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Xu P, Chen X, Zhou J, Zhou W, Wang L. Febrile seizure in children with COVID-19 during the Omicron wave. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1197156. [PMID: 37928346 PMCID: PMC10623346 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1197156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the clinical characteristics and prognosis of febrile seizure in children with COVID-19. Methods This study is a single-center retrospective cohort study. The cases included febrile seizures in children with COVID-19 admitted to the Renji Hospital from April 7th, 2022 to June 2nd, 2022. We compared children with and without febrile seizures in their clinical characteristics such as sex, age, symptoms, seizure manifestation, COVID-19 severity, and SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid test results. The children with febrile seizures were followed up by telephone and outpatient service about one month after the nucleic acid turned negative and discharged from the hospital. Results A total of 585 cases of children with COVID-19 were included in the analysis. There were 15 children (1.8%) with febrile seizures, age from six months to three years old, nine boys (60.0%) and six girls (40.0%). The manifestations of febrile seizures were all generalized tonic-clonic seizures. The median nucleic acid negative conversion time was 11 (IQR:10.75,13) days. Our first comparison involved comparing children without underlying diseases; there was no significant difference in sex, COVID-19 severity, and clinical manifestations, but there was an age difference (2 vs. 1.3, P = 0.047). There was no difference in SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid negative time between the two groups (11d vs. 13d, P = 0.128). One child had new clinical manifestations during the follow-up, but his EEG and MRI were normal. Conclusion Febrile seizure may be children's primary neurological manifestation of COVID-19. It may occur in children with no history of epilepsy and is not associated with severe illness. The long-term neurological outcomes of these children should be followed up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Xu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuelian Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianguo Zhou
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhao Zhou
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Laishuan Wang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Falsaperla R, Gulisano C, Portale L, Maccarrone A, Ruggieri M. A critical appraisal of neurological evidence on paediatric COVID-19 patients. A systematic literature review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15630. [PMID: 37124342 PMCID: PMC10112944 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of our study was to assess the close direct relationship between the development of neurological manifestations and SARS-CoV-2 infection in paediatric patients, by a systematic review of the literature. Methods PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for publications from the start of the pandemic up to 31 December 2022. We included articles that described nervous system manifestations in patients aged 0-18 years with RT-PCR nasopharyngeal swab positivity for SARS-CoV-2. Results The initial search produced 3456 records, of which 37, involving a total of 48 paediatric patients, were included in our systematic review. The neurological complications were heterogeneous, due at least in part to the different age groups considered. In the literature, encephalitis was the most common diagnosis (20.83%). Clinical presentation, diagnostic support, treatment and outcome were analysed both in the literature and in our experience. Conclusions Neurological impairment can occur with the first clinical presentation of COVID-19, even in previously healthy children and with mild forms of the disease. The clinical presentations are heterogeneous in the different age groups. In most patients the outcome is good and neurological manifestations subside after discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Falsaperla
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Neonatal Accompaniment Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico "Rodolico-San Marco", San Marco Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Paediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, "Rodolico-San Marco", San Marco Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Chiara Gulisano
- DINOGMI, University of Genova, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Portale
- Postgraduate Training Program in Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Amanda Maccarrone
- Postgraduate Training Program in Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Martino Ruggieri
- Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, University of Catania, AOU "Policlinico", PO "G. Rodolico", Via S. Sofia, 87, 95128, Catania, Italy
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3
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Medication-resistant acute focal motor seizures in a child with COVID-19 affecting the CNS. Epileptic Disord 2022; 24:941-946. [PMID: 35792850 PMCID: PMC9878025 DOI: 10.1684/epd.2022.1461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A perfectly healthy preschool girl presented with acute repetitive focal aware motor seizures, while her brain MRI showed a lesion in the left posterior cortex. After a number of investigations, her cerebrospinal fluid PCR was positive for SARS-CoV-2. Despite receiving at least four anti-seizure medications at appropriate dosages, the seizures continued, and just after administering intravenous immunoglobulin, her seizures stopped. This dramatic response to intravenous immunoglobulin may indicate a hypothetical inflammatory process in the patient's cortex caused by COVID-19.
