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Dunham D, Viswanathan P, Gill J, Manzano M. Expression Ratios of the Antiapoptotic BCL2 Family Members Dictate the Selective Addiction of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus-Transformed Primary Effusion Lymphoma Cell Lines to MCL1. J Virol 2022; 96:e0136022. [PMID: 36416587 PMCID: PMC9749474 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01360-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) causes several malignancies in people living with HIV, including primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). PEL cell lines exhibit oncogene addictions to both viral and cellular genes. Using CRISPR screens, we previously identified cellular oncogene addictions in PEL cell lines, including MCL1. MCL1 is a member of the BCL2 family, which functions to prevent intrinsic apoptosis and has been implicated in several cancers. Despite the overlapping functions of the BCL2 family members, PEL cells are dependent only on MCL1, suggesting that MCL1 may have nonredundant functions. To investigate why PEL cells exhibit selective addiction to MCL1, we inactivated the intrinsic apoptosis pathway by engineering BAX/BAK1 double knockout cells. In this context, PEL cells become resistant to MCL1 knockdown or MCL1 inactivation by the MCL1 inhibitor S63845, indicating that the main function of MCL1 in PEL cells is to prevent BAX/BAK1-mediated apoptosis. The selective requirement to MCL1 is due to MCL1 being expressed in excess over the BCL2 family. Ectopic expression of several BCL2 family proteins, as well as the KSHV BCL2 homolog, significantly decreased basal caspase 3/7 activity and buffered against staurosporine-induced apoptosis. Finally, overexpressed BCL2 family members can functionally substitute for MCL1, when it is inhibited by S63845. Together, our data indicate that the expression levels of the BCL2 family likely explain why PEL tumor cells are highly addicted to MCL1. Importantly, our results suggest that caution should be taken when considering MCL1 inhibitors as a monotherapy regimen for PEL because resistance can develop easily. IMPORTANCE Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is caused by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. We showed previously that PEL cell lines require the antiapoptotic protein MCL1 for survival but not the other BCL2 family proteins. This selective dependence on MCL1 is unexpected as the BCL2 family functions similarly in preventing intrinsic apoptosis. Recently, new roles for MCL1 not shared with the BCL2 family have emerged. Here, we show that noncanonical functions of MCL1 are unlikely essential. Instead, MCL1 functions mainly to prevent apoptosis. The specific requirement to MCL1 is due to MCL1 being expressed in excess over the BCL2 family. Consistent with this model, shifting these expression ratios changes the requirement away from MCL1 and toward the dominant BCL2 family gene. Together, our results indicate that although MCL1 is an attractive chemotherapeutic target to treat PEL, careful consideration must be taken, as resistance to MCL1-specific inhibitors easily develops through BCL2 family overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Dunham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Inflammatory Responses, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Prasanth Viswanathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Inflammatory Responses, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jackson Gill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Henderson State University, Arkadelphia, Arkansas, USA
| | - Mark Manzano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Inflammatory Responses, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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Dhanasooraj D, Viswanathan P, Saphia S, Jose BP, Parambath FC, Sivadas S, Akash NP, Vimisha TV, Nair PR, Mohan A, Hafeez N, Poovullathi JK, Vadekkandiyil S, Govindan SKK, Khobragade R, Aravindan KP, Radhakrishnan C. Genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 by sequencing the RBD region using Sanger sequencing from North Kerala. Front Public Health 2022; 10:974667. [PMID: 36091505 PMCID: PMC9454329 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.974667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) is the gold standard for the detection of new variants of SARS-CoV-2 including those which have immune escape properties, high infectivity, and variable severity. This test is helpful in genomic surveillance, for planning appropriate and timely public health interventions. But labs with NGS facilities are not available in small or medium research settings due to the high cost of setting up such a facility. Transportation of samples from many places to few centers for NGS testing also produces delays due to transportation and sample overload leading in turn to delays in patient management and community interventions. This becomes more important for patients traveling from hotspot regions or those suspected of harboring a new variant. Another