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Moharir S, Khobragade P, Rane R, Suryawanshi M, Pal K, Gawade B, Kumar D, Satpute B. Discovery of Novel Diesters Incorporating Kojic Acid With NSAIDs and Palmitic Acid as Dual Inhibitor of Melanogenesis and Inflammation. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:1769-1778. [PMID: 38663499 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Our study focuses on creating hybrid compounds and assessing their suitability for use in skincare products. The synergistic combination of Kojic acid, NSAIDs, and Palmitic acid proved to be an effective approach in inhibiting melanin production, making it a promising solution for individuals with hyperpigmentation concerns with Kojic acid (KA) Ibuprofen monoester (IBUM) and Ibuprofen-Kojic acid-Palmitic acid diester (IBUD) exhibiting a potential tyrosinase (38 % and 49 % inhibition at 200 µM) and anti-melanogenesis activity (77 % and 79 % inhibition at 100 µM). Furthermore, these compounds exhibited potent anti-inflammatory effects, Kojic acid-Diclofenac monoester (DICM) and Diclofenac-Kojic acid-Palmitic acid diester (DICD) offering potential benefits for inflammation by lowering the paw volume. A stability study under chemical conditions and enzymatic conditions was also performed, wherein DICM and DICD showed a better half-life of 515, 593 h under chemical stability and 6.3, 7.5 h under enzymatic stability studies respectively. The diester hybrids IBUD, DICD, Naproxen-Kojic acid-Palmitic acid diester (NAPD) showed a better permeation and penetration profiles compared to their parent drugs. In-vitro cell line studies were conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of these hybrid esters, with promising results. The dual inhibitor demonstrated minimal cytotoxicity and remarkable anti-melanogenic and anti-inflammatory activities, showing its potential as a versatile agent in addressing both melanogenesis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyash Moharir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune 411038, India
| | - Prachi Khobragade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune 411038, India
| | - Rajesh Rane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune 411038, India.
| | - Mugdha Suryawanshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune 411038, India.
| | - Kavita Pal
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Bapu Gawade
- Cleanchem Lifesciences Pvt. Ltd., Kopar-Khairane, Navi Mumbai 400710, India
| | - Dileep Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune 411038, India.
| | - Bharat Satpute
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune 411038, India
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Ushasree MV, Jia Q, Do SG, Lee EY. New opportunities and perspectives on biosynthesis and bioactivities of secondary metabolites from Aloe vera. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 72:108325. [PMID: 38395206 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Historically, the genus Aloe has been an indispensable part of both traditional and modern medicine. Decades of intensive research have unveiled the major bioactive secondary metabolites of this plant. Recent pandemic outbreaks have revitalized curiosity in aloe metabolites, as they have proven pharmacokinetic profiles and repurposable chemical space. However, the structural complexity of these metabolites has hindered scientific advances in the chemical synthesis of these compounds. Multi-omics research interventions have transformed aloe research by providing insights into the biosynthesis of many of these compounds, for example, aloesone, aloenin, noreugenin, aloin, saponins, and carotenoids. Here, we summarize the biological activities of major aloe secondary metabolites with a focus on their mechanism of action. We also highlight the recent advances in decoding the aloe metabolite biosynthetic pathways and enzymatic machinery linked with these pathways. Proof-of-concept studies on in vitro, whole-cell, and microbial synthesis of aloe compounds have also been briefed. Research initiatives on the structural modification of various aloe metabolites to expand their chemical space and activity are detailed. Further, the technological limitations, patent status, and prospects of aloe secondary metabolites in biomedicine have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrudulakumari Vasudevan Ushasree
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Qi Jia
- Unigen, Inc., 2121 South street suite 400 Tacoma, Washington 98405, USA
| | - Seon Gil Do
- Naturetech, Inc., 29-8, Yongjeong-gil, Chopyeong-myeon, Jincheon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 27858, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Yeol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Adeyanju MM, Ademakinwa AN. Tyrosinase from the pulps of local cultivars of Musa spp: Purification, characterization, immobilization, and application in the batch production of l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38445841 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2024.2324084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in browning reactions in plants/crops exposed to mechanical injury, was isolated from the pulp of some different locally available bananas (M. cavendish, M. acuminata, and M. paradisiaca). Tyrosinase from the pulps was extracted, purified, immobilized, and characterized. Thereafter, the potentials of the immobilized tyrosinase in the possible production of l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) in an improvised batch reactor was exploited using tyrosine and ascorbate as the substrates. L-DOPA production was monitored via thin-layer chromatography and spectrophotometry (Arnow's method). L-DOPA is a drug that is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Hence, this study exploited a non-chemical route for its synthesis using the tyrosinase obtained from the banana pulps. The purified tyrosinase had an optimum pH and temperature of 6.5 and 7.0, respectively. The molecular weight of the purified tyrosinase was 45 kDa. Quercetin and resorcinol both competitively inhibited the purified tyrosinase from the three cultivars. Immobilized M. cavendish tyrosinase produced the highest concentration (0.60 mM) of L-DOPA after 8 h in an improvised batch reactor. The tyrosinase in the banana pulps serves as a cheap and readily available green route for the possible production of L-DOPA.
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4
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Khraisat LMAF, Sabuncuoğlu S, Girgin G, Unsal Tan O. Synthesis and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity of Novel Benzimidazole/Thiazolidin-4-one Hybrid Derivatives. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301489. [PMID: 38149789 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, novel 3-(phenylamino)thiazolidin-4-one 2 a-d and 3-(phenyl)thiazolidin-4-one 3 a-g derivatives which are having benzimidazole moiety were synthesized and their tyrosinase inhibitory activity were investigated. The structures of the target compounds were elucidated using 1 H/13 C-NMR, IR and MS. The structure of 2 b was also characterized using HSQC NMR technique. Among the target compounds, 3 b-g demonstrated stronger tyrosinase inhibitory activity (IC50 values for 3 b-g ranged from 80.93 to 119.20 μM), compared to the positive control kojic acid (IC50 : 125.08 μM). With IC50 value of 80.93 μM, 5-(2-(4-(1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)phenyl)-4-oxothiazolidin-3-yl)-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide 3 g was found to be the most active derivative of the series. Molecular docking studies were conducted to elucidate the binding interactions between compounds and tyrosinase. The MTT assay studies used to determine the cytotoxicity of 3 b-g showed that 3 c, 3 d, 3 f and 3 g were not cytotoxic in the range of 0-200 μM. Considering its tyrosinase inhibitory activity and cytotoxic effect, 3 g exhibits promising potential for further research and development as a novel tyrosinase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suna Sabuncuoğlu
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gözde Girgin
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Oya Unsal Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
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5
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Kurt-Celep I, Zheleva-Dimitrova D, Sinan KI, Uba AI, Nilofar, Mahomoodally MF, Aumeeruddy MZ, Cakilcioglu U, Dall'Acqua S, Zengin G. Uncovering chemical profiles, biological potentials, and protection effect against ECM destruction in H 2 O 2 -treated HDF cells of the extracts of Stachys tundjeliensis. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300528. [PMID: 37974540 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The genus Stachys L., one of the largest genera of the Lamiaceae family, is highly represented in Turkey. This study was conducted to determine the bio-pharmaceutical potential and phenolic contents of six different extracts from aerial parts of Stachys tundjeliensis. The obtained results showed that the ethanol extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in the antioxidant assays. Meanwhile, the ethanol extract displayed strong inhibitory activity against α-tyrosinase, the dichloromethane extract exhibited potent inhibition against butyrylcholinesterase, and the n-hexane extract against α-amylase. Based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis, more than 90 secondary metabolites, including hydroxybenzoic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, and their glycosides, acylquinic acids, phenylethanoid glycosides, and various flavonoids were identified or tentatively annotated in the studied S. tundjeliensis extracts. It was observed that the application of S. tundjeliensis eliminated H2 O2 -induced oxidative stress. It was determined that protein levels of phospho-nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), receptor for advanced glycation endproducts, and activator protein-1, which are activated in the nucleus, decreased, and the synthesis of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 also decreased to basal levels. Overall, these findings suggest that S. tundjeliensis contains diverse bioactive compounds for the development of nutraceuticals or functional foods with potent biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inci Kurt-Celep
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | - Abdullahi Ibrahim Uba
