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Barzyk P, Zimmermann P, Stein M, Keim D, Gruber M. AI-smartphone markerless motion capturing of hip, knee, and ankle joint kinematics during countermovement jumps. Eur J Sport Sci 2024; 24:1452-1462. [PMID: 39205332 PMCID: PMC11451555 DOI: 10.1002/ejsc.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Recently, AI-driven skeleton reconstruction tools that use multistage computer vision pipelines were designed to estimate 3D kinematics from 2D video sequences. In the present study, we validated a novel markerless, smartphone video-based artificial intelligence (AI) motion capture system for hip, knee, and ankle angles during countermovement jumps (CMJs). Eleven participants performed six CMJs. We used 2D videos created by a smartphone (Apple iPhone X, 4K, 60 fps) to create 24 different keypoints, which together built a full skeleton including joints and their connections. Body parts and skeletal keypoints were localized by calculating confidence maps using a multilevel convolutional neural network that integrated both spatial and temporal features. We calculated hip, knee, and ankle angles in the sagittal plane and compared it with the angles measured by a VICON system. We calculated the correlation between both method's angular progressions, mean squared error (MSE), mean average error (MAE), and the maximum and minimum angular error and run statistical parametric mapping (SPM) analysis. Pearson correlation coefficients (r) for hip, knee, and ankle angular progressions in the sagittal plane during the entire movement were 0.96, 0.99, and 0.87, respectively. SPM group-analysis revealed some significant differences only for ankle angular progression. MSE was below 5.7°, MAE was below 4.5°, and error for maximum amplitudes was below 3.2°. The smartphone AI motion capture system with the trained multistage computer vision pipeline was able to detect, especially hip and knee angles in the sagittal plane during CMJs with high precision from a frontal view only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Barzyk
- Department of Sport ScienceHuman Performance Research CentreUniversity of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
| | | | | | - Daniel Keim
- Department of Computer and Information ScienceUniversity of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
| | - Markus Gruber
- Department of Sport ScienceHuman Performance Research CentreUniversity of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
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2
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Einfeldt AK, Budde L, Ortigas-Vásquez A, Sauer A, Utz M, Jakubowitz E. A new method called MiKneeSoTA to minimize knee soft-tissue artifacts in kinematic analysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20666. [PMID: 39237576 PMCID: PMC11377703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-71409-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of marker-based optical motion capture to estimate joint kinematics during gait is currently limited by errors associated with soft-tissue-induced motion artefacts (STIMA) and ambiguity in landmark palpation. This study therefore presents a novel protocol aiming to Minimize Knee Soft-Tissue Artefacts (MiKneeSoTA) and their effect on kinematic estimates. Relying on an augmented marker set and a new inverse kinematics approach, our method leverages frame-by-frame optimization to adjust best-fit cylinders that have been automatically generated based on the relative position of lower limb markers during an initial static trial. Tibiofemoral rotations and translations are then calculated along the anatomical joint axes based on the relative 3D motion of these cylinders. When compared against the conventional Helen-Hayes approach, in vivo assessment of fifteen healthy subjects revealed the MiKneeSoTA approach led to kinematic profiles with significantly lower standard deviations in joint rotations across trials, and even visibly reduced the presence of high frequency fluctuations presumably associated with e.g. soft-tissue vibration. In addition to agreeing with previously published bone pin and fluoroscopy datasets, our results illustrate MiKneeSoTA's ability to abate the effect of STIMA induced by lateral knee ligaments. Our findings indicate that MiKneeSoTA is in fact a promising approach to mitigate knee joint STIMA and thus enable the previously unattainable accurate estimation of translational knee joint motion with an optoelectronic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Einfeldt
- Laboratory for Biomechanics and Biomaterials, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Anna-von-Borries-Str. 1-7, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Leon Budde
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Mechatronic Systems, An der Universität 1, 30823, Garbsen, Germany
| | - Ariana Ortigas-Vásquez
- Research and Development, Aesculap AG, Am Aesculap-Platz, 78532, Tuttlingen, Germany
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Sauer
- Research and Development, Aesculap AG, Am Aesculap-Platz, 78532, Tuttlingen, Germany
| | - Michael Utz
- Research and Development, Aesculap AG, Am Aesculap-Platz, 78532, Tuttlingen, Germany
| | - Eike Jakubowitz
- Laboratory for Biomechanics and Biomaterials, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Anna-von-Borries-Str. 1-7, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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Firouzi V, Mohseni O, Seyfarth A, von Stryk O, Sharbafi MA. Exploring the control of whole-body angular momentum in young and elderly based on the virtual pivot point concept. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:240273. [PMID: 39323551 PMCID: PMC11421906 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
While walking, ground reaction forces point from the centre of pressure to the neighbourhood of a focal point, namely the virtual pivot point (VPP), that adjusts angular momentum around the centre of mass (CoM). This study explores how age and speed affect the VPP quality and position during walking. Analysing an experimental dataset reveals high quality of the VPP in the sagittal plane for both young and elderly groups, regardless of speed. However, in the frontal plane, the VPP quality decreases with increasing speed, with elderly participants exhibiting significantly lower quality. Although not a direct measure of balance, VPP quality reflects changes in whole-body angular momentum owing to ageing and speed. Additionally, a template model is used to reproduce the VPP quality and position trends observed in the experiment. Simulation results highlight the sensitivity of VPP quality to leg force feedback and show that changing VPP height has minimal effect on gait speed. Furthermore, energy redistribution occurs through increased hip extension and leg damping, associated with a greater horizontal VPP distance from the CoM, observed in elderly walking. This study shows promise for analysing gait based on VPP, potentially aiding clinical interventions and supporting locomotion in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Firouzi
- Lauflabor Locomotion Laboratory, Institute of Sport Science, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Simulation, Systems Optimization and Robotics Group, Department of Computer Science, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Omid Mohseni
- Lauflabor Locomotion Laboratory, Institute of Sport Science, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Measurement and Sensor Technology Group, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Andre Seyfarth
- Lauflabor Locomotion Laboratory, Institute of Sport Science, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Oskar von Stryk
- Simulation, Systems Optimization and Robotics Group, Department of Computer Science, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Maziar A Sharbafi
- Lauflabor Locomotion Laboratory, Institute of Sport Science, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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Inai T, Kobayashi Y, Sudo M, Yamashiro Y, Ueda T. Errors in Estimating Lower-Limb Joint Angles and Moments during Walking Based on Pelvic Accelerations: Influence of Virtual Inertial Measurement Unit's Frontal Plane Misalignment. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:5096. [PMID: 39204793 PMCID: PMC11359074 DOI: 10.3390/s24165096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The accurate estimation of lower-limb joint angles and moments is crucial for assessing the progression of orthopedic diseases, with continuous monitoring during daily walking being essential. An inertial measurement unit (IMU) attached to the lower back has been used for this purpose, but the effect of IMU misalignment in the frontal plane on estimation accuracy remains unclear. This study investigated the impact of virtual IMU misalignment in the frontal plane on estimation errors of lower-limb joint angles and moments during walking. Motion capture data were recorded from 278 healthy adults walking at a comfortable speed. An estimation model was developed using principal component analysis and linear regression, with pelvic accelerations as independent variables and lower-limb joint angles and moments as dependent variables. Virtual IMU misalignments of -20°, -10°, 0°, 10°, and 20° in the frontal plane (five conditions) were simulated. The joint angles and moments were estimated and compared across these conditions. The results indicated that increasing virtual IMU misalignment in the frontal plane led to greater errors in the estimation of pelvis and hip angles, particularly in the frontal plane. For misalignments of ±20°, the errors in pelvis and hip angles were significantly amplified compared to well-aligned conditions. These findings underscore the importance of accounting for IMU misalignment when estimating these variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Inai
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu 761-0395, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kobayashi
- Human Augmentation Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 6-2-3 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-0882, Chiba, Japan;
| | - Motoki Sudo
- Tokyo Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3 Bunka, Sumida-ku 131-8501, Tokyo, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.Y.); (T.U.)
| | - Yukari Yamashiro
- Tokyo Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3 Bunka, Sumida-ku 131-8501, Tokyo, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.Y.); (T.U.)
| | - Tomoya Ueda
- Tokyo Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3 Bunka, Sumida-ku 131-8501, Tokyo, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.Y.); (T.U.)
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Bermejo-García J, Romero-Sánchez F, Agujetas R, Sánchez FJA. Exoskeletons vs. exosuits: A comparative analysis using biological-based computer simulation. Comput Biol Med 2024; 178:108752. [PMID: 38889630 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interest in the design of gait assistance devices has experienced significant growth in recent years. Among various uses of assistive devices, those aimed at supporting the elderly have gained importance due to the rising population of this age group. METHODS This study aims to compare the efficacy of two types of assistive devices through musculoskeletal simulations. One case is an ideal device, simulating the motor actuation as it would be in a rigid exoskeleton, and, cable-assisted devices, simulating the assistance of an exosuit. The simulations were based on data obtained from 9 subjects. OpenSim, an open-source software, was employed to conduct the simulations. RESULTS Our findings indicate that the cable-assisted device outperforms the traditional exoskeleton by achieving a more significant reduction in the metabolic cost with relatively lower assistance power. CONCLUSION Cable-assisted gait assistance devices have shown comparable results to traditional exoskeletons, with the added advantage of improved performance through reduced power requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Bermejo-García
- Universidad de Extremadura, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Energy and Materials, Av. de Elvas s/n, Badajoz, 06006, Spain.