major issue is the high cost of NGS-based tests. Thus, it may not be a good option for an economically viable surveillance program requiring immediate result generation and patient follow-up. The current study used a cost-effective facility which can be set up in a common research lab and which is replicable in similar centers with expertise in Sanger nucleotide sequencing. More samples can be processed at a time and can generate the results in a maximum of 2 days (1 day for a 24 h working lab). We analyzed the nucleotide sequence of the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) region of SARS-CoV-2 by the Sanger sequencing using in-house developed methods. The SARS-CoV-2 variant surveillance was done during the period of March 2021 to May 2022 in the Northern region of Kerala, a state in India with a population of 36.4 million, for implementing appropriate timely interventions. Our findings broadly agree with those from elsewhere in India and other countries during the period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjayan Dhanasooraj
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India,Dhananjayan Dhanasooraj
| | - Prasanth Viswanathan
- Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Shammy Saphia
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Beena Philomina Jose
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | | | - Saritha Sivadas
- Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - N. P. Akash
- Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - T. V. Vimisha
- Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | | | - Anuja Mohan
- Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Nimin Hafeez
- Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | | | - Shameer Vadekkandiyil
- Department of General Medicine, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | | | - Rajan Khobragade
- Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | | | - Chandni Radhakrishnan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India,*Correspondence: Chandni Radhakrishnan
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Yadav PD, Sahay RR, Balakrishnan A, Mohandas S, Radhakrishnan C, Gokhale MD, Balasubramanian R, Abraham P, Gupta N, Sugunan AP, Khobragade R, George K, Shete A, Patil S, Thankappan UP, Dighe H, Koshy J, Vijay V, Gayathri R, Kumar PJ, Rahim A, Naveen A, Nair S, Rajendran VR, Jayasree V, Majumdar T, Jain R, Viswanathan P, Patil DY, Kumar A, Nyayanit DA, Sarkale P, Waghmare A, Baradkar S, Gawande P, Bodke P, Kalele K, Yemul J, Dhaigude S, Holepannawar M, Gopale S, Chopade G, Ray S, Waghmare P, Narayan J, Mathapati B, Kadam M, Kumar A, Suryawanshi A, Jose BP, Sivadas S, Akash NP, Vimisha TV, Keerthi KV. Nipah Virus Outbreak in Kerala State, India Amidst of COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Public Health 2022; 10:818545. [PMID: 35252095 PMCID: PMC8891450 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.818545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here a Nipah virus (NiV) outbreak in Kozhikode district of Kerala state, India, which had caused fatal encephalitis in a 12-year-old boy and the outbreak response, which led to the successful containment of the disease and the related investigations. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, ELISA-based antibody detection, and whole genome sequencing (WGS) were performed to confirm the NiV infection. Contacts of the index case were traced and isolated based on risk categorization. Bats from the areas near the epicenter of the outbreak were sampled for throat swabs, rectal swabs, and blood samples for NiV screening by real-time RT-PCR and anti-NiV bat immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA. A plaque reduction neutralization test was performed for the detection of neutralizing antibodies. Nipah viral RNA could be detected from blood, bronchial wash, endotracheal (ET) secretion, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and anti-NiV immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies from the serum sample of the index case. Rapid establishment of an onsite NiV diagnostic facility and contact tracing helped in quick containment of the outbreak. NiV sequences retrieved from the clinical specimen of the index case formed a sub-cluster with the earlier reported Nipah I genotype sequences from India with more than 95% similarity. Anti-NiV IgG positivity could be detected in 21% of Pteropus medius (P. medius) and 37.73% of Rousettus leschenaultia (R. leschenaultia). Neutralizing antibodies against NiV could be detected in P. medius. Stringent surveillance and awareness campaigns need to be implemented in the area to reduce human-bat interactions and minimize spillover events, which can lead to sporadic outbreaks of NiV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya D. Yadav
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- *Correspondence: Pragya D. Yadav
| | - Rima R. Sahay
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Anukumar Balakrishnan
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, India
| | | | | | - Mangesh D. Gokhale