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4
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Yang D, Kang HC. Neurological Symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Pediatric Patients. ANNALS OF CHILD NEUROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.26815/acn.2022.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes various neurological symptoms in children, as well as respiratory symptoms, and the number of reported cases is increasing with the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants. This study aimed to investigate the neurological symptoms and incidence in pediatric patients hospitalized with COVID-19.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of patients under the age of 18 diagnosed with COVID-19 and admitted to National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital using real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction from December 2020 to March 2022. We reviewed data on the age of confirmed COVID-19 patients, fever, and respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neurological symptoms. We evaluated the chief complaints of hospitalization and classified them as non-neurological or neurological, according to the chief complaints that caused the most discomfort.Results: Among 376 patients, 63 (16.8%) and 313 (83.2%) patients were classified as having neurological and non-neurological symptoms, respectively. The most common neurological symptoms were headache (49, 13.0%), followed by seizures (39, 10.4%), myalgia (24, 6.4%), and dizziness (14, 3.7%). Additionally, there were patients with anosmia (nine, 2.4%), ageusia (four, 1.1%), and visual disturbance (twi, 0.5%). Of the 39 patients who experienced seizures, 15 (15/39, 51.7%) had no symptoms except fever, and seizures were the only main presenting symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infection.Conclusion: Neurological symptoms are common in pediatric COVID-19 patients. Seizures can be an early symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infection and should not be underestimated during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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5
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Riva A, Piccolo G, Balletti F, Binelli M, Brolatti N, Verrotti A, Amadori E, Spalice A, Giacomini T, Mancardi MM, Iannetti P, Vari MS, Piccotti E, Striano P, Brisca G. Acute Neurological Presentation in Children With SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:909849. [PMID: 35899136 PMCID: PMC9309333 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.909849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the pediatric population, the knowledge of the acute presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection is mainly limited to small series and case reports, particularly when dealing with neurological symptoms. We describe a large cohort of children with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, focusing on the neurological manifestations and investigating correlations between disease severity and population demographics. METHODS Patients aged 0-18 years with a positive molecular swab were recruited between April 2020 and March 2021 from a tertiary Italian pediatric centre. Clinical data, imaging, and laboratory test results were retrieved from our local dataset and statistically analyzed. RESULTS A total of 237 patients with a median age of 3.2 years were eligible; thirty-two (13.5%) presented with neurological symptoms, including headache (65.6%), altered awareness (18.8%), ageusia/anosmia (12.5%), seizures (6.3%), and vertigo (6.3%), combined in 7 (21.9%) cases. Respiratory (59.5%) and gastrointestinal (25.3%) symptoms were the most common among the 205 (86.5%) patients without neurological involvement. Neurological symptoms did not significantly influence the severity of the triage access codes. Moreover, pre-existing medical conditions were not higher in the group with neurological manifestations. Overall, fifty-nine patients (25%, 14/59 with neurological symptoms) required treatment, being antibiotics, systemic steroids, and heparin those most prescribed. CONCLUSION Our study supports the overall benign course of the SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. Neurological manifestations, except for headache, remain a rare presenting symptom, and disease severity seems unrelated to pre-existing medical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Riva
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianluca Piccolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federica Balletti
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Binelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Noemi Brolatti
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Elisabetta Amadori
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberto Spalice
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Neurology Division, Sapienza University Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Thea Giacomini
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Margherita Mancardi
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Iannetti
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Stella Vari
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuela Piccotti
- Pediatric Emergency Department, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giacomo Brisca
- Subintensive Care Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
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Mante PK, Adomako NO, Omuojine JP, Antwi P. Pharmacological management of seizures in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review. AAS Open Res 2021; 4:29. [DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.13224.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Some patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been reported to exhibit neurological symptoms such as seizures and impaired consciousness. Our study reviews reported cases to assess the pharmacological approach to managing seizures in SARS-CoV-2 patients and associated outcomes. Methods: A systematic review of case reports on the incidence of seizures following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among patients that reported use of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in management was performed by using the PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis) guidelines. Databases used included EMBASE, PubMed, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar. Data was presented as qualitative and descriptive data. Results: In total, 67 articles were selected for full-text assessment, of which 18 were included in the final review. Patients had a median age of 54 years, most of whom were male. Remdisivir, dexamethasone, Laninamivir, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, and Lopinavir-ritonavir were common agents used in the management of COVID-19. Most patients presented with either generalized tonic-clonic seizures or status epilepticus. Most patients received levetiracetam as drug choice or as part of their regimen. Other AEDs commonly prescribed included midazolam and sodium valproate. Some patients received no antiepileptic drug therapy. Most of the patients who died had more than one comorbidity. Also, most of the patients who died received COVID-19 treatment drugs. None of the patients who received midazolam as drug choice or as part of their regimen developed recurrent seizures in contrast to patients who received levetiracetam and sodium valproate as drug choice or as part of their regimen. Interestingly, none of the patients who received no AEDs suffered recurrent seizures or died. Conclusions: Standard guidelines for managing seizures in COVID-19 patients may be required. A limitation of this review is that it involved the use of case reports with no controls and a small number of patients.
