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Laqueille X, Dervaux A, El Omari F, Kanit M, Baylé FJ. Methylphenidate effective in treating amphetamine abusers with no other psychiatric disorder. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 20:456-7. [PMID: 16115750 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2003] [Revised: 03/15/2005] [Accepted: 03/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- X Laqueille
- University Paris V, CH Sainte-Anne, SHU, 1, rue Cabanis, 75674 Paris cedex, France
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Guldner C, Mohamed M, Laqueille X, Bourdel M, Dervaux A. Tempérament affectif et alcoolo-dépendance : influence de la dépression. Eur Psychiatry 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.09.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ContexteUne étude préliminaire a évalué la fréquence des tempéraments affectifs décrits par Akiskal et al. [1] dans une population de patients alcoolo-dépendants [2]. Dans cette étude, le score moyen à la sous-échelle du tempérament dépressif était significativement plus élevé dans un groupe de sujets alcoolo-dépendants par rapport à un groupe de témoins [2]. Les objectifs de notre étude étaient :– déterminer si la dépression pouvait influencer le lien entre tempérament dépressif et alcoolodépendance ;– comparer les tempéraments entre un groupe de patients alcoolo-dépendants déprimés et un groupe de patients alcoolo-dépendants non déprimés.MéthodeCent dix-huit patients, consultant consécutivement, de juillet 2014 à mars 2015, dans le service d’addictologie de l’hôpital Sainte-Anne (Paris) pour alcoolo-dépendance, ont été inclus dans l’étude. Un groupe de sujets alcoolo-dépendants déprimés (n = 38) a été comparé à un groupe de sujets alcoolo-dépendants non déprimés (n = 80). Ils ont été évalués à l’aide de l’auto-questionnaire Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego (TEMPS-A), à 39 items, explorant les cinq sous-échelles du tempérament affectif :– cyclothymique ;– dépressif ;– irritable ;– hyperthymique ;– anxieux [3].Les troubles psychiatriques associés ont été évalués à l’aide du MINI et de l’échelle de dépression de Beck, à 13 items.RésultatsLe score total moyen à l’auto-questionnaire TEMPS-A était plus élevé dans le groupe des patients alcoolo-dépendants déprimés que dans le groupe des patients alcoolo-dépendants non déprimés (respectivement scores moyens : 19,24 ± 5,73 vs 14,25 ± 6, 41, p < 0,001). Les scores moyens aux sous-échelles dépressive, cyclothymique et anxieuse étaient significativement plus élevés dans le groupe de patients alcoolo-dépendants déprimés. En revanche, il n’y avait pas de différences significatives pour les sous-échelles irritable et hyperthymique.ConclusionLa dépression peut constituer un facteur de confusion dans le lien retrouvé antérieurement entre tempérament dépressif et l’alcoolo-dépendance.
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Abstract
De nombreux patients consultant pour des conduites addictives présentent des troubles de l’attachement (67 % dans l’étude de Wedekind et al. chez des patients alcoolodépendants) [1], notamment des troubles de l’attachement insécure-évitant, insécure-désorganisé et insécure-ambivalent. Ces troubles peuvent être isolés ou s’inscrire dans le cadre de troubles de la personnalité (40 % des sujets alcoolodépendants et 70 % des sujets dépendants aux drogues selon les critères DSM-IV dans l’étude National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, NESARC) [2]. Les travaux sur les troubles de l’attachement font écho aux études sur les traumatismes, les états de stress post-traumatiques et l’alexithymie chez les patients présentant des addictions [3].La consommation de substances peut être considérée comme une stratégie adaptative à la réalité externe en soulageant les sentiments de détresse émotionnelle, de souffrance psychique, angoisse, tristesse, colère… En l’absence de sentiments de sécurité interne suffisants, ou en raison de liens d’attachement vécus comme menaçants ou entravant leur autonomie, les patients vont tenter de gérer leurs émotions à l’aide de substances psychoactives, plus faciles à maîtriser, du moins à court terme.Les troubles de l’attachement influencent la relation médecin-malade, en particulier chez les sujets présentant des troubles de personnalité état-limites (16 % des sujets alcoolodépendants et 31 % des sujets dépendants aux drogues dans l’étude NESARC), chez qui les troubles de l’attachement insécure-désorganisé sont particulièrement fréquents [4].Ces patients nécessitent de trouver une bonne distance relationnelle lors de la prise en charge. Les techniques d’entretiens motivationnels sont particulièrement adaptées, notamment du fait de l’approche dialectique ou le thérapeute intervient de façon active, mais ou les patients sont incités à garder leur autonomie et liberté de décision. Ils sont également encouragés à participer aux processus de changement, par exemple à l’aide de grilles décisionnelles (le pour et le contre de la poursuite de la consommation).