| | - Francisco Romero-Sánchez
- Universidad de Extremadura, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Energy and Materials, Av. de Elvas s/n, Badajoz, 06006, Spain
| | - Rafael Agujetas
- Universidad de Extremadura, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Energy and Materials, Av. de Elvas s/n, Badajoz, 06006, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Alonso Sánchez
- Universidad de Extremadura, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Energy and Materials, Av. de Elvas s/n, Badajoz, 06006, Spain
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Baček T, Sun M, Liu H, Chen Z, Manzie C, Burdet E, Kulić D, Oetomo D, Tan Y. A biomechanics and energetics dataset of neurotypical adults walking with and without kinematic constraints. Sci Data 2024; 11:646. [PMID: 38890343 PMCID: PMC11189391 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have explored the biomechanics and energetics of human walking, offering valuable insights into how we walk. However, prior studies focused on changing external factors (e.g., walking speed) and examined group averages and trends rather than individual adaptations in the presence of internal constraints (e.g., injury-related muscle weakness). To address this gap, this paper presents an open dataset of human walking biomechanics and energetics collected from 21 neurotypical young adults. To investigate the effects of internal constraints (reduced joint range of motion), the participants are both the control group (free walking) and the intervention group (constrained walking - left knee fully extended using a passive orthosis). Each subject walked on a dual-belt treadmill at three speeds (0.4, 0.8, and 1.1 m/s) and five step frequencies ( - 10% to 20% of their preferred frequency) for a total of 30 test conditions. The dataset includes raw and segmented data featuring ground reaction forces, joint motion, muscle activity, and metabolic data. Additionally, a sample code is provided for basic data manipulation and visualisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Baček
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3010, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Mingrui Sun
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hengchang Liu
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zhongxiang Chen
- Monash University, Faculty of Engineering, 3800, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chris Manzie
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Etienne Burdet
- Imperial College London, Department of Bioengineering, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dana Kulić
- Monash University, Faculty of Engineering, 3800, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Denny Oetomo
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ying Tan
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3010, Melbourne, Australia
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Romero-Sorozábal P, Delgado-Oleas G, Laudanski AF, Gutiérrez Á, Rocon E. Novel Methods for Personalized Gait Assistance: Three-Dimensional Trajectory Prediction Based on Regression and LSTM Models. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:352. [PMID: 38921232 PMCID: PMC11202090 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9060352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Enhancing human-robot interaction has been a primary focus in robotic gait assistance, with a thorough understanding of human motion being crucial for personalizing gait assistance. Traditional gait trajectory references from Clinical Gait Analysis (CGA) face limitations due to their inability to account for individual variability. Recent advancements in gait pattern generators, integrating regression models and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) techniques, have aimed at providing more personalized and dynamically adaptable solutions. This article introduces a novel approach that expands regression and ANN applications beyond mere angular estimations to include three-dimensional spatial predictions. Unlike previous methods, our approach provides comprehensive spatial trajectories for hip, knee and ankle tailored to individual kinematics, significantly enhancing end-effector rehabilitation robotic devices. Our models achieve state-of-the-art accuracy: overall RMSE of 13.40 mm and a correlation coefficient of 0.92 for the regression model, and RMSE of 12.57 mm and a correlation of 0.99 for the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model. These advancements underscore the potential of these models to offer more personalized gait trajectory assistance, improving human-robot interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Romero-Sorozábal
- BioRobotics, Centro de Automática y Robótica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas–Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (CSIC-UPM), 28500 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.-S.); (G.D.-O.); (E.R.)
| | - Gabriel Delgado-Oleas
- BioRobotics, Centro de Automática y Robótica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas–Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (CSIC-UPM), 28500 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.-S.); (G.D.-O.); (E.R.)
- Ingeniería Electrónica, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca 010107, Ecuador
| | - Annemarie F. Laudanski
- Faculties of Engineering and Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
| | - Álvaro Gutiérrez
- ETSI Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Rocon
- BioRobotics, Centro de Automática y Robótica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas–Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (CSIC-UPM), 28500 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.-S.); (G.D.-O.); (E.R.)
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8
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de Freitas PB, Freitas SMSF, Dias MS. Synergic control of the minimum toe clearance in young and older adults during foot swing on treadmill walking in different speeds. Gait Posture 2024; 111:150-155. [PMID: 38703443 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2024.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vertical toe position at minimum toe clearance (MTC) in the swing phase is critical for walking safety. Consequently, the joints involved should be strictly controlled and coordinated to stabilize the foot at MTC. The uncontrolled manifold (UCM) hypothesis framework has been used to determine the existence of synergies that stabilize relevant performance variables during walking. However, no study investigated the presence of a multi-joint synergy stabilizing the foot position at MTC and the effects of age and walking speed on this synergy. RESEARCH QUESTIONS Is there a multi-joint synergy stabilizing MTC during treadmill walking? Does it depend on the persons' age and walking speed? METHODS Kinematic data from 23 young and 15 older adults were analyzed using the UCM approach. The participants walked on a treadmill at three speeds: slow, self-selected, and fast. The sagittal and frontal joint angles from the swing and stance legs and pelvis obliquity were used as motor elements and the vertical toe position at MTC was the performance variable. The variances in the joint space that affected (VORT, 'bad' variance) and did not affect (VUCM, 'good' variance) the toe position at MTC and the synergy index (ΔV) were computed. RESULTS The ΔV>0 was revealed for all subjects. Walking speed did not affect ΔV in older adults, whereas ΔV reduced with speed in young adults. ΔV was higher for older than for young adults at self-selected and fast speeds, owing to a lower VORT in the older group. SIGNIFICANCE The vertical toe position at MTC was stabilized by a strong multi-joint synergy. In older adults, this synergy was stronger, as they were better at limiting VORT than young adults. Reduced VORT in older adults could be caused by more constrained walking, which may be associated with anxiety due to walking on a treadmill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo B de Freitas
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Rua Galvão Bueno, 868, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP 01506-000, Brazil.
| | - Sandra M S F Freitas
- Graduate Program in Physical Therapy. Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Rua Cesário Galeno, 475, Tatuapé, São Paulo, SP 03071-000, Brazil.
| | - Mateus S Dias
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Rua Galvão Bueno, 868, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP 01506-000, Brazil.
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Brambilla C, Beltrame G, Marino G, Lanzani V, Gatti R, Portinaro N, Molinari Tosatti L, Scano A. Biomechanical Analysis of Human Gait When Changing Velocity and Carried Loads: Simulation Study with OpenSim. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:321. [PMID: 38785803 PMCID: PMC11118041 DOI: 10.3390/biology13050321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Walking is one of the main activities of daily life and gait analysis can provide crucial data for the computation of biomechanics in many fields. In multiple applications, having reference data that include a variety of gait conditions could be useful for assessing walking performance. However, limited extensive reference data are available as many conditions cannot be easily tested experimentally. For this reason, a musculoskeletal model in OpenSim coupled with gait data (at seven different velocities) was used to simulate seven carried loads and all the combinations between the two parameters. The effects on lower limb biomechanics were measured with torque, power, and mechanical work. The results demonstrated that biomechanics was influenced by both speed and load. Our results expand the previous literature: in the majority of previous work, only a subset of the presented conditions was investigated. Moreover, our simulation approach provides comprehensive data that could be useful for applications in many areas, such as rehabilitation, orthopedics, medical care, and sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Brambilla
- Institute of Intelligent Industrial Systems and Technologies for Advanced Manufacturing (STIIMA), Italian Council of National Research (CNR), 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.B.); (V.L.); (L.M.T.)
| | - Giulia Beltrame
- Residency Program in Orthopedics and Traumatology, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.B.); (N.P.)
| | - Giorgia Marino
- Physiotherapy Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20098 Milan, Italy; (G.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Valentina Lanzani
- Institute of Intelligent Industrial Systems and Technologies for Advanced Manufacturing (STIIMA), Italian Council of National Research (CNR), 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.B.); (V.L.); (L.M.T.)
| | - Roberto Gatti
- Physiotherapy Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20098 Milan, Italy; (G.M.); (R.G.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Portinaro
- Residency Program in Orthopedics and Traumatology, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.B.); (N.P.)
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Molinari Tosatti
- Institute of Intelligent Industrial Systems and Technologies for Advanced Manufacturing (STIIMA), Italian Council of National Research (CNR), 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.B.); (V.L.); (L.M.T.)
| | - Alessandro Scano
- Institute of Intelligent Industrial Systems and Technologies for Advanced Manufacturing (STIIMA), Italian Council of National Research (CNR), 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.B.); (V.L.); (L.M.T.)
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10
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Lorenz DL, van den Bogert AJ. A comprehensive dataset on biomechanics and motor control during human walking with discrete mechanical perturbations. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17256. [PMID: 38699182 PMCID: PMC11064863 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Humans have a remarkable capability to maintain balance while walking. There is, however, a lack of publicly available research data on reactive responses to destabilizing perturbations during gait. Methods Here, we share a comprehensive dataset collected from 10 participants who experienced random perturbations while walking on an instrumented treadmill. Each participant performed six 5-min walking trials at a rate of 1.2 m/s, during which rapid belt speed perturbations could occur during the participant's stance phase. Each gait cycle had a 17% probability of being perturbed. The perturbations consisted of an increase of belt speed by 0.75 m/s, delivered with equal probability at 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, or 80% of the stance phase. Data were recorded using motion capture with 25 markers, eight inertial measurement units (IMUs), and electromyography (EMG) from the tibialis anterior (TA), soleus (SOL), lateral gastrocnemius (LG), rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), biceps femoris (BF), and gluteus maximus (GM). The full protocol is described in detail. Results We provide marker trajectories, force plate data, EMG data, and belt speed information for all trials and participants. IMU data is provided for most participants. This data can be useful for identifying neural feedback control in human gait, biologically inspired control systems for robots, and the development of clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana L. Lorenz
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
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11
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Pataky TC, Rao G. Trial- vs. cycle-level detrending in the analysis of cyclical biomechanical data. J Biomech 2024; 167:112064. [PMID: 38582005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Biomechanical time series may contain low-frequency trends due to factors like electromechanical drift, attentional drift and fatigue. Existing detrending procedures are predominantly conducted at the trial level, removing trends that exist over finite, adjacent time windows, but this fails to consider what we term 'cycle-level trends': trends that occur in cyclical movements like gait and that vary across the movement cycle, for example: positive and negative drifts in early and late gait phases, respectively. The purposes of this study were to describe cycle-level detrending and to investigate the frequencies with which cycle-level trends (i) exist, and (ii) statistically affect results. Anterioposterior ground reaction forces (GRF) from the 41-subject, 8-speed, open treadmill walking dataset of Fukuchi (2018) were analyzed. Of a total of 552 analyzed trials, significant cycle-level trends were found approximately three times more frequently (21.1%) than significant trial-level trends (7.4%). In statistical comparisons of adjacent walking speeds (i.e., speed 1 vs. 2, 2 vs. 3, etc.) just 3.3% of trials exhibited cycle-level trends that changed the null hypothesis rejection decision. However 17.6% of trials exhibited cycle-level trends that qualitatively changed the stance phase regions identified as significant. Although these results are preliminary and derived from just one dataset, results suggest that cycle-level trends can contribute to analysis bias, and therefore that cycle-level trends should be considered and/or removed where possible. Software implementing the proposed cycle-level detrending is available at https://github.com/0todd0000/detrend1d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd C Pataky
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan.
