lepidopteran Maize Stemborers Larvae. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11020073. [PMID: 31973176 PMCID: PMC7073726 DOI: 10.3390/insects11020073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Intra- and interspecific interactions within communities of species that utilize the same resources are characterized by competition or facilitation. The noctuid stemborers, Busseola fusca and Sesamia calamistis, and the crambid stemborer, Chilo partellus were the most important pests of maize in sub-Saharan Africa before the recent “invasion” of fall armyworm (FAW), Spodopterafrugiperda, which currently seriously limits maize yields in Africa. This new pest is interacting with the stemborer community at the larval stage in the use of maize resources. From previous works on the influence of temperature on the larval intra- and interspecific resources utilization within the community of Lepidoptera stemborers involving B. fusca, S. calamistis, and C. partellus, there is a need to update these studies by adding the new pest, S. frugiperda, in order to understand the effect of temperature on the larval interactions of all these four species under the context of climate change. The influence of temperature on intra- and interspecific larval interactions was studied using artificial stems kept at different constant temperatures (15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C) in an incubator and assessing survival and relative growth rates of each species in single and multi-species experiments. After the inclusion of FAW into the experiments, with regard to relative growth rates, both intra- and interspecific competition was observed among all four species. With regard to survival rates, cannibalism can also explain the intra- and interspecific interactions observed among all four species. Interspecific competition was stronger between the stemborers than between the FAW and the stemborers. Similar to lepidopteran stemborers, temperature affected both survival and relative growth rates of the FAW as well. Regardless of the temperature, C. partellus was superior in interspecific interactions shown by higher relative growth and survival rates. The results suggest that the FAW will co-exist with stemborer species along entire temperature gradient, though competition and/or cannibalism with them is weak. In addition, temperature increases caused by climate change is likely to confer an advantage to C. partellus over the fall armyworm and the other noctuids.
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Shao X, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Yang X. Effects of wind speed on background herbivory of an insect herbivore. ECOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/11956860.2019.1666549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinliang Shao
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Research and Development, Zhengzhou Yaoling Technology Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuhui Liu
- Department of Research and Development, Zhengzhou Yaoling Technology Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xitian Yang
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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Rieksta J, Li T, Junker RR, Jepsen JU, Ryde I, Rinnan R. Insect Herbivory Strongly Modifies Mountain Birch Volatile Emissions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:558979. [PMID: 33193483 PMCID: PMC7652793 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.558979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Insect herbivory is known to augment emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). Yet few studies have quantified BVOC responses to insect herbivory in natural populations in pan-Arctic regions. Here, we assess how quantitative and qualitative BVOC emissions change with increasing herbivore feeding intensity in the Subarctic mountain birch (Betula pubescens var pumila (L.)) forest. We conducted three field experiments in which we manipulated the larval density of geometrid moths (Operophtera brumata and Epirrita autumnata), on branches of mountain birch and measured BVOC emissions using the branch enclosure method and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Our study showed that herbivory significantly increased BVOC emissions from the branches damaged by larvae. BVOC emissions increased due to insect herbivory at relatively low larvae densities, causing up to 10% of leaf area loss. Insect herbivory also changed the blend composition of BVOCs, with damaged plants producing less intercorrelated BVOC blends than undamaged ones. Our results provide a quantitative understanding of the relationship between the severity of insect herbivore damage and emissions of BVOCs at larvae densities corresponding to background herbivory levels in the Subarctic mountain birch. The results have important and practical implications for modeling induced and constitutive BVOC emissions and their feedbacks to atmospheric chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Rieksta
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tao Li
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Tao Li,
| | - Robert R. Junker
- Evolutionary Ecology of Plants, Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jane U. Jepsen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ingvild Ryde
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section for Plant Biochemistry, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Riikka Rinnan
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Duque L, Poelman EH, Steffan-Dewenter I. Plant-mediated effects of ozone on herbivores depend on exposure duration and temperature. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19891. [PMID: 31882632 PMCID: PMC6934497 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56234-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Abiotic stress by elevated tropospheric ozone and temperature can alter plants’ metabolism, growth, and nutritional value and modify the life cycle of their herbivores. We investigated how the duration of exposure of Sinapis arvensis plants to high ozone and temperature levels affect the life cycle of the large cabbage white, Pieris brassicae. Plants were exposed to ozone-clean (control) or ozone-enriched conditions (120 ppb) for either 1 or 5 days and were afterwards kept in a greenhouse with variable temperature conditions. When given the choice, P. brassicae butterflies laid 49% fewer eggs on ozone-exposed than on control plants when the exposure lasted for 5 days, but showed no preference when exposure lasted for 1 day. The caterpillars took longer to hatch on ozone-exposed plants and at lower ambient temperatures. The ozone treatment had a positive effect on the survival of the eggs. Ozone decreased the growth of caterpillars reared at higher temperatures on plants exposed for 5 days, but not on plants exposed for 1 day. Overall, longer exposure of the plants to ozone and higher temperatures affected the life cycle of the herbivore more strongly. With global warming, the indirect impacts of ozone on herbivores are likely to become more common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Duque