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Abstract
Les psychiatres doivent aujourd’hui composer avec les sites d’informations, forums et blogs consultés par les patients. Ceux-ci sont de plus en plus nombreux à rechercher sur Internet des informations, en particulier sur la dépression, les troubles anxieux, l’alcoolodépendance, l’efficacité et la tolérance des traitements. La qualité de l’information médicale sur Internet, très variable, comporte souvent des inexactitudes, des erreurs, des informations déjà obsolètes par rapport aux dernières connaissances scientifiques ou privilégiant le sensationnel.L’impact d’Internet sur la relation médecin-malade est très variable suivant les patients. Les informations trouvées sur Internet ne sont pas toujours bien assimilées et parfois favorisent les autodiagnostics, notamment de troubles bipolaires. Un travail de psychoéducation est nécessaire, mais long et nécessite d’être au courant des avancées scientifiques de la psychiatrie et des neurosciences [1].Plusieurs sites Internet de psychoéducation et applications pour smartphone ont été développés ces dernières années, notamment pour les troubles anxieux (par exemple MindShift). Ils semblent bien aider les patients, en complément de la prise en charge : dans une revue récente, 75 à 92 % des patients souffrant de troubles psychotiques jugeaient utiles les sites de psychoéducation, les forums pour les patients et les modules d’aide cognitivo-comportementale [2]. Néanmoins, certains auteurs ont souligné les limites qualitatives des programmes d’aide virtuelle des troubles anxieux [3].La place grandissante des réseaux sociaux de patients et la banalisation de l’évaluation des médecins par les patients peuvent également influencer la relation médecin-malade [4]. De plus en plus de sites aux États-Unis permettent aux patients de donner leur avis sur les praticiens et de les noter (ponctualité, courtoisie du personnel, facilité à obtenir un rendez-vous, temps passé avec le patient, capacité à écouter le patient et à répondre aux questions, niveau de confiance, adéquation du diagnostic, suivi après consultation…), mais reste cependant embryonnaire en France (par exemple www.notetondoc.com).
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Wallaert R, Laqueille X, Bourdel M, Krebs M, Dervaux A. Dépendance au cannabis : quelles corrélations entre âge de début de la consommation, troubles cognitifs et psychiatriques ? Eur Psychiatry 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.09.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
ContexteCertaines études ont retrouvé que la consommation précoce de cannabis était associée à une fréquence plus élevée de troubles cognitifs ou psychiatriques, mais l’âge exact reste indéterminé, entre 13 et 18 ans selon les études [1–4].ObjectifComparer certaines caractéristiques cliniques des sujets dépendants au cannabis ayant commencé leur consommation à l’âge de 13 ans ou moins et celles de ceux qui ont commencé après.MéthodesCent soixante-douze patients, consultant consécutivement dans le service d’Addictologie du CH Sainte-Anne pour dépendance au cannabis (critères DSM-IV), entre juin 2007 et juin 2013, ont été inclus dans l’étude. Les patients présentant des troubles psychotiques, bipolaires type 1, des dépendances opiacées ou à la cocaïne étaient exclus de l’étude. Ils ont été évalués à l’aide du Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS).RésultatsLes sujets ayant commencé leur consommation de cannabis à l’âge de 13 ans (n = 37) ou moins présentaient plus fréquemment un diagnostic de trouble de personnalité antisociale (respectivement 58,8 % vs 22,1 % ; Chi2 = 16,6 p = 0,0001, OR : 4,9) et rapportaient plus fréquemment des troubles subjectifs de l’attention que les sujets ayant commencé leur consommation plus tard (n = 135) (respectivement 86,5 % vs 66,7 %, Chi2 = 5,53, p = 0,03, OR : 3,02). En revanche, il n’y avait pas de différences significatives entre les deux groupes concernant la fréquence des troubles dépressifs, des phobies sociales, des troubles anxieux, des conduites suicidaires, des traitements anxiolytiques ou antidépresseurs antérieurs, ni de différence au niveau des symptômes de sevrage et des effets subjectifs induits par le cannabis.ConclusionsLes sujets dépendants au cannabis qui commencent leur consommation avant l’âge de 13 ans ont un risque de présenter un trouble de la personnalité antisociale cinq fois plus élevé et des troubles subjectifs de l’attention trois fois plus élevés, par rapport aux sujets qui commencent le cannabis après l’âge de 13 ans.
