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Fomenko A, Dähne T, Weibel S, Panning M, Grummich K, Schlesinger S, Rücker G, Hengel H. Test accuracy of rapid diagnostic tests and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction against virus isolation in cell culture for assessing SARS-CoV-2 infectivity: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2569. [PMID: 38986606 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
We aimed to assess the performance of Ag-RDT and RT-qPCR with regard to detecting infectious SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures, as their diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) compared to virus isolation remains largely unknown. We searched three databases up to 15 December 2021 for DTA studies. The bivariate model was used to synthesise the estimates. Risk of bias was assessed using QUADAS-2/C. Twenty studies (2605 respiratory samples) using cell culture and at least one molecular test were identified. All studies were at high or unclear risk of bias in at least one domain. Three comparative DTA studies reported results on Ag-RDT and RT-qPCR against cell culture. Two studies evaluated RT-qPCR against cell culture only. Fifteen studies evaluated Ag-RDT against cell culture as reference standard in RT-qPCR-positive samples. For Ag-RDT, summary sensitivity was 93% (95% CI 78; 98%) and specificity 87% (95% CI 70; 95%). For RT-qPCR, summary sensitivity (continuity-corrected) was 98% (95% CI 95; 99%) and specificity 45% (95% CI 28; 63%). In studies relying on RT-qPCR-positive subsamples (n = 15), the summary sensitivity of Ag-RDT was 93% (95% CI 92; 93%) and specificity 63% (95% CI 63; 63%). Ag-RDT show moderately high sensitivity, detecting most but not all samples demonstrated to be infectious based on virus isolation. Although RT-qPCR exhibits high sensitivity across studies, its low specificity to indicate infectivity raises the question of its general superiority in all clinical settings. Study findings should be interpreted with caution due to the risk of bias, heterogeneity and the imperfect reference standard for infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Fomenko
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department Clinical Medicine, Institute of General Practice and Health Services Research, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Theo Dähne
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Weibel
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Panning
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Grummich
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
- Cochrane Germany, Cochrane Germany Foundation, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schlesinger
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DDZ), Partner Düsseldorf, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gerta Rücker
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Wang M, Cai J, Chen J, Liu J, Geng X, Yu X, Yang J. PCR Techniques and Their Clinical Applications. POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION [WORKING TITLE] 2023. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.110220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Kary B. Mullis developed a revolutionary method name polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 1983, which can synthesize new strand of DNA complementary to the template strand of DNA and produce billions of copies of a DNA fragment only in few hours. Denaturation, annealing, and extension are the three primary steps involved in the PCR process, which generally requires thermocyclers, DNA template, a pair of primers, Taq polymerase, nucleotides, buffers, etc. With the development of PCR, from traditional PCR, quantitative PCR, to next digital PCR, PCR has become a powerful tool in life sciences and medicine. Applications of PCR techniques for infectious diseases include specific or broad-spectrum pathogen detection, assessment and surveillance of emerging infections, early detection of biological threat agents, and antimicrobial resistance analysis. Applications of PCR techniques for genetic diseases include prenatal diagnosis and screening of neonatal genetic diseases. Applications of PCR techniques for cancer research include tumor-related gene detection. This chapter aimed to discuss about the different types of PCR techniques, including traditional PCR, quantitative PCR, digital PCR, etc., and their applications for rapid detection, mutation screen or diagnosis in infectious diseases, inherited diseases, cancer, and other diseases.