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Anderson RM, Dallar NM, Pirtel NL, Connors CJ, Mickley J, Bagchi R, Singer MS. Bottom-Up and Top-Down Effects of Forest Fragmentation Differ Between Dietary Generalist and Specialist Caterpillars. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Upshur IF, Bose EA, Hart C, Lahondère C. Temperature and Sugar Feeding Effects on the Activity of a Laboratory Strain of Aedes aegypti. INSECTS 2019; 10:E347. [PMID: 31623118 PMCID: PMC6835249 DOI: 10.3390/insects10100347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is an invasive mosquito species that is expected to expand its global distribution through climate change. As poikilotherms, mosquitoes are greatly affected by the temperature of the environment which can impact host-seeking, blood-feeding, and flight activity as well as survival and ability to transmit pathogens. However, an important aspect of mosquito biology on which the effect of temperature has not been investigated is water and sugar-feeding and how access to a sugar source might affect the insect's activity and survival under different thermal conditions. To close this knowledge gap, we relied on actometer experiments to study the activity of both female and male Ae. aegypti at 20 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C, providing either water or 10% sucrose to the insects. We then measured the total carbohydrate contents of alive mosquitoes using the anthrone protocol. Survival was assessed and compared between all groups. Results from this study will inform on the thermal biology of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes and how access to sugar affects their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irvin Forde Upshur
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Annadel Bose
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Cameron Hart
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Chloé Lahondère
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Heo CC, Teel PD, Banfield MM, Tomberlin JK. Soil arthropod community responses to carrion with delayed insect access. FOOD WEBS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2019.e00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Iltis C, Louâpre P, Pecharová K, Thiéry D, Zito S, Bois B, Moreau J. Are life-history traits equally affected by global warming? A case study combining a multi-trait approach with fine-grain climate modeling. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 117:103916. [PMID: 31344391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.103916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Predicting species responses to climate change requires tracking the variation in individual performance following exposure to warming conditions. One ecologically relevant approach consists of examining the thermal responses of a large number of traits, both related with population dynamics and trophic interactions (i.e. a multi-trait approach). Based on in situ climatic data and projections from climate models, we here designed two daily fluctuating thermal regimes realistically reflecting current and future conditions in Eastern France. These models detected an increase in mean temperature and in the range of daily thermal fluctuations as two local facets of global warming likely to occur in our study area by the end of this century. We then examined the responses of several fitness-related traits in caterpillars of the moth Lobesia botrana - including development, pupal mass, survival rates, energetic reserves, behavioral and immune traits expressed against parasitoids - to this experimental imitation of global warming. Increasing temperatures positively affected development (leading to a 31% reduction in the time needed to complete larval stage), survival rates (+19%), and movement speed as a surrogate for larval escape ability to natural enemies (+60%). Conversely, warming elicited detrimental effects on lipid reserves (-26%) and immunity (total phenoloxidase activity: -34%). These findings confirm that traits should differ in their sensitivity to global warming, underlying complex consequences for population dynamics and trophic interactions. Our study strengthens the importance of combining a multi-trait approach with the use of realistic fluctuating regimes to forecast the consequences of global warming for individuals, species and species assemblages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Iltis
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Philippe Louâpre
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Karolina Pecharová
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Denis Thiéry
- UMR INRA 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33882 Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Sébastien Zito
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Benjamin Bois
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Jérôme Moreau
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
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Abstract
Temperature has a profound impact on animal physiology. In this study, we examined the effect of ambient temperature on the energy stores of the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. By exposing adult males to 11 temperatures between 13 °C and 33 °C, we found that temperature significantly affects the amount of energy reserves. Whereas flies increase their fat stores at intermediate temperatures, exposure to temperatures below 15 °C or above 27 °C causes a reduction of fat reserves. Moreover, we found that glycogen stores followed a similar trend, although not so pronounced. To elucidate the underlying mechanism of these changes, we compared the temperature dependence of food consumption and metabolic rate. This analysis revealed that food intake and metabolic rate scale with temperature equally, suggesting that the temperature-induced changes in energy reserves are probably not caused by a mismatch between these two traits. Finally, we assessed the effect of temperature on starvation resistance. We found that starvation survival is a negative exponential function of temperature; however we did not find any clear evidence that implies the relative starvation resistance is compromised at non-optimal temperatures. Our results indicate that whilst optimal temperatures can promote accumulation of energy reserves, exposure to non-optimal temperatures reduces Drosophila energy stores.