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Bouton JF, Laqueille X, Bourdel MC, Dervaux A. Traitements de substitution aux opiacés : particularités de la prise en charge des patients avec schizophrénie. Eur Psychiatry 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.09.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
ContexteAlors que dans l’étude Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA, Regier et al., 1900), la prévalence de la schizophrénie était de 11 % chez les toxicomanes aux opiacés, aucune étude à notre connaissance n’a évalué l’efficacité des traitements de substitution aux opiacés (TSO : méthadone ou buprénorphine) chez les sujets présentant une comorbidité dépendance opiacée/schizophrénie (Dervaux et al., 2009). L’objectif de cette étude rétrospective était d’évaluer les différences cliniques et toxicologiques entre deux populations de patients traitées par TSO : un groupe de patients schizophrènes et un groupe de patients sans troubles psychotiques.MéthodeNous avons comparé les données sociodémographiques, cliniques et toxicologiques d’un groupe de 31 patients schizophrènes/schizoaffectifs (critères DSM-5) et d’un groupe de 31 patients non psychotiques, appariés sur l’âge, le sexe et le niveau d’étude, suivis dans le service d’addictologie de l’hôpital Sainte-Anne (Paris).RésultatsLes patients schizophrènes étaient pris en charge plus précocement que les patients non psychotiques (âge moyen du premier recours aux soins addictologiques : respectivement, 27,2 ± 8,3 vs 34,3 ± 8,8 ans, p = 0,002). Ils étaient suivis plus fréquemment dans le service d’addictologie (respectivement, 22,5 ± 12,1 vs 15,7 ± 7,2 consultations/6 mois, p = 0,009). Il n’y avait pas de différences significatives entre les deux groupes concernant les résultats des analyses toxicologiques urinaires recherchant la présence d’opiacés, de cocaïne, d’amphétamines, de cannabis et de benzodiazépines.ConclusionsCette étude préliminaire suggère que les patients schizophrènes avec comorbidité dépendance opiacée, traités par TSO, ont recours à des soins spécialisés plus rapidement et de façon plus intensive que les sujets dépendants aux opiacée non psychotiques. Leur consommation de substances était comparable aux sujets non psychotiques. Ces résultats vont dans le même sens que ceux d’une étude sur 129 patients avec une autre pathologie psychiatrique grave (troubles bipolaires, Maremmani et al., 2013). Des études prospectives seraient intéressantes pour confirmer ces résultats.
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Dervaux A. En quoi et comment le cannabis peut-il être toxique pour le cerveau ? Eur Psychiatry 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
La toxicité cérébrale du cannabis est marquée principalement par des effets cognitifs, addictifs et psychotomimétiques.Troubles cognitifsPlusieurs études ont montré que l’administration aiguë de Δ-9-THC, principal principe actif du cannabis, et que la consommation régulière de cannabis entraînaient des troubles de l’attention, de la mémoire, en particulier de la mémoire de travail et de la mémoire épisodique ainsi que des troubles des fonctions exécutives. Ces troubles ont un impact sur l’apprentissage, les acquisitions scolaires, la conduite d’un véhicule et les tâches complexes. Ils sont liés à la dose, à la fréquence, à la durée d’exposition et à l’âge de la première consommation. Ils peuvent disparaître après sevrage, mais des anomalies durables s’observent chez les sujets ayant débuté leur consommation avant l’âge de 15 ans.Effets addictifsLa fréquence sur la vie entière de la dépendance au cannabis, caractérisée essentiellement par le craving, la perte de contrôle de la consommation et le retentissement important sur la vie familiale/professionnelle/sociale est, d’après certaines études, de 1 % en population générale. Le syndrome de sevrage, décrit en 2004, pourrait être inclus dans le DSM-5.Effets psychotomimétiquesFréquents, les symptômes psychotiques induits par la consommation de cannabis (idées de référence, de persécution) disparaissent spontanément dans les 24 heures. Ils durent parfois plusieurs semaines dans les pharmacopsychoses. Neuf études longitudinales ont montré que les sujets qui avaient fumé du cannabis avaient deux fois plus de risque environ que les sujets abstinents, de présenter ultérieurement des troubles psychotiques. Le risque, dose-dépendant, est plus élevé lorsque la consommation de cannabis a débuté avant l’âge de 15 ans et chez les sujets qui ont des antécédents familiaux de troubles psychotiques. L’évolution de la schizophrénie est aggravée par la consommation de cannabis.Toxicité cérébrale du cannabisElle est liée à l’interaction du Δ-9-THC sur les récepteurs cannabinoïdes cérébraux CB1, localisés principalement dans l’hippocampe, le cervelet, le cortex frontal, le striatum et les ganglions de la base. Plusieurs études ont retrouvé que la consommation de cannabis pouvait interférer avec le système endocannabinoïde cérébral lors de la maturation du cerveau à l’adolescence. Elle favorise aussi des troubles vasculaires cérébraux. Les études d’imagerie cérébrale ont retrouvé que les effets du cannabis, modérés en cas d’usage simple, étaient marqués chez les consommateurs réguliers par une diminution dose-dépendante de la densité de substance grise au niveau de l’hippocampe, des régions parahippocampiques et de l’amygdale.