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7
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Acharya Y, Alameer A, Calpin G, Alkhattab M, Sultan S. A comprehensive review of vascular complications in COVID-19. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2021; 53:586-593. [PMID: 34724155 PMCID: PMC8558544 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-021-02593-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to review the available literature pertinent to vascular complications in COVID-19. A systematic search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar to identify all relevant studies based on our study objective. Multiple studies have reported widespread systemic inflammation and procoagulant/hypercoagulable state in COVID-19, including thrombotic microangiopathy, endothelial dysfunction, bleeding disorder, and thrombosis. However, large specialised studies on vascular complications are lacking despite current evidence indicating dysfunctional coagulation pathways. Furthermore, there are no clear and definitive recommendations regarding thromboprophylaxis or full therapeutic anticoagulation in COVID-19. Several studies have reported hypercoagulability and vascular complications as important predictors of patient outcome in COVID-19. Therefore, it is important to understand the pathogenesis, epidemiology, management, and outcomes of patients who develop venous or arterial thrombosis and those with a pre-existing thrombotic disease who contract COVID-19 for risk stratification, thromboprophylaxis, optimal antithrombotic therapy during active infection and long-term anticoagulation following discharge or recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Acharya
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Western Vascular Institute, University Hospital Galway, National University of Ireland, Newcastle Road, H91 YR71, Galway, Ireland
| | - Aqeel Alameer
- Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gavin Calpin
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Galway, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Maha Alkhattab
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Western Vascular Institute, University Hospital Galway, National University of Ireland, Newcastle Road, H91 YR71, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sherif Sultan
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Western Vascular Institute, University Hospital Galway, National University of Ireland, Newcastle Road, H91 YR71, Galway, Ireland. .,Department of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Surgery, Galway Clinic, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and National University of Ireland Galway affiliated Hospital, Doughiska, Ireland.
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8
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A Systematic Review of Severe Neurological Manifestations in Pediatric Patients with Coexisting SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Neurol Int 2021; 13:410-427. [PMID: 34449704 PMCID: PMC8396020 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint13030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection in children produces mild respiratory symptoms or no symptoms at all in most cases. Some pediatric patients develop a severe complication associated with high mortality, the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). In both scenarios, there are reports of neurological manifestations. This article aims to review the cases of pediatric patients with severe neurological issues and a coexisting positive SARS-CoV-2 test. A literature search was performed between March 2020 and May 2021. The results included the data from 41 studies, with 159 children with severe neurological manifestations, within an age range from 24 h to 17 years. The neurological disorders included 38 cases with stroke, 32 with encephalitis, 22 with encephalopathy, and 10 with Guillain–Barre syndrome. Sixty-five out of 159 cases with severe neurological manifestations were diagnosed with MIS-C. Direct neuroinvasion and the exaggerated immune response in some patients seem to be the most critical factors triggering these manifestations. Further research in the ongoing pandemic is needed to elucidate the precise mechanism.
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9
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Children with COVID-19 Who Manifest Febrile Seizure. Case Rep Med 2021; 2021:9992073. [PMID: 34239573 PMCID: PMC8241529 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9992073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is a challenge for all medical personnel in the world. Various studies have been conducted to gain more knowledge about SARS-CoV-2, but studies in the pediatric population are still very limited. We report a case of a boy aged two years and seven months who came to the hospital with an atypical generalized seizure for less than 5 minutes and immediately regained consciousness after the seizure. Other symptoms included fever, productive cough, rhinorrhea, and shortness of breath. The X-ray showed a well-defined homogeneous consolidation in the upper right lobe and a small spot in both lungs which consistently showed top right lobar pneumonia and bronchopneumonia. From the SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid test, positive results were obtained on the third day of hospitalization. The patient received antiseizure therapy, antibiotics, and other supportive therapies by Indonesian Pediatrician Association (IDAI) guidelines. During treatment, the patient responded well to the treatment given, with no other seizure episodes. A negative result on the SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid test was obtained after twelve days of hospitalization as well as improvements of the lungs as seen from the X-ray.