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul AREL University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilofar
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
- Department of Pharmacy, Botanic Garden "Giardino dei Semplici", Università degli Studi "Gabriele d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
- School of Engineering & Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | | | - Ugur Cakilcioglu
- Pertek Sakine Genç Vocational School, Munzur University, Pertek, Tunceli, Turkey
| | - Stefano Dall'Acqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
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6
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Khan KM, Nadeem MF, Mannan A, Chohan TA, Islam M, Ansari SA, Alkahtani HM, Ansari IA, Khurshid U, Abidin SAZ, Shah SAA, Saleem H. Biochemical, Toxicological, and in Silico Aspects of Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D.Don (Trilliaceae): A Rich Source of Natural Bioactive Compounds. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301375. [PMID: 38031244 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Trillium govanianum is a high-value medicinal herb, having multifunctional traditional and culinary uses. The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the phytochemical, biological and toxicological parameters of the T. govanianum Wall. ex D. Don (Family: Trilliaceae) roots collected from Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Phytochemical profiling was achieved by determining total bioactive contents (total phenolic and flavonoid contents) and UHPLC-MS analysis. For biological evaluation, antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, phosphomolybdenum, and metal chelation assays) and enzyme inhibition activities (against AChE, BChE, glucosidase, amylase, and tyrosinase) were performed. Moreover, cytotoxicity was assessed against three human carcinoma cell lines (MDA-MB-231, CaSki, and DU-145). The tested extract was found to contain higher total phenolics (7.56 mg GAE/g dry extract) as compared to flavonoid contents (0.45 mg RE/g dry extract). Likewise, for the antioxidant activity, higher CUPRAC activity was noted with 39.84 mg TE/g dry extract values. In the case of enzyme assays, higher activity was pointed out against the cholinesterase, glucosidase and tyrosinase enzymes. The plant extract displayed significant cytotoxicity against the cell lines examined. Moreover, the in-silico studies highlighted the interaction between the important phytochemicals and tested enzymes. To conclude, the assessed biological activity and the existence of bioactive phytochemicals in the studied plant extract may pave the way for the development of novel pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif Maqbool Khan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPS), University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Faisal Nadeem
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPS), University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Mannan
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Ali Chohan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPS), University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Islam
- University College of Pharmacy, Punjab University, Pakistan
| | - Siddique Akber Ansari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P, .O Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad M Alkahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P, .O Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Irfan Aamer Ansari
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10124, Turin, Italy
| | - Umair Khurshid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Syafiq Asnawi Zainal Abidin
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Syed Adnan Ali Shah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor Kampus Puncak Alam, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, 42300, Malaysia
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery (AuRIns), Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor Kampus Puncak Alam, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, 42300, Malaysia
| | - Hammad Saleem
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPS), University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
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7
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Duarte M, Carvalho MJ, de Carvalho NM, Azevedo-Silva J, Mendes A, Ribeiro IP, Fernandes JC, Oliveira ALS, Oliveira C, Pintado M, Amaro A, Madureira AR. Skincare potential of a sustainable postbiotic extract produced through sugarcane straw fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biofactors 2023; 49:1038-1060. [PMID: 37317790 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Postbiotics are defined as a "preparation of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confers a health benefit on the host." They can be produced by fermentation, using culture media with glucose (carbon source), and lactic acid bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus, and/or yeast, mainly Saccharomyces cerevisiae as fermentative microorganisms. Postbiotics comprise different metabolites, and have important biological properties (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, etc.), thus their cosmetic application should be considered. During this work, the postbiotics production was carried out by fermentation with sugarcane straw, as a source of carbon and phenolic compounds, and as a sustainable process to obtain bioactive extracts. For the production of postbiotics, a saccharification process was carried out with cellulase at 55°C for 24 h. Fermentation was performed sequentially after saccharification at 30°C, for 72 h, using S. cerevisiae. The cells-free extract was characterized regarding its composition, antioxidant activity, and skincare potential. Its use was safe at concentrations below ~20 mg mL-1 (extract's dry weight in deionized water) for keratinocytes and ~ 7.5 mg mL-1 for fibroblasts. It showed antioxidant activity, with ABTS IC50 of 1.88 mg mL-1 , and inhibited elastase and tyrosinase activities by 83.4% and 42.4%, respectively, at the maximum concentration tested (20 mg mL-1 ). In addition, it promoted the production of cytokeratin 14, and demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity at a concentration of 10 mg mL-1 . In the skin microbiota of human volunteers, the extract inhibited Cutibacterium acnes and the Malassezia genus. Shortly, postbiotics were successfully produced using sugarcane straw, and showed bioactive properties that potentiate their use in cosmetic/skincare products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Duarte
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Carvalho
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nelson Mota de Carvalho
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Azevedo-Silva
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Adélia Mendes
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Pinto Ribeiro
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
- Amyris Bio Products Portugal, Unipessoal Lda, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Carlos Fernandes
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana L S Oliveira
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Oliveira
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela Pintado
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Amaro
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Raquel Madureira
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
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Kurt-Celep İ, Zengin G, Uba AI, Caprioli G, Mustafa AM, Angeloni S, Cakilcioglu U, Guler O, Kaplan A, Sharmeen J, Mahomoodally MF. Unraveling the chemical profile, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, cytotoxic potential of different extracts from Astragalus caraganae. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2300263. [PMID: 37434089 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Six extracts (water, ethanol, ethanol-water, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and n-hexane) of Astragalus caraganae were studied for their biological activities and bioactive contents. Based on high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), the ethanol-water extract yielded the highest total bioactive content (4242.90 µg g-1 ), followed by the ethanol and water extracts (3721.24 and 3661.37 µg g-1 , respectively), while the least total bioactive content was yielded by the hexane extract, followed by the dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts (47.44, 274.68, and 688.89 µg g-1 , respectively). Rutin, p-coumaric, chlorogenic, isoquercitrin, and delphindin-3,5-diglucoside were among the major components. Unlike the dichloromethane extracts, all the other extracts showed radical scavenging ability in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay (8.73-52.11 mg Trolox equivalent [TE]/g), while all extracts displayed scavenging property in the 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay (16.18-282.74 mg TE/g). The extracts showed antiacetylcholinesterase (1.27-2.73 mg galantamine equivalent [GALAE]/g), antibutyrylcholinesterase (0.20-5.57 mg GALAE/g) and antityrosinase (9.37-63.56 mg kojic acid equivalent [KAE]/g) effects. The molecular mechanism of the H2 O2 -induced oxidative stress pathway was aimed to be elucidated by applying ethanol, ethanol/water and water extracts at 200 µg/mL concentration to human dermal cells (HDFs). A. caraganae in HDF cells had neither a cytotoxic nor genotoxic effect but could have a cytostatic effect in increasing concentrations. The findings have allowed a better insight into the pharmacological potential of the plant, with respect to their chemical entities and bioactive contents, as well as extraction solvents and their polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- İnci Kurt-Celep
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Ataşehir, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Abdullahi I Uba
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul AREL University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Ugur Cakilcioglu
- Pertek Sakine Genç Vocational School, Munzur University, Pertek, Turkey
| | - Osman Guler
- Pertek Sakine Genç Vocational School, Munzur University, Pertek, Turkey
| | - Alevcan Kaplan
- Sason Vocational School, Batman University, Batman, Turkey
| | - Jugreet Sharmeen
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
| | - Mohamad F Mahomoodally
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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9