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Dervaux A, Krebs M, Bourdel M, Laqueille X. Comorbidités psychiatriques chez les patients dépendants au cannabis : spécificités masculines et féminines. Eur Psychiatry 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
ContexteEn dehors de l’étude épidémiologique en population générale NESARC, peu d’études cliniques ont exploré les différences entre hommes et femmes présentant un abus ou une dépendance au cannabis. L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer les différences sociodémographiques et cliniques entre les sexes dans une population de 173 patients dépendants au cannabis, demandeurs de soins, sans troubles psychotiques ou bipolaires, ni dépendance à une autre drogue.MéthodesTous les patients de sexe masculin (n = 130) et féminin (n = 43), consultant consécutivement dans le service d’addictologie du centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne (Paris) pour dépendance au cannabis (critères DSM-IV), entre juin 2007 et juin 2013, ont été inclus dans l’étude. Les patients présentant des troubles psychotiques, bipolaires de type 1, des dépendances opiacées ou à la cocaïne étaient exclus de l’étude. Les patients ont été évalués à l’aide du Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS).RésultatsLa fréquence, présente ou passée, de troubles dépressifs (61,8 % vs 23,1 %, p = 0,0001), de phobies sociales (29,0 % vs 12,4 %, p = 0,02), de troubles anxieux généralisés (43,8 % vs 24,3 %, p = 0,03), de conduites suicidaires (36,6 % vs 11,3 %, p = 0,0001), de traitements anxiolytiques antérieurs (71,4 % vs 44,4 %, p = 0,001), de traitements antidépresseurs antérieurs (63,4 % vs 29,4 %, p = 0,001) et d’antécédents familiaux de dépression (70,3 % vs 39,5 %, p = 0,001), était plus élevée dans le groupe de sujets de sexe féminin que dans le groupe de sujets de sexe masculin. En revanche, la fréquence des effets subjectifs de désinhibition (37,7 % vs 19,0 %, p = 0,03) et d’hypersensorialité (36,9 % vs 19,0 %, p = 0,03), induits par le cannabis, était plus élevée dans le groupe de sujets de sexe masculin.
ConclusionsLa fréquence des antécédents de troubles dépressifs et de troubles anxieux, traités ou non, chez les patients dépendants au cannabis, en particulier du sexe féminin, justifie leur dépistage systématique et leur prise en charge intégrée dans la prise en charge addictologique.
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Dervaux A, Bourdel MC, Krebs M, Laqueille X, Lehert P, Hugon N, Velasquez N, Hugon N, Velasquez N, Lehert P, Egorov A, Kutcher E, Chernikova N, Filatova E. O7 * FREE ORAL COMMUNICATIONS 7: COMORBIDITY AND DETOXIFICATION. Alcohol Alcohol 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agt111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Laqueille X, Launay C, Dervaux A, Kanit M. Abus d’alcool et de benzodiazépines lors des traitements de substitution chez l’héroïnomane : une revue de la littérature. Encephale 2009; 35:220-5. [PMID: 19540407 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X Laqueille
- Service d'addictologie, centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne, université René-Descartes Paris-V, 1, rue Cabanis, 75674 Paris cedex 14 France.
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Abstract
Although patients with have low motivations to quit smoking, smoking cessation treatment can be effective for these patients. Patients schizophrenia who achieve significant smoking reduction during a treatment intervention can at least maintain that level of reduction at 2 years. Cigarette smoking by patients with frequently goes unaddressed, contributing to excess mortality in this population. Behavioural interventions improve smoking cessation in schizophrenia patients. Nicotine replacement can substantially reduce withdrawal symptoms. Bupropion enhances smoking abstinence rates. Bupropion is well-tolerated and safe for use in schizophrenia patients: bupropion does not worsen clinical symptoms of schizophrenia. Atypical antipsychotics may reduce smoking consumption in schizophrenia patients, in particular clozapine. Atypical antipsychotic medication, in combination with the nicotine transdermal patch, significantly enhance the rate of smoking cessation. Interactions between smoking and antipsychotic medication - Smoking increases the metabolism of the antipsychotic medications by inducing the cytochrome P450 1A2 isoform. Smoking lowers the blood levels of typical or atypical antipsychotic medication, in particular haloperidol, chlorpromazine, olanzapine and clozapine. -Abstinence can increase many psychotropics' blood levels. Accordingly, smoking appears to reduce neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism. In contrast, smoking is a risk factor for tardive dyskinesia, independent of neuroleptic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dervaux
- Psychiatre des hôpitaux, Service d'Addictologie Moreau-de-Tours, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris
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Abstract
FREQUENCY: The prevalence of cigarette smoking is significantly higher among patients with schizophrenia (60-90%) than in the general population (23-30%). While tobacco smoking decreases in the general population (from 45% in the 1960's to 23-30% in the 2000's), smoking in patients with schizophrenia remains high. Patients with schizophrenia smoke more cigarettes than control subjects. Patients smoke more deeply, thereby increasing their exposure to the harmful elements in tobacco smoke. IMPACT OF SMOKING IN SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS: As in the general population, smoking contributes to the reduced life expectancy in patients with schizophrenia. Patients with schizophrenia are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease due to high rates of cigarette smoking. In the Department of Mental Health of the commonwealth of Massachusetts, cardiovascular disease was the factor the most strongly associated with excess mortality. Cardiac deaths were