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Herbivory can mitigate, but not counteract, the positive effects of warming on the establishment of the invasive macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata. Biol Invasions 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-018-1803-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hernán G, Ortega MJ, Gándara AM, Castejón I, Terrados J, Tomas F. Future warmer seas: increased stress and susceptibility to grazing in seedlings of a marine habitat-forming species. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:4530-4543. [PMID: 28544549 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Increases in seawater temperature are expected to have negative consequences for marine organisms. Beyond individual effects, species-specific differences in thermal tolerance are predicted to modify species interactions and increase the strength of top-down effects, particularly in plant-herbivore interactions. Shifts in trophic interactions will be especially important when affecting habitat-forming species such as seagrasses, as the consequences on their abundance will cascade throughout the food web. Seagrasses are a major component of coastal ecosystems offering important ecosystem services, but are threatened by multiple anthropogenic stressors, including warming. The mechanistic understanding of seagrass responses to warming at multiple scales of organization remains largely unexplored, especially in early-life stages such as seedlings. Yet, these early-life stages are critical for seagrass expansion processes and adaptation to climate change. In this study, we determined the effects of a 3 month experimental exposure to present and predicted mean summer SST of the Mediterranean Sea (25°C, 27°C, and 29°C) on the photophysiology, size, and ecology (i.e., plant-herbivore interactions) of seedlings of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica. Warming resulted in increased mortality, leaf necrosis, and respiration as well as lower carbohydrate reserves in the seed, the main storage organ in seedlings. Aboveground biomass and root growth were also limited with warming, which could hamper seedling establishment success. Furthermore, warming increased the susceptibility to consumption by grazers, likely due to lower leaf fiber content and thickness. Our results indicate that warming will negatively affect seagrass seedlings through multiple direct and indirect pathways: increased stress, reduced establishment potential, lower storage of carbohydrate reserves, and increased susceptibly to consumption. This work provides a significant step forward in understanding the major mechanisms that will drive the capacity of seagrass seedlings to adapt and survive to warming, highlighting the potential additive effects that herbivory will have on ultimately determining seedling success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Hernán
- Departament of Ecology and Marine Resources, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain
| | - María J Ortega
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Alberto M Gándara
- Departament of Ecology and Marine Resources, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Grigore Antipa National Museum of Natural History, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Inés Castejón
- Departament of Ecology and Marine Resources, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain
| | - Jorge Terrados
- Departament of Ecology and Marine Resources, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain
| | - Fiona Tomas
- Departament of Ecology and Marine Resources, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Stoks R, Verheyen J, Van Dievel M, Tüzün N. Daily temperature variation and extreme high temperatures drive performance and biotic interactions in a warming world. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 23:35-42. [PMID: 29129280 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We review the major patterns on the effects of daily temperature variation (DTV) and extreme high temperatures (EXT) on performance traits and the resulting outcome of biotic interactions in insects. EXT profoundly affects the outcome of all types of biotic interactions: competitive, predator-prey, herbivore-plant, host-pathogen/parasitoid and symbiotic interactions. Studies investigating effects of DTV on biotic interactions are few but also show strong effects on competitive and host-pathogen/parasitoid interactions. EXT typically reduces predation, and is expected to reduce parasitoid success. The effects of EXT and DTV on the outcome of the other interaction types are highly variable, yet can be predicted based on comparisons of the TPCs of the interacting species, and challenges the formulation of general predictions about the change in biotic interactions in a warming world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robby Stoks
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicogy, University of Leuven, Debériotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Julie Verheyen
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicogy, University of Leuven, Debériotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marie Van Dievel
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicogy, University of Leuven, Debériotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nedim Tüzün