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Al-Rooqi M, Sadiq A, Obaid RJ, Ashraf Z, Nazir Y, Jassas RS, Naeem N, Alsharif MA, Shah SWA, Moussa Z, Mughal EU, Farghaly AR, Ahmed SA. Evaluation of 2,3-Dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepine Derivatives as Potential Tyrosinase Inhibitors: In Vitro and In Silico Studies. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:17195-17208. [PMID: 37214694 PMCID: PMC10193543 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Benzothiazepines are pharmacologically active compounds, frequently utilized as a precursor for acquiring versatile molecules with several bioactivities including anti-inflammatory, anti-human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV), analgesic, antitumor, antimicrobial, and antitubercular. In this study, the 2,4-diphenyl-2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepine scaffold was selected for their in vitro, docking, and druglikeness studies to evaluate their inhibitory potential against mushroom tyrosinase. All synthesized analogues, 1-14, exhibited moderate to good IC50 values ranging from 1.21 to 70.65 μM. The synthesized benzothiazepine derivatives were potent tyrosinase inhibitors, which outperformed the reference kojic acid (IC50 = 16.69 μM). The kinetic analysis revealed that compound 2 (2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-(p-tolyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]thiazepine) was a mixed-type tyrosinase inhibitor with a Ki value of 1.01 μM. Molecular modeling studies against tyrosinase protein (PDB ID: 2Y9X) were conducted to recognize the binding modes of these analogues. The utilization of molecular dynamic (MD) simulations enabled the assessment of the protein-ligand complex's dynamic behavior, stability, and binding affinity for the compounds. These simulations ultimately led to the identification of compound 2 as a potential inhibitor of tyrosinase. Additionally, a druglikeness study was conducted, which supported the promising potential of the new analogues as novel antityrosinase agents. The in silico studies were consistent with the in vitro results, showing that these ligands had good binding scores against tyrosinase and interacted with the core residues of the target protein. Gaussian 09 was used for the geometry optimization of all complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munirah
M. Al-Rooqi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amina Sadiq
- Department
of Chemistry, Govt. College Women University, Sialkot 51300, Pakistan
| | - Rami J. Obaid
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaman Ashraf
- Department
of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Nazir
- Department
of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sialkot, Sialkot 51300, Pakistan
| | - Rabab S. Jassas
- Department
of Chemistry, Jamoum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nafeesa Naeem
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
| | - Meshari A. Alsharif
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Wadud Ali Shah
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir 18000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Ziad Moussa
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, United
Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Abdel-Rahman Farghaly
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, Jazan
University, Jazan 114, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A. Ahmed
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Jayawardhana HHACK, Jayawardena TU, Sanjeewa KKA, Liyanage NM, Nagahawatta DP, Lee HG, Kim JI, Jeon YJ. Marine Algal Polyphenols as Skin Protective Agents: Current Status and Future Prospectives. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21050285. [PMID: 37233479 DOI: 10.3390/md21050285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin is the outermost anatomical barrier, which plays a vital role in the maintenance of internal homeostasis and protection against physical, chemical, and biological detractors. Direct contact with various stimuli leads to several physiological changes that are ultimately important for the growth of the cosmetic industry. Due to the consequences of using synthetic compounds in skincare and cosmeceutical-related industries, the pharmaceutical and scientific communities have recently shifted their focus to natural ingredients. The nutrient-rich value of algae, which are some of the most interesting organisms in marine ecosystems, has attracted attention. Secondary metabolites isolated from seaweeds are potential candidates for a wide range of economic applications, including food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. An increasing number of studies have focused on polyphenol compounds owing to their promising biological activities against oxidation, inflammation, allergies, cancers, melanogenesis, aging, and wrinkles. This review summarizes the potential evidence of the beneficial properties and future perspectives of using marine macroalgae-derived polyphenolic compounds for advancing the cosmetic industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H A C K Jayawardhana
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Thilina U Jayawardena
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada
| | - K K A Sanjeewa
- Faculty of Technology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - N M Liyanage
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - D P Nagahawatta
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Geun Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Il Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
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11
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Shahid NH, Rashid H, Kumar S, Archoo S, Umar SA, Nazir LA, Parvinder SP, Tasduq SA. Inhibition of melanogenesis by 3-(1'-methyltetrahydropyridinyl)-2,4-6-trihydroxy acetophenone via suppressing the activity of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and nuclear exclusion of CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 1 (CRTC1). Eur J Pharmacol 2023:175734. [PMID: 37080332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to Ultraviolet radiation or α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) stimulates the Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate/Protein Kinase A signalling pathway, which leads to the synthesis and deposition of melanin granules in the epidermis. Skin pigmentation is the major physiological defence against inimical effects of sunlight. However, excessive melanin production and accumulation can cause various skin hyperpigmentation disorders. The present study involved the identification of 3-(1'-methyltetrahydropyridinyl)-2,4-6-trihydroxy acetophenone (IIIM-8) as an inhibitor of melanogenesis, IIIM-8 significantly inhibited pigment production both invitro and invivowithout incurring any cytotoxicity in Human Adult Epidermal Melanocytes (HAEM). IIIM-8 repressed melanin synthesis and secretion both at basal levels and in α-MSH stimulated cultured HAEM cells by decreasing the levels of Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) and inhibiting the phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding (CREB) protein, coupled with restoring the phosphorylation of CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 1 (CRTC1) and its nuclear exclusion in HAEM cells. This impeding effect correlates with diminished expression of master melanogenic proteins including microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), Tyrosinase (TYR), Tyrosinase related protein 1 (TRP1), and Tyrosinase related protein 2 (TRP2). Additionally, topical application of IIIM-8 induced tail depigmentation in C57BL/6 J mice. Furthermore, IIIM-8 efficiently mitigated the effect of ultraviolet-B radiation on melanin synthesis in the auricles of C57BL/6 J mice. This study demonstrates that IIIM-8 is an active anti-melanogenic agent against ultraviolet radiation-induced melanogenesis and other hyperpigmentation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naikoo H Shahid
- Pharmacology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Haroon Rashid
- Sher-e-KashmirInstitute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar, 190011, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Natural Product and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Sajida Archoo
- Pharmacology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sheikh A Umar
- Pharmacology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Lone A Nazir
- Pharmacology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Singh P Parvinder
- Natural Product and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sheikh A Tasduq
- Pharmacology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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12
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Chib S, Jamwal VL, Kumar V, Gandhi SG, Saran S. Fungal production of kojic acid and its industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2111-2130. [PMID: 36912905 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12451-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Kojic acid has gained its importance after it was known worldwide that the substance functions primarily as skin-lightening agent. Kojic acid plays a vital role in skin care products, as it enhances the ability to prevent exposure to UV radiation. It inhibits the tyrosinase formation which suppresses hyperpigmentation in human skin. Besides cosmetics, kojic acid is also greatly used in food, agriculture, and pharmaceuticals industries. Conversely, according to Global Industry Analysts, the Middle East, Asia, and in Africa especially, the demand of whitening cream is very high, and probably the market will reach to $31.2 billion by 2024 from $17.9 billion of 2017. The important kojic acid-producing strains were mainly belongs to the genus Aspergillus and Penicillium. Due to its commercial potential, it continues to attract the attention for its green synthesis, and the studies are still widely conducted to improve kojic acid production. Thus, the present review is focused on the current production processes, gene regulation, and limitation of its commercial production, probable reasons, and possible solutions. For the first time, detailed information on the metabolic pathway and the genes involved in kojic acid production, along with illustrations of genes, are highlighted in the present review. Demand and market applications of kojic acid and its regulatory approvals for its safer use are also discussed. KEY POINTS: • Kojic acid is an organic acid that is primarily produced by Aspergillus species. • It is mainly used in the field of health care and cosmetic industries. • Kojic acid and its derivatives seem to be safe molecules for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifali Chib