elevated more than six-fold. Weight gain, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus are frequent in patients with schizophrenia, and may worsen the risk of cardiovascular diseases. It has been reported that the risk for lung cancer in patients with schizophrenia is lower than that of the general population, despite increased smoking. However, in a study conducted in Finland, a slightly increased cancer risk was found in patients with schizophrenia. Half of the excess cases were attributable to lung cancer. IMPROVEMENT OF COGNITIVE DEFICITS: Patients with schizophrenia may use nicotine to reduce cognitive deficits and negative symptoms or neuroleptic side effects. Smoking may transiently alleviate negative symptoms in schizophrenic patients by increasing dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex. In patients with schizophrenia, nicotine improves some cognitive deficits: (1) sensory gating deficits and abnormalities in smooth pursuit eye movements associated with schizophrenia are transiently normalized with the administration of nicotine ; (2) high-dose nicotine transiently normalizes the abnormality in P50 inhibition in patients with schizophrenia and in their relatives; (3) in tasks that tax working memory and selective attention, nicotine may improve performance in schizophrenia patients by enhancing activation of and functional connectivity between brain regions that mediate task performance (Jacobsen et al. 2004; Paktar et al.2002); (4) cigarette smoking may selectively enhance visuospatial working memory and attentional deficits in smokers with schizophrenia. However, Harris et al., found that nicotine affects only the attention without effects of nicotine on learning, memory or visuospatial/constructional abilities. In addition, smoking could facilitate disinhibition in schizophrenic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dervaux
- Service d'Addictologie, centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne, 1 rue Cabanis, Paris, France.
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McCreadie R, Dervaux A, de Leon J, Gurpegui M. The use of legal substances by persons with schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.01.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Dervaux A, Grohens M. Frequency of diabetes in 114 French patients with schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.01.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Dervaux A. Mania following stroke. A case report. Eur Psychiatry 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.01.841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Dervaux A. [Cannabis dependence and social phobia]. Encephale 2005; 31 Pt 2:S47-8. [PMID: 16673708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Dervaux
- Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Service des Professeurs Lôo et Olié, 7, rue Cabanis, 75014, Paris
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Dervaux A. [Alcohol dependence and depressive disorders in the course of opiate dependence]. Encephale 2005; 31 Pt 2:S45-6. [PMID: 16673707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Dervaux
- Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Service des Professeurs Lôo et Olié, 7, rue Cabanis, 75014, Paris
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Whereas observations of psychotic disorders induced by amphetamines are common, few observations described the impact of chronic amphetamine abuse on schizophrenic patients. We report the case of a schizophrenic patient who presented with amphetamine dependence for several years, without other accompanying addiction. CASE REPORT During his adolescence, Mr. X. gradually developed delusional beliefs of persecution and telepathy. He believed that the other pupils and teachers spoke about him in malicious terms. At the age of 23, Mr. X began to consume 60-100 mg/week of amphetamines orally. He consumed amphetamines during 7 years. The delusions, in particular the auditory hallucinations worsened after the use of amphetamines. Subsequently, he married and was declared unfit for national service due to the psychotic disorders. Mr. X received neuroleptic treatment with moderate effects on the psychotic symptoms. Between the age of 24 and 30, the patient presented persecutory, megalomanic and physical transformation beliefs, delusions of being controlled as well as auditory, somatic-tactile and visual hallucinations. At the age of 30, while he had stopped his consumption of amphetamines for 9 months, the patient, overwhelmed with the delusions, murdered his wife. He was sent in jail for 13 months, and subsequently hospitalized for one year in a high security psychiatric department and 7 years in our psychiatric department. The neuroleptic treatment was effective, particularly against the hallucinations. Following stabilisation, the symptomatology of the patient was marked by a disorganization syndrome, including prominent thought disorder, disorganized speech, associative loosening, frequent derailments and negative signs of schizophrenia, in particular affective flattening and blunting of emotional expression. When the patient was 43, a trial discharge was authorized owing to improvement of his condition. The neuroleptic treatment was switched with single-drug olanzapine therapy, 10 mg/day which improved the negative symptoms. Mr. X. resumed part-time professional activities and remarried. DISCUSSION The patient fulfilled the DSM IV criteria for schizophrenia and for amphetamine dependence assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). He presented, in particular, withdrawal syndrome when amphetamines were discontinued. The amphetamine consumption was followed by a marked deterioration in the delusions, particularly the hallucinations. Worsening of the positive symptoms in schizophrenic patients by amphetamines has been established in single dose studies, in particular characterized by persecutory delusions and hallucinations. On the other hand, amphetamines tend to transiently and moderately