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Tevlek A, Kecili S, Ozcelik OS, Kulah H, Tekin HC. Spheroid Engineering in Microfluidic Devices. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:3630-3649. [PMID: 36743071 PMCID: PMC9893254 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) cell culture techniques are commonly employed to investigate biophysical and biochemical cellular responses. However, these culture methods, having monolayer cells, lack cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions, mimicking the cell microenvironment and multicellular organization. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture methods enable equal transportation of nutrients, gas, and growth factors among cells and their microenvironment. Therefore, 3D cultures show similar cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation properties to in vivo. A spheroid is defined as self-assembled 3D cell aggregates, and it closely mimics a cell microenvironment in vitro thanks to cell-cell/matrix interactions, which enables its use in several important applications in medical and clinical research. To fabricate a spheroid, conventional methods such as liquid overlay, hanging drop, and so forth are available. However, these labor-intensive methods result in low-throughput fabrication and uncontrollable spheroid sizes. On the other hand, microfluidic methods enable inexpensive and rapid fabrication of spheroids with high precision. Furthermore, fabricated spheroids can also be cultured in microfluidic devices for controllable cell perfusion, simulation of fluid shear effects, and mimicking of the microenvironment-like in vivo conditions. This review focuses on recent microfluidic spheroid fabrication techniques and also organ-on-a-chip applications of spheroids, which are used in different disease modeling and drug development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atakan Tevlek
- METU
MEMS Research and Application Center, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Seren Kecili
- The
Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute
of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Ozge S. Ozcelik
- The
Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute
of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Haluk Kulah
- METU
MEMS Research and Application Center, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- The
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - H. Cumhur Tekin
- METU
MEMS Research and Application Center, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- The
Department of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute
of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
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4
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Tutty MA, Holmes S, Prina-Mello A. Cancer Cell Culture: The Basics and Two-Dimensional Cultures. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2645:3-40. [PMID: 37202610 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3056-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in investigative and therapeutic methodologies for cancer, 2D cell culture remains an essential and evolving competency in this fast-paced industry. From basic monolayer cultures and functional assays to more recent and ever-advancing cell-based cancer interventions, 2D cell culture plays a crucial role in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Research and development in this field call for a great deal of optimization, while the heterogenous nature of cancer itself demands personalized precision for its intervention. In this way, 2D cell culture is ideal, providing a highly adaptive and responsive platform, where skills can be honed and techniques modified. Furthermore, it is arguably the most efficient, economical, and sustainable methodology available to researchers and clinicians alike.In this chapter, we discuss the history of cell culture and the varying types of cell and cell lines used today, the techniques used to characterize and authenticate them, the applications of 2D cell culture in cancer diagnosis and prognosis, and more recent developments in the area of cell-based cancer interventions and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Anne Tutty
- Laboratory of Biological Characterization of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah Holmes
- Laboratory of Biological Characterization of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Adriele Prina-Mello
- Laboratory of Biological Characterization of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Nanomedicine and Molecular Imaging Group, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, CRANN Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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5
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Yuan X, Nonsuwan P, Shobo M, Rajan R, Yamazaki T, Sakakibara K, Matsumura K, Yoshikawa C. Cellular Flocculation Using Concentrated Polymer Brush-Modified Cellulose Nanofibers with Different Fiber Lengths. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:1101-1111. [PMID: 35104113 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, concentrated polymer brush-modified cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) with different fiber lengths were used for the flocculation of cells for systematically studying the mechanism of this unique cellular flocculation based on colloidal flocculation theory. Concentrated poly(p-styrenesulfonic acid sodium salt) brush-grafted CNF (CNF-PSSNa) with different fiber lengths were cultured with three different cell types to examine their influence on floc (cell clusters formed by cellular flocculation) characteristics. The floc size and survival rate could be controlled by modifying the CNF-PSSNa fiber lengths. The three cell types showed the same flocculation tendency after culture, indicating the applicability of the method in different cell lines. After 2 weeks of culture, CNF-PSSNa increased the specific expression of hepatocytes compared to the two-dimensional cell culture. Thus, owing to its wide applicability, high cell viability, and ability to control cell size and improve cell function, this technology could be used as a new three-dimensional cell culture method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xida Yuan
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan.,Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Punnida Nonsuwan
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Miwako Shobo
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Robin Rajan
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Yamazaki
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Keita Sakakibara
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 3-11-32 Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Matsumura
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Chiaki Yoshikawa
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
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Tajeddin A, Mustafaoglu N. Design and Fabrication of Organ-on-Chips: Promises and Challenges. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1443. [PMID: 34945293 PMCID: PMC8707724 DOI: 10.3390/mi12121443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The advent of the miniaturization approach has influenced the research trends in almost all disciplines. Bioengineering is one of the fields benefiting from the new possibilities of microfabrication techniques, especially in cell and tissue culture, disease modeling, and drug discovery. The limitations of existing 2D cell culture techniques, the high time and cost requirements, and the considerable failure rates have led to the idea of 3D cell culture environments capable of providing physiologically relevant tissue functions in vitro. Organ-on-chips are microfluidic devices used in this context as a potential alternative to in vivo animal testing to reduce the cost and time required for drug evaluation. This emerging technology contributes significantly to the development of various research areas, including, but not limited to, tissue engineering and drug discovery. However, it also brings many challenges. Further development of the technology requires interdisciplinary studies as some problems are associated with the materials and their manufacturing techniques. Therefore, in this paper, organ-on-chip technologies are presented, focusing on the design and fabrication requirements. Then, state-of-the-art materials and microfabrication techniques are described in detail to show their advantages and also their limitations. A comparison and identification of gaps for current use and further studies are therefore the subject of the final discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Tajeddin