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - R. Balasubramanian
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, India
| | - Priya Abraham
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases Division, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - A. P. Sugunan
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, India
| | - Rajan Khobragade
- Health and Family Welfare Department, Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Kalpana George
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
| | - Anita Shete
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Savita Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | - Hitesh Dighe
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Jijo Koshy
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, India
| | - Vivek Vijay
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, India
| | - R. Gayathri
- Department of Medicine, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
| | - P. Jayesh Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
| | - Asma Rahim
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
| | - A. Naveen
- National Health Mission, Kozhikode, India
| | | | | | - V. Jayasree
- District Medical Office of Health, Health Department, Kozhikode, India
| | - Triparna Majumdar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Rajlaxmi Jain
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | - Deepak Y. Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Abhinendra Kumar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Dimpal A. Nyayanit
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Prasad Sarkale
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Ashwini Waghmare
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Shrikant Baradkar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Pranita Gawande
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Poonam Bodke
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Kaumudi Kalele
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Jyoti Yemul
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Sachin Dhaigude
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | - Sanjay Gopale
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Ganesh Chopade
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Shilpa Ray
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Priyanka Waghmare
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Jitendra Narayan
- Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases Division, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Basavaraj Mathapati
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Manoj Kadam
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Abhimanyu Kumar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | | | - Saritha Sivadas
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
| | - N. P. Akash
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
| | - T. V. Vimisha
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
| | - K. V. Keerthi
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
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Murali A, Sangeetha N, Gaur S, Viswanathan P. Prevalence and Morphological Pattern of Haematopoietic Malignancy Involving Oral Cavity at a Tertiary Care Hospital, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India. J Clin Diagn Res 2022. [DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2022/59447.17281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Lymphomas, a cancer of lymphoid tissue (either B-or T-lymphocytes) are the second most common malignant tumour in the head and neck after squamous cell carcinoma. Extranodal Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL) in the oral cavity is thought to be rather uncommon. Aim: To study the prevalence and morphology of oral cavity-related haematopoietic malignancies. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study on 1089 cases of oral lesions at a Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India, was undertaken in the Pathology Department from July 2012 to July 2022. Demographic information including age, sex, clinical information, histopathological diagnosis, and investigational details were recorded. Morphology of oral cavity lesion was considered as primary outcome variable and the data was represented in frequency and percentage and the descriptive analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0. Results: A total of 1089 patients, age distribution range from 10-70 years were analysed in this study. Majority were noted among 41-50 years 423 (38.8%), followed by 51-60 years 257 (23.5%). Buccal mucosa was the commonest site for lymphomas constituting 510 (46.8%), gingiva occupied 132 (12.2%). All Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma (NHL) (N=3) cases were reported as B cell lymphoma constituting 03 (100%). Conclusion: Non Hodgkins Lymphoma in oral cavity is very rare in occurrence and amongst them B-cell form of oral NHL was more frequent. It should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of intraoral malignant diseases.