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10
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Mante PK, Adomako NO, Omuojine JP, Antwi P. Pharmacological management of seizures in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review. AAS Open Res 2021; 4:29. [DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.13224.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Some patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been reported to exhibit neurological symptoms such as seizures and impaired consciousness. Our study reviews reported cases to assess the pharmacological approach to managing seizures in SARS-CoV-2 patients and associated outcomes. Methods: A systematic review of case reports on the incidence of seizures following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among patients that reported use of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in management was performed by using the PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis) guidelines. Databases used included EMBASE, PubMed, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar. Data was presented as qualitative and descriptive data. Results: In total, 67 articles were selected for full-text assessment, of which 19 were included in the final review. Patients had a median age of 54 years, most of whom were male. Remdisivir, dexamethasone, Laminavir, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, and Lopinavir-ritonavir were common agents used in the management of COVID-19. Most patients presented with either generalized tonic-clonic seizures or status epilepticus. Most patients received levetiracetam as drug choice or as part of their regimen. Other AEDs commonly prescribed included midazolam and sodium valproate. Some patients received no antiepileptic drug therapy. Most of the patients who died had more than one comorbidity. Also, most of the patients who died received COVID-19 treatment drugs. None of the patients who received midazolam as drug choice or as part of their regimen developed recurrent seizures in contrast to patients who received levetiracetam and sodium valproate as drug choice or as part of their regimen. Interestingly, none of the patients who received no AEDs suffered recurrent seizures or died. Conclusions: Standard guidelines for managing seizures in COVID-19 patients may be required. A limitation of this review is that it involved the use of case reports with no controls and a small number of patients.
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11
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Siracusa L, Cascio A, Giordano S, Medaglia AA, Restivo GA, Pirrone I, Saia GF, Collura F, Colomba C. Neurological complications in pediatric patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review of the literature. Ital J Pediatr 2021; 47:123. [PMID: 34078441 PMCID: PMC8170632 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-021-01066-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe clinical characteristics, laboratory tests, radiological data and outcome of pediatric cases with SARS-CoV-2 infection complicated by neurological involvement. STUDY DESIGN A computerized search was conducted using PubMed. An article was considered eligible if it reported data on pediatric patient(s) with neurological involvement related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also described a case of an acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) in a 5-year-old girl with SARS-CoV-2 infection: this case was also included in the systematic review. RESULTS Forty-four articles reporting 59 cases of neurological manifestations in pediatric patients were included in our review. Most (32/59) cases occurred in the course of a multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Neurological disorders secondary to cerebrovascular involvement were reported in 10 cases: 4 children with an ischemic stroke, 3 with intracerebral hemorrhage, 1 with a cerebral sinus venous thrombosis, 1 with a subarachnoid hemorrhage, 1 with multiple diffuse microhemorrhages. Reversible splenial lesions were recognized in 9 cases, benign intracranial hypertension in 4 patients, meningoencephalitis in 4 cases, autoimmune encephalitis in 1 girl, cranial nerves impairment in 2 patients and transverse myelitis in 1 case. Five cases had Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and two, including ours, had ADEM. Radiological investigations were performed in almost all cases (45/60): the most recurrent radiological finding was a signal change in the splenium of the corpus callosum. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral nucleic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid was proved only in 2 cases. The outcome was favorable in almost all, except in 5 cases. CONCLUSIONS Our research highlights the large range of neurological manifestations and their presumed pathogenic pathways associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. Nervous system involvement could be isolated, developing during COVID-19 or after its recovery, or arise in the context of a MIS-C. The most reported neurological manifestations are cerebrovascular accidents, reversible splenial lesions, GBS, benign intracranial hypertension, meningoencephalitis; ADEM is also a possible complication, as we observed in our patient. Further studies are required to investigate all the neurological complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection and their underlying pathogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Siracusa
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, "G. Di Cristina" Hospital, ARNAS Civico, Via dei Benedettini 1, 90134, Palermo, Italy.
| | - A Cascio
- Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - S Giordano
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, "G. Di Cristina" Hospital, ARNAS Civico, Via dei Benedettini 1, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - A A Medaglia
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, "G. Di Cristina" Hospital, ARNAS Civico, Via dei Benedettini 1, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - G A Restivo
- Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - I Pirrone
- Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - G F Saia
- Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - F Collura
- Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - C Colomba
- Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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12
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Jiang XY, Zhou WH. [Influence of coronavirus disease 2019 on the nervous system of children]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2021; 23:530-535. [PMID: 34020746 PMCID: PMC8140346 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2012115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a worldwide pandemic and can occur at any age, including children. Children with COVID-19 can develop the clinical symptoms of multiple systems, among which symptoms of the nervous system have been reported increasingly, and thus it is particularly important to understand COVID-19-associated neurological damage in children. This article reviews the mechanisms and types of COVID-19-associated neurological damage in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Jiang
- Department of Neonatology, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Wen-Hao Zhou
- Department of Neonatology, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
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13
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Shehata GA, Lord KC, Grudzinski MC, Elsayed M, Abdelnaby R, Elshabrawy HA. Neurological Complications of COVID-19: Underlying Mechanisms and Management. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4081. [PMID: 33920904 PMCID: PMC8071289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a severe respiratory disease caused by the newly identified human coronavirus (HCoV) Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was discovered in December 2019, and in March 2020, the disease was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) due to a high number of cases. Although SARS-CoV-2 primarily affects the respiratory system, several studies have reported neurological complications in COVID-19 patients. Headache, dizziness, loss of taste and smell, encephalitis, encephalopathy, and cerebrovascular diseases are the most common neurological complications that are associated with COVID-19. In addition, seizures, neuromuscular junctions' disorders, and Guillain-Barré syndrome were reported as complications of COVID-19, as well as neurodegenerative and demyelinating disorders. However, the management of these conditions remains a challenge. In this review, we discuss the prevalence, pathogenesis, and mechanisms of these neurological sequelae that are secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We aim to update neurologists and healthcare workers on the possible neurological complications associated with COVID-19 and the management of these disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghaydaa A. Shehata