reduce the negative symptoms. Some stu-dies have shown that amphetamine consumption promoted violent acting out in non-schizophrenic subjects. In our observation, the acting out may be not related to the acute effects of these substances, since it occurred 9 months after stated discontinuation of amphetamine consumption. However, the cerebral toxicity and psycho-behavioural disturbances related to amphetamines might be prolonged after withdrawal. In non-schizophrenic patients, the existence of prolonged neurotoxicity of amphetamines and related psycho-behavioral disturbances has been suggested. The prolonged administration of amphetamines to animals produces neuro-axonal degeneration in the striatum, the frontal cortex, the nucleus accumbens and the amygdala. In human, there are some evidence of persistant deteriorations of the serotoninergic and dopaminergic systems in the caudate nucleus, the putamen and the nucleus accumbens following amphetamine consumption. CONCLUSION The neurobiological and psycho-behavioural effects of amphetamines may be prolonged following withdrawal in both schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dervaux
- Service de Psychiatrie, BP 27, Centre Hospitalier Général, F-91401 Orsay
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Dervaux A, Lainé H. [The psychiatric forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease]. Presse Med 2003; 32:1466-8. [PMID: 14534481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
CLINICAL FEATURES Frequent in the new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, psychiatric disorders are less common in the sporadic form. The disorders are non-specific: mood disorders, personality changes and psychotic symptoms. DIAGNOSIS The diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is evoked on the emergence of the first neurological signs, notably ataxia and myoclonia. The diagnosis is supported by the search for P 14-3-3, EEG in the cerebrospinal liquid as well as electroencephalogram and magnetic imaging that permit distinction between the sporadic and the new variant forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dervaux
- Service de psychiatrie, Centre hospitalier général, Orsay.
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Dervaux A, Laqueille X, Bourdel MC, Leborgne MH, Olié JP, Lôo H, Krebs MO. [Cannabis and schizophrenia: demographic and clinical correlates]. Encephale 2003; 29:11-7. [PMID: 12640322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The high prevalence of psychoactive substance abuse or dependence among schizophrenic patients has now been well established. Mueser et al. stressed the need to assess the abuse of specific classes of substances and analyse the data accordingly. The objective of this study was to compare the socio-demographic correlates and the clinical features in a group of schizophrenic patients with a lifetime cannabis abuse or dependence according to the DSM III-R with a group of schizophrenic patients who had never presented any abuse or dependence. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The study included 124 subjects with diagnoses of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders according to the DSM III-R. Inclusion criteria for participation in the study were age 18 years or older and willingness to provide consent to participate in the study. The inpatients were evaluated when their condition was stabilised. Assessment tools were the psychoactive substance use disorder section of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF). Subjects with cannabis abuse or dependence during their lifetime were compared with subjects without abuse or dependence, using chi(2) test for categorical variables and analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) for quantitative variables. RESULTS Forty-nine subjects (42,6%) presented lifetime abuse or dependence on one or more substances. Since 19 patients with alcohol, stimulant, sedative or opiate abuse or dependence were excluded, the study finally included 96 subjects including a first group of schizophrenic patients with cannabis abuse (n=6) or dependence (n=24) and a second group without any psychoactive substance abuse (n=66). Thirteen (11.3%) patients presented cannabis abuse or dependence within the 6 months prior to the assessment. The mean SD age of onset of cannabis abuse or dependence was 19.6 +/- 3.0 years. Cannabis abuse/dependence preceded the first psychiatric treatment in 70% of the subjects (n=21). 83.3% of the schizophrenic patients with cannabis abuse or dependence were male (n=25) compared to 62.1% in the group without substance abuse (n=41) (chi(2)=4.32, df=1, p=0.04). Schizophrenic patients with cannabis abuse were significantly younger (mean age: 28.9 +/- 6.3 vs 37.0 +/- 12.7, ANCOVA, F=7.2, df=1,96 p=0.009). There was no significant difference between the two groups for marital status, (chi(2)=5.34, df=2, p=0.07), level of education, (chi(2)=0.93, df=2, p=0.62) professional status, (chi(2)=8.7, df=5, p=0.11), on PANSS total score (ANCOVA, F=0.42, df=1,93, p=0.52), GAF score (ANCOVA, F=0.06, df=1,92, p=0.80), mean number of hospitalizations (ANCOVA, F=3.25, df=1,85, p=0.08), mean age of first psychiatric contact (ANCOVA, F=0.74, df=1,93, p=0.39), and neuroleptic dosages (ANCOVA, F=0.03, df=1,90, p=0.87). In contrast, the total duration of hospitalization was significantly longer for the group with cannabis abuse. Patients with cannabis abuse were more likely to have an history of suicide attempts than subjects without substance abuse (chi(2)=11.52, df=1, p=0.0007). DISCUSSION The prevalence rates for substance abuse and the socio-demographic characteristics of the population of our study are consistent with findings of previous studies. Male gender and age were significantly related to history of cannabis abuse or dependence. Cannabis abuse frequently preceded the onset of psychiatric treatment. However, both schizophrenia and substance abuse tend to develop gradually, with no clear demarcation for the onset of schizophrenia. The