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12
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Mohammadi Moghadam S, Ortega Auriol P, Yeung T, Choisne J. 3D gait analysis in children using wearable sensors: feasibility of predicting joint kinematics and kinetics with personalized machine learning models and inertial measurement units. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1372669. [PMID: 38572359 PMCID: PMC10987962 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1372669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Children's walking patterns evolve with age, exhibiting less repetitiveness at a young age and more variability than adults. Three-dimensional gait analysis (3DGA) is crucial for understanding and treating lower limb movement disorders in children, traditionally performed using Optical Motion Capture (OMC). Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) offer a cost-effective alternative to OMC, although challenges like drift errors persist. Machine learning (ML) models can mitigate these issues in adults, prompting an investigation into their applicability to a heterogeneous pediatric population. This study aimed at 1) quantifying personalized and generalized ML models' performance for predicting gait time series in typically developed (TD) children using IMUs data, 2) Comparing random forest (RF) and convolutional neural networks (CNN) models' performance, 3) Finding the optimal number of IMUs required for accurate predictions. Methodology: Seventeen TD children, aged 6 to 15, participated in data collection involving OMC, force plates, and IMU sensors. Joint kinematics and kinetics (targets) were computed from OMC and force plates' data using OpenSim. Tsfresh, a Python package, extracted features from raw IMU data. Each target's ten most important features were input in the development of personalized and generalized RF and CNN models. This procedure was initially conducted with 7 IMUs placed on all lower limb segments and then performed using only two IMUs on the feet. Results: Findings suggested that the RF and CNN models demonstrated comparable performance. RF predicted joint kinematics with a 9.5% and 19.9% NRMSE for personalized and generalized models, respectively, and joint kinetics with an NRMSE of 10.7% for personalized and 15.2% for generalized models in TD children. Personalized models provided accurate estimations from IMU data in children, while generalized models lacked accuracy due to the limited dataset. Furthermore, reducing the number of IMUs from 7 to 2 did not affect the results, and the performance remained consistent. Discussion: This study proposed a promising personalized approach for gait time series prediction in children, involving an RF model and two IMUs on the feet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Julie Choisne
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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13
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Prasad R, El-Rich M, Awad MI, Agrawal SK, Khalaf K. Muscle-inspired bi-planar cable routing: a novel framework for designing cable driven lower limb rehabilitation exoskeletons (C-LREX). Sci Rep 2024; 14:5158. [PMID: 38431744 PMCID: PMC10908813 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55785-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the research and development of Cable Driven Rehabilitation Devices (CDRDs) due to multiple inherent features attractive to clinical applications, including low inertia, lightweight, high payload-to-weight ratio, large workspace, and modular design. However, previous CDRDs have mainly focused on modifying motor impairment in the sagittal plane, despite the fact that neurological disorders, such as stroke, often involve postural control and gait impairment in multiple planes. To address this gap, this work introduces a novel framework for designing a cable-driven lower limb rehabilitation exoskeleton which can assist with bi-planar impaired posture and gait. The framework used a lower limb model to analyze different cable routings inspired by human muscle architecture and attachment schemes to identify optimal routing and associated parameters. The selected cable routings were safeguarded for non-interference with the human body while generating bi-directional joint moments. The subsequent optimal cable routing model was then implemented in simulations of tracking reference healthy trajectory with bi-planar impaired gait (both in the sagittal and frontal planes). The results showed that controlling joints independently via cables yielded better performance compared to dependent control. Routing long cables through intermediate hinges reduced the peak tensions in the cables, however, at a cost of induced additional joint forces. Overall, this study provides a systematic and quantitative in silico approach, featured with accessible graphical user interface (GUI), for designing subject-specific, safe, and effective lower limb cable-driven exoskeletons for rehabilitation with options for multi-planar personalized impairment-specific features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Prasad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Marwan El-Rich
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
- Health Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Mohammad I Awad
- Health Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Khalifa University Center for Autonomous Robotic Systems (KUCARS), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Sunil K Agrawal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kinda Khalaf
- Health Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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14
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Kuska EC, Steele KM. Does crouch alter the effects of neuromuscular impairments on gait? A simulation study. J Biomech 2024; 165:112015. [PMID: 38394953 PMCID: PMC10939721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a neurologic injury that impacts control of movement. Individuals with CP also often develop secondary impairments like weakness and contracture. Both altered motor control and secondary impairments influence how an individual walks after neurologic injury. However, understanding the complex interactions between and relative effects of these impairments makes analyzing and improving walking capacity in CP challenging. We used a sagittal-plane musculoskeletal model and neuromuscular control framework to simulate crouch and nondisabled gait. We perturbed each simulation by varying the number of synergies controlling each leg (altered control), and imposed weakness and contracture. A Bayesian Additive Regression Trees (BART) model was also used to parse the relative effects of each impairment on the muscle activations required for each gait pattern. By using these simulations to evaluate gait-pattern specific effects of neuromuscular impairments, we identified some advantages of crouch gait. For example, crouch tolerated 13 % and 22 % more plantarflexor weakness than nondisabled gait without and with altered control, respectively. Furthermore, BART demonstrated that plantarflexor weakness had twice the effect on total muscle activity required during nondisabled gait than crouch gait. However, crouch gait was also disadvantageous in the presence of vasti weakness: crouch gait increased the effects of vasti weakness on gait without and with altered control. These simulations highlight gait-pattern specific effects and interactions between neuromuscular impairments. Utilizing computational techniques to understand these effects can elicit advantages of gait deviations, providing insight into why individuals may select their gait pattern and possible interventions to improve energetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah C Kuska
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - Katherine M Steele
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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15
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Yoon DH, Kim JH, Lee K, Cho JS, Jang SH, Lee SU. Inertial measurement unit sensor-based gait analysis in adults and older adults: A cross-sectional study. Gait Posture 2024; 107:212-217. [PMID: 37863672 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gait assessment has been used in a wide range of clinical applications, and gait velocity is also a leading predictor of disease and physical functional aspects in older adults. RESEARCH QUESTION The study aim to examine the changes in IMU-based gait parameters according to age in healthy adults aged 50 and older, to analyze differences between aging patients. METHODS A total of 296 healthy adults (65.32 ± 6.74 yrs; 83.10 % female) were recruited. Gait assessment was performed using an IMU sensor-based gait analysis system, and 3D motion information of hip and knee joints was obtained using magnetic sensors. The basic characteristics of the study sample were stratified by age category, and the baseline characteristics between the groups were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Pearson's correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between age as the dependent variable and several measures of gait parameters and joint angles as independent variables. RESULTS The results of this study found that there were significant differences in gait velocity and both terminal double support in the three groups according to age, and statistically significant differences in the three groups in hip joint angle and knee joints angle. In addition, it was found that the gait velocity and knee/hip joint angle changed with age, and the gait velocity and knee/hip joint angle were also different in the elderly and adult groups. CONCLUSIONS We found changes in gait parameters and joint angles according to age in healthy adults and older adults and confirmed the difference in gait velocity and joint angles between adults and older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Yoon
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyuwon Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Cho
- Korea Orthopedics & Rehabilitation Engineering Center, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Jang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Shi-Uk Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
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16
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Scherpereel K, Molinaro D, Inan O, Shepherd M, Young A. A human lower-limb biomechanics and wearable sensors dataset during cyclic and non-cyclic activities. Sci Data 2023; 10:924. [PMID: 38129422 PMCID: PMC10740031 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02840-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tasks of daily living are often sporadic, highly variable, and asymmetric. Analyzing these real-world non-cyclic activities is integral for expanding the applicability of exoskeletons, protheses, wearable sensing, and activity classification to real life, and could provide new insights into human biomechanics. Yet, currently available biomechanics datasets focus on either highly consistent, continuous, and symmetric activities, such as walking and running, or only a single specific non-cyclic task. To capture a more holistic picture of lower limb movements in everyday life, we collected data from 12 participants performing 20 non-cyclic activities (e.g. sit-to-stand, jumping, squatting, lunging, cutting) as well as 11 cyclic activities (e.g. walking, running) while kinematics (motion capture and IMUs), kinetics (force plates), and electromyography (EMG) were collected. This dataset provides normative biomechanics for a highly diverse range of activities and common tasks from a consistent set of participants and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keaton Scherpereel
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Dean Molinaro
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Omer Inan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Max Shepherd
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Bouve Department of Physical Therapy Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Aaron Young
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Mar D, Robinson K, Wilson B, Rashbaum R. Effect of sacroiliac fusion on gait, standing balance, and pelvic mobility for unilateral sacroiliac joint dysfunction. NORTH AMERICAN SPINE SOCIETY JOURNAL 2023; 16:100288. [PMID: 38025937 PMCID: PMC10666026 DOI: 10.1016/j.xnsj.2023.100288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Sacroiliac joint fusion (SIF) has been shown to effectively alleviate pain and improve functional deficits associated with sacroiliac joint dysfunction (SIJD). Previous studies have demonstrated significant improvements in gait function, however, none have reported both over-ground walking and quiescent standing, and additionally, none have included analysis of pelvic kinematics which may contain important information regarding pain avoidant compensatory behaviors. The purpose of this study was to identify objective functional differences between symptomatic and asymptomatic sides of unilateral sacroiliac joint dysfunction (SIJD) patients and to demonstrate the effectiveness of unilateral sacroiliac fusion (SIF) to improve gait and balance function compared to matched controls. Methods Thirteen unilateral SIJD patients were evaluated before and 6 months after SIF and were compared to matched asymptomatic controls. Pain and disability were assessed using visual analog scales and the Oswestry disability index respectively. Over ground walking and standing balance were assessed using 3D joint kinematics and kinetic ground reaction force analyses. Results Preoperatively, SIJD patients reported high levels of pain and disability and exhibited significant deficits in gait including elevated step width, reduced hip flexion/extension, and elevated pelvic motion as well as elevated center of pressure sway characteristics during standing. After unilateral SIF, patients reported significant reductions in pain and demonstrated significant improvements in gait including normalization of step width between sides and improved hip motion however elevated pelvic obliquity and rotation motion remained. Improvements in standing balance included reduced coronal sway characteristics and normalization of loading symmetry between sides. Conclusion Unilateral SIF resulted in significant improvements in both gait and balance function among SIJD patients to levels comparable to matched controls, however elevated pelvic motion remained. These findings help inform surgeons on the effectiveness of SIF for unilateral SIJD and provide important information regarding interpretation of functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon Mar
- University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Delp 5040, Mail Stop 3017, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Kyle Robinson
- Texas Back Institute, 6020 W. Parker Rd., Plano, TX 75093, USA
| | - Bethany Wilson
- Texas Back Institute, 6020 W. Parker Rd., Plano, TX 75093, USA
| | - Ralph Rashbaum
- Texas Back Institute, 6020 W. Parker Rd., Plano, TX 75093, USA
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18
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Van Criekinge T, Saeys W, Truijen S, Vereeck L, Sloot LH, Hallemans A. A full-body motion capture gait dataset of 138 able-bodied adults across the life span and 50 stroke survivors. Sci Data 2023; 10:852. [PMID: 38040770 PMCID: PMC10692332 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02767-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This reference dataset contains biomechanical data of 138 able-bodied adults (21-86 years) and 50 stroke survivors walking bare-footed at their preferred speed. It is unique due to its size, and population, including adults across the life-span and over 70 years, as well as stroke survivors. Full-body kinematics (PiG-model), kinetics and muscle activity of 14 back and lower limbs muscles was collected with a Vicon motion capture system, ground-embedded force plates, and a synchronized surface EMG system. The data is reliable to compare within and between groups as the same methodology and infrastructure were used to gather all data. Both source files (C3D) and post-processed ready-to-use stride-normalized kinematics, kinetics and EMG data (MAT-file, Excel file) are available, allowing high flexibility and accessibility of analysis for both researchers and clinicians. These records are valuable to examine ageing, typical and hemiplegic gait, while also offering a wide range of reference data which can be utilized for age-matched controls during normal walking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wim Saeys
- Research group MOVANT, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences & Physiotherapy, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Steven Truijen
- Research group MOVANT, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences & Physiotherapy, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Luc Vereeck
- Research group MOVANT, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences & Physiotherapy, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Lizeth H Sloot
- Institut für Technische Informatik (ZITI), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute (TCRI), Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.