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla 34596, Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Nur Mustafaoglu
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla 34596, Istanbul, Turkey;
- Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Tuzla 34596, Istanbul, Turkey
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7
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Ziyaeifar F, Soleimani S. Characterizing the BHK-21 C5 cell line and determining cellular sensitivity to rubella virus compared with the routine cell (RK13). ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2021; 76:461-469. [PMID: 34824740 PMCID: PMC8605850 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2020.342274.1458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization has strict rules and recommendations on the selection and use of cell substrates in laboratories. Given the widespread use of safe and secure cell substrates in the production and quality control of viral vaccines and also the high demand for vaccines against viral diseases, obligating the selection of a suitable cell substrate for cultivation and production of biological products. Animal cell lines play a valuable role in the preparation and propagation of viral seeds; thus, the current study used the BHK-21 cell line among others for viral checking with the aim of replacing the BHK-21 C5 cell line with the RK13 cell line to investigate the cytopathic effects of the rubella virus. To this end, attempts were made to determine the characteristics of the BHK-21 C5 cell line including cell growth characteristics and sterility tests to validate its safety and security. Then, by culturing the cells in a 96-well microplate, titration of the rubella virus was subsequently performed by preparing serial dilutions of the virus from 10-1 to 10-5 and inoculated to cell lines in order to compare the sensitivity of BHK-21 C5 and RK13 cell lines to rubella virus. Data analysis according to the results of the tests by ahead default, p-value < 0/05 was equal to p-value = 0.01 based on SPSS analysis with the paired-sample t-test. In addition, the box-plot diagram indicated a significant difference between these cell lines. Based on the results, the BHK-21 C5 cell line seems to be more sensitive to the rubella virus than others. Therefore, it can be used for production and quality control of the vaccine and in research and diagnosis of rubella.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ziyaeifar
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Soleimani
- Department of Bio bank, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), P.O. Box 31975-148, Karaj, Iran
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8
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Richter M, Piwocka O, Musielak M, Piotrowski I, Suchorska WM, Trzeciak T. From Donor to the Lab: A Fascinating Journey of Primary Cell Lines. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:711381. [PMID: 34395440 PMCID: PMC8356673 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.711381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cancer cell lines are ex vivo cell cultures originating from resected tissues during biopsies and surgeries. Primary cell cultures are objects of intense research due to their high impact on molecular biology and oncology advancement. Initially, the patient-derived specimen must be subjected to dissociation and isolation. Techniques for tumour dissociation are usually reliant on the organisation of connecting tissue. The most common methods include enzymatic digestion (with collagenase, dispase, and DNase), chemical treatment (with ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid and ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid), or mechanical disaggregation to obtain a uniform cell population. Cells isolated from the tissue specimen are cultured as a monolayer or three-dimensional culture, in the form of multicellular spheroids, scaffold-based cultures (i.e., organoids), or matrix-embedded cultures. Every primary cell line must be characterised to identify its origin, purity, and significant features. The process of characterisation should include different assays utilising specific (extra- and intracellular) markers. The most frequently used approaches comprise immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, western blot, flow cytometry, real-time polymerase chain reaction, karyotyping, confocal microscopy, and next-generation sequencing. The growing body of evidence indicates the validity of the usage of primary cancer cell lines in the formulation of novel anti-cancer treatments and their contribution to drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Richter
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Oliwia Piwocka
- Radiobiology Lab, Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Center, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marika Musielak
- Department of Electroradiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Igor Piotrowski
- Department of Electroradiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Wiktoria M. Suchorska
- Radiobiology Lab, Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Center, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Electroradiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Trzeciak
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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9
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McMenamin AJ, Parekh F, Lawrence V, Flenniken ML. Investigating Virus-Host Interactions in Cultured Primary Honey Bee Cells. INSECTS 2021; 12:653. [PMID: 34357313 PMCID: PMC8329929 DOI: 10.3390/insects12070653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Honey bee (Apis mellifera) health is impacted by viral infections at the colony, individual bee, and cellular levels. To investigate honey bee antiviral defense mechanisms at the cellular level we further developed the use of cultured primary cells, derived from either larvae or pupae, and demonstrated that these cells could be infected with a panel of viruses, including common honey bee infecting viruses (i.e., sacbrood virus (SBV) and deformed wing virus (DWV)) and an insect model virus, Flock House virus (FHV). Virus abundances were quantified over the course of infection. The production of infectious virions in cultured honey bee pupal cells was demonstrated by determining that naïve cells became infected after the transfer of deformed wing virus or Flock House virus from infected cell cultures. Initial characterization of the honey bee antiviral immune responses at the cellular level indicated that there were virus-specific responses, which included increased expression of bee antiviral protein-1 (GenBank: MF116383) in SBV-infected pupal cells and increased expression of argonaute-2 and dicer-like in FHV-infected hemocytes and pupal cells. Additional studies are required to further elucidate virus-specific honey bee antiviral defense mechanisms. The continued use of cultured primary honey bee cells for studies that involve multiple viruses will address this knowledge gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. McMenamin
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (A.J.M.); (F.P.); (V.L.)