absence of any link between the scores for the subscales of the PANSS and cannabis abuse, both in our study and in some retrospective previous studies, is not suggestive of cannabis abuse as a self-medication of positive or negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Self-medication could concern other symptoms, such as cognitive deficits. In addition, the hypothesis of self-medication has especially been suggested in cocaine abuse or dependence. Some limitations to this study can be discussed. First, although the recruitment was systematic and done in a public mental health service, the patients of our study are not necessarily representative of all schizophrenic patients. Secondly, as in any retrospective study, the prevalence of lifetime substance abuse may have been under-estimated. Urinary toxicology tests may have been able to improve the sensitivity of the diagnosis of recent substance abuse, but structured interviews are more appropriate for the diagnosis of lifetime substance abuse in schizophrenic patients than urinary toxicology tests. CONCLUSION The socio-demographic characteristics of cannabis abuse or dependence in schizophrenia are similar to those found in general population. Cannabis using schizophrenic patients were more likely to be younger and male than non users. The duration of hospitalization was significantly longer for the group with cannabis abuse. Prevalence of suicide attempts in schizophrenia is closely correlated to cannabis abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dervaux
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Santé Mentale et Thérapeutique, Professeurs H. Lôo et J.-P. Olié, Université René-Descartes (Paris V), Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne et INSERM E 0117, F 75014 Paris
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Dervaux A, Bayle FJ, Krebs MO. Substance misuse among people with schizophrenia: similarities and differences between the UK and France. Br J Psychiatry 2002; 180:381. [PMID: 11925367 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.180.4.381-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Dervaux A, Mascarenhas N, Lambolez T. [Importance of blood glucose level when starting antipsychotic treatment]. Presse Med 2001; 30:1298. [PMID: 11603092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
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Abstract
Lifetime substance abuse comorbidity is frequent in schizophrenic patients, but the clinical correlates remain unclear. We have explored the chronological relations between substance abuse and course of schizophrenia, and compared several clinical characteristics and personality dimensions in 50 schizophrenic patients with or without lifetime substance abuse or dependence. Abuse occurred mainly after the first prodromal symptoms and just before the first psychotic episode. Substance-abusing patients were not different from non-substance-abusing patients on the Chapman Physical Anhedonia Scale, PANSS total score, negative subscore or depression item, CGI, treatment response and demographic variables. In contrast, substance-abusing patients had higher scores on the Barratt Impulsivity Scale (total, cognitive and non-planning scores) and had attempted suicide more often. In patients with schizophrenia, as in the general population, substance abuse or dependence appears associated with higher impulsivity and suicidality. High impulsivity could facilitate substance abuse as a maladaptive behavior in response to prodromal symptoms, precipitating the onset of a characterized psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gut-Fayand
- University Department of Mental Health and Therapeutics, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire/SM14, Hôpital Sainte- Anne, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014, Paris, France
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Dervaux A, Vicart S, Lopes F, Le Borgne MH. [Psychiatric manifestations of a new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Apropos of a case]. Encephale 2001; 27:194-7. [PMID: 11407273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (nvCJD) was first described in the UK in 1996 (16). The nvCJD differs from sporadic, genetic and iatrogenic CJD. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is closely associated with an abnormal isoform PrPSc of a cell-surface glycoprotein, prion protein (14). Molecular analysis suggests that nvCJD is caused by the same prion strain as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) (4, 10). To the end of September 2000, there have been 82 cases of nvCJD in the UK. We report the second French case of nvCJD to our knowledge (5, 13). CASE REPORT This 36 year old woman was referred by a local general practitioner with a 6 month history of psychiatric symptoms of major depressive disorder. According to her family, the patient had suffered from personality change for several months before the onset of depression including apathy, emotional lability, infantile affect. There was no history of health problems. As she was admitted to the psychiatric department of our hospital in Paris suburbs, she presented a major depressive disorder. There were no specific psychiatric features allowing distinction from common depressive disorders, except a marked emotional lability. The patient's condition progressed rapidly within the following days. She presented memory impairment and disorientation. Drug treatments, clomipramine (125 mg/day) and venlafaxine (200 mg/day), were used with no benefit. She presented subsequently transient delusions and auditory hallucinations, fleeting for some hours. The predominant delusional themes were somatic type and pregnancy. The delusions were concomitant with delusions of the onset of cognitive impairment. The patient tested negative for the P 14.3.3 protein in the CSF. Computed tomography scan of the brain did not show any relevant abnormality. The electroencephalogram showed non specific slow wave activity. The neurological symptoms