| | - Ann Hallemans
- Research group MOVANT, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences & Physiotherapy, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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19
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Dimitrov H, Bull AMJ, Farina D. High-density EMG, IMU, kinetic, and kinematic open-source data for comprehensive locomotion activities. Sci Data 2023; 10:789. [PMID: 37949938 PMCID: PMC10638431 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02679-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel sensor technology enables new insights in the neuromechanics of human locomotion that were previously not possible. Here, we provide a dataset of high-density surface electromyography (HDsEMG) and high-resolution inertial measurement unit (IMU) signals, along with motion capture and force data for the lower limb of 10 healthy adults during multiple locomotion modes. The participants performed level-ground and slope walking, as well as stairs ascent/descent, side stepping gait, and stand-to-walk and sit-to-stand-to-walk, at multiple walking speeds. These data can be used for the development and validation of locomotion mode recognition and control algorithms for prosthetics, exoskeletons, and bipedal robots, and for motor control investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hristo Dimitrov
- Imperial College London, Department of Bioengineering, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
- University of Cambridge, MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK.
| | - Anthony M J Bull
- Imperial College London, Department of Bioengineering, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Dario Farina
- Imperial College London, Department of Bioengineering, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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20
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Florenciano Restoy JL, Solé-Casals J, Borràs-Boix X. Effect of Foot Orthoses on Angular Velocity of Feet. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8917. [PMID: 37960617 PMCID: PMC10650853 DOI: 10.3390/s23218917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
There is some uncertainty regarding how foot orthoses (FO) affect the biomechanics of the lower extremities during running in non-injured individuals. This study aims to describe the behavior of the angular velocity of the foot in the stride cycle measured with a low-sampling-rate IMU device commonly used by podiatrists. Specific objectives were to determine if there are differences in angular velocity between the right and left foot and to determine the effect of foot orthoses (FO) on the 3D angular velocity of the foot during running. The sample was composed of 40 male adults (age: 43.0 ± 13.8 years, weight: 72.0 ± 5.5 kg, and height: 175.5 ± 7.0 cm), who were healthy and without any locomotor system alterations at the time of the test. All subjects use FO on a regular basis. The results show that there are significant differences in the transverse plane between feet, with greater differences in the right foot. Significant differences between FO and non-FO conditions were observed in the frontal and transverse planes on the left foot and in the sagittal and transverse planes on the right foot. FO decreases the velocity of the foot in dorsi-plantar flexion and abduction and increases the velocity in inversion. The kinematic changes in foot velocity occur between 30% and 60% of the complete cycle, and the FO reduces the velocity in abduction and dorsi-plantar flexion and increases the velocity in inversion-eversion, which facilitates the transition to the oscillating leg and with it the displacement of the center of mass. Quantifying possible asymmetries and assessing the effect of foot orthoses may aid in improving running mechanics and preventing injuries in individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordi Solé-Casals
- Data and Signal Processing Research Group, University of Vic—Central University of Catalonia, 08500 Vic, Spain
| | - Xantal Borràs-Boix
- Sport Exercise and Human Movement, University of Vic—Central University of Catalonia, 08500 Vic, Spain
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21
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Lavikainen J, Stenroth L, Alkjær T, Karjalainen PA, Korhonen RK, Mononen ME. Prediction of Knee Joint Compartmental Loading Maxima Utilizing Simple Subject Characteristics and Neural Networks. Ann Biomed Eng 2023; 51:2479-2489. [PMID: 37335376 PMCID: PMC10598099 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-023-03278-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Joint loading may affect the development of osteoarthritis, but patient-specific load estimation requires cumbersome motion laboratory equipment. This reliance could be eliminated using artificial neural networks (ANNs) to predict loading from simple input predictors. We used subject-specific musculoskeletal simulations to estimate knee joint contact forces for 290 subjects during over 5000 stance phases of walking and then extracted compartmental and total joint loading maxima from the first and second peaks of the stance phase. We then trained ANN models to predict the loading maxima from predictors that can be measured without motion laboratory equipment (subject mass, height, age, gender, knee abduction-adduction angle, and walking speed). When compared to the target data, our trained models had NRMSEs (RMSEs normalized to the mean of the response variable) between 0.14 and 0.42 and Pearson correlation coefficients between 0.42 and 0.84. The loading maxima were predicted most accurately using the models trained with all predictors. We demonstrated that prediction of knee joint loading maxima may be possible without laboratory-measured motion capture data. This is a promising step in facilitating knee joint loading predictions in simple environments, such as a physician's appointment. In future, the rapid measurement and analysis setup could be utilized to guide patients in rehabilitation to slow development of joint disorders, such as osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jere Lavikainen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lauri Stenroth
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tine Alkjær
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pasi A. Karjalainen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rami K. Korhonen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika E. Mononen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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22
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Park J, Nam K, Yun J, Moon J, Ryu J, Park S, Yang S, Nasirzadeh A, Nam W, Ramadurai S, Kim M, Lee G. Effect of hip abduction assistance on metabolic cost and balance during human walking. Sci Robot 2023; 8:eade0876. [PMID: 37878687 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.ade0876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The use of wearable robots to provide walking assistance has rapidly grown over the past decade, with notable advances made in robot design and control methods toward reducing physical effort while performing an activity. The reduction in walking effort has mainly been achieved by assisting forward progression in the sagittal plane. Human gait, however, is a complex movement that combines motions in three planes, not only the sagittal but also the transverse and frontal planes. In the frontal plane, the hip joint plays a key role in gait, including balance. However, wearable robots targeting this motion have rarely been investigated. In this study, we developed a hip abduction assistance wearable robot by formulating the hypothesis that assistance that mimics the biological hip abduction moment or power could reduce the metabolic cost of walking and affect the dynamic balance. We found that hip abduction assistance with a biological moment second peak mimic profile reduced the metabolic cost of walking by 11.6% compared with the normal walking condition. The assistance also influenced balance-related parameters, including the margin of stability. Hip abduction assistance influenced the center-of-mass movement in the mediolateral direction. When the robot assistance was applied as the center of mass moved toward the opposite leg, the assistance replaced some of the efforts that would have otherwise been provided by the human. This indicates that hip abduction assistance can reduce physical effort during human walking while influencing balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juneil Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 06974 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kimoon Nam
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 06974 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Juseok Yun
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 06974 Seoul, South Korea
- HUROTICS Inc., 06974 Seoul, South Korea
| | - JunYoung Moon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 06974 Seoul, South Korea
| | - JaeWook Ryu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 06974 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sungjin Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 06974 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seungtae Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 06974 Seoul, South Korea
- HUROTICS Inc., 06974 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Alireza Nasirzadeh
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 06974 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woochul Nam
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 06974 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sruthi Ramadurai
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Myunghee Kim
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Giuk Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 06974 Seoul, South Korea
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23
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Romero-Sorozabal P, Delgado-Oleas G, Gutierrez A, Rocon E. Individualized Three-Dimensional Gait Pattern Generator for Lower Limbs Rehabilitation Robots. IEEE Int Conf Rehabil Robot 2023; 2023:1-6. [PMID: 37941191 DOI: 10.1109/icorr58425.2023.10304753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
In the field of robotic gait rehabilitation, controlling robotic devices to follow specific human-like trajectories is often required. In recent years, various gait generator models have been proposed, providing customized gait patterns adjustable to a range of heights and gait speeds. However, these models were developed with a focus on gait rehabilitation devices designed to control the angular trajectories of the subject's joints, e.g. exoskeletons. Similar devices, e.g. end-effector robots, control the orientation and also the 3D position of the subject's joints and cannot easily implement these models. In this study, it is proposed a new individualized three-dimensional gait pattern generator for gait rehabilitation robots. The generator employs multi-variable regression models to predict the joint angular trajectories of the pelvis, hip, and ankle along the gait cycle. The 3D joints positions are then reconstructed by applying the predicted angular trajectories over a human model inspired on the inverted pendulum analogy using inverse kinematics. The generator's performance was statistically evaluated against real gait patterns from 42 participants walking at 8 different velocities. The predicted trajectories matched the measured ones with an average Root Mean Squared Error of 25.73 mm for all joints at all Cartesian axes, with better results between 3.3 - 5.4 km/h. Suggesting to be a good solution to be applied in end-effector gait robotic rehabilitation devices.