- Fermentation and Microbial Biotechnology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Vijay Lakshmi Jamwal
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Infectious Disease Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Fermentation and Microbial Biotechnology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sumit G Gandhi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Infectious Disease Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Saurabh Saran
- Fermentation and Microbial Biotechnology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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13
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Kooltheat N, Tedasen A, Yamasaki K, Chatatikun M. Melanogenesis Inhibitory Activity, Chemical Components and Molecular Docking Studies of Prunus cerasoides Buch.-Ham. D. Don. Flowers. J Evid Based Integr Med 2023; 28:2515690X231152928. [PMID: 36740925 PMCID: PMC9905211 DOI: 10.1177/2515690x231152928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Safe depigmenting agents are currently increasing in the cosmetic or pharmaceutical industry because various compounds have been found to have undesirable side effects. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the melanogenesis inhibitory effects of Prunus cerasoides Buch. -Ham. D. Don. flower extracts and their molecular mechanism in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. Moreover, we also examined phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant activity, chemical constituents of potential extracts, and molecular docking. The highest phenolic and flavonoid contents with the greatest scavenging activity were found in the butanol extract of the P. cerasoides flower compared to other extracts. From all extracts, only crude, diethyl ether, and butanol extracts showed an inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase activity, cellular tyrosinase activity, and melanin content as well as the downregulation of the gene expression of the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), and tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2) in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 cells. Based on the molecular docking study, n-hexadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, 9,12,15-octadecanoic acid, and eicosanoic acid might show an inhibitory effect against tyrosinase and MITF. In conclusion, this finding demonstrates that both the diethyl ether and butanol extracts of the P. cerasoides flower can effectively reduce tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis through the downregulation of the melanogenic gene expression in B16F10 cells and through the molecular docking study. Taken together, the diethyl ether and butanol extracts of the P. cerasoides flower could be an anti-melanogenic ingredient for hyperpigmentary or melasma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nateelak Kooltheat
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences,
Walailak
University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161,
Thailand,Hematology and Transfusion Science Research Center, School of Allied
Health Sciences, Walailak
University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161,
Thailand
| | - Aman Tedasen
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences,
Walailak
University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161,
Thailand,Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products
(RECIHP), Walailak
University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161,
Thailand
| | - Kenshi Yamasaki
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku
University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Moragot Chatatikun
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences,
Walailak
University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161,
Thailand,Center of Excellence Research for Melioidosis and Microorganisms
(CERMM), Walailak
University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161,
Thailand,Moragot Chatatikun, School of Allied Health
Sciences, Walailak University 222, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand.
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14
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Peng Z, Wang G, He Y, Wang JJ, Zhao Y. Tyrosinase inhibitory mechanism and anti-browning properties of novel kojic acid derivatives bearing aromatic aldehyde moiety. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 6:100421. [PMID: 36605465 PMCID: PMC9807860 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.100421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kojic acid-aromatic aldehydes 6a-6m were synthesized and screened for their anti-tyrosinase activities. These compounds showed potently anti-tyrosinase activity with IC50 values in the range of 5.32 ± 0.23 to 77.89 ± 3.36 μM compared with kojic acid (IC50 = 48.05 ± 3.28 μM). Thereinto, compound 6j with 3-fluorine and 4-aldehyde substitutions showed the most potent anti-tyrosinase activity (IC50 = 5.32 ± 0.23 μM). Enzyme kinetic study revealed that 6j is a noncompetitive tyrosinase inhibitor (Ki = 2.73 μM). The action mechanism of 6j was evaluated by fluorescence spectrum quenching, molecular docking, 1H NMR titration, etc. The anti-browning assay showed that 6j could delay the enzymatic browning of fresh-cut apples. Besides, the cell viability assay proved that 6j had a good safety profile as an anti-browning agent. Hence, these results identify a new class of anti-tyrosinase and anti-browning agents for further investigation in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyun Peng
- Clinical Trails Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Guangcheng Wang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Yan He
- Clinical Trails Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jing Jing Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Food Manufacturing, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China
- Corresponding author. College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Corresponding author.
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15
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Potential Cosmetic Active Ingredients Derived from Marine By-Products. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20120734. [PMID: 36547881 PMCID: PMC9787341 DOI: 10.3390/md20120734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The market demand for marine-based cosmetics has shown a tremendous growth rate in the last decade. Marine resources represent a promising source of novel bioactive compounds for new cosmetic ingredient development. However, concern about sustainability also becomes an issue that should be considered in developing cosmetic ingredients. The fisheries industry (e.g., fishing, farming, and processing) generates large amounts of leftovers containing valuable substances, which are potent sources of cosmeceutical ingredients. Several bioactive substances could be extracted from the marine by-product that can be utilized as a potent ingredient to develop cosmetics products. Those bioactive substances (e.g., collagen from fish waste and chitin from crustacean waste) could be utilized as anti-photoaging, anti-wrinkle, skin barrier, and hair care products. From this perspective, this review aims to approach the potential active ingredients derived from marine by-products for cosmetics and discuss the possible activity of those active ingredients in promoting human beauty. In addition, this review also covers the prospect and challenge of using marine by-products toward the emerging concept of sustainable blue cosmetics.
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16
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Phytochemical profiling, in vitro biological activities, and in-silico molecular docking studies of Typha domingensis. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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17
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The Inhibitory Effect of Polyphenon 60 from Green Tea on Melanin and Tyrosinase in Zebrafish and A375 Human Melanoma Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7739023. [PMID: 36091602 PMCID: PMC9463005 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7739023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenon 60 (PP60) from green tea has long been used as an antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, and antimutagenic. Aim of the Study. To investigate tyrosinase inhibition-related kinetic mechanism and antimelanogenesis potential of PP60. Materials and Methods. The effect of PP60 on melanin and tyrosinase was evaluated in A375 melanoma cells and zebrafish embryos. The melanoma cells were treated with 20, 40, and 60 µg/mL of PP60, and tyrosinase expression was induced by using L-DOPA. The western blot method was used for the evaluation of tyrosinase expression. Cell lysates were prepared from treated and untreated cells for cellular tyrosinase and melanin quantification. Furthermore, zebrafish embryos were treated with 20, 40, and 60 µg/mL of PP60 and reference drug kojic acid for determination of depigmentation and melanin quantification. In vitro assays were also performed to examine the impact of PP60 on mushroom tyrosinase activity. To determine cytotoxicity, MTT was used against melanoma cell line A375. Results. PP60 showed good tyrosinase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 0.697 ± 0.021 µg/mL as compared to kojic acid a reference drug with an IC50 value of 2.486 ± 0.085 µg/mL. Kinetic analysis revealed its mixed type of inhibition against mushroom tyrosinase. In addition, western blot analysis showed that at 60 µg/mL dose of PP60 significantly reduced L-DOPA-induced tyrosinase expression in melanoma cells. PP60 significantly inhibits the cellular tyrosinase (p < 0.05) and reduces the melanin (p < 0.05) contents of melanoma cells. Furthermore, PP60 was found to be very potent in significantly reducing the zebrafish embryos' pigmentation (p < 0.05) and melanin (p < 0.05) content at the dose of 60 µg/mL. Conclusions. Our results demonstrate that PP60 has a strong potency to reduce pigmentation. It may be useful for the cosmetic industries to develop skin whitening agents with minimal toxic effects.
