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Abstract
ABSTRACT Imidacloprid (IMI) is a systemic insecticide that belongs to the neonicotinoid group of insecticides. It is highly effective against sucking, boring, and root-feeding insects. Besides, it has a favorable toxicological profile on humans. Currently, IMI is the largest selling insecticide in the world by replacing organophosphates and carbamates. It acts as nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist in the central nervous system of insects. To date, there is no specific antidote available for IMI poisoning. Despite a better safety profile on humans, severe toxicity from IMI poisoning is not uncommon. Here, we report a series of 4 cases who were admitted to our tertiary care center with a history of IMI poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Naveen
- From the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, AIIMS Bhubaneswar, Odisha
| | - Manas Ranjan Sahu
- From the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, AIIMS Bhubaneswar, Odisha
| | - Kimi Soumya Padhi
- From the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, AIIMS Bhubaneswar, Odisha
| | - Sasank Shekhar Maharik
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, IMS and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Yadav PD, Sahay RR, Balakrishnan A, Mohandas S, Radhakrishnan C, Gokhale MD, Balasubramanian R, Abraham P, Gupta N, Sugunan AP, Khobragade R, George K, Shete A, Patil S, Thankappan UP, Dighe H, Koshy J, Vijay V, Gayathri R, Kumar PJ, Rahim A, Naveen A, Nair S, Rajendran VR, Jayasree V, Majumdar T, Jain R, Viswanathan P, Patil DY, Kumar A, Nyayanit DA, Sarkale P, Waghmare A, Baradkar S, Gawande P, Bodke P, Kalele K, Yemul J, Dhaigude S, Holepannawar M, Gopale S, Chopade G, Ray S, Waghmare P, Narayan J, Mathapati B, Kadam M, Kumar A, Suryawanshi A, Jose BP, Sivadas S, Akash NP, Vimisha TV, Keerthi KV. Nipah Virus Outbreak in Kerala State, India Amidst of COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Public Health 2022; 10:818545. [PMID: 35252095 PMCID: PMC8891450 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.818545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here a Nipah virus (NiV) outbreak in Kozhikode district of Kerala state, India, which had caused fatal encephalitis in a 12-year-old boy and the outbreak response, which led to the successful containment of the disease and the related investigations. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, ELISA-based antibody detection, and whole genome sequencing (WGS) were performed to confirm the NiV infection. Contacts of the index case were traced and isolated based on risk categorization. Bats from the areas near the epicenter of the outbreak were sampled for throat swabs, rectal swabs, and blood samples for NiV screening by real-time RT-PCR and anti-NiV bat immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA. A plaque reduction neutralization test was performed for the detection of neutralizing antibodies. Nipah viral RNA could be detected from blood, bronchial wash, endotracheal (ET) secretion, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and anti-NiV immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies from the serum sample of the index case. Rapid establishment of an onsite NiV diagnostic facility and contact tracing helped in quick containment of the outbreak. NiV sequences retrieved from the clinical specimen of the index case formed a sub-cluster with the earlier reported Nipah I genotype sequences from India with more than 95% similarity. Anti-NiV IgG positivity could be detected in 21% of Pteropus medius (P. medius) and 37.73% of Rousettus leschenaultia (R. leschenaultia). Neutralizing antibodies against NiV could be detected in P. medius. Stringent surveillance and awareness campaigns need to be implemented in the area to reduce human-bat interactions and minimize spillover events, which can lead to sporadic outbreaks of NiV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya D. Yadav
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- *Correspondence: Pragya D. Yadav
| | - Rima R. Sahay
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Anukumar Balakrishnan
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, India
| | | | | | - Mangesh D. Gokhale
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - R. Balasubramanian
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, India
| | - Priya Abraham
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases Division, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - A. P. Sugunan
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, India
| | - Rajan Khobragade
- Health and Family Welfare Department, Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Kalpana George
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
| | - Anita Shete
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Savita Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | - Hitesh Dighe
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Jijo Koshy
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, India
| | - Vivek Vijay
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, India
| | - R. Gayathri
- Department of Medicine, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
| | - P. Jayesh Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
| | - Asma Rahim
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
| | - A. Naveen
- National Health Mission, Kozhikode, India
| | | | | | - V. Jayasree
- District Medical Office of Health, Health Department, Kozhikode, India
| | - Triparna Majumdar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Rajlaxmi Jain