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Radhakrishnan C, Divakar MK, Jain A, Viswanathan P, Bhoyar RC, Jolly B, Imran M, Sharma D, Rophina M, Ranjan G, Sehgal P, Jose BP, Raman RV, Kesavan TN, George K, Mathew S, Poovullathil JK, Keeriyatt Govindan SK, Nair PR, Vadekkandiyil S, Gladson V, Mohan M, Parambath FC, Mangla M, Shamnath A, Sivasubbu S, Scaria V. Initial Insights Into the Genetic Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 Isolates From Kerala Suggest Local Spread From Limited Introductions. Front Genet 2021; 12:630542. [PMID: 33815467 PMCID: PMC8010186 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.630542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) rapidly spread from a city in China to almost every country in the world, affecting millions of individuals. The rapid increase in the COVID-19 cases in the state of Kerala in India has necessitated the understanding of SARS-CoV-2 genetic epidemiology. We sequenced 200 samples from patients in Kerala using COVIDSeq protocol amplicon-based sequencing. The analysis identified 166 high-quality single-nucleotide variants encompassing four novel variants and 89 new variants in the Indian isolated SARS-CoV-2. Phylogenetic and haplotype analysis revealed that the virus was dominated by three distinct introductions followed by local spread suggesting recent outbreaks and that it belongs to the A2a clade. Further analysis of the functional variants revealed that two variants in the S gene associated with increased infectivity and five variants mapped in primer binding sites affect the efficacy of RT-PCR. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first and most comprehensive report of SARS-CoV-2 genetic epidemiology from Kerala.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohit Kumar Divakar
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Abhinav Jain
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | | | - Rahul C. Bhoyar
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Bani Jolly
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Mohamed Imran
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Disha Sharma
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Mercy Rophina
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Gyan Ranjan
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Paras Sehgal
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mohit Mangla
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Afra Shamnath
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sridhar Sivasubbu
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Vinod Scaria
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
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Annamalai PhD C, Seth R, Viswanathan P. SUN-028 IN VITRO STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF VITAMIN D ON IOHEXOL-INDUCED FERROTOXICITY OF RENAL CELLS. Kidney Int Rep 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2020.02.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Mekala MS, Jolfaei A, Srivastava G, Zheng X, Anvari-Moghaddam A, Viswanathan P. Resource Offload Consolidation Based on Deep-Reinforcement Learning Approach in Cyber-Physical Systems. IEEE Trans Emerg Top Comput Intell 2020. [DOI: 10.1109/tetci.2020.3044082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Walko G, Woodhouse S, Oliveira Pisco A, Rognoni E, Liakath-Ali K, Lichtenberger B, Mishra A, Telerman S, Viswanathan P, Logtenberg M, Renz L, Quist S, Watt F. 581 A genome-wide screen identifies YAP/WBP2/TEAD interplay conferring growth advantage on human epidermal stem cells. J Invest Dermatol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.07.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hannagan T, Nieder A, Viswanathan P, Dehaene S. A random-matrix theory of the number sense. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2017.0253. [PMID: 29292354 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Number sense, a spontaneous ability to process approximate numbers, has been documented in human adults, infants and newborns, and many other animals. Species as distant as monkeys and crows exhibit very similar neurons tuned to specific numerosities. How number sense can emerge in the absence of learning or fine tuning is currently unknown. We introduce a random-matrix theory of self-organized neural states where numbers are coded by vectors of activation across multiple units, and where the vector codes for successive integers are obtained through multiplication by a fixed but random matrix. This cortical implementation of the 'von Mises' algorithm explains many otherwise disconnected observations ranging from neural tuning curves in monkeys to looking times in neonates and cortical numerotopy in adults. The theory clarifies the origin of Weber-Fechner's Law and yields a novel and empirically validated prediction of multi-peak number neurons. Random matrices constitute a novel mechanism for the emergence of brain states coding for quantity.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'The origins of numerical abilities'.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hannagan
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CEA DSV/I2BM, INSERM, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin center, 91191 Gif/Yvette, France
| | - A Nieder
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - P Viswanathan
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - S Dehaene
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CEA DSV/I2BM, INSERM, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin center, 91191 Gif/Yvette, France.,Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