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
- Pollinator Health Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Fenali Parekh
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (A.J.M.); (F.P.); (V.L.)
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
- Pollinator Health Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Verena Lawrence
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (A.J.M.); (F.P.); (V.L.)
- Pollinator Health Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Michelle L. Flenniken
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (A.J.M.); (F.P.); (V.L.)
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
- Pollinator Health Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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10
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Bhat SV, Price JDW, Dahms TES. AFM-Based Correlative Microscopy Illuminates Human Pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:655501. [PMID: 34026660 PMCID: PMC8138568 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.655501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes have an arsenal of virulence factors that contribute to their pathogenicity. A number of challenges remain to fully understand disease transmission, fitness landscape, antimicrobial resistance and host heterogeneity. A variety of tools have been used to address diverse aspects of pathogenicity, from molecular host-pathogen interactions to the mechanisms of disease acquisition and transmission. Current gaps in our knowledge include a more direct understanding of host-pathogen interactions, including signaling at interfaces, and direct phenotypic confirmation of pathogenicity. Correlative microscopy has been gaining traction to address the many challenges currently faced in biomedicine, in particular the combination of optical and atomic force microscopy (AFM). AFM, generates high-resolution surface topographical images, and quantifies mechanical properties at the pN scale under physiologically relevant conditions. When combined with optical microscopy, AFM probes pathogen surfaces and their physical and molecular interaction with host cells, while the various modes of optical microscopy view internal cellular responses of the pathogen and host. Here we review the most recent advances in our understanding of pathogens, recent applications of AFM to the field, how correlative AFM-optical microspectroscopy and microscopy have been used to illuminate pathogenicity and how these methods can reach their full potential for studying host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya V Bhat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Jared D W Price
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Tanya E S Dahms
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
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11
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Ma J, Du M, Wang C, Xie X, Wang H, Zhang Q. Advances in airborne microorganisms detection using biosensors: A critical review. FRONTIERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 15:47. [PMID: 33842019 PMCID: PMC8023783 DOI: 10.1007/s11783-021-1420-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Humanity has been facing the threat of a variety of infectious diseases. Airborne microorganisms can cause airborne infectious diseases, which spread rapidly and extensively, causing huge losses to human society on a global scale. In recent years, the detection technology for airborne microorganisms has developed rapidly; it can be roughly divided into biochemical, immune, and molecular technologies. However, these technologies still have some shortcomings; they are time-consuming and have low sensitivity and poor stability. Most of them need to be used in the ideal environment of a laboratory, which limits their applications. A biosensor is a device that converts biological signals into detectable signals. As an interdisciplinary field, biosensors have successfully introduced a variety of technologies for bio-detection. Given their fast analysis speed, high sensitivity, good portability, strong specificity, and low cost, biosensors have been widely used in environmental monitoring, medical research, food and agricultural safety, military medicine and other fields. In recent years, the performance of biosensors has greatly improved, becoming a promising technology for airborne microorganism detection. This review introduces the detection principle of biosensors from the three aspects of component identification, energy conversion principle, and signal amplification. It also summarizes its research and application in airborne microorganism detection. The new progress and future development trend of the biosensor detection of airborne microorganisms are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbiao Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, Tianjin, 300072 China
| | - Manman Du
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, Tianjin, 300072 China
| | - Can Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, Tianjin, 300072 China
| | - Xinwu Xie
- Institute of Medical Support Technology, Academy of Military Science, Tianjin, 300161 China
- National Bio-Protection Engineering Center, Tianjin, 300161 China
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute of Medical Support Technology, Academy of Military Science, Tianjin, 300161 China
- School of Electronic Information and Automation, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300222 China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Safety Engineering, Institute of Particle Technology, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, D-42119 Germany
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12