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Assiut University Hospitals, Assiut 71511, Egypt;
| | - Kevin C. Lord
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Sam Houston State University, Conroe, TX 77304, USA;
| | | | - Mohamed Elsayed
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, University of Ulm, Leimgrubenweg 12-14, 89075 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Ramy Abdelnaby
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Hatem A. Elshabrawy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Sam Houston State University, Conroe, TX 77304, USA
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14
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Kim Y, Walser SA, Asghar SJ, Jain R, Mainali G, Kumar A. A Comprehensive Review of Neurologic Manifestations of COVID-19 and Management of Pre-existing Neurologic Disorders in Children. J Child Neurol 2021; 36:324-330. [PMID: 33112694 PMCID: PMC7859660 DOI: 10.1177/0883073820968995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the first reports of SARS-CoV-2 infection from China, multiple studies have been published regarding the epidemiologic aspects of COVID-19 including clinical manifestations and outcomes. The majority of these studies have focused on respiratory complications. However, recent findings have highlighted the systemic effects of the virus, including its potential impact on the nervous system. Similar to SARS-CoV-1, cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2 depends on the expression of ACE2, a receptor that is abundantly expressed in the nervous system. Neurologic manifestations in adults include cerebrovascular insults, encephalitis or encephalopathy, and neuromuscular disorders. However, the presence of these neurologic findings in the pediatric population is unclear. In this review, the potential neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2, known neurologic manifestations of COVID-19 in children, and management of preexisting pediatric neurologic conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsung Kim
- Penn State College of Medicine Medical Scientist Training Program, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | - Sheila J. Asghar
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health,
Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Rohit Jain
- Department of Hospital Medicine, Penn State Health Milton Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Gayatra Mainali
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Penn State Health Milton Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Penn State Health Milton Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
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15
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Yüksel MF, Yıldırım M, Bektaş Ö, Şahin S, Teber S. A sydenham chorea attack associated with COVID-19 infection. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 13:100222. [PMID: 33615279 PMCID: PMC7885627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 appeared in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and quickly spread around the world and is considered a global pandemic. This disease, which is pre-infected with respiratory and cardiovascular system symptoms, can also occur in many organ systems. Since the beginning of the pandemic, cases related to neurological involvement have been reported in the literature and studies coercing neurological findings and complications have been published. COVID-19 can cause wide spectrum of neurological phenotypes from severe to milder. To the best of our knowledge, our case is the first report describing the chorea in a patient associated with COVİD-19. In this article, we aim to present a patient who was admitted with chorea on the 3rd day of the COVID-19 followed by Sydenham chorea, which had already improved. This report expands the phenotypic spectrum of COVID-19 and suggests that COVID-19 can be associated with or trigger chorea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Feyza Yüksel
- Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Turkey
| | - Miraç Yıldırım
- Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Turkey
| | - Ömer Bektaş
- Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Turkey
| | - Süleymen Şahin
- Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Turkey
| | - Serap Teber
- Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Turkey
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16
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Abstract
Most children with SARS-CoV-2 infection have relatively mild clinical symptoms without fever or pneumonia, although severe cases with multiple-organ failure have been reported. Neurological symptoms, which have been mainly reported in adults, are very rare in children. This article will review 2 different aspects of neurological involvement related to this infection in children. In the first part, we will review the neurological abnormalities reported in children caused by this viral infection. Adults frequently report muscle pain, headache, anosmia, dysgeusia, and occasionally more severe central or peripheral nervous system damage. Neurological involvement seems infrequent in children, although some cases have been reported. In the second part, we will discuss the COVID-19 pandemic impact on the healthcare system of some countries, causing collateral damage to general pediatric care and in particular to those children affected with chronic diseases, mainly neurological conditions, including autism, intellectual disability, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), neuromuscular disorders, cerebral palsy, and epilepsy, and patients needing neurosurgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Boronat
- Pediatric Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Neurological symptoms, manifestations, and complications associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). J Neurol 2021; 268:3059-3071. [PMID: 33486564 PMCID: PMC7826147 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10406-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus, is responsible for the outbreak of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) and was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019. It is evident that the COVID-19 pandemic has become a challenging world issue. Although most COVID-19 patients primarily develop respiratory symptoms, an increasing number of neurological symptoms and manifestations associated with COVID-19 have been observed. In this narrative review, we elaborate on proposed neurotropic mechanisms and various neurological symptoms, manifestations, and complications of COVID-19 reported in the present literature. For this purpose, a review of all current published literature (studies, case reports, case series, reviews, editorials, and other articles) was conducted and neurological sequelae of COVID-19 were summarized. Essential and common neurological symptoms including gustatory and olfactory dysfunctions, myalgia, headache, altered mental status, confusion, delirium, and dizziness are presented separately in sections. Moreover, neurological manifestations and complications that are of great concern such as stroke, cerebral (sinus) venous thrombosis, seizures, meningoencephalitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Miller Fisher syndrome, acute myelitis, and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) are also addressed systematically. Future studies that examine the impact of neurological symptoms and manifestations on the course of the disease are needed to further clarify and assess the link between neurological complications and the clinical outcome of patients with COVID-19. To limit long-term consequences, it is crucial that healthcare professionals can early detect possible neurological symptoms and are well versed in the increasingly common neurological manifestations and complications of COVID-19.