developed 7 months after the onset of depressive symptoms including ataxia, myoclonus, excessive daytime drowsiness, headache. After the onset of neurological symptoms, the illness progressed rapidly over the next 2 months with cognitive impairment, particularly memory impairment, myoclonus, ataxia, incontinence of urine and progressive immobility leading to dependency. CSF tests were negative. She was referred to a neurology department where the diagnosis was confirmed by brain biopsy (detailed elsewhere). The patient died in a state of akinetic mutism. DISCUSSION The clinical features of our patient were consistent with previous descriptions of nvCJD, mainly those of the National CJD Surveillance Unit studies (17): early psychiatric symptoms, prolonged duration of illness (median: 14 months), earlier age at death, compared with sporadic CJD. Psychiatric symptoms occur in the clinical course in about a third of cases of sporadic CJD (3). In contrast, of the 35 cases that have died of nvCJD identified in the study by Will et al. (17), 34 suffered from early and prominent psychiatric symptoms, mainly depression and anxiety. In most of the patients, the first symptoms were psychiatric. Drug treatment was used in most cases, some patients had a transient improvement (18). The patient without psychiatric symptoms reported by the NCJDSU (17) was emotionally labile. Infantile affect and emotional lability, found in our patient, are frequently reported in other studies (1, 18). Schizophreniform disorders have been described during the clinical course, with auditory and visual hallucinations and paranoid delusions (17, 18). The insomnia and excessive daytime drowsiness our patient presented have been described in similar cases (18). Investigations are important to rule out alternative diagnoses. EEG records do not show periodic triphasic complexes as in sporadic CJD. The P 14.3.3 protein in the CSF is positive in half the cases of nvCJD (17). First neurological symptoms developed 6 months after the onset of psychiatric symptoms including ataxia, myoclonus and persistent painful sensory symptoms (17, 18). In most of the cases, MRI brain scans show bilateral pulvinar high signal (17), found subsequently in our patient and detailed elsewhere (13). The terminal stages are progressive cognitive impairment, helplessness and akinetic mutism. CONCLUSION The first symptoms of this patient were purely psychiatric and difficult to distinguish from common psychiatric disorders. Clinical surveillance of human prion disease is crucial in France, as in UK. The link with BSE has dramatically highlighted the need for neurological and neuropsychological precise investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dervaux
- Service de Psychiatrie, BP 27, Centre Hospitalier Général, F-91401 Orsay
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Dervaux A, Baylé FJ, Laqueille X, Bourdel MC, Le Borgne MH, Olié JP, Krebs MO. Is substance abuse in schizophrenia related to impulsivity, sensation seeking, or anhedonia? Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158:492-4. [PMID: 11229997 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.3.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors compared impulsivity, sensation seeking, and anhedonia in a group of schizophrenic patients with and without lifetime substance abuse or dependence. METHOD Patients (N=100) with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (per DSM-III-R criteria) were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview's section on psychoactive substance use disorder, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, the Barratt Impulsivity Scale, the Zuckerman Seeking Sensation Scale, and the Chapman Physical Anhedonia Scale. RESULTS The mean scores for impulsivity and sensation seeking were higher in the group with substance abuse (N=41) than in the group without substance abuse (N=59). No significant difference between groups was found regarding physical anhedonia. CONCLUSIONS As in the general population, high levels of impulsivity and sensation seeking are associated with substance abuse in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dervaux
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Santé Mentale et Thérapeutique, Université René Descartes, Paris, France
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Bailly D, Dervaux A, Servant D, Parquet PJ. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus, delta agent and human immunodeficiency virus infections in drug addicts. Biomed Pharmacother 1989; 43:431-7. [PMID: 2686771 DOI: 10.1016/0753-3322(89)90242-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with the hepatitis B (HBV) and delta (HDV) viruses and with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are very common among intravenous drug addicts. The serum of 80 percent of drug addicts contains one of the HBV markers, and 15 percent of them carry an anti-D antibody. Infections with the hepatitis A and non A-non B viruses are also very common among drug abusers. Some of them may harbour several of these pathogens. This can explain the frequency of liver disease (biological anomalies and histological lesions) observed in drug addicts, as does alcohol consumption associated with drug abuse. Fifty to 60 per cent of intravenous drug addicts are seropositive for HIV. This prevalence varies across studies and countries. The high prevalence of infection by HIV in drug addicts may be explained by the use of a shared syringe. This prevalence exposes drug addicts to an increase in AIDS cases in the near future. The high prevalence of infections by HBV, HDV and HIV in drug addicts represents a risk factor for the spread of HBV, HDV and HIV infections among the general population. Preventing the rapid spread of these viruses among drug addicts is of utmost importance for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bailly
- Psychopathology and Alcohology Unit, University Hospital, Hôpital de La Charité, France
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