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Koban R, Lam T, Schwarz F, Kloke L, Bürge S, Ellerbrok H, Neumann M. Simplified Bioprinting-Based 3D Cell Culture Infection Models for Virus Detection. Viruses 2020; 12:E1298. [PMID: 33198291 PMCID: PMC7698278 DOI: 10.3390/v12111298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of virus-host interactions in vitro may be hindered by biological characteristics of conventional monolayer cell cultures that differ from in vivo infection. Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures show more in vivo-like characteristics and may represent a promising alternative for characterisation of infections. In this study, we established easy-to-handle cell culture platforms based on bioprinted 3D matrices for virus detection and characterisation. Different cell types were cultivated on these matrices and characterised for tissue-like growth characteristics regarding cell morphology and polarisation. Cells developed an in vivo-like morphology and long-term cultivation was possible on the matrices. Cell cultures were infected with viruses which differed in host range, tissue tropism, cytopathogenicity, and genomic organisation and virus morphology. Infections were characterised on molecular and imaging level. The transparent matrix substance allowed easy optical monitoring of cells and infection even via live-cell microscopy. In conclusion, we established an enhanced, standardised, easy-to-handle bioprinted 3D-cell culture system. The infection models are suitable for sensitive monitoring and characterisation of virus-host interactions and replication of different viruses under physiologically relevant conditions. Individual cell culture models can further be combined to a multicellular array. This generates a potent diagnostic tool for propagation and characterisation of viruses from diagnostic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Koban
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (R.K.); (F.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Tobias Lam
- Cellbricks GmbH, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (T.L.); (L.K.)
| | - Franziska Schwarz
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (R.K.); (F.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Lutz Kloke
- Cellbricks GmbH, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (T.L.); (L.K.)
| | - Silvio Bürge
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Heinz Ellerbrok
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (R.K.); (F.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Markus Neumann
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (R.K.); (F.S.); (M.N.)
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13
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Menon S, Mathew MR, Sam S, Keerthi K, Kumar KG. Recent advances and challenges in electrochemical biosensors for emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020; 878:114596. [PMID: 32863810 PMCID: PMC7446658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The rise of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) as well as the increase in spread of existing infections is threatening global economies and human lives, with several countries still fighting repeated onslaught of a few of these epidemics. The catastrophic impact a pandemic has on humans and economy should serve as a reminder to be better prepared to the advent of known and unknown pathogens in the future. The goal of having a set of initiatives and procedures to tackle them is the need of the hour. Rapid detection and point-of-care (POC) analysis of pathogens causing these diseases is not only a problem entailing the scientific community but also raises challenges in tailoring appropriate treatment strategies to the healthcare sector. Among the various methods used to detect pathogens, Electrochemical Biosensor Technology is at the forefront in the development of POC devices. Electrochemical Biosensors stand in good stead due to their rapid response, high sensitivity and selectivity and ease of miniaturization to name a few advantages. This review explores the innovations in electrochemical biosensing based on the various electroanalytical techniques including voltammetry, impedance, amperometry and potentiometry and discusses their potential in diagnosis of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases (Re-EIDs), which are potential pandemic threats. This review offers a detailed description of the latest developments in electrochemical biosensors for emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Advantages and limitations of various types of electrochemical biosensor techniques are demonstrated. Discusses the latest electrochemical biosensors for COVID-19. Challenges and future prospects of electrochemical biosensors have been discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Menon
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682022, Kerala, India
| | - Manna Rachel Mathew
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682022, Kerala, India
| | - Sonia Sam
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682022, Kerala, India
| | - K Keerthi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682022, Kerala, India
| | - K Girish Kumar
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682022, Kerala, India
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14
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Bioengineering of Human Corneal Endothelial Cells from Single- to Four-Dimensional Cultures. CURRENT OPHTHALMOLOGY REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40135-020-00244-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Hassan Q, Ahmadi S, Kerman K. Recent Advances in Monitoring Cell Behavior Using Cell-Based Impedance Spectroscopy. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E590. [PMID: 32545753 PMCID: PMC7345285 DOI: 10.3390/mi11060590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based impedance spectroscopy (CBI) is a powerful tool that uses the principles of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) by measuring changes in electrical impedance relative to a voltage applied to a cell layer. CBI provides a promising platform for the detection of several properties of cells including the adhesion, motility, proliferation, viability and metabolism of a cell culture. This review gives a brief overview of the theory, instrumentation, and detection principles of CBI. The recent applications of the technique are given in detail for research into cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, toxicology as well as its application to 2D and 3D in vitro cell cultures. CBI has been established as a biophysical marker to provide quantitative cellular information, which can readily be adapted for single-cell analysis to complement the existing biomarkers for clinical research on disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kagan Kerman
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada; (Q.H.); (S.A.)