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24
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Hogan A, Danzer NM, Blaschke L, Grützner PA, Mandelka E, Trinler U, Vetter SY. Influence of quality of reduction using radiological criteria on kinematics and kinetics in ankle fractures with unstable syndesmotic injury. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2023; 108:106054. [PMID: 37541033 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2023.106054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In ankle fractures with syndesmotic injury, the anatomic reduction of the ankle mortise is crucial for preventing osteoarthritis. Yet, no studies have analysed the effect of surgical reduction after unstable ankle fractures on patients' active functional outcome. METHODS The Intraoperative 3D imaging data of patients surgically treated between 2012 and 2019 for ankle fracture with concomitant syndesmotic injury were reviewed. 58 patients were allocated to two groups depending on whether the criteria for radiologically optimal reduction were met (39 patients) or not (19 patients). Criteria for optimal reduction were composed of objectively measured and subjectively rated data. After undertaking the Olerud/Molander ankle score, a gait analysis and several active function tests using 3D motion capture were performed in order to evaluate kinetic and kinematic differences between both groups. FINDINGS Patients showed deficits of range of motion and balance parameters on the injured ankle, however, there were no significant differences between both groups. INTERPRETATION Although, the data did not show that radiological reduction criteria have a statistically significant effect on active functional outcome after a mean follow up time of 5.7 years, tendencies for a better outcome of patients that met the criteria could be seen. It also must be taken into consideration that results are limited by case number and allocation ratio, which made a sub-analysis of the separate reduction criteria unfeasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Hogan
- BG Klinik Ludwigshafen, Ludwig-Guttmann-Str. 13, 67071 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Laura Blaschke
- BG Klinik Ludwigshafen, Ludwig-Guttmann-Str. 13, 67071 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Eric Mandelka
- BG Klinik Ludwigshafen, Ludwig-Guttmann-Str. 13, 67071 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Ursula Trinler
- BG Klinik Ludwigshafen, Ludwig-Guttmann-Str. 13, 67071 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Sven Y Vetter
- BG Klinik Ludwigshafen, Ludwig-Guttmann-Str. 13, 67071 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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25
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Chen Z, Franklin DW. Musculotendon Parameters in Lower Limb Models: Simplifications, Uncertainties, and Muscle Force Estimation Sensitivity. Ann Biomed Eng 2023; 51:1147-1164. [PMID: 36913088 PMCID: PMC10172227 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-023-03166-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Musculotendon parameters are key factors in the Hill-type muscle contraction dynamics, determining the muscle force estimation accuracy of a musculoskeletal model. Their values are mostly derived from muscle architecture datasets, whose emergence has been a major impetus for model development. However, it is often not clear if such parameter update indeed improves simulation accuracy. Our goal is to explain to model users how these parameters are derived and how accurate they are, as well as to what extent errors in parameter values might influence force estimation. We examine in detail the derivation of musculotendon parameters in six muscle architecture datasets and four prominent OpenSim models of the lower limb, and then identify simplifications which could add uncertainties to the derived parameter values. Finally, we analyze the sensitivity of muscle force estimation to these parameters both numerically and analytically. Nine typical simplifications in parameter derivation are identified. Partial derivatives of the Hill-type contraction dynamics are derived. Tendon slack length is determined as the musculotendon parameter that muscle force estimation is most sensitive to, whereas pennation angle is the least impactful. Anatomical measurements alone are not enough to calibrate musculotendon parameters, and the improvement on muscle force estimation accuracy will be limited if the source muscle architecture datasets are the only main update. Model users may check if a dataset or model is free of concerning factors for their research or application requirements. The derived partial derivatives may be used as the gradient for musculotendon parameter calibration. For model development, we demonstrate that it is more promising to focus on other model parameters or components and seek alternative strategies to further increase simulation accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Chen
- Neuromuscular Diagnostics, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Institute of Robotics and Machine Intelligence (MIRMI), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - David W Franklin
- Neuromuscular Diagnostics, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Institute of Robotics and Machine Intelligence (MIRMI), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Data Science Institute (MDSI), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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26
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Cheng H, Jiang ZA, Chen L, Wang GD, Liu XY, Sun JM, Tsai TY. Impacts of gait biomechanics of patients with thoracolumbar kyphosis secondary to Scheuermann's disease. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1192647. [PMID: 37304142 PMCID: PMC10248172 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1192647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Thoracolumbar kyphosis (TLK) is a common feature in patients with spinal deformities. However, due to limited studies, the impacts of TLK on gait have not been reported. The objective of the study was to quantify and evaluate the impacts of gait biomechanics of patients with TLK secondary to Scheuermann's disease. Methods: Twenty cases of Scheuermann's disease patients with TLK and twenty cases of asymptomatic participants were recruited into this study. And the gait motion analysis was conducted. Results: The stride length was shorter in the TLK group compared to control group (1.24 ± 0.11 m vs. 1.36 ± 0.21 m, p = 0.04). Compared to control group, the stride time and step time were more prolonged in the TLK group (1.18 ± 0.11s vs. 1.11 ± 0.08 s, p = 0.03; 0.59 ± 0.06 s vs. 0.56 ± 0.04 s, p = 0.04). The gait speed of the TLK group was significantly slower than it of control group (1.05 ± 0.12 m/s vs. 1.17 ± 0.14 m/s, p = 0.01); In the sagittal plane, the range of motion (ROM) of the hip in the TLK group was significantly smaller than that of the control group (37.71 ± 4.35° vs. 40.05 ± 3.71°, p = 0.00). In the transverse plane, the adduction/abduction ROMs of the knee and ankle, as well as the internal and external rotation of the knee, were smaller in TLK group than ROMs in the control group (4.66 ± 2.21° vs. 5.61 ± 1.82°, p = 0.00; 11.48 ± 3.97° vs. 13.16 ± 5.6°, p = 0.02; 9.00 ± 5.14° vs. 12.95 ± 5.78°, p = 0.00). Discussion: The main finding of this study was that measurements of gait patterns and joint movement of the TLK group were significantly lower than those of the control group. And these impacts have the potential to exacerbate degenerative progress of joints in the lower extremities. These abnormal features of gait can also serve as a guideline for physicians to focus on TLK in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zi-Ang Jiang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Sports Science, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Guo-Dong Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jian-Min Sun
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tsung-Yuan Tsai
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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27
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Bonilla Yanez M, Kettlety SA, Finley JM, Schweighofer N, Leech KA. Gait speed and individual characteristics are related to specific gait metrics in neurotypical adults. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8069. [PMID: 37202435 PMCID: PMC10195830 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35317-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Gait biofeedback is a well-studied strategy to reduce gait impairments such as propulsion deficits or asymmetric step lengths. With biofeedback, participants alter their walking to reach the desired magnitude of a specific parameter (the biofeedback target) with each step. Biofeedback of anterior ground reaction force and step length is commonly used in post-stroke gait training as these variables are associated with self-selected gait speed, fall risk, and the energy cost of walking. However, biofeedback targets are often set as a function of an individual's baseline walking pattern, which may not reflect the ideal magnitude of that gait parameter. Here we developed prediction models based on speed, leg length, mass, sex, and age to predict anterior ground reaction force and step length of neurotypical adults as a possible method for personalized biofeedback. Prediction of these values on an independent dataset demonstrated strong agreement with actual values, indicating that neurotypical anterior ground reaction forces can be estimated from an individual's leg length, mass, and gait speed, and step lengths can be estimated from individual's leg length, mass, age, sex, and gait speed. Unlike approaches that rely on an individual's baseline gait, this approach provides a standardized method to personalize gait biofeedback targets based on the walking patterns exhibited by neurotypical individuals with similar characteristics walking at similar speeds without the risk of over- or underestimating the ideal values that could limit feedback-mediated reductions in gait impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryana Bonilla Yanez
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah A Kettlety
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James M Finley
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas Schweighofer
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kristan A Leech
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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28
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Jayakumar A, Rodríguez Jorge D, Bermejo-García J, Agujetas R, Romero-Sánchez F. Sensing and Control Strategies for a Synergy-Based, Cable-Driven Exosuit via a Modular Test Bench. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:4713. [PMID: 37430634 DOI: 10.3390/s23104713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Ageing results in the eventual loss of muscle mass and strength, joint problems, and overall slowing of movements, with a greater risk of suffering falls or other such accidents. The use of gait assistance exoskeletons can help in the active aging of this segment of the population. Given the user specificity of the mechanics and control these devices need, the facility used to test different design parameters is indispensable. This work deals with the modeling and construction of a modular test bench and prototype exosuit to test different mounting and control schemes for a cable-driven exoskeleton or exosuit. The test bench allows the experimental implementation of postural or kinematic synergies to assist multiple joints by using only one actuator and the optimization of the control scheme to better adapt to the characteristics of the specific patient. The design is open to the research community and it is expected to improve the design of cable-driven systems for exosuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Jayakumar
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Energética y de los Materiales, Escuela de Ingenierías Industriales, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas S/N, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Daniel Rodríguez Jorge
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Energética y de los Materiales, Escuela de Ingenierías Industriales, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas S/N, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Javier Bermejo-García
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Energética y de los Materiales, Escuela de Ingenierías Industriales, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas S/N, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Rafael Agujetas
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Energética y de los Materiales, Escuela de Ingenierías Industriales, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas S/N, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Francisco Romero-Sánchez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Energética y de los Materiales, Escuela de Ingenierías Industriales, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas S/N, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
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29
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Kenzo Fujioka Shida T, Eunice Neves de Oliveira C, da Silva Fragoso de Campos D, Los Angeles E, Bernardo C, Dos Santos de Oliveira L, Cupertino Salloum E Silva L, Magalhães Novaes T, Shokur S, Bouri M, Boari Coelho D. Effect of freezing of gait and dopaminergic medication in the biomechanics of lower limbs in the gait of patients with Parkinson's disease compared to neurologically healthy. Neurosci Lett 2023; 806:137250. [PMID: 37061024 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aims to evaluate the effects of medication, and the freezing of gait (FoG) on the kinematic and kinetic parameters of gait in people with Parkinson's disease (pwPD) compared to neurologically healthy. METHODS Twenty-two people with a clinical diagnosis of idiopathic PD in ON and OFF medication (11 FoG), and 18 healthy participants (control) were selected from two open data sets. All participants walked on the floor on a 10-meter-long walkway. The joint kinematic and ground reaction forces (GRF) variables of gait and the clinical characteristics were compared: (1) PD with FoG (pwFoG) and PD without FoG (pwoFoG) in the ON condition and control; (2) PD with FoG and PD without FoG in the OFF condition and control; (3) Group (PD with FoG and PD without FoG) and Medication. RESULTS (1) FoG mainly affects distal joints, such as the ankle and knee; (2) PD ON showed changes in the range of motion of both distal and proximal joints, which may explain the increase in step length and gait speed expected with the use of L-Dopa; and (3) the medication showed improvements in the kinematic and kinetic parameters of the gait of people with pwFoG and pwoFoG equally; (4) pwPD showed a smaller second peak of the vertical component of the GRF than the control. CONCLUSION The presence of FoG mainly affects distal joints, such as the ankle and knee. PD presents a lower application of GRF during the impulse period than healthy people, causing lower gait performances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emanuele Los Angeles
- Center for Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Claudionor Bernardo
- Biomedical Engineering, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Thayna Magalhães Novaes
- Center for Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Solaiman Shokur
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; The BioRobotics Institute and Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mohamed Bouri
- The BioRobotics Institute and Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniel Boari Coelho
- Biomedical Engineering, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil; Center for Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil.