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicogy, University of Leuven, Debériotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Rho MS, Lee KP. Temperature-driven plasticity in nutrient use and preference in an ectotherm. Oecologia 2017; 185:401-413. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3959-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lemoine NP. Predation Risk Reverses the Potential Effects of Warming on Plant-Herbivore Interactions by Altering the Relative Strengths of Trait- and Density-Mediated Interactions. Am Nat 2017; 190:337-349. [PMID: 28829642 DOI: 10.1086/692605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Climate warming will initiate numerous changes in ecological community structure and function, and such high-level impacts derive from temperature-driven changes in individual physiology. Specifically, top-down control of plant biomass is sensitive to rising temperatures, but the direction of change depends on a complex interaction between temperature, predation risk, and predator thermal preference. Here, I developed an individual-based optimal foraging model of three trophic levels (primary producers, herbivores, and predators) to examine how warming affects top-down control of primary producers via both trait- and density-mediated indirect interactions (TMII and DMII). This model also factorially crossed warm- and cold-adapted herbivores and predators to determine how local adaptation modifies the effects of warming on food web interactions. Regardless of predator thermal preference, warming increased herbivore foraging effort and by extension predation rates. As a result, TMII declined in importance at high temperatures regardless of predator thermal adaptation. Finally, predation risk reduced herbivore fitness via both indirect (i.e., reduced herbivore size) and direct (i.e., reduced herbivore survival) pathways. These results suggest that, contrary to previous predictions, warming might stimulate primary productivity by reducing herbivore population sizes, releasing plants from immediate top-down control.
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Seidl R, Thom D, Kautz M, Martin-Benito D, Peltoniemi M, Vacchiano G, Wild J, Ascoli D, Petr M, Honkaniemi J, Lexer MJ, Trotsiuk V, Mairota P, Svoboda M, Fabrika M, Nagel TA, Reyer CPO. Forest disturbances under climate change. NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE 2017; 7:395-402. [PMID: 28861124 PMCID: PMC5572641 DOI: 10.1038/nclimate3303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 554] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Forest disturbances are sensitive to climate. However, our understanding of disturbance dynamics in response to climatic changes remains incomplete, particularly regarding large-scale patterns, interaction effects and dampening feedbacks. Here we provide a global synthesis of climate change effects on important abiotic (fire, drought, wind, snow and ice) and biotic (insects and pathogens) disturbance agents. Warmer and drier conditions particularly facilitate fire, drought and insect disturbances, while warmer and wetter conditions increase disturbances from wind and pathogens. Widespread interactions between agents are likely to amplify disturbances, while indirect climate effects such as vegetation changes can dampen long-term disturbance sensitivities to climate. Future changes in disturbance are likely to be most pronounced in coniferous forests and the boreal biome. We conclude that both ecosystems and society should be prepared for an increasingly disturbed future of forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert Seidl
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Dominik Thom
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Markus Kautz
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research – Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK–IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Dario Martin-Benito
- Forest Ecology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- INIA-CIFOR, Ctra. La Coruña km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mikko Peltoniemi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Management and Production of Renewable Resources, Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giorgio Vacchiano
- DISAFA, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Jan Wild
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 21 Praha 6 – Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Davide Ascoli
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Michal Petr
- Forest Research, Forestry Commission, Northern Research Station, Roslin EH25 9SY, UK
| | - Juha Honkaniemi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Management and Production of Renewable Resources, Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Manfred J. Lexer
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Volodymyr Trotsiuk
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 21 Praha 6 – Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Paola Mairota
- Department of Agri-Environmental and Territorial Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 21 Praha 6 – Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Fabrika
- Department of Forest Management and Geodesy, Technical University in Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka 24, Zvolen 96053, Slovakia
| | - Thomas A. Nagel
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 21 Praha 6 – Suchdol, Czech Republic
- Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 83, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
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Lemoine NP, Doublet D, Salminen J, Burkepile DE, Parker JD. Responses of plant phenology, growth, defense, and reproduction to interactive effects of warming and insect herbivory. Ecology 2017; 98:1817-1828. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P. Lemoine
- Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University 3000 NE 151st Street North Miami Florida 33181 USA
| | - Dejeanne Doublet
- Department of Earth & Environmental Science Boston University 685 Commonwealth Avenue Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA
| | - Juha‐Pekka Salminen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group Department of Chemistry University of Turku Turku FI‐20500 Finland
| | - Deron E. Burkepile
- Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University 3000 NE 151st Street North Miami Florida 33181 USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
| | - John D. Parker
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center 647 Contees Wharf Road Edgewater Maryland 21037 USA
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Kooyers NJ, Blackman BK, Holeski LM. Optimal defense theory explains deviations from latitudinal herbivory defense hypothesis. Ecology 2017; 98:1036-1048. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Kooyers
- Department of Biology University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia 22904 USA
- Department of Integrative Biology University of South Florida Tampa Florida 33620 USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of California Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Benjamin K. Blackman
- Department of Biology University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia 22904 USA
- Department of Integrative Biology University of South Florida Tampa Florida 33620 USA
| | - Liza M. Holeski
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona 86011 USA
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42
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Colicchio J. Transgenerational effects alter plant defence and resistance in nature. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:664-680. [PMID: 28102915 PMCID: PMC5382043 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Trichomes, or leaf hairs, are epidermal extensions that take a variety of forms and perform many functions in plants, including herbivore defence. In this study, I document genetically determined variation, within-generation plasticity, and a direct role of trichomes in herbivore defence for Mimulus guttatus. After establishing the relationship between trichomes and herbivory, I test for transgenerational effects of wounding on trichome density and herbivore resistance. Patterns of interannual variation in herbivore density and the high cost of plant defence makes plant-herbivore interactions a system in which transgenerational phenotypic plasticity (TPP) is apt to evolve. Here, I demonstrate that parental damage alters offspring trichome density and herbivore resistance in nature. Moreover, this response varies between populations. This is among the first studies to demonstrate that TPP contributes to variation in nature, and also suggests that selection can modify TPP in response to local conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Colicchio
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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43
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Abstract
Plant-herbivore interactions shape community dynamics across marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats. From amphipods to elephants and from algae to trees, plant-herbivore relationships are the crucial link generating animal biomass (and human societies) from mere sunlight. These interactions are, thus, pivotal to understanding the ecology and evolution of virtually any ecosystem. Here, we briefly highlight recent advances in four areas of plant-herbivore interactions: (1) plant defense theory, (2) herbivore diversity and ecosystem function, (3) predation risk aversion and herbivory, and (4) how a changing climate impacts plant-herbivore interactions. Recent advances in plant defense theory, for example, highlight how plant life history and defense traits affect and are affected by multiple drivers, including enemy pressure, resource availability, and the local plant neighborhood, resulting in trait-mediated feedback loops linking trophic interactions with ecosystem nutrient dynamics. Similarly, although the positive effect of consumer diversity on ecosystem function has long been recognized, recent advances using DNA barcoding to elucidate diet, and Global Positioning System/remote sensing to determine habitat selection and impact, have shown that herbivore communities are probably even more functionally diverse than currently realized. Moreover, although most diversity-function studies continue to emphasize plant diversity, herbivore diversity may have even stronger impacts on ecosystem multifunctionality. Recent studies also highlight the role of risk in plant-herbivore interactions, and risk-driven trophic cascades have emerged as landscape-scale patterns in a variety of ecosystems. Perhaps not surprisingly, many plant-herbivore interactions are currently being altered by climate change, which affects plant growth rates and resource allocation, expression of chemical defenses, plant phenology, and herbivore metabolism and behavior. Finally, we conclude by noting that although the field is advancing rapidly, the world is changing even more rapidly, challenging our ability to manage these pivotal links in the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deron E. Burkepile
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - John D. Parker
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA
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44
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Kambach S, Kühn I, Castagneyrol B, Bruelheide H. The Impact of Tree Diversity on Different Aspects of Insect Herbivory along a Global Temperature Gradient - A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165815. [PMID: 27835651 PMCID: PMC5105991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Forests with higher tree diversity are often assumed to be more resistant to insect herbivores but whether this effect depends on climatic conditions is so far poorly understood. In particular, a forest’s resistance to herbivory may depend on mean annual temperature (MAT) as a key driver of plant and insect phenology. We carried out a global meta-analysis on regression coefficients between tree diversity and four aspects of insect herbivory, namely herbivore damage, abundance, incidence rate and species richness. To test for a potential shift of tree diversity effects along a global gradient of MAT we applied mixed-effects models and estimated grand mean effect sizes and the influence of MAT, experimental vs. observational studies and herbivores diet breadth. There was no overall effect of tree diversity on the pooled effect sizes of insect herbivore damage, abundance and incidence rate. However, when analysed separately, we found positive grand mean effect sizes for herbivore abundance and species richness. For herbivore damage and incidence rate we found a significant but opposing shift along a gradient of MAT indicating that with increasing MAT diversity effects on herbivore damage tend towards associational resistance whereas diversity effects on incidence rates tend towards associational susceptibility. Our results contradict previous meta-analyses reporting overall associational resistance to insect herbivores in mixed forests. Instead, we report that tree diversity effects on insect herbivores can follow a biogeographic pattern calling for further in-depth studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Kambach
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Ingolf Kühn
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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45
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Bowden JJ, Eskildsen A, Hansen RR, Olsen K, Kurle CM, Høye TT. High-Arctic butterflies become smaller with rising temperatures. Biol Lett 2016; 11:rsbl.2015.0574. [PMID: 26445981 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The response of body size to increasing temperature constitutes a universal response to climate change that could strongly affect terrestrial ectotherms, but the magnitude and direction of such responses remain unknown in most species. The metabolic cost of increased temperature could reduce body size but long growing seasons could also increase body size as was recently shown in an Arctic spider species. Here, we present the longest known time series on body size variation in two High-Arctic butterfly species: Boloria chariclea and Colias hecla. We measured wing length of nearly 4500 individuals collected annually between 1996 and 2013 from Zackenberg, Greenland and found that wing length significantly decreased at a similar rate in both species in response to warmer summers. Body size is strongly related to dispersal capacity and fecundity and our results suggest that these Arctic species could face severe challenges in response to ongoing rapid climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Bowden
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Eskildsen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark Department of Bioscience, Kalø, Aarhus University, 8410 Rønde, Denmark
| | - Rikke R Hansen
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark Department of Bioscience, Kalø, Aarhus University, 8410 Rønde, Denmark
| | - Kent Olsen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark Natural History Museum Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Carolyn M Kurle
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Toke T Høye
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark Department of Bioscience, Kalø, Aarhus University, 8410 Rønde, Denmark
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46
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Rosenblatt AE, Schmitz OJ. Climate Change, Nutrition, and Bottom-Up and Top-Down Food Web Processes. Trends Ecol Evol 2016; 31:965-975. [PMID: 27726943 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Climate change ecology has focused on climate effects on trophic interactions through the lenses of temperature effects on organismal physiology and phenological asynchronies. Trophic interactions are also affected by the nutrient content of resources, but this topic has received less attention. Using concepts from nutritional ecology, we propose a conceptual framework for understanding how climate affects food webs through top-down and bottom-up processes impacted by co-occurring environmental drivers. The framework integrates climate effects on consumer physiology and feeding behavior with effects on resource nutrient content. It illustrates how studying responses of simplified food webs to simplified climate change might produce erroneous predictions. We encourage greater integrative complexity of climate change research on trophic interactions to resolve patterns and enhance predictive capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam E Rosenblatt
- Yale University, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, 370 Prospect St., New Haven, CT 06511 USA.