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18
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Abstract
This article reviews the use of Kojic Acid (KA) as a skin-lightening ingredient in the cosmetics industry. In 1907, Saito discovered KA, a natural product; it has since become one of the most investigated skin-lightening agents. This paper highlights the findings of the research conducted on this agent. It has been found that KA has certain disadvantages, and researchers have attempted to mitigate these disadvantages by designing new equivalents of KA that are more efficient in tyrosinase inhibition. These equivalents are also safe to use and have improved properties and solubility. The Cosmeceutical Ingredient Review (CIR) indicates that this ingredient can be safely used at a concentration not higher than 1% due to its cytotoxicity. Other scientific data also support its safety at a concentration of 2% or less. It was shown to be helpful in the treatment of hyper pigmentary disorders, such as freckles, age spots, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, and melasma, which has been proven clinically.
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19
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Mughal EU, Ashraf J, Hussein EM, Nazir Y, Alwuthaynani AS, Naeem N, Sadiq A, Alsantali RI, Ahmed SA. Design, Synthesis, and Structural Characterization of Thioflavones and Thioflavonols as Potential Tyrosinase Inhibitors: In Vitro and In Silico Studies. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:17444-17461. [PMID: 35647459 PMCID: PMC9134403 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
To find new potential tyrosinase inhibitors, a diverse range of 2-arylchromone-4-thione derivatives (2a-2p) were designed and synthesized by employing a multistep strategy, and the newly synthesized compounds, for the first time, were screened in vitro for their tyrosinase inhibitory activity. In this context, the newly synthesized compounds (2a-2p) were characterized using a combination of several spectroscopic techniques including Fourier transform infrared, UV-vis, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopies and electron ionization-mass spectrometry. All the target compounds were potent against tyrosinase as compared to the standard inhibitor kojic acid (half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 12.6 ± 0.6 μM). The compounds (2a-2p) produced IC50 values in the range from 1.12 ± 0.04 to 5.68 ± 0.13 μM. Among the synthesized 4-thioflavones and 4-thioflavonols, the compound 2n exhibited excellent tyrosinase inhibitory activity with the lowest IC50 of 1.12 ± 0.04 μM that could be recommended as potential lead candidates to cure tyrosinase-mediated hyperpigmentation in the future. A kinetic study of compound 2n revealed that compound 2n inhibited tyrosinase in a competitive mode. Furthermore, the nontoxic performance of the most beneficial compounds ranging from 1 to 25 g/mL was determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide test method for A375 human melanoma cells for the highly efficient target compounds (2m, 2n, 2o, and 2p). Moreover, a molecular modeling study was performed against tyrosinase enzyme (2Y9X) to check the binding interactions of the synthesized compounds (2a-2p) against the target protein. Furthermore, quantitative structure-activity relationship studies were conducted based on an antityrosinase assay. The value of the correlation coefficient (R 2) 0.9997 shows that there was a good correlation between (2a-2p) structures and selected properties. The geometry optimization of all complexes was performed by using Gaussian 09. Additionally, a drug-likeness research was used to establish the potent analogues' positive action as a new antityrosinase agent (2n, 2o, and 2p).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamshaid Ashraf
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
| | - Essam M. Hussein
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut
University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
| | - Yasir Nazir
- Department
of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad 44000 Pakistan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sialkot, Sialkot 51300, Pakistan
| | - Abdulaziz S. Alwuthaynani
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nafeesa Naeem
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
| | - Amina Sadiq
- Department
of Chemistry, Govt. College Women University, Sialkot 51300, Pakistan
| | - Reem I. Alsantali
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A. Ahmed
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut
University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
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20
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Vaezi M. Structure and inhibition mechanism of some synthetic compounds and phenolic derivatives as tyrosinase inhibitors: review and new insight. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-13. [PMID: 35510568 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2069157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Safety concerns are the primary consideration to identify and detection of enzyme inhibitors. In this regard, safe and potent tyrosinase inhibitors play important role in enhancing nutritional quality, health promotion and also prevent further damages. The present review focuses on the recent and efficient tyrosinase inhibitors discovered from both synthetic sources and synthesized phenolic compounds, including flavonoid, carvacrol, thymol, cinnamic acid and resorcinol derivatives. The inhibitory activity of these compounds was analyzed according to chemical structure, IC50, Ki and their binding energy. Further, inhibition mechanism and the biological effects of some these inhibitors with potential application in food, agricultural, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries were briefly discussed. Molecular docking procedure was performed on some derivatives and demonstrated favorable binding affinity with amino acid residues of mushroom tyrosinase (PDB ID: 2Y9X). The information offered showed that the substitution pattern of hydroxyl groups at the phenyl ring is an important factor of tyrosinase inhibitory activity. The results confirmed that understanding structural modification of inhibitors is a key role in finding novel and efficacious tyrosinase inhibitors.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Vaezi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
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21
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Kumari A, kumar R, Sulabh G, Singh P, Kumar J, Singh VK, Ojha KK. In silico ADMET, molecular docking and molecular simulation-based study of glabridin’s natural and semisynthetic derivatives as potential tyrosinase inhibitors. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2022. [PMCID: PMC9000003 DOI: 10.1007/s13596-022-00640-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hyper-pigmentation conditions may develop due to erroneous melanogenesis cascade which leads to excess melanin production. Recently, inhibition of tyrosinase is the main focus of investigation as it majorly contributes to melanin production. This inhibition property can be exploited in medicine, agriculture, and in cosmetics. Present study aims to find a natural and safe alternative molecule as tyrosinase inhibitor. In this study, human tyrosinase enzyme was modelled due to unavailability of its crystal structure to look into the degree of efficacy of glabridin and its 15 derivatives as tyrosinase inhibitor. Docking was performed by Autodock Vina at the catalytic core enzyme. Glabridin effects on melanoma cell lines was also elucidated by analysing cytotoxicity and effect on melanin production. Computational ADME analysis was done by SwissADME. Molecular dynamic simulation was also performed to further evaluate the interaction profile of these molecules and kojic acid (positive inhibitor) with respect to apo protein. Notably, four derivatives 5′-formylglabridin, glabridin dimer, 5′-prenyl glabridin and R-glabridin exhibited better binding affinity than glabridin. Glabridin effectively inhibited melanin production in a dose dependent manner. Among these, 5′-formylglabridin displayed highest binding affinity with docking score − 9.2 kcal/mol. Molecular properties and bioactivity analysis by Molinspiration web server and by SwissADME also presented these molecules as potential drug candidates. The study explores the understanding for the development of suitable tyrosinase inhibitor/s for the prevention of hyperpigmentation. However, a detailed in vivo study is required for glabridin derivatives to suggest these molecules as anti-melanogenic compound.