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30
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Price M, Huber ME, Hoogkamer W. Minimum effort simulations of split-belt treadmill walking exploit asymmetry to reduce metabolic energy expenditure. J Neurophysiol 2023; 129:900-913. [PMID: 36883759 PMCID: PMC10110733 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00343.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Walking on a split-belt treadmill elicits an adaptation response that changes baseline step length asymmetry. The underlying causes of this adaptation, however, are difficult to determine. It has been proposed that effort minimization may drive this adaptation, based on the idea that adopting longer steps on the fast belt, or positive step length asymmetry (SLA), can cause the treadmill to exert net-positive mechanical work on a bipedal walker. However, humans walking on split-belt treadmills have not been observed to reproduce this behavior when allowed to freely adapt. To determine if an effort-minimization motor control strategy would result in experimentally observed adaptation patterns, we conducted simulations of walking on different combinations of belt speeds with a human musculoskeletal model that minimized muscle excitations and metabolic rate. The model adopted increasing amounts of positive SLA and decreased its net metabolic rate with increasing belt speed difference, reaching +42.4% SLA and -5.7% metabolic rate relative to tied-belt walking at our maximum belt speed ratio of 3:1. These gains were primarily enabled by an increase in braking work and a reduction in propulsion work on the fast belt. The results suggest that a purely effort minimization driven split-belt walking strategy would involve substantial positive SLA, and that the lack of this characteristic in human behavior points to additional factors influencing the motor control strategy, such as aversion to excessive joint loads, asymmetry, or instability.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Behavioral observations of split-belt treadmill adaptation have been inconclusive toward its underlying causes. To estimate gait patterns when driven exclusively by one of these possible underlying causes, we simulated split-belt treadmill walking with a musculoskeletal model that minimized its summed muscle excitations. Our model took significantly longer steps on the fast belt and reduced its metabolic rate below tied-belt walking, unlike experimental observations. This suggests that asymmetry is energetically optimal, but human adaptation involves additional factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Price
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Meghan E Huber
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Wouter Hoogkamer
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States
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31
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Moghadam SM, Yeung T, Choisne J. A comparison of machine learning models' accuracy in predicting lower-limb joints' kinematics, kinetics, and muscle forces from wearable sensors. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5046. [PMID: 36977706 PMCID: PMC10049990 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31906-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A combination of wearable sensors' data and Machine Learning (ML) techniques has been used in many studies to predict specific joint angles and moments. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of four different non-linear regression ML models to estimate lower-limb joints' kinematics, kinetics, and muscle forces using Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) and electromyographys' (EMGs) data. Seventeen healthy volunteers (9F, 28 ± 5 years) were asked to walk over-ground for a minimum of 16 trials. For each trial, marker trajectories and three force-plates data were recorded to calculate pelvis, hip, knee, and ankle kinematics and kinetics, and muscle forces (the targets), as well as 7 IMUs and 16 EMGs. The features from sensors' data were extracted using the Tsfresh python package and fed into 4 ML models; Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine, and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline for targets' prediction. The RF and CNN models outperformed the other ML models by providing lower prediction errors in all intended targets with a lower computational cost. This study suggested that a combination of wearable sensors' data with an RF or a CNN model is a promising tool to overcome the limitations of traditional optical motion capture for 3D gait analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ted Yeung
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Julie Choisne
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Prasad R, El-Rich M, Awad MI, Agrawal SK, Khalaf K. Bi-Planar Trajectory Tracking with a Novel 3DOF Cable Driven Lower Limb Rehabilitation Exoskeleton (C-LREX). SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1677. [PMID: 36772715 PMCID: PMC9920627 DOI: 10.3390/s23031677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although Cable-driven rehabilitation devices (CDRDs) have several advantages over traditional link-driven devices, including their light weight, ease of reconfiguration, and remote actuation, the majority of existing lower-limb CDRDs are limited to rehabilitation in the sagittal plane. In this work, we proposed a novel three degrees of freedom (DOF) lower limb model which accommodates hip abduction/adduction motion in the frontal plane, as well as knee and hip flexion/extension in the sagittal plane. The proposed model was employed to investigate the feasibility of using bi-planar cable routing to track a bi-planar reference healthy trajectory. Various possible routings of four cable configurations were selected and studied with the 3DOF model. The optimal locations of the hip cuffs were determined using optimization. When compared with the five-cable routing configuration, the four-cable routing produced higher joint forces, which motivated the future study of other potential cable routing configurations and their ability to track bi-planar motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Prasad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science Technology & Research, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Marwan El-Rich
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science Technology & Research, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University of Science Technology & Research, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad I. Awad
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University of Science Technology & Research, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science Technology & Research, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Khalifa University Center for Autonomous Robotic Systems (KUCARS), Khalifa University of Science Technology & Research, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sunil K. Agrawal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kinda Khalaf
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University of Science Technology & Research, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science Technology & Research, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
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Kettlety SA, Finley JM, Reisman DS, Schweighofer N, Leech KA. Speed-dependent biomechanical changes vary across individual gait metrics post-stroke relative to neurotypical adults. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2023; 20:14. [PMID: 36703214 PMCID: PMC9881336 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-023-01139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gait training at fast speeds is recommended to reduce walking activity limitations post-stroke. Fast walking may also reduce gait kinematic impairments post-stroke. However, it is unknown if differences in gait kinematics between people post-stroke and neurotypical adults decrease when walking at faster speeds. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of faster walking speeds on gait kinematics post-stroke relative to neurotypical adults walking at similar speeds. METHODS We performed a secondary analysis with data from 28 people post-stroke and 50 neurotypical adults treadmill walking at multiple speeds. We evaluated the effects of speed and group on individual spatiotemporal and kinematic metrics and performed k-means clustering with all metrics at self-selected and fast speeds. RESULTS People post-stroke decreased step length asymmetry and trailing limb angle impairment, reducing between-group differences at fast speeds. Speed-dependent changes in peak swing knee flexion, hip hiking, and temporal asymmetries exaggerated between-group differences. Our clustering analyses revealed two clusters. One represented neurotypical gait behavior, composed of neurotypical and post-stroke participants. The other characterized stroke gait behavior-comprised entirely of participants post-stroke with smaller lower extremity Fugl-Meyer scores than the post-stroke participants in the neurotypical gait behavior cluster. Cluster composition was largely consistent at both speeds, and the distance between clusters increased at fast speeds. CONCLUSIONS The biomechanical effect of fast walking post-stroke varied across individual gait metrics. For participants within the stroke gait behavior cluster, walking faster led to an overall gait pattern more different than neurotypical adults compared to the self-selected speed. This suggests that to potentiate the biomechanical benefits of walking at faster speeds and improve the overall gait pattern post-stroke, gait metrics with smaller speed-dependent changes may need to be specifically targeted within the context of fast walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Kettlety
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, 1540 E Alcazar St, CHP 155, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - James M Finley
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, 1540 E Alcazar St, CHP 155, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Darcy S Reisman
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, 540 S College Ave, Suite 160, Newark, DE, 19713, USA
- Biomechanics and Movement Science Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Nicolas Schweighofer
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, 1540 E Alcazar St, CHP 155, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kristan A Leech
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, 1540 E Alcazar St, CHP 155, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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Sharma A, Rai V, Calvert M, Dai Z, Guo Z, Boe D, Rombokas E. A Non-Laboratory Gait Dataset of Full Body Kinematics and Egocentric Vision. Sci Data 2023; 10:26. [PMID: 36635316 PMCID: PMC9837188 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-01932-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this manuscript, we describe a unique dataset of human locomotion captured in a variety of out-of-the-laboratory environments captured using Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) based wearable motion capture. The data contain full-body kinematics for walking, with and without stops, stair ambulation, obstacle course navigation, dynamic movements intended to test agility, and negotiating common obstacles in public spaces such as chairs. The dataset contains 24.2 total hours of movement data from a college student population with an approximately equal split of males to females. In addition, for one of the activities, we captured the egocentric field of view and gaze of the subjects using an eye tracker. Finally, we provide some examples of applications using the dataset and discuss how it might open possibilities for new studies in human gait analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Sharma
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, USA.
| | - Vijeth Rai
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, USA
| | - Melissa Calvert
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02142, USA
| | - Zhongyi Dai
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, USA
| | - Zhenghao Guo
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, USA
| | - David Boe
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, USA
| | - Eric Rombokas
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, USA
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, USA
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Kim J, Lee J, Lee G, Chang WH, Ko MH, Yoo WK, Ryu GH, Kim YH. Relationship between lower limb muscle activity and cortical activation among elderly people during walking: Effects of fast speed and cognitive dual task. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 14:1059563. [PMID: 36704503 PMCID: PMC9871491 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1059563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Gait is a complex behavior that involves not only the musculoskeletal system, but also higher-order brain functions, including cognition. This study was performed to investigate the correlation between lower limb muscle activity and cortical activation during treadmill walking in two groups of elderly people: the young-old (aged 65-74 years) and the old-old (aged 75-84 years). Methods Thirty-one young-old and 31 old-old people participated in this study. All participants were sequentially subjected to three gait conditions on a treadmill: (1) comfortable walking, (2) fast walking, and (3) cognitive dual-task walking. During treadmill walking, the activity of the lower limb muscles was measured using a surface electromyography system, and cortical activation was measured using a functional near-infrared spectroscopy system. The correlation between muscle activity and cortical activation during treadmill walking was analyzed and compared between the two groups. Results During comfortable walking, lower extremity muscle activity had a strong correlation with cortical activation, especially in the swing phase; this was significantly stronger in the young-old than the old-old. During fast walking, the correlations between lower limb muscle activity and cortical activation were stronger than those during comfortable walking in both groups. In cognitive dual-task walking, cortical activation in the frontal region and motor area was increased, although the correlation between muscle activity and cortical activation was weaker than that during comfortable walking in both groups. Conclusion The corticomotor correlation differed significantly between the old-old and the young-old. These results suggest that gait function is compensated by regulating corticomotor correlation as well as brain activity during walking in the elderly. These results could serve as a basis for developing gait training and fall prevention programs for the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinuk Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Ybrain Inc., Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungsoo Lee
- Department of Medical IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, Republic of Korea
| | - Gihyoun Lee
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Prevention and Rehabilitation, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hyuk Chang
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Prevention and Rehabilitation, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Hwan Ko
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Kyoung Yoo
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Ha Ryu
- Office of R&D Strategy and Planning, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Medical Device Management and Research, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Prevention and Rehabilitation, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Medical Device Management and Research, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,*Correspondence: Yun-Hee Kim, ;