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18
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Zareh-Shahamati S, Noorbakhsh M, Digaleh H, Safarpour-Lima B. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and seizure: An insight into the pathophysiologic mechanisms. CURRENT JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY 2021; 20:43-48. [PMID: 38011476 PMCID: PMC8511601 DOI: 10.18502/cjn.v20i1.6379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Based on previous studies, seizure has been reported to accompany coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Underlying mechanisms are those leading to the direct central nervous system (CNS) invasion through hematogenous spread or trans-synaptic retrograde invasion, causing meningoencephalitis. On the other hand, there are pathophysiologic mechanisms that seizure would be one of their early consequences, such as cytokine storm, hypoxemia, metabolic derangement, and structural brain lesions. Herein, we focused on available evidence to provide an insight into the pathophysiologic mechanisms that link seizure and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, as a better understanding of pathophysiology would lead to better diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Zareh-Shahamati
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahyar Noorbakhsh
- Autoimmune Disease Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hadi Digaleh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnam Safarpour-Lima
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Mark EG, Golden WC, Gilmore MM, Sick-Samuels A, Curless MS, Nogee LM, Milstone AM, Johnson J. Community-Onset Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in Young Infants: A Systematic Review. J Pediatr 2021; 228:94-100.e3. [PMID: 32910943 PMCID: PMC7477627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize and evaluate current reports on community-onset severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in young infants. STUDY DESIGN We performed a systematic review to identify reports published from November 1, 2019, until June 15, 2020, on laboratory-confirmed community-onset SARS-CoV-2 infection in infants younger than 3 months of age. We excluded studies reporting neonates with perinatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exposure and diagnosis before hospital discharge and hospital-onset disease, as well as clinically diagnosed cases without confirmation. Two independent reviewers performed study screening, data abstraction, and risk of bias assessment. Variables of interest included patient age, exposure to COVID-19, medical history, clinical symptoms, SARS-CoV-2 testing, laboratory findings, clinical course, and disposition. RESULTS In total, 38 publications met inclusion criteria, including 23 single case reports, 14 case series, and 1 cohort study, describing 63 infants younger than 3 months of age with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Most cases were mild to moderate. Fever, respiratory, gastrointestinal, cardiac, and neurologic findings were reported. Laboratory abnormalities included neutropenia, lymphopenia, and elevated serum levels of inflammatory markers and aminotransferases. Fifty-eight (92%) infants were hospitalized, 13 (21%) were admitted to the intensive care unit, and 2 (3%) required mechanical ventilation. No death was reported. CONCLUSIONS Among young infants with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, most cases were mild to moderate and improved with supportive care. Our results demonstrate a need for a high index of suspicion for SARS-CoV-2 infection in young infants presenting with generalized symptoms such as fever or decreased feeding, even in the absence of respiratory symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse G Mark
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - W Christopher Golden
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Maureen M Gilmore
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Anna Sick-Samuels
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Melanie S Curless
- Department of Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lawrence M Nogee
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Aaron M Milstone
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Julia Johnson
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
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20
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Benou S, Ladhani S, Dimitriou G, Gkentzi D. Atypical Manifestations of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in Children: A Systematic Review. Curr Pediatr Rev 2021; 17:162-171. [PMID: 33823780 DOI: 10.2174/1573396317666210406153302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In December 2019, a local outbreak of pneumonia was presented in Wuhan (China) and quickly identified to be caused by a novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 was named COVID-19 and was soon declared a pandemic because of the millions of infections and thousands of deaths worldwide. Children infected with SARS-CoV-2 usually develop the asymptomatic or mild type of disease compared to adults. They are also more likely to have atypical and non-specific clinical manifestations than adults. METHODS A literature search was performed through PubMed and Scopus to summarize the extrapulmonary manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children since the beginning of the pandemic. Peer-reviewed papers in English were retrieved using the following keywords and combinations: 'pediatric,' 'child,' 'infant,' 'neonate,' 'novel coronavirus,' 'SARS-CoV-2,' 'COVID 19' and 'gastrointestinal,' 'renal,' 'cardiac,' 'dermatologic' or 'ophthalmologic'. We included published case series and case reports providing clinical symptoms and signs in SARS-CoV2 pediatric patients. RESULTS Although fever and symptoms of upper respiratory infection are the most frequently presented, a variety of other atypical presentations has also been reported. The clinical spectrum includes dermatological, ophthalmological, neurological, cardiovascular, renal, reproductive, and gastrointestinal presentations. In addition, a rare multi-inflammatory syndrome associated with SARS-- CoV-2 infection has been reported in children, often leading to shock and requiring inotropic support and mechanical ventilation. CONCLUSION Clinicians need to be aware of the wider range of extrapulmonary atypical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children, so that appropriate testing, treatment, and public health measures can be implemented rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Benou