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16
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Lin S, Fang L, Kang X, Liu S, Liu M, Connor EE, Baldwin RL, Liu G, Li CJ. Establishment and transcriptomic analyses of a cattle rumen epithelial primary cells (REPC) culture by bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing to elucidate interactions of butyrate and rumen development. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04112. [PMID: 32551379 PMCID: PMC7287249 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As a critical and high-value tool to study the development of rumen, we established a stable rumen epithelial primary cell (REPC) culture from a two-week-old Holstein bull calf rumen epithelial tissue. The transcriptomic profiling of the REPC and the direct effects of butyrate on gene expression were assessed. Correlated gene networks elucidated the putative roles and mechanisms of butyrate action in rumen epithelial development. The top networks perturbed by butyrate were associated with epithelial tissue development. Additionally, two critical upstream regulators, E2F1 and TGFB1, were identified to play critical roles in the differentiation, development, and growth of epithelial cells. Significant expression changes of upstream regulators and transcription factors provided further evidence in support that butyrate plays a specific and central role in regulating genomic and epigenomic activities influencing rumen development. This work is the essential component to obtain a complete global landscape of regulatory elements in cattle and to explore the dynamics of chromatin states in rumen epithelial cells induced by butyrate at early developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudai Lin
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA.,Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding and Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science of South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lingzhao Fang
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA.,Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit at the Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaolong Kang
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA.,College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Shuli Liu
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA.,College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Molecular Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Erin E Connor
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Ransom L Baldwin
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - George Liu
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Cong-Jun Li
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA
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17
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A RT-PCR assay for the detection of coronaviruses from four genera. J Clin Virol 2020; 128:104391. [PMID: 32403008 PMCID: PMC7192118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We developed a diagnostic to detect all CoVs from the four main genera. This assay can detect and identify all previously recognized CoVs and any future related CoVs that may emerge. The assay was highly specific and sensitive in detecting CoVs, and performed well on different sample types.
Background During the past two decades, three novel coronaviruses (CoVs) have emerged to cause international human epidemics with severe morbidity. CoVs have also emerged to cause severe epidemics in animals. A better understanding of the natural hosts and genetic diversity of CoVs are needed to help mitigate these threats. Objective To design and evaluate a molecular diagnostic tool for detection and identification of all currently recognized and potentially future emergent CoVs from the Orthocoronavirinae subfamily. Study design and Results We designed a semi-nested, reverse transcription RT-PCR assay based upon 38 published genome sequences of human and animal CoVs. We evaluated this assay with 14 human and animal CoVs and 11 other non-CoV respiratory viruses. Through sequencing the assay's target amplicon, the assay correctly identified each of the CoVs; no cross-reactivity with 11 common respiratory viruses was observed. The limits of detection ranged from 4 to 4 × 102 copies/reaction, depending on the CoV species tested. To assess the assay's clinical performance, we tested a large panel of previously studied specimens: 192 human respiratory specimens from pneumonia patients, 5 clinical specimens from COVID-19 patients, 81 poultry oral secretion specimens, 109 pig slurry specimens, and 31 aerosol samples from a live bird market. The amplicons of all RT-PCR-positive samples were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Our assay performed well with all tested specimens across all sample types. Conclusions This assay can be used for detection and identification of all previously recognized CoVs, including SARS-CoV-2, and potentially any emergent CoVs in the Orthocoronavirinae subfamily.