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Shida TKF, Costa TM, de Oliveira CEN, de Castro Treza R, Hondo SM, Los Angeles E, Bernardo C, Dos Santos de Oliveira L, de Jesus Carvalho M, Coelho DB. A public data set of walking full-body kinematics and kinetics in individuals with Parkinson's disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:992585. [PMID: 36875659 PMCID: PMC9978741 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.992585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To our knowledge, there is no Parkinson's disease (PD) gait biomechanics data sets available to the public. Objective This study aimed to create a public data set of 26 idiopathic individuals with PD who walked overground on ON and OFF medication. Materials and methods Their upper extremity, trunk, lower extremity, and pelvis kinematics were measured using a three-dimensional motion-capture system (Raptor-4; Motion Analysis). The external forces were collected using force plates. The results include raw and processed kinematic and kinetic data in c3d and ASCII files in different file formats. In addition, a metadata file containing demographic, anthropometric, and clinical data is provided. The following clinical scales were employed: Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale motor aspects of experiences of daily living and motor score, Hoehn & Yahr, New Freezing of Gait Questionnaire, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Mini Balance Evaluation Systems Tests, Fall Efficacy Scale-International-FES-I, Stroop test, and Trail Making Test A and B. Results All data are available at Figshare (https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/A_dataset_of_overground_walking_full-body_kinematics_and_kinetics_in_individuals_with_Parkinson_s_disease/14896881). Conclusion This is the first public data set containing a three-dimensional full-body gait analysis of individuals with PD under the ON and OFF medication. It is expected to contribute so that different research groups worldwide have access to reference data and a better understanding of the effects of medication on gait.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thaisy Moraes Costa
- Biomedical Engineering, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Claudia Eunice Neves de Oliveira
- Biomedical Engineering, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil.,Center for Mathematics, Computation, and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Renata de Castro Treza
- Center for Mathematics, Computation, and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Sandy Mikie Hondo
- Center for Mathematics, Computation, and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Emanuele Los Angeles
- Center for Mathematics, Computation, and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Claudionor Bernardo
- Biomedical Engineering, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Daniel Boari Coelho
- Biomedical Engineering, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil.,Center for Mathematics, Computation, and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
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Sánchez-Manchola M, Arciniegas-Mayag L, Múnera M, Bourgain M, Provot T, Cifuentes CA. Effects of stance control via hidden Markov model-based gait phase detection on healthy users of an active hip-knee exoskeleton. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1021525. [PMID: 37101752 PMCID: PMC10123285 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1021525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In the past years, robotic lower-limb exoskeletons have become a powerful tool to help clinicians improve the rehabilitation process of patients who have suffered from neurological disorders, such as stroke, by applying intensive and repetitive training. However, active subject participation is considered to be an important feature to promote neuroplasticity during gait training. To this end, the present study presents the performance assessment of the AGoRA exoskeleton, a stance-controlled wearable device designed to assist overground walking by unilaterally actuating the knee and hip joints. Methods: The exoskeleton's control approach relies on an admittance controller, that varies the system impedance according to the gait phase detected through an adaptive method based on a hidden Markov model. This strategy seeks to comply with the assistance-as-needed rationale, i.e., an assistive device should only intervene when the patient is in need by applying Human-Robot interaction (HRI). As a proof of concept of such a control strategy, a pilot study comparing three experimental conditions (i.e., unassisted, transparent mode, and stance control mode) was carried out to evaluate the exoskeleton's short-term effects on the overground gait pattern of healthy subjects. Gait spatiotemporal parameters and lower-limb kinematics were captured using a 3D-motion analysis system Vicon during the walking trials. Results and Discussion: By having found only significant differences between the actuated conditions and the unassisted condition in terms of gait velocity (ρ = 0.048) and knee flexion (ρ ≤ 0.001), the performance of the AGoRA exoskeleton seems to be comparable to those identified in previous studies found in the literature. This outcome also suggests that future efforts should focus on the improvement of the fastening system in pursuit of kinematic compatibility and enhanced compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Sánchez-Manchola
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Colombian School of Engineering Julio Garavito, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luis Arciniegas-Mayag
- LabTel, Electrical Engineering Department at Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Marcela Múnera
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Colombian School of Engineering Julio Garavito, Bogotá, Colombia
- Bristol Robotics Laboratory, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Maxime Bourgain
- EPF Graduate School of Engineering, Cachan, France
- Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Provot
- EPF Graduate School of Engineering, Cachan, France
- Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Paris, France
| | - Carlos A. Cifuentes
- Bristol Robotics Laboratory, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Engineering, Science and Technology, Universidad Del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- *Correspondence: Carlos A. Cifuentes ,
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Bermejo-García J, Rodríguez Jorge D, Romero-Sánchez F, Jayakumar A, Alonso-Sánchez FJ. Actuation Strategies for a Wearable Cable-Driven Exosuit Based on Synergies in Younger and Older Adults. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 23:261. [PMID: 36616858 PMCID: PMC9824617 DOI: 10.3390/s23010261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Older adults (aged 55 years and above) have greater difficulty carrying out activities of daily living than younger adults (aged 25−55 years). Although age-related changes in human gait kinetics are well documented in qualitative terms in the scientific literature, these differences may be quantified and analyzed using the analysis of motor control strategies through kinetic synergies. The gaits of two groups of people (older and younger adults), each with ten members, were analyzed on a treadmill at a constant controlled speed and their gait kinetics were recorded. The decomposition of the kinetics into synergies was applied to the joint torques at the hip, knee, and ankle joints. Principal components determined the similarity of the kinetic torques in the three joints analyzed and the effect of the walking speed on the coordination pattern. A total of three principal components were required to describe enough information with minimal loss. The results suggest that the older group showed a change in coordination strategy compared to that of the younger group. The main changes were related to the ankle and hip torques, both showing significant differences (p-value <0.05) between the two groups. The findings suggest that the differences between the gait patterns of the two groups were closely related to a reduction in ankle torque and an increase in hip torque. This change in gait pattern may affect the rehabilitation strategy used when designing general-purpose rehabilitation devices or rehabilitation/training programs for the elderly.
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Fang S, Vijayan V, Reissman ME, Kinney AL, Reissman T. How Do Joint Kinematics and Kinetics Change When Walking Overground with Added Mass on the Lower Body? SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22239177. [PMID: 36501878 PMCID: PMC9738556 DOI: 10.3390/s22239177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Lower-limb exoskeletons, regardless of their control strategies, have been shown to alter a user's gait just by the exoskeleton's own mass and inertia. The characterization of these differences in joint kinematics and kinetics under exoskeleton-like added mass is important for the design of such devices and their control strategies. In this study, 19 young, healthy participants walked overground at self-selected speeds with six added mass conditions and one zero-added-mass condition. The added mass conditions included +2/+4 lb on each shank or thigh or +8/+16 lb on the pelvis. OpenSim-derived lower-limb sagittal-plane kinematics and kinetics were evaluated statistically with both peak analysis and statistical parametric mapping (SPM). The results showed that adding smaller masses (+2/+8 lb) altered some kinematic and kinetic peaks but did not result in many changes across the regions of the gait cycle identified by SPM. In contrast, adding larger masses (+4/+16 lb) showed significant changes within both the peak and SPM analyses. In general, adding larger masses led to kinematic differences at the ankle and knee during early swing, and at the hip throughout the gait cycle, as well as kinetic differences at the ankle during stance. Future exoskeleton designs may implement these characterizations to inform exoskeleton hardware structure and cooperative control strategies.
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40
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Spine and lower body symmetry during treadmill walking in healthy individuals-In-vivo 3-dimensional kinematic analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275174. [PMID: 36201499 PMCID: PMC9536630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is relevant to understand spine and lower body motions in healthy individuals for a variety of applications, such as clinical diagnosis, implant design, and the analysis of treatment outcomes, proper assessment and characterization of normative gait symmetry in healthy individuals remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vivo 3-dimensional (3D) spine and lower body gait symmetry kinematics during treadmill walking in healthy individuals. Sixty healthy young adults (30 males and 30 females) were evaluated during normal and fast treadmill walking using a motion capture system approach. Statistical parametric mapping and the normalized symmetry index approaches were used to determine spine, pelvis, and lower body asymmetries during treadmill walking. The spine and pelvis angular motions associated with the left and right lower limb motions, as well as the left and right lower extremity joint angles were compared for normal and fast treadmill walking. The lower lumbar left-right rotation (5.74±0.04°) and hip internal rotation (5.33±0.18°) presented the largest degrees of asymmetry during normal treadmill. Upper lumbar left-right lateral flexion (1.48±0.14°) and knee flexion (2.98±0.13°) indicated the largest asymmetries and during fast treadmill walking. Few asymmetry patterns were similar between normal and fast treadmill walking, whereas others appeared either only during normal or fast treadmill walking in this cohort of participants. These findings could provide insights into better understanding gait asymmetry in healthy individuals, and use them as reference indicators in diagnosing and evaluating abnormal gait function.
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Karulkar RM, Wensing PM. Personalized Estimation of Intended Gait Speed for Lower-Limb Exoskeleton Users via Data Augmentation Using Mutual Information. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1109/lra.2022.3191039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roopak M. Karulkar
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Patrick M. Wensing
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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Santos G, Wanderley M, Tavares T, Rocha A. A multi-sensor human gait dataset captured through an optical system and inertial measurement units. Sci Data 2022; 9:545. [PMID: 36071060 PMCID: PMC9452504 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01638-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Different technologies can acquire data for gait analysis, such as optical systems and inertial measurement units (IMUs). Each technology has its drawbacks and advantages, fitting best to particular applications. The presented multi-sensor human gait dataset comprises synchronized inertial and optical motion data from 25 participants free of lower-limb injuries, aged between 18 and 47 years. A smartphone and a custom micro-controlled device with an IMU were attached to one of the participant's legs to capture accelerometer and gyroscope data, and 42 reflexive markers were taped over the whole body to record three-dimensional trajectories. The trajectories and inertial measurements were simultaneously recorded and synchronized. Participants were instructed to walk on a straight-level walkway at their normal pace. Ten trials for each participant were recorded and pre-processed in each of two sessions, performed on different days. This dataset supports the comparison of gait parameters and properties of inertial and optical capture systems, whereas allows the study of gait characteristics specific for each system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geise Santos
- University of Campinas, Institute of Computing, Campinas, Brazil.
| | | | - Tiago Tavares
- University of Campinas, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Anderson Rocha
- University of Campinas, Institute of Computing, Campinas, Brazil
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Losing V, Hasenjäger M. A Multi-Modal Gait Database of Natural Everyday-Walk in an Urban Environment. Sci Data 2022; 9:473. [PMID: 35922448 PMCID: PMC9349224 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01580-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gait data have traditionally been recorded in controlled laboratory environments focusing on single aspects in isolation. In contrast, the database presented here provides recordings of everyday walk scenarios in a natural urban environment, including synchronized IMU-, FSR-, and gaze data. Twenty healthy participants (five females, fifteen males, between 18 and 69 years old, 178.5 ± 7.64 cm, 72.9 ± 8.7 kg) wore a full-body Lycra suit with 17 IMU sensors, insoles with eight pressure sensing cells per foot, and a mobile eye tracker. They completed three different walk courses, where each trial consisted of several minutes of walking, including a variety of common elements such as ramps, stairs, and pavements. The data is annotated in detail to enable machine-learning-based analysis and prediction. We anticipate the data set to provide a foundation for research that considers natural everyday walk scenarios with transitional motions and the interaction between gait and gaze during walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Losing
- Honda Research Institute Europe GmbH, Offenbach, 63073, Germany.
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Zhu J, Jiao C, Dominguez I, Yu S, Su H. Design and Backdrivability Modeling of a Portable High Torque Robotic Knee Prosthesis With Intrinsic Compliance For Agile Activities. IEEE/ASME TRANSACTIONS ON MECHATRONICS : A JOINT PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS SOCIETY AND THE ASME DYNAMIC SYSTEMS AND CONTROL DIVISION 2022; 27:1837-1845. [PMID: 36909775 PMCID: PMC10004087 DOI: 10.1109/tmech.2022.3176255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
High-performance prostheses are crucial to enable versatile activities like walking, squatting, and running for lower extremity amputees. State-of-the-art prostheses are either not powerful enough to support demanding activities or have low compliance (low backdrivability) due to the use of high speed ratio transmission. Besides speed ratio, gearbox design is also crucial to the compliance of wearable robots, but its role is typically ignored in the design process. This paper proposed an analytical backdrive torque model that accurately estimate the backdrive torque from both motor and transmission to inform the robot design. Following this model, this paper also proposed methods for gear transmission design to improve compliance by reducing inertia of the knee prosthesis. We developed a knee prosthesis using a high torque actuator (built-in 9:1 planetary gear) with a customized 4:1 low-inertia planetary gearbox. Benchtop experiments show the backdrive torque model is accurate and proposed prosthesis can produce 200 Nm high peak torque (shield temperature <60°C), high compliance (2.6 Nm backdrive torque), and high control accuracy (2.7/8.1/1.7 Nm RMS tracking errors for 1.25 m/s walking, 2 m/s running, and 0.25 Hz squatting, that are 5.4%/4.1%/1.4% of desired peak torques). Three able-bodied subject experiments showed our prosthesis could support agile and high-demanding activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hao Su
- Corresponding author: Hao Su.