- Department of Paediatrics, Patras Medical School, Rion 26504, Greece
| | - Shamez Ladhani
- Paediatric Infectious Disease Research Group, St. George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel Dimitriou
- Department of Paediatrics, Patras Medical School, Rion 26504, Greece
| | - Despoina Gkentzi
- Department of Paediatrics, Patras Medical School, Rion 26504, Greece
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21
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Ninan S, Thompson P, Gershon T, Ford N, Mills W, Jewells V, Thorne L, Saunders K, Bouldin T, Smedberg JR, Miller MB, Wu E, Tilly A, Sites J, Lercher D, Clement K, Walker T, Shea P, Joyner B, Smith R. Fatal Pediatric COVID-19 Case With Seizures and Fulminant Cerebral Edema. Child Neurol Open 2021; 8:2329048X211022532. [PMID: 34179214 PMCID: PMC8207268 DOI: 10.1177/2329048x211022532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, can present with a wide range of neurological manifestations, in both adult and pediatric populations. We describe here the case of a previously healthy 8-year-old girl who presented with seizures, encephalopathy, and rapidly progressive, diffuse, and ultimately fatal cerebral edema in the setting of acute COVID-19 infection. CSF analysis, microbiological testing, and neuropathology yielded no evidence of infection or acute inflammation within the central nervous system. Acute fulminant cerebral edema (AFCE) is an often fatal pediatric clinical entity consisting of fever, encephalopathy, and new-onset seizures followed by rapid, diffuse, and medically-refractory cerebral edema. AFCE occurs as a rare complication of a variety of common pediatric infections and a CNS pathogen is identified in only a minority of cases, suggesting a para-infectious mechanism of edema. This report suggests that COVID-19 infection can precipitate AFCE, and highlights the need for high suspicion and early recognition thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Ninan
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Peyton Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Timothy Gershon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Natalie Ford
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - William Mills
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Valerie Jewells
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Leigh Thorne
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Katherine Saunders
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Thomas Bouldin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jason R. Smedberg
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, McLendon Clinical Laboratories, UNC Medical Center, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Melissa B. Miller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, McLendon Clinical Laboratories, UNC Medical Center, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Eveline Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alyssa Tilly
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Palliative Care Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeremy Sites
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Daniel Lercher
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Katherine Clement
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tracie Walker
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paul Shea
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Benny Joyner
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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22
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Asadi-Pooya AA, Simani L, Shahisavandi M, Barzegar Z. COVID-19, de novo seizures, and epilepsy: a systematic review. Neurol Sci 2020; 42:415-431. [PMID: 33237493 PMCID: PMC7686454 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04932-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective We discuss the evidence on the occurrence of de novo seizures in patients with COVID-19, the consequences of this catastrophic disease in people with epilepsy (PWE), and the electroencephalographic (EEG) findings in patients with COVID-19. Methods This systematic review was prepared according to the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. MEDLINE, Scopus, and Embase from inception to August 15, 2020 were systematically searched. These key words were used: “COVID” AND “seizure” OR “epilepsy” OR “EEG” OR “status epilepticus” OR “electroencephalography”. Results We could identify 62 related manuscripts. Many studies were case reports or case series of patients with COVID-19 and seizures. PWE showed more psychological distress than healthy controls. Many cases with new-onset focal seizures, serial seizures, and status epilepticus have been reported in the literature. EEG studies have been significantly ignored and underused globally. Conclusion Many PWE perceived significant disruption in the quality of care to them, and some people reported increase in their seizure frequency since the onset of the pandemic. Telemedicine is a helpful technology that may improve access to the needed care for PWE in these difficult times. De novo seizures may occur in people with COVID-19 and they may happen in a variety of forms. In addition to prolonged EEG monitoring, performing a through metabolic investigation, electrocardiogram, brain imaging, and a careful review of all medications are necessary steps. The susceptibility of PWE to contracting COVID-19 should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Asadi-Pooya
- Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. .,Jefferson Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Leila Simani