| | - Oswald J Schmitz
- Yale University, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, 370 Prospect St., New Haven, CT 06511 USA
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47
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Van De Velde H, Nijs I, Bonte D. Warming affects different components of plant-herbivore interaction in a simplified community but not net interaction strength. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Van De Velde
- Research group Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Dept of Biology; Univ. of Antwerp; Universiteitsplein 1 BE-2610 Wilrijk Belgium
- Dept of Biology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Ivan Nijs
- Research group Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Dept of Biology; Univ. of Antwerp; Universiteitsplein 1 BE-2610 Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Dries Bonte
- Dept of Biology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
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48
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Kulasek M, Bernacki MJ, Ciszak K, Witoń D, Karpiński S. Contribution of PsbS Function and Stomatal Conductance to Foliar Temperature in Higher Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1495-1509. [PMID: 27273581 PMCID: PMC4937786 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Natural capacity has evolved in higher plants to absorb and harness excessive light energy. In basic models, the majority of absorbed photon energy is radiated back as fluorescence and heat. For years the proton sensor protein PsbS was considered to play a critical role in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of light absorbed by PSII antennae and in its dissipation as heat. However, the significance of PsbS in regulating heat emission from a whole leaf has never been verified before by direct measurement of foliar temperature under changing light intensity. To test its validity, we here investigated the foliar temperature changes on increasing and decreasing light intensity conditions (foliar temperature dynamics) using a high resolution thermal camera and a powerful adjustable light-emitting diode (LED) light source. First, we showed that light-dependent foliar temperature dynamics is correlated with Chl content in leaves of various plant species. Secondly, we compared the foliar temperature dynamics in Arabidopsis thaliana wild type, the PsbS null mutant npq4-1 and a PsbS-overexpressing transgenic line under different transpiration conditions with or without a photosynthesis inhibitor. We found no direct correlations between the NPQ level and the foliar temperature dynamics. Rather, differences in foliar temperature dynamics are primarily affected by stomatal aperture, and rapid foliar temperature increase during irradiation depends on the water status of the leaf. We conclude that PsbS is not directly involved in regulation of foliar temperature dynamics during excessive light energy episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Kulasek
- Department of Plant Genetics; Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture; Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
- Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska Street 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Maciej Jerzy Bernacki
- Department of Plant Genetics; Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture; Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Kamil Ciszak
- Department of Plant Genetics; Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture; Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
- These authors contributed equally to this work
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Damian Witoń
- Department of Plant Genetics; Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture; Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Stanisław Karpiński
- Department of Plant Genetics; Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture; Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
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49
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Kozlov MV, Zvereva EL. Changes in the background losses of woody plant foliage to insects during the past 60 years: are the predictions fulfilled? Biol Lett 2016; 11:rsbl.2015.0480. [PMID: 26179805 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The existing scenarios generally predict that herbivory will increase with climate warming. An analysis of the published data on the background foliar losses of woody plants to insects in natural ecosystems across the globe from 1952 to 2013 provided no support for this hypothesis. We detected no temporal trend in herbivory within the temperate climate zone and a significant decrease in herbivory in the tropics. From 1964 to 1990, herbivory in the tropics was 39% higher than in the temperate region, but these differences disappeared by the beginning of the 2000s. Thus, environmental changes have already disturbed one of the global ecological patterns--the decrease in herbivory with latitude--by affecting ecosystem processes differently in tropical and temperate climate zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Kozlov
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland
| | - Elena L Zvereva
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland
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50
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Abstract
Temperature imposes a constraint on the rates and outcomes of ecological processes that determine community- and ecosystem-level patterns. The application of metabolic scaling theory has advanced our understanding of the influence of temperature on pattern and process in marine communities. Metabolic scaling theory uses the fundamental and ubiquitous patterns of temperature-dependent metabolism to predict how environmental temperature influences patterns and processes at higher levels of biological organization. Here, we outline some of these predictions to review recent advances and illustrate how scaling theory might be applied to new challenges. For example, warming can alter species interactions and food-web structure and can also reduce total animal biomass supportable by a given amount of primary production by increasing animal metabolism and energetic demand. Additionally, within a species, larval development is faster in warmer water, potentially influencing dispersal and other demographic processes like population connectivity and gene flow. These predictions can be extended further to address major questions in marine ecology, and present an opportunity for conceptual unification of marine ecological research across levels of biological organization. Drawing on work by ecologists and oceanographers over the last century, a metabolic scaling approach represents a promising way forward for applying ecological understanding to basic questions as well as conservation challenges.
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