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Kelly DJ, Wensing PM. Optimizing Template Models to Quantifiably Assess Center of Mass Kinematic Reconstruction. IEEE Int Conf Rehabil Robot 2022; 2022:1-6. [PMID: 36176080 DOI: 10.1109/icorr55369.2022.9896496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The center of mass (COM) plays a fundamental role in human ambulation, but the redundant nature of the human body adds complexity to mathematically modeling its dynamics. Template models like the Bipedal Spring Loaded Inverted Pendulum (B-SLIP) and the Virtual Pivot Point (VPP) address this complexity by removing the redundancy while retaining desired salient characteristics, such as the COM evolution. However, template models for the COM during human walking have mostly been used for qualitative analysis due to issues such as overestimation of COM vertical displacement. This paper considers a quantifiable template-based analysis of human walking by using an optimization framework to set the model parameter values for matching both explicitly and implicitly considered gait characteristics. Furthermore, it is shown that allowing the leg stiffness of the B-SLIP and VPP model to vary throughout the gait cycle better matches vertical COM trajectories with 54%-63% error reduction. These optimized template models show promise in retaining ground reaction force (GRF) information, which is not explicitly considered during the optimization process. Future work looks to incorporate these optimized trajectories as a reference for control of a lower-limb knee-ankle prosthesis.
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Bacek T, Sun M, Liu H, Chen Z, Kulic D, Oetomo D, Tan Y. Varying Joint Patterns and Compensatory Strategies Can Lead to the Same Functional Gait Outcomes: A Case Study. IEEE Int Conf Rehabil Robot 2022; 2022:1-6. [PMID: 36176172 DOI: 10.1109/icorr55369.2022.9896497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This paper analyses joint-space walking mechanisms and redundancies in delivering functional gait outcomes. Multiple biomechanical measures are analysed for two healthy male adults who participated in a multi-factorial study and walked during three sessions. Both participants employed varying intra- and inter-personal compensatory strategies (e.g., vaulting, hip hiking) across walking conditions and exhibited notable gait pattern alterations while keeping task-space (functional) gait parameters invariant. They also preferred various levels of asymmetric step length but kept their symmetric step time consistent and cadence-invariant during free walking. The results demonstrate the importance of an individualised approach and the need for a paradigm shift from functional (task-space) to joint-space gait analysis in attending to (a)typical gaits and delivering human-centred human-robot interaction.
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Prasad R, El-Rich M, Awad MI, Hussain I, Jelinek H, Huzaifa U, Khalaf K. A Framework for Determining the Performance and Requirements of Cable-Driven Mobile Lower Limb Rehabilitation Exoskeletons. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:920462. [PMID: 35795162 PMCID: PMC9251017 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.920462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The global increase in the number of stroke patients and limited accessibility to rehabilitation has promoted an increase in the design and development of mobile exoskeletons. Robot-assisted mobile rehabilitation is rapidly emerging as a viable tool as it could provide intensive repetitive movement training and timely standardized delivery of therapy as compared to conventional manual therapy. However, the majority of existing lower limb exoskeletons continue to be heavy and induce unnecessary inertia and inertial vibration on the limb. Cable-driven exoskeletons can overcome these issues with the provision of remote actuation. However, the number of cables and routing can be selected in various ways posing a challenge to designers regarding the optimal design configuration. In this work, a simulation-based generalized framework for modelling and assessment of cable-driven mobile exoskeleton is proposed. The framework can be implemented to identify a ‘suitable’ configuration from several potential ones or to identify the optimal routing parameters for a given configuration. For a proof of concept, four conceptual configurations of cable-driven exoskeletons (one with a spring) were developed in a manner where both positive and negative moments could be generated for each joint (antagonistic configuration). The models were analyzed using the proposed framework and a decision metric table has been developed based on the models’ performance and requirements. The weight of the metrics can be adjusted depending on the preferences and specified constraints. The maximum score is assigned to the configuration with minimum requirement or error, maximum performance, and vice versa. The metric table indicated that the 4-cable configuration is a promising design option for a lower limb rehabilitation exoskeleton based on tracking performance, model requirements, and component forces exerted on the limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Prasad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science Technology and Research, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Marwan El-Rich
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science Technology and Research, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Health Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University of Science Technology and Research, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- *Correspondence: Marwan El-Rich,
| | - Mohammad I. Awad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science Technology and Research, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Health Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University of Science Technology and Research, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Khalifa University Center for Autonomous Robotic Systems (KUCARS), Khalifa University of Science Technology and Research, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Irfan Hussain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science Technology and Research, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Khalifa University Center for Autonomous Robotic Systems (KUCARS), Khalifa University of Science Technology and Research, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - H.F. Jelinek
- Health Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University of Science Technology and Research, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science Technology and Research, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science Technology and Research, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Umer Huzaifa
- School of Computing, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kinda Khalaf
- Health Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University of Science Technology and Research, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science Technology and Research, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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48
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Force and Torque Characterization in the Actuation of a Walking-Assistance, Cable-Driven Exosuit. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22114309. [PMID: 35684930 PMCID: PMC9185532 DOI: 10.3390/s22114309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Soft exosuits stand out when it comes to the development of walking-assistance devices thanks to both their higher degree of wearability, lower weight, and price compared to the bulkier equivalent rigid exoskeletons. In cable-driven exosuits, the acting force is driven by cables from the actuation system to the anchor points; thus, the user’s movement is not restricted by a rigid structure. In this paper, a 3D inverse dynamics model is proposed and integrated with a model for a cable-driven actuation to predict the required motor torque and traction force in cables for a walking-assistance exosuit during gait. Joint torques are to be shared between the user and the exosuit for different design configurations, focusing on both hip and ankle assistance. The model is expected to guide the design of the exosuit regarding aspects such as the location of the anchor points, the cable system design, and the actuation units. An inverse dynamics analysis is performed using gait kinematic data from a public dataset to predict the cable forces and position of the exosuit during gait. The obtained joint reactions and cable forces are compared with those in the literature, and prove the model to be accurate and ready to be implemented in an exosuit control scheme. The results obtained in this study are similar to those found in the literature regarding the walking study itself as well as the forces under which cables operate during gait and the cable position cycle.
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49
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Huang TH, Zhang S, Yu S, MacLean MK, Zhu J, Lallo AD, Jiao C, Bulea TC, Zheng M, Su H. Modeling and Stiffness-based Continuous Torque Control of Lightweight Quasi-Direct-Drive Knee Exoskeletons for Versatile Walking Assistance. IEEE T ROBOT 2022; 38:1442-1459. [PMID: 36338603 PMCID: PMC9629792 DOI: 10.1109/tro.2022.3170287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2024]
Abstract
State-of-the-art exoskeletons are typically limited by low control bandwidth and small range stiffness of actuators which are based on high gear ratios and elastic components (e.g., series elastic actuators). Furthermore, most exoskeletons are based on discrete gait phase detection and/or discrete stiffness control resulting in discontinuous torque profiles. To fill these two gaps, we developed a portable lightweight knee exoskeleton using quasi-direct drive (QDD) actuation that provides 14 Nm torque (36.8% biological joint moment for overground walking). This paper presents 1) stiffness modeling of torque-controlled QDD exoskeletons and 2) stiffness-based continuous torque controller that estimates knee joint moment in real-time. Experimental tests found the exoskeleton had high bandwidth of stiffness control (16 Hz under 100 Nm/rad) and high torque tracking accuracy with 0.34 Nm Root Mean Square (RMS) error (6.22%) across 0-350 Nm/rad large range stiffness. The continuous controller was able to estimate knee moments accurately and smoothly for three walking speeds and their transitions. Experimental results with 8 able-bodied subjects demonstrated that our exoskeleton was able to reduce the muscle activities of all 8 measured knee and ankle muscles by 8.60%-15.22% relative to unpowered condition, and two knee flexors and one ankle plantar flexor by 1.92%-10.24% relative to baseline (no exoskeleton) condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Hao Huang
- Lab of Biomechatronics and Intelligent Robotics (BIRO), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, US
| | - Sainan Zhang
- Lab of Biomechatronics and Intelligent Robotics (BIRO), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, US
| | - Shuangyue Yu
- Lab of Biomechatronics and Intelligent Robotics (BIRO), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, US
| | - Mhairi K. MacLean
- Lab of Biomechatronics and Intelligent Robotics; Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Twente, Netherlands
| | - Junxi Zhu
- Lab of Biomechatronics and Intelligent Robotics (BIRO), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, US
| | - Antonio Di Lallo
- Lab of Biomechatronics and Intelligent Robotics (BIRO), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, US
| | - Chunhai Jiao
- Lab of Biomechatronics and Intelligent Robotics (BIRO), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, US
| | - Thomas C. Bulea
- Functional and Applied Biomechanics Section, Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, US
| | - Minghui Zheng
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, the University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, New York, 14260, US
| | - Hao Su
- Lab of Biomechatronics and Intelligent Robotics (BIRO), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, US
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50
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Ramadan R, Geyer H, Jeka J, Schöner G, Reimann H. A neuromuscular model of human locomotion combines spinal reflex circuits with voluntary movements. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8189. [PMID: 35581211 PMCID: PMC9114145 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing models of human walking use low-level reflexes or neural oscillators to generate movement. While appropriate to generate the stable, rhythmic movement patterns of steady-state walking, these models lack the ability to change their movement patterns or spontaneously generate new movements in the specific, goal-directed way characteristic of voluntary movements. Here we present a neuromuscular model of human locomotion that bridges this gap and combines the ability to execute goal directed movements with the generation of stable, rhythmic movement patterns that are required for robust locomotion. The model represents goals for voluntary movements of the swing leg on the task level of swing leg joint kinematics. Smooth movements plans towards the goal configuration are generated on the task level and transformed into descending motor commands that execute the planned movements, using internal models. The movement goals and plans are updated in real time based on sensory feedback and task constraints. On the spinal level, the descending commands during the swing phase are integrated with a generic stretch reflex for each muscle. Stance leg control solely relies on dedicated spinal reflex pathways. Spinal reflexes stimulate Hill-type muscles that actuate a biomechanical model with eight internal joints and six free-body degrees of freedom. The model is able to generate voluntary, goal-directed reaching movements with the swing leg and combine multiple movements in a rhythmic sequence. During walking, the swing leg is moved in a goal-directed manner to a target that is updated in real-time based on sensory feedback to maintain upright balance, while the stance leg is stabilized by low-level reflexes and a behavioral organization switching between swing and stance control for each leg. With this combination of reflex-based stance leg and voluntary, goal-directed control of the swing leg, the model controller generates rhythmic, stable walking patterns in which the swing leg movement can be flexibly updated in real-time to step over or around obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Ramadan
- Institute for Neural Computation, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hartmut Geyer
- Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John Jeka
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, USA
| | - Gregor Schöner
- Institute for Neural Computation, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hendrik Reimann
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, USA.
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