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Shahisavandi
- Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zohreh Barzegar
- Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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23
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Kushwaha S, Seth V, Bapat P, R K, Chaturvedi M, Gupta R, Bhattar S, Maheshwari S, Anthony A. Neurological Associations of COVID-19-Do We Know Enough: A Tertiary Care Hospital Based Study. Front Neurol 2020; 11:588879. [PMID: 33329335 PMCID: PMC7732434 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.588879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurotrophic potential of SARS-CoV-2 virus is manifesting as various neurological disorders in the present pandemic. Nervous system involvement can be due to the direct action of the virus on the brain tissue or due to an indirect action through the activation of immune-mediated mechanisms. This study will discuss the detailed systematically evaluated clinical profile and relevant investigations and outcome of 14 laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 positive patients presenting with neurological signs and symptoms. The patients were further categorized into confirmed, probable, and possible neurological associations. The probable association was found in meningoencephalitis (n = 4), stroke (n = 2), Guillain-Barré syndrome (n = 1), and anosmia (n = 1). The other six patients had coexisting neurological diseases with SARS-CoV-2. One patient with a large artery stroke succumbed to the illness due to respiratory complication. Memory impairment as a sequela is present during follow up of one encephalitis patient. Presently the early recognition and diagnosis of neurological manifestations remains a challenge for clinicians as the SARS-CoV-2 related neurological manifestations are in evolution. A long-term correlation study of clinical profile, radiological and laboratory investigations, along with neuropathological studies is needed to further understand the pathophysiology behind the SARS-CoV-2 neurological manifestations. Further understanding will facilitate timely recognition, therapeutic intervention, and possible prevention of long-term sequalae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Kushwaha
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vaibhav Seth
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Prateek Bapat
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - KiranGowda R
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Monali Chaturvedi
- Department of Neuroradiology, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Renu Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonali Bhattar
- Department of Microbiology, Rajiv Gandhi Super Speciality Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Siddharth Maheshwari
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Aldrin Anthony
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, New Delhi, India
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24
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Stafstrom CE, Jantzie LL. COVID-19: Neurological Considerations in Neonates and Children. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 7:E133. [PMID: 32927628 PMCID: PMC7552690 DOI: 10.3390/children7090133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing worldwide pandemic of the novel human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the ensuing disease, COVID-19, has presented enormous and unprecedented challenges for all medical specialists. However, to date, children, especially neonates, have been relatively spared from the devastating consequences of this infection. Neurologic involvement is being increasingly recognized among adults with COVID-19, who can develop sensory deficits in smell and taste, delirium, encephalopathy, headaches, strokes, and peripheral nervous system disorders. Among neonates and children, COVID-19-associated neurological manifestations have been relatively rare, yet reports involving neurologic dysfunction in this age range are increasing. As discussed in this review, pediatric neurologists and other pediatric specialists should be alert to potential neurological involvement by this virus, which might have neuroinvasive capability and carry long-term neuropsychiatric and medical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl E. Stafstrom
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University Hospital and School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Lauren L. Jantzie
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurosurgery, and Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University Hospital and School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA;
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25
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Chegondi M, Kothari H, Chacham S, Badheka A. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Associated With Febrile Status Epilepticus in a Child. Cureus 2020; 12:e9840. [PMID: 32953347 PMCID: PMC7497292 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.9840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection associated with the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The emerging literature suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection affects children of all age groups. COVID-19 as a cause of febrile seizures and status epilepticus is not yet reported in children. We report the case of a two-year-old child who presented to our pediatric intensive care unit with febrile status epilepticus and was diagnosed to have COVID-19 infection. The child recovered fully and was discharged home after three days.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harsh Kothari
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Stead Family Children's Hospital, Iowa City, USA
| | - Swathi Chacham
- Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, IND
| | - Aditya Badheka
- Pediatrics, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, USA.,Pediatrics, Stead Family Children's Hospital, Iowa City, USA
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