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | - Deepak Y. Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Abhinendra Kumar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Dimpal A. Nyayanit
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Prasad Sarkale
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Ashwini Waghmare
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Shrikant Baradkar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Pranita Gawande
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Poonam Bodke
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Kaumudi Kalele
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Jyoti Yemul
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Sachin Dhaigude
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | - Sanjay Gopale
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Ganesh Chopade
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Shilpa Ray
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Priyanka Waghmare
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Jitendra Narayan
- Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases Division, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Basavaraj Mathapati
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Manoj Kadam
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Abhimanyu Kumar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | | | - Saritha Sivadas
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
| | - N. P. Akash
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
| | - T. V. Vimisha
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
| | - K. V. Keerthi
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
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Hyma J, Murty MRK, Naveen A. Personalized privacy assistant for digital voice assistants: Case study on Amazon Alexa. KES 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/kes-210071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The advancements in modern technologies permit the invention of various digital devices which are controlled and activated by people’s gestures, touch and even by one’s voice. Google Assistant, iPhone Siri, Amazon Alexa etc., are most popular voice enabled devices which have grabbed the attention of digital gadget users. Their usage definitely makes the life easier and comfortable. The other side of these smart enabled devices is incredible violation of the privacy. This happens due to their continuous listening to the user and data transmission over a public network to the third-party services. The work proposed in this paper attempts to overcome the existing privacy violation problem with the voice enabled devices. The main idea is to incorporate an intelligent privacy assistant that works based on the user preferences over their data.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Hyma
- Department of CSE, GIT, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, India
| | | | - A. Naveen
- GITAM (Deemed to be Uniersity), Visakhapatnam, India
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Jayakumar A, Rohini S, Naveen A, Haritha A, Reddy K. Horizontal alveolar bone loss: A periodontal orphan. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2011; 14:181-5. [PMID: 21760673 PMCID: PMC3100862 DOI: 10.4103/0972-124x.75914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Attempts to successfully regenerate lost alveolar bone have always been a clinician’s dream. Angular defects, at least, have a fairer chance, but the same cannot be said about horizontal bone loss. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of horizontal alveolar bone loss and vertical bone defects in periodontal patients; and later, to correlate it with the treatment modalities available in the literature for horizontal and vertical bone defects. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in two parts. Part I was the radiographic evaluation of 150 orthopantomographs (OPGs) (of patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis and seeking periodontal care), which were digitized and read using the AutoCAD 2006 software. All the periodontitis-affected teeth were categorized as teeth with vertical defects (if the defect angle was ≤45° and defect depth was ≥3 mm) or as having horizontal bone loss. Part II of the study comprised search of the literature on treatment modalities for horizontal and vertical bone loss in four selected periodontal journals. Results: Out of the 150 OPGs studied, 54 (36%) OPGs showed one or more vertical defects. Totally, 3,371 teeth were studied, out of which horizontal bone loss was found in 3,107 (92.2%) teeth, and vertical defects were found only in 264 (7.8%) of the teeth, which was statistically significant (P<.001). Search of the selected journals revealed 477 papers have addressed the treatment modalities for vertical and horizontal types of bone loss specifically. Out of the 477 papers, 461 (96.3%) have addressed vertical bone loss, and 18 (3.7%) have addressed treatment options for horizontal bone loss. Two papers have addressed both types of bone loss and are included in both categories. Conclusion: Horizontal bone loss is more prevalent than vertical bone loss but has been sidelined by researchers as very few papers have been published on the subject of regenerative treatment modalities for this type of bone loss. This study should be an impetus for greater attention to an otherwise ubiquitous periodontal challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jayakumar
- Department of Periodontics, Sri Sai College of Dental Surgery, Vikarabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
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