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18
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Atypical herpes simplex keratitis: frequency, clinical presentations and treatment results. Int Ophthalmol 2019; 40:659-665. [PMID: 31754891 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-019-01226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA positivity in corneal scraping samples obtained from patients with microbial keratitis whose findings were not specific for HSV keratitis and to evaluate these particular cases with respect to clinical features and antiviral treatment results. METHODS Records of patients with microbial keratitis treated in a tertiary eye care hospital within the 3-year period were evaluated retrospectively. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify HSV DNA. Smear slides were evaluated by light microscopy. Patients with typical presentations and histories of HSV keratitis were excluded. RESULTS Two hundred and seventy-six eyes of 276 patients were included in the study. HSV-1 DNA was detected in 25 eyes (9%). In these 25 eyes, the initial diagnosis was fungal or bacterial keratitis. The mean symptom duration was 20 ± 14 days (2-60 days). The risk factors were ocular surgery (20%), blepharitis (16%), trauma (8%) and contact lens wear (4%); however, the majority of patients did not have any specific cause for keratitis (52%). Clinical features were variable and not typical for any particular etiology. Culture and microscopic examinations revealed bacteria and/or fungi in 6 patients in addition to herpes infection. Antiviral treatment was successful in 72% of patients. CONCLUSION Herpetic corneal infections can present without typical dendritic or geographic ulcers and may be masked by other infections. Real-time PCR is a useful method for rapid and definitive diagnosis. HSV infection should be considered for microbial keratitis without specific risk factors, with negative culture results and poor response to antimicrobial agents.
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Capsid Integrity qPCR—An Azo-Dye Based and Culture-Independent Approach to Estimate Adenovirus Infectivity after Disinfection and in the Aquatic Environment. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11061196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recreational, reclaimed and drinking source waters worldwide are under increasing anthropogenic pressure, and often contain waterborne enteric bacterial, protozoan, and viral pathogens originating from non-point source fecal contamination. Recently, the capsid integrity (ci)-qPCR, utilizing the azo-dyes propidium monoazide (PMA) or ethidium monoazide (EMA), has been shown to reduce false-positive signals under laboratory conditions as well as in food safety applications, thus improving the qPCR estimation of virions of public health significance. The compatibility of two widely used human adenovirus (HAdV) qPCR protocols was evaluated with the addition of a PMA/EMA pretreatment using a range of spiked and environmental samples. Stock suspensions of HAdV were inactivated using heat, UV, and chlorine before being quantified by cell culture, qPCR, and ci-qPCR. Apparent inactivation of virions was detected for heat and chlorine treated HAdV while there was no significant difference between ci-qPCR and qPCR protocols after disinfection by UV. In a follow-up comparative analysis under more complex matrix conditions, 51 surface and 24 wastewater samples pre/post UV treatment were assessed for enteric waterborne HAdV to evaluate the ability of ci-qPCR to reduce the number of false-positive results when compared to conventional qPCR and cell culture. Azo-dye pretreatment of non-UV inactivated samples was shown to improve the ability of molecular HAdV quantification by reducing signals from virions with an accessible genome, thereby increasing the relevance of qPCR results for public health purposes, particularly suited to resource-limited low and middle-income settings.
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20
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Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus that is primarily transmitted by Aedes species mosquitoes. Though reports of an illness consistent with chikungunya date back over 200 years, CHIKV only gained worldwide attention during a massive pandemic that began in East Africa in 2004. Chikungunya, the clinical illness caused by CHIKV, is characterized by a rapid onset of high fever and debilitating joint pain, though in practice, etiologic confirmation of CHIKV requires the availability and use of specific laboratory diagnostics. Similar to infections caused by other arboviruses, CHIKV infections are most commonly detected with a combination of molecular and serological methods, though cell culture and antigen detection are reported. This review provides an overview of available CHIKV diagnostics and highlights aspects of basic virology and epidemiology that pertain to viral detection. Although the number of chikungunya cases has decreased since 2014, CHIKV has become endemic in countries across the tropics and will continue to cause sporadic outbreaks in naive individuals. Consistent access to accurate diagnostics is needed to detect individual cases and initiate timely responses to new outbreaks.