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Untargeted Phenolic Profiling and Functional Insights of the Aerial Parts and Bulbs of Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11050600. [PMID: 35270070 PMCID: PMC8912325 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn (squill), belonging to the Asparagaceae family, is acknowledged as a medicinally valuable species from the Drimia genera. In this study, water, methanol, and ethyl acetate extracts of D. maritima aerial parts and bulbs were investigated for their polyphenols profile and evaluated for their antioxidant and enzyme inhibition properties. Phenolics were profiled through an untargeted metabolomics approach using an ultra-high pressure liquid chromatograph coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS). This analysis revealed an enrichment of low molecular weight phenolics and flavonoids in the aerial parts of D. maritima, while lignans mainly characterized bulb extracts. Antioxidant capacity was investigated by different assays, including phosphomolybdenum assays, radical scavenging (DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; ABTS: 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), as well as reducing ability (CUPRAC: cupric reducing antioxidant capacity; FRAP: ferric reducing antioxidant power), and metal chelating. In radical scavenging and reducing power assays, the water extract of aerial parts exhibited the strongest ability (DPPH: 36.99 mg trolox equivalent (TE)/g; ABTS: 85.96 mg TE/g; CUPRAC: 87.37 mg TE/g; FRAP: 55.43 mg TE/g). In general, the ethyl acetate extracts from aerial parts and bulbs provided the weakest antioxidant capacity. Concerning enzyme inhibitory activities, the water extracts of the bulb were poorly active, while the ethyl acetate extracts from both plant portions displayed the best α-amylase inhibitory abilities. The best acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) abilities were recorded by ethyl acetate extract of aerial parts (2.36 mg galantamine equivalent (GALAE)/g) and bulbs (5.10 mg GALAE/g), respectively. Overall, these results support the medicinal aptitude of D. maritima and its possible use as a natural source of antioxidants and enzyme inhibitors with functional potential.
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Ghalloo BA, Khan KUR, Ahmad S, Aati HY, Al-Qahtani JH, Ali B, Mukhtar I, Hussain M, Shahzad MN, Ahmed I. Phytochemical Profiling, In Vitro Biological Activities, and In Silico Molecular Docking Studies of Dracaena reflexa. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030913. [PMID: 35164177 PMCID: PMC8838819 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dracaena reflexa, a traditionally significant medicinal plant, has not been extensively explored before for its phytochemical and biological potential. The present study was conducted to evaluate the bioactive phytochemicals and in vitro biological activities of D. reflexa, and perform in silico molecular docking validation of D. reflexa. The bioactive phytochemicals were assessed by preliminary phytochemical testing, total bioactive contents, and GC-MS analysis. For biological evaluation, the antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, and ABTS), antibacterial, thrombolytic, and enzyme inhibition (tyrosinase and cholinesterase enzymes) potential were determined. The highest level of total phenolic contents (92.72 ± 0.79 mg GAE/g extract) was found in the n-butanol fraction while the maximum total flavonoid content (110 ± 0.83 mg QE/g extract) was observed in methanolic extract. The results showed that n-butanol fraction exhibited very significant tyrosinase inhibition activity (73.46 ± 0.80) and acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity (64.06 ± 2.65%) as compared to other fractions and comparable to the standard compounds (kojic acid and galantamine). The methanolic extract was considered to have moderate butyrylcholinesterase inhibition activity (50.97 ± 063) as compared to the standard compound galantamine (53.671 ± 0.97%). The GC-MS analysis of the n-hexane fraction resulted in the tentative identification of 120 bioactive phytochemicals. Furthermore, the major compounds as identified by GC-MS were analyzed using in silico molecular docking studies to determine the binding affinity between the ligands and the enzymes (tyrosinase, acetylcholinesterase, and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes). The results of this study suggest that Dracaena reflexa has unquestionable pharmaceutical importance and it should be further explored for the isolation of secondary metabolites that can be employed for the treatment of different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Ahmad Ghalloo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan; (B.A.G.); (S.A.); (M.N.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Kashif-ur-Rehman Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan; (B.A.G.); (S.A.); (M.N.S.); (I.A.)
- Correspondence: (K.-u.-R.K.); (H.Y.A.); Tel.: 92-3366708638 (K.-u.-R.K.)
| | - Saeed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan; (B.A.G.); (S.A.); (M.N.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Hanan Y. Aati
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (K.-u.-R.K.); (H.Y.A.); Tel.: 92-3366708638 (K.-u.-R.K.)
| | - Jawaher H. Al-Qahtani
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Barkat Ali
- National Agri Research Institute-NARC, Park Road Chack Shahzad Islamabad, Islamabad 45600, Pakistan;
| | - Imran Mukhtar
- Faculty of Medicine & Allied Health Sciences, Sir Sadiq Muhammad Khan Abbasi Post Graduate Medical College, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan;
| | - Musaddique Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Shahzad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan; (B.A.G.); (S.A.); (M.N.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Imtiaz Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan; (B.A.G.); (S.A.); (M.N.S.); (I.A.)
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Abe JI, Yoshinaga K. Inhibition of Agaricus tyrosinase by 1, 5-anhydro-D-fructose and its application to anti-browning of food materials. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.69.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Phytochemical Constituents and Biological Activities of the Unexplored Plant Rhinanthus angustifolius subsp. grandiflorus. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11199162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a total of 12 extracts of Rhinanthus angustifolius subsp. grandiflorus, an understudied hemiparasitic species, were obtained using different extraction techniques, namely, homogenizer-assisted extraction (HAE), maceration (MAC), soxhlet (SOX), infusion, and solvents (ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol, and water), and were evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant and enzyme-inhibiting properties. Additionally, untargeted profiling based on high-resolution mass spectrometry targeted different phytochemical classes, namely, polyphenols, terpenoids, and alkaloids. The highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents were detected using methanol as the extraction solvent. Multivariate statistics following the untargeted profiling revealed that the extraction solvent had a hierarchically higher impact than the extraction method when considering the recovery of bioactive compounds. The methanolic extracts displayed the highest radical-scavenging antioxidant capacity, as provided by CUPRAC and FRAP assays. On the other hand, the water extracts (MAC and HAE) and the infusion extract showed the highest activity as metal chelators (25.66–27.51 mg EDTAE/g). Similarly, the water extract obtained by HAE and the infusion extract revealed the highest phosphomolybdenum activity (3.92 ± 0.14 and 3.71 ± 0.01 mmol TE/g, respectively). The different extracts also exhibited different enzyme inhibition potentials. For instance, HAE and MAC ethanolic extracts inhibited only α-amylase (0.69 ± 0.01 and 0.70 ± 0.01 mmol ACAE/g), while all the other extracts showed a dual inhibition against both carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes tested (i.e., α-amylase: 0.07–0.69 mmol ACAE/g; α-glucosidase: 0.03–1.30 mmol ACAE/g). Nevertheless, the other extracts inhibited acetyl-, butyryl-cholinesterases, or both; MAC–water extract displayed no inhibition against the enzymes. Additionally, all the studied extracts were found to inhibit tyrosinase, ranging from 10.62 to 52.80 mg KAE/g. In general, the water extracts showed weaker inhibition towards the enzymes than the other extracts. This study demonstrated that R. angustifolius is an excellent source of natural antioxidants and enzyme inhibitors that could be further investigated and exploited for pharmaceutical purposes.
