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Frasca F, Sorrentino L, Fracella M, D’Auria A, Coratti E, Maddaloni L, Bugani G, Gentile M, Pierangeli A, d’Ettorre G, Scagnolari C. An Update on the Entomology, Virology, Pathogenesis, and Epidemiology Status of West Nile and Dengue Viruses in Europe (2018-2023). Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:166. [PMID: 39058208 PMCID: PMC11281579 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9070166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, increases in temperature and tropical rainfall have facilitated the spread of mosquito species into temperate zones. Mosquitoes are vectors for many viruses, including West Nile virus (WNV) and dengue virus (DENV), and pose a serious threat to public health. This review covers most of the current knowledge on the mosquito species associated with the transmission of WNV and DENV and their geographical distribution and discusses the main vertebrate hosts involved in the cycles of WNV or DENV. It also describes virological and pathogenic aspects of WNV or DENV infection, including emerging concepts linking WNV and DENV to the reproductive system. Furthermore, it provides an epidemiological analysis of the human cases of WNV and DENV reported in Europe, from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2023, with a particular focus on Italy. The first autochthonous cases of DENV infection, with the most likely vector being Aedes albopictus, have been observed in several European countries in recent years, with a high incidence in Italy in 2023. The lack of treatments and effective vaccines is a serious challenge. Currently, the primary strategy to prevent the spread of WNV and DENV infections in humans remains to limit the spread of mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Frasca
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.F.); (A.D.); (E.C.); (M.G.); (A.P.); (C.S.)
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.B.); (G.d.)
| | - Leonardo Sorrentino
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.F.); (A.D.); (E.C.); (M.G.); (A.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Matteo Fracella
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.F.); (A.D.); (E.C.); (M.G.); (A.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Alessandra D’Auria
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.F.); (A.D.); (E.C.); (M.G.); (A.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Eleonora Coratti
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.F.); (A.D.); (E.C.); (M.G.); (A.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Luca Maddaloni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.B.); (G.d.)
| | - Ginevra Bugani
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.B.); (G.d.)
| | - Massimo Gentile
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.F.); (A.D.); (E.C.); (M.G.); (A.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Alessandra Pierangeli
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.F.); (A.D.); (E.C.); (M.G.); (A.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Gabriella d’Ettorre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.B.); (G.d.)
| | - Carolina Scagnolari
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.F.); (A.D.); (E.C.); (M.G.); (A.P.); (C.S.)
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Dey RK, Imad HA, Aung PL, Faisham M, Moosa M, Hasna M, Afaa A, Ngamprasertchai T, Matsee W, Nguitragool W, Nakayama EE, Shioda T. Concurrent Infection with SARS-CoV-2 and Orientia tsutsugamushi during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Maldives. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8020082. [PMID: 36828498 PMCID: PMC9959419 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic was the worst public-health crisis in recent history. The impact of the pandemic in tropical regions was further complicated by other endemic tropical diseases, which can cause concurrent infections along with COVID-19. Here, we describe the clinical course of a patient with concurrent COVID-19 and scrub typhus infection. The patient's de-identified clinical data were retrieved retrospectively. The patient had progressive breathlessness at the time of presentation and was hospitalized for COVID-19. Respiratory examination revealed dyspnea, tachypnea, and coarse crepitations bilaterally over the entire lung field. Oxygenation was impaired, and a PaO2/FiO2 ratio of 229 suggested acute respiratory distress syndrome. Laboratory tests indicated leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, ferritinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and transaminitis. Upon revaluation for persistent fever, physical examination revealed an eschar in the right antecubital fossa. Serology further confirmed scrub typhus, with IgM and IgG antibody positivity. A remarkable clinical recovery was achieved with doxycycline. The COVID-19 pandemic might have masked endemic tropical diseases. Clinicians working in endemic regions must always consider common tropical diseases that may present as a co-infection, as in our case. Travel and exposure history are critical guides for narrowing down a differential diagnosis. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Kumar Dey
- Department of Medicine, Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Malé 20002, Maldives
| | - Hisham Ahmed Imad
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Thai Travel Clinic, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Correspondence: or
| | - Pyae Linn Aung
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Mohamed Faisham
- Department of Medicine, Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Malé 20002, Maldives
| | - Muaz Moosa
- Department of Medicine, Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Malé 20002, Maldives
| | - Mariyam Hasna
- Department of Medicine, Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Malé 20002, Maldives
| | - Aminath Afaa
- Department of Medicine, Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Malé 20002, Maldives
| | - Thundon Ngamprasertchai
- Thai Travel Clinic, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Wasin Matsee
- Thai Travel Clinic, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Wang Nguitragool
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Emi E. Nakayama
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shioda