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21
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Réu P, Svedberg G, Hässler L, Möller B, Andersson Svahn H, Gantelius J. A 61% lighter cell culture dish to reduce plastic waste. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216251. [PMID: 31039189 PMCID: PMC6490915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell culture is a ubiquitous and flexible research method. However, it heavily relies on plastic consumables generating millions of tonnes of plastic waste yearly. Plastic waste is a major and growing global concern. Here we describe a new cell culture dish that offers a culture area equivalent to three petri dishes but that is on average 61% lighter and occupies 67% less volume. Our dish is composed of a lid and three thin containers surrounded by a light outer shell. Cell culture can be performed in each of the containers sequentially. The outer shell provides the appropriate structure for the manipulation of the dish as a whole. The prototype was tested by sequentially growing cells in each of its containers. As a control, sequential cultures in groups of 3 petri dishes were performed. No statistical differences were found between the prototype and the control in terms of cell number, cell viability or cell distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Réu
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Protein Science, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustav Svedberg
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Protein Science, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Hässler
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Industrial Engineering and Management, Department of Machine Design, Mechatronics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Möller
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Industrial Engineering and Management, Department of Machine Design, Mechatronics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helene Andersson Svahn
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Protein Science, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Gantelius
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Protein Science, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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22
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Li C, Fu G, Shi Y, Zhang AM, Xia X, Fang Y, Mao X, Jiang J, Song Y, Yang G. Rapid, specific, and sensitive detection of the ureR_1 gene in Klebsiella pneumoniae by loop-mediated isothermal amplification method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 52:e8186. [PMID: 30916220 PMCID: PMC6437934 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20198186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the main pathogenic bacteria that causes nosocomial infections, such as pneumonia, urinary tract infection, and sepsis. Therefore, the rapid and accurate detection of K. pneumoniae is important for the timely treatment of infectious patients. This study aimed to establish a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for the rapid and sensitive detection of K. pneumoniae-specific gene ureR_1 (Gene ID: 11847803). The ureR_1 gene was obtained through local and online BLAST, and the specific primers were designed for its detection. Positive reactions were observed on all 140 K. pneumoniae clinical isolates while all the 82 non-K. pneumoniae clinical isolates were negative. Plasmids with the specific gene and the mouse blood with K. pneumoniae were used for sensitivity analysis. The detection limit of the LAMP was 1 bacterium/reaction. The results showed that the LAMP targeted to ureR_1 is a fast, specific, sensitive, inexpensive, and suitable method for the detection of K. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Molecular Medicine Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Gongyu Fu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Molecular Medicine Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yaoqiang Shi
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Molecular Medicine Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - A-Mei Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Molecular Medicine Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xueshan Xia
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Molecular Medicine Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yue Fang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Molecular Medicine Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaoqin Mao
- Molecular Medicine Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Molecular Medicine Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuzhu Song
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Molecular Medicine Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Guangying Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Molecular Medicine Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan SciSpark Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Garg S, Kaul SC, Wadhwa R. Anti-Stress and Glial Differentiation Effects of a Novel Combination of Cucurbitacin B and Withanone (CucWi-N): Experimental Evidence. Ann Neurosci 2018; 25:201-209. [PMID: 31000958 DOI: 10.1159/000490693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Natural extracts and compounds used in traditional home medicine are known for their safety and a variety of health promoting and therapeutic potentials. In contrast to the single molecule mediated targets, the combinational therapies are preferred for their multi-functional and limited toxic regimens and may be useful for disease therapeutics as well as to increase the quality of life during a variety of environmental stresses. Purpose We aimed to combine the active ingredients of Chinese (Helicteres angustifolia) and Indian (Withania somnifera) ginsengs to develop a natural, efficient, and welfare combinatorial mixture with high anti-stress and glial differentiation potentials. Methods Using cultured cells as a model system, we developed a combination of active ingredients of Chinese (Cucurbitacin B [Cuc]) and Indian (Withanone [Wi-N]) ginsengs. Eleven chemical models of environmental stresses were used. Cytotoxicity studies were performed using human skin fibroblast for anti-stress and rat glioma cells for glial differentiation effects. Results We demonstrate that the novel combination of Cuc and Wi-N, CucWi-N, was non-toxic to normal cells. It caused stress protection in assays using normal human fibroblasts subjected to a variety of stresses. Of note, cells showed remarkable protection against oxidative and UV stresses and marked by decrease in DNA damage and reactive oxygen species. We examined and found the glial differentiation potential of CucWi-N in rat glioblastoma cells. CucWi-N clearly induced differentiation phenotype, well-marked with upregulation of GAP43, MAP2, and GFAP, which have been shown to play a key role in glial differentiation. Conclusion These data demonstrate anti-stress and glial differentiation potential of CucWi-N (a novel combination of Cuc and Wi-N) that could be recruited in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical avenues and hence warrant further evaluation and mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukant Garg
- DBT-AIST International laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan.,School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Sunil C Kaul
- DBT-AIST International laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Renu Wadhwa
- DBT-AIST International laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan.,School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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