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Singpanna K, Dechsri K, Patrojanasophon P, Limpachayaporn P, Opanasopit P, Nuntharatanapong N. Transdermal delivery, cytotoxicity and anti-melanogenic activity of p-chlorophenyl benzyl ether loaded-liposomes. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Attaallah R, Amine A. The Kinetic and Analytical Aspects of Enzyme Competitive Inhibition: Sensing of Tyrosinase Inhibitors. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:322. [PMID: 34562912 PMCID: PMC8471001 DOI: 10.3390/bios11090322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An amperometric biosensor based on tyrosinase, immobilized onto a carbon black paste electrode using glutaraldehyde and BSA was constructed to detect competitive inhibitors. Three inhibitors were used in this study: benzoic acid, sodium azide, and kojic acid, and the obtained values for fifty percent of inhibition (IC50) were 119 µM, 1480 µM, and 30 µM, respectively. The type of inhibition can also be determined from the curve of the degree of inhibition by considering the shift of the inhibition curves. Amperometric experiments were performed with a biosensor polarized at the potential -0.15 V vs. Ag/AgCl and using 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) as an electrolyte. Under optimized conditions, the proposed biosensor showed a linear amperometric response toward catechol detection from 0.5 µM to 38 µM with a detection limit of 0.35 µM (S/N = 3), and its sensitivity was 66.5 mA M-1 cm-2. Moreover, the biosensor exhibited a good storage stability. Conversely, a novel graphical plot for the determination of reversible competitive inhibition was represented for free tyrosinase. The graph consisted of plotting the half-time reaction (t1/2) as a function of the inhibitor concentration at various substrate concentrations. This innovative method relevance was demonstrated in the case of kojic acid using a colorimetric bioassay relying on tyrosinase inhibition. The results showed that the t1/2 provides an extended linear range of tyrosinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aziz Amine
- Laboratory of Process Engineering & Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan II University of Casablanca, PA 146, Mohammedia 20800, Morocco;
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Obaid RJ, Mughal EU, Naeem N, Sadiq A, Alsantali RI, Jassas RS, Moussa Z, Ahmed SA. Natural and synthetic flavonoid derivatives as new potential tyrosinase inhibitors: a systematic review. RSC Adv 2021; 11:22159-22198. [PMID: 35480807 PMCID: PMC9034236 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03196a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a multifunctional glycosylated and copper-containing oxidase that is highly prevalent in plants and animals and plays a pivotal role in catalyzing the two key steps of melanogenesis: tyrosine's hydroxylation to dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), and oxidation of the latter species to dopaquinone. Melanin guards against the destructive effects of ultraviolet radiation which is known to produce considerable pathological disorders such as skin cancer, among others. Moreover, the overproduction of melanin can create aesthetic problems along with serious disorders linked to hyperpigmented spots or patches on skin. Several skin-whitening products which reduce melanogenesis activity and alleviate hyperpigmentation are commercially available. A few of them, particularly those obtained from natural sources and that incorporate a phenolic scaffold, have been exploited in the cosmetic industry. In this context, synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors (TIs) with elevated efficacy and fewer side effects are direly needed in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries owing to their protective effect against pigmentation and dermatological disorders. Furthermore, the biological significance of the chromone skeleton and its associated medicinal and bioactive properties has drawn immense interest and inspired many researchers to design and develop novel anti-tyrosinase agents based on the flavonoid core (2-arylchromone). This review article is oriented to provide an insight and a deeper understanding of the tyrosinase inhibitory activity of an array of natural and bioinspired phenolic compounds with special emphasis on flavonoids to demonstrate how the position of ring substituents and their interaction with tyrosinase could be correlated with their effectiveness or lack thereof against inhibiting the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami J Obaid
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University Makkah 21955 Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nafeesa Naeem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat Gujrat-50700 Pakistan
| | - Amina Sadiq
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. College Women University Sialkot-51300 Pakistan
| | - Reem I Alsantali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmacy College, Taif University 888-Taif Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabab S Jassas
- Department of Chemistry, Jamoum University College, Umm Al-Qura University 21955 Makkah Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziad Moussa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University P. O. Box 15551, Al Ain Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Saleh A Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University Makkah 21955 Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University 21955 Makkah Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University 71516 Assiut Egypt
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Ceylan R, Zengin G, Mahomoodally MF, Sinan KI, Ak G, Jugreet S, Cakır O, Ouelbani R, Paksoy MY, Yılmaz MA. Enzyme inhibition and antioxidant functionality of eleven Inula species based on chemical components and chemometric insights. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2021.104225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Chia AY, Manap AA, Lum Y, Ong L, Tang YQ, Gew L. Perspective approaches on melanogenesis inhibition. DERMATOL SIN 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/ds.ds_46_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Chemical Composition, Antibacterial, Anti-Inflammatory, and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Essential Oil from Rhynchanthus beesianus Rhizome. Molecules 2020; 26:molecules26010167. [PMID: 33396533 PMCID: PMC7795889 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhynchanthus beesianus W. W. Smith, an edible, medicinal, and ornamental plant, is mainly cultivated in China and Myanmar. The essential oil (EO) from R. beesianus rhizome has been used as an aromatic stomachic in China. The chemical composition and biological activities of EO from R. beesianus rhizome were reported for the first time. Based on gas chromatography with flame ionization or mass selective detection (GC-FID/MS) results, the major constituents of EO were 1,8-cineole (47.6%), borneol (15.0%), methyleugenol (11.2%), and bornyl formate (7.6%). For bioactivities, EO showed a significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus vulgaris with the diameter of the inhibition zone (DIZ) (8.66–10.56 mm), minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) (3.13–6.25 mg/mL), and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) (6.25–12.5 mg/mL). Moreover, EO (128 μg/mL) significantly inhibited the production of proinflammatory mediators nitric oxide (NO) (92.73 ± 1.50%) and cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (20.29 ± 0.17%) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (61.08 ± 0.13%) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages without any cytotoxic effect. Moreover, EO exhibited significant acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity (the concentration of the sample that affords a 50% inhibition in the assay (IC50) = 1.03 ± 0.18 mg/mL) and moderate α-glucosidase inhibition effect (IC50 = 11.60 ± 0.25 mg/mL). Thus, the EO could be regarded as a bioactive natural product and has a high exploitation potential in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.
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Massiliamide, a cyclic tetrapeptide with potent tyrosinase inhibitory properties from the Gram-negative bacterium Massilia albidiflava DSM 17472 T. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2020; 74:269-272. [PMID: 33361781 PMCID: PMC8005375 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-020-00394-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
A cyclic tetrapeptide, designated massiliamide, was isolated from the liquid culture of the Gram-negative bacterium Massilia albidiflava DSM 17472T. The structure was elucidated through extensive spectroscopic analysis, including HR-MS and 1D and 2D NMR experiments. The absolute configuration was determined using the Marfey´s method. Massiliamide showed potent inhibitory activity towards tyrosinase with an IC50 value of 1.15 µM and no cytotoxicity.
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Lee JY, Kim J, Nam YJ, Kim HJ, No KT. Isolindleyin exerts anti-melanogenic effects in human epidermal melanocytes via direct binding to tyrosinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 534:802-807. [PMID: 33162034 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To overcome dermatological concerns causing abnormally excessive melanin synthesis, highly effective and safe skin depigmentation compounds have been identified in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Among several methods used to achieve skin depigmentation, inhibition of tyrosinase is one of the most effective, since tyrosinase is a crucial enzyme in melanogenesis. Herein, isolindleyin, a novel inhibitor of human tyrosinase, was introduced and evaluated for its anti-melanogenic effects in human epidermal melanocytes. The results revealed that isolindleyin was directly bound to tyrosinase and it suppressed melanin synthesis. The binding mode between isolindleyin and the active sites of human tyrosinase was investigated using computational molecular docking at the atomic level. Isolindleyin binding was found to be stabilized by hydrophobic interactions between His 367 and Val 377 and by hydrogen bonds between Ser 380 and Asn 364. The results of this study revealed the anti-melanogenic effects of isolindleyin that could contribute toward overcoming dermatological concerns that cause abnormally excessive melanin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Lee
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, 17074, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; Biomaterial Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Juewon Kim
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, 17074, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Joo Nam
- Biocenter, Gyeonggido Business & Science Acceleator, Suwon, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-June Kim
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, 17074, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyoung Tai No
- Biomaterial Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea; Bioinformatics and Molecular Design Research Center (BMDRC), Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
The indiscriminate use of non-regulated skin lighteners among African populations has raised health concerns due to the negative effects associated with skin lightener toxicity. For this reason, there is a growing interest in the cosmetic development of plants and their metabolites as alternatives to available chemical-derived skin lightening formulations. Approximately 90% of Africa’s population depends on traditional medicine, and the continent’s biodiversity holds plant material with various biological activities, thus attracting considerable research interest. This study aimed to review existing evidence and document indigenous African plant species capable of inhibiting the enzyme tyrosinase and melanogenesis for potential incorporation into skin lightening products. Literature search on melanin biosynthesis, skin lightening, and tyrosinase inhibitors resulted in the identification of 35 plant species were distributed among 31 genera and 21 families across 15 African countries and 9 South African provinces. All plants identified in this study showed competent tyrosinase and melanogenesis inhibitory capabilities. These results indicate that African plants have the potential to serve as alternatives to current chemically-derived skin lighteners.