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Trojánek M, Grebenyuk V, Manďáková Z, Sojková N, Zelená H, Roháčová H, Stejskal F. Epidemiology of dengue, chikungunya and Zika virus infections in travellers: A 16-year retrospective descriptive study at a tertiary care centre in Prague, Czech Republic. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281612. [PMID: 36809441 PMCID: PMC9942961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aims to describe the epidemiological characteristics of imported cases of dengue (DEN), chikungunya (CHIK), and Zika virus (ZIKV) infections in Czech travellers. MATERIALS AND METHODS This single-centre descriptive study has retrospectively analysed data of patients with laboratory confirmed DEN, CHIK, and ZIKV infections diagnosed at the Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Tropical Diseases of the University Hospital Bulovka in Prague, Czech Republic from 2004 to 2019. RESULTS The study included a total of 313 patients with DEN, 30 with CHIK, and 19 with ZIKV infections. Most patients travelled as tourists:263 (84.0%), 28 (93.3%), and 17 (89.5%), respectively (p = 0.337). The median duration of stay was 20 (IQR 14-27), 21 (IQR 14-29), and 15 days (IQR 14-43), respectively (p = 0.935). Peaks of imported DEN and ZIKV infections were noted in 2016, and in 2019 in the case of CHIK infection. Most cases of DEN and CHIKV infections were acquired in Southeast Asia:212 (67.7%) and 15 (50%), respectively, while ZIKV infection was most commonly imported from the Caribbean (11; 57,9%). CONCLUSIONS Arbovirus infections represent an increasingly significant cause of illness in Czech travellers. Comprehensive knowledge of the specific epidemiological profile of these diseases is an essential prerequisite for good travel medicine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Trojánek
- Department of Infectious Diseases, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Bulovka, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Travel Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vyacheslav Grebenyuk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Bulovka, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Travel Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Zdenka Manďáková
- Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Naděžda Sojková
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Bulovka, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Zelená
- National Reference Laboratory for Arboviruses, Institute of Public Health in Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Roháčová
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Bulovka, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - František Stejskal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Bulovka, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Regional Hospital Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic
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Hilmy AI, Dey RK, Imad HA, Yoosuf AA, Nazeem A, Latheef AA. Coronavirus disease 2019 and dengue: two case reports. J Med Case Rep 2021; 15:171. [PMID: 33771221 PMCID: PMC7995386 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-021-02707-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The pandemic of this century has overwhelmed the healthcare systems of affected countries, and all resources have been diverted to coronavirus disease 2019. At the onset, coronavirus disease 2019 can present as any other acute febrile undifferentiated illness. In tropical regions, clinicians are increasingly challenged to differentiate these febrile illnesses without the use of diagnostics. With this pandemic, many of these tropical diseases are neglected and go underreported. Dengue is holoendemic in the Maldives, and dengue viruses circulate throughout the year. Reports about coinfections with dengue virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 are scarce, and the outcome and the dynamics of the disease may be altered in the presence of coinfection. We have described the clinical manifestation and serial laboratory profile, and highlighted the atypical findings uncommon in dengue infection. Case presentation Case 1 was a 39-year old Asian male, presented on day 6 of dengue infection with warning signs. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 that was done as per hospital protocol was found to be positive. Case 2 was a 38-year old Asian male, was admitted on day 5 of illness with symptoms of acute respiratory infection with positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Evaluation of progressive leukopenia and thrombocytopenia showed positive dengue serology. Conclusion Clinicians must be conscientious when working on the differential diagnosis of possible tropical diseases in cases of coronavirus disease 2019, specifically, when patients develop hemoconcentration, thrombocytopenia, and transaminitis with elevated expression of aspartate higher than alanine transaminase, which is frequently observed in dengue infection. Caution must be taken during the administration of intravenous fluids when treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 and dengue coinfection, as coronavirus disease 2019 patients are more prone to develop pulmonary edema. Timely diagnosis and appropriate management are essential to avoid the devastating complications of severe forms of dengue infection. It is important to repeat and reconfirm the dengue serology in coronavirus disease 2019 patients to avoid false positivity. Diligence and care must be taken not to neglect other endemic tropical diseases in the region during the present pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Isneen Hilmy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Male' 20002, Maldives.
| | - Rajib Kumar Dey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Male' 20002, Maldives
| | - Hisham Ahmed Imad
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.,Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Abdul Azeez Yoosuf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Male' 20002, Maldives
| | - Ali Nazeem
- Department of Internal Medicine, Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Male' 20002, Maldives
| | - Ali Abdulla Latheef
- Department of Internal Medicine, Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Male' 20002, Maldives.,Technical Advisory Group, Health Emergency Operation Center, Male' 20002, Maldives
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