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Karimian S, Ranjbar S, Dadfar M, Khoshneviszadeh M, Gholampour M, Sakhteman A, Khoshneviszadeh M. 4H-benzochromene derivatives as novel tyrosinase inhibitors and radical scavengers: synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking analysis. Mol Divers 2020; 25:2339-2349. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10123-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Ranjbar S, Shahvaran PS, Edraki N, Khoshneviszadeh M, Darroudi M, Sarrafi Y, Hamzehloueian M, Khoshneviszadeh M. 1,2,3-Triazole-linked 5-benzylidene (thio)barbiturates as novel tyrosinase inhibitors and free-radical scavengers. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 353:e2000058. [PMID: 32638438 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, benzyl-1,2,3-triazole-linked 5-benzylidene (thio)barbiturate derivatives 7a-d and 8a-h were designed as potential tyrosinase inhibitors and free-radical scavengers. The twelve derivatives were synthesized via the [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of the corresponding benzyl azide as a dipole and the corresponding alkyne as a dipolarophile in the presence of copper(I) species, generated in situ from copper(II)/ascorbate. The thiobarbiturate derivative 8h and the barbiturate derivative 8b bearing 4-fluoro and 4-bromo groups on the benzyl-triazole moiety were found to be the most potent tyrosinase inhibitors with IC50 values of 24.6 ± 0.9 and 26.8 ± 0.8 μM, respectively. Almost all the compounds showed a good radical scavenging activity with EC50 values in the range of 29.9-324.9 μM. Derivatives 7a, 8f, and 8h were the most potent free-radical scavengers with EC50 values of 29.9 ± 0.8, 36.8 ± 0.9, and 39.2 ± 1.1 μM, respectively. The kinetic analysis revealed that compound 8h was a mixed-type tyrosinase inhibitor. The molecular docking analysis indicated that 8b and 8h were well accommodated in the active site of the tyrosinase enzyme and possessed the most negative binding energy values of -8.55 and -8.81 kcal/mol, respectively. Moreover, it was found that the two residues, Asn81 and Glu322, played a significant role in forming stable enzyme-inhibitor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ranjbar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Parisa-Sadat Shahvaran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Najmeh Edraki
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahsima Khoshneviszadeh
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Darroudi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Sarrafi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Khoshneviszadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Parvez S, Amin MH, Bae H. Tyrosinase inhibitors of Galla Rhois and its derivative components. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-020-00455-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Dall'Acqua S, Ak G, Sut S, Zengin G, Yıldıztugay E, Fawzi Mahomoodally M, Ibrahime Sinan K, Lobine D. Comprehensive bioactivity and chemical characterization of the endemic plant Scorzonera hieraciifolia Hayek extracts: A promising source of bioactive compounds. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109371. [PMID: 33233073 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Members of Scorzonera genus are known for their potential application in both food and pharmaceutical industries. The present study reports the chemical component and bioactivity of the dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, hexane, methanol and infused extracts of Scorzonera hieraciifolia Hayek aerial parts and roots. The methanolic extracts of both aerial parts and roots were good sources of total phenolic and flavonoid content. For the aerial parts, the infused and methanolic extracts showed highest (p < 0.05) free radical scavenging (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS)), reducing (cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC))and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)) and metal chelating capacities. Whilst, for the root extracts, overall most remarkable free scavenging and reducing activity was observed for the methanolic extracts (p < 0.05) while the hexane extracts showed highest metal chelating activity. The inhibitory activity of the extracts was evaluated against key enzymes. Overall, the hexane extracts of both aerial parts (acetylcholinesterase (AChE): 2.27 ± 0.04 and butyrlcholinesterase (BChE): 5.75 ± 0.48 mg galantamine equivalent (GALAE)/g) and roots (AChE: 2.44 ± 0.35 and BChE: 53.17 ± 0.22 mg GALAE/g) were most potent against AChE and BChE, suggesting a role for the more lipophilic compounds in this regard. The highest inhibitory activity against tyrosinase was displayed by methanolic extracts of aerial parts (64.70 ± 0.26 mg kojic acid equivalent (KAE)/g) and roots (63.63 ± 0.20 mg KAE/g). Modest activity was observed against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, two major enzymes implicated in the pathology of diabetes. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis showed the presence of 40 compounds such as caffeic, ursolic, betulinic and oleanolic acid and their derivatives in the studied extracts. Multivariate analysis showed that the biological activities were dependent on the plant parts used as well as on the type of solvent used. Overall, the results showed that S. hieraciifolia is a valuable source of phytochemicals for both the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Dall'Acqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Gunes Ak
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Campus, 42130 Konya, Turkey
| | - Stefania Sut
- DAFNAE, Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, Agripolis Campus, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Campus, 42130 Konya, Turkey.
| | - Evren Yıldıztugay
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Campus, 42130 Konya, Turkey
| | - Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam; Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, 230 Réduit, Mauritius
| | | | - Devina Lobine
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, 230 Réduit, Mauritius
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Alves A, Sousa E, Kijjoa A, Pinto M. Marine-Derived Compounds with Potential Use as Cosmeceuticals and Nutricosmetics. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112536. [PMID: 32486036 PMCID: PMC7321322 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cosmetic industry is among the fastest growing industries in the last decade. As the beauty concepts have been revolutionized, many terms have been coined to accompany the innovation of this industry, since the beauty products are not just confined to those that are applied to protect and enhance the appearance of the human body. Consequently, the terms such as cosmeceuticals and nutricosmetics have emerged to give a notion of the health benefits of the products that create the beauty from inside to outside. In the past years, natural products-based cosmeceuticals have gained a huge amount of attention not only from researchers but also from the public due to the general belief that they are harmless. Notably, in recent years, the demand for cosmeceuticals from the marine resources has been exponentially on the rise due to their unique chemical and biological properties that are not found in terrestrial resources. Therefore, the present review addresses the importance of marine-derived compounds, stressing new chemical entities with cosmeceutical potential from the marine natural resources and their mechanisms of action by which these compounds exert on the body functions as well as their related health benefits. Marine environments are the most important reservoir of biodiversity that provide biologically active substances whose potential is still to be discovered for application as pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmeceuticals. Marine organisms are not only an important renewable source of valuable bulk compounds used in cosmetic industry such as agar and carrageenan, which are used as gelling and thickening agents to increase the viscosity of cosmetic formulations, but also of small molecules such as ectoine (to promote skin hydration), trichodin A (to prevent product alteration caused by microbial contamination), and mytiloxanthin (as a coloring agent). Marine-derived molecules can also function as active ingredients, being the main compounds that determine the function of cosmeceuticals such as anti-tyrosinase (kojic acid), antiacne (sargafuran), whitening (chrysophanol), UV protection (scytonemin, mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs)), antioxidants, and anti-wrinkle (astaxanthin and PUFAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Alves
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.A.); (E.S.)
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.A.); (E.S.)
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Anake Kijjoa
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (M.P.); Tel.: +35-(19)-6609-2514 (M.P.)
| | - Madalena Pinto
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.A.); (E.S.)
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (M.P.); Tel.: +35-(19)-6609-2514 (M.P.)
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