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Viswanathan P, Bhuvaneswari T, Ramaraj R. Investigation on the catalytic activity of aminosilane stabilized gold nanocatalysts towards the reduction of nitroaromatics. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Feeley C, Viswanathan P, Siminerio L, Charron-Prochownik D, Sereika S, Muzumdar RH, Chasens E. 0927 SLEEP IN SCHOOL AGED CHILDREN WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES. Sleep 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/sleepj/zsx050.926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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12
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Medvedev A, Viswanathan P, May J, Korba B. Regulation of human norovirus VPg nucleotidylylation by ProPol and nucleoside triphosphate binding by its amino terminal sequence in vitro. Virology 2017; 503:37-45. [PMID: 28110248 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The VPg protein of human Norovirus (hNoV) is a multi-functional protein essential for virus replication. The un-cleaved viral precursor protein, ProPol (NS5-6) was 100-fold more efficient in catalyzing VPg nucleotidylylation than the mature polymerase (Pol, NS6), suggesting a specific intracellular role for ProPol. Sequential and single-point alanine substitutions revealed that several positively charged amino acids in the N-terminal region of VPg regulate its nucleotidylylation by ProPol. We provide evidence that VPg directly binds NTPs, inhibition of binding inhibits nucleotidylylation, and NTP binding appears to involve the first 13 amino acids of the protein. Substitution of multiple positively charged amino acids within the first 12 amino acids of the N-terminal region inhibits nucleotidylylation without affecting binding. Substitution of only Lys20 abolishes nucleotidylylation, but not NTP binding. These studies indicate that positively charged amino acids in the first 20 amino acids of hNoV VPg regulate its nucleotidylylation though several potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Medvedev
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Prasanth Viswanathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Jared May
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Brent Korba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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Prasad PVS, Kamini CR, Kaviarasan PK, Viswanathan P. SkIndia quiz 42: Multiple slow-growing papulonodular lesions over the nose. Indian Dermatol Online J 2017. [DOI: 10.4103/2229-5178.214951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Subramanian H, Viswanathan P, Cherkezyan L, Iyengar R, Rozhok S, Verleye M, Derbas J, Czarnecki J, Roy HK, Backman V. Procedures for risk-stratification of lung cancer using buccal nanocytology. Biomed Opt Express 2016; 7:3795-3810. [PMID: 27699138 PMCID: PMC5030050 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.003795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the U.S. with survival dramatically depending on stage at diagnosis. We had earlier reported that nanocytology of buccal cells can accurately risk-stratify smokers for the presence of early and late-stage lung cancer. To translate the technique into clinical practice, standardization of operating procedures is necessary to consistently yield precise and repeatable results. Here, we develop and validate simple, robust, and easily implementable procedures for specimen collection, processing, etc. in addition to a commercially-viable instrument prototype. Results of this work enable translation of the technology from academic lab to physicians' office.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Subramanian
- Northwestern University, Biomedical Engineering Department, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- NanoCytomics LLC, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA
| | - P. Viswanathan
- Northwestern University, Biomedical Engineering Department, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - L. Cherkezyan
- Northwestern University, Biomedical Engineering Department, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - R. Iyengar
- NanoCytomics LLC, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA
| | - S. Rozhok
- NanoCytomics LLC, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA
| | - M. Verleye
- NanoCytomics LLC, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA
| | - J. Derbas
- NanoCytomics LLC, Evanston, Illinois 60201, USA
| | - J. Czarnecki
- Northwestern University, Biomedical Engineering Department, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - H. K. Roy
- Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, 02118, USA
| | - V. Backman
- Northwestern University, Biomedical Engineering Department, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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Viswanathan P, Ephstein Y, Garcia JGN, Cho M, Dudek SM. Differential elastic responses to barrier-altering agonists in two types of human lung endothelium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:599-605. [PMID: 27473658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Vascular integrity is primarily determined by endothelial cell (EC) cytoskeletal structure that is differentially regulated by various stimuli. In this study, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to characterize structural and mechanical properties in the cytoskeleton of cultured human pulmonary artery EC (HPAEC) and human lung microvascular EC (HLMVEC) by determining elastic properties (Young's modulus) in response to endogenous barrier protective agents sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), or the barrier disruptive molecule thrombin. Initial studies in unstimulated cells indicate higher baseline peripheral elastic modulus values in HPAEC (mean 2.9 KPa) than in HLMVEC (1.8 KPa). After 30 min of stimulation, S1P induced the highest Young's modulus increase (6.1 KPa) compared to the other barrier enhancing stimuli, HGF (5.8 KPa) and the pharmaceutical agent and S1P analog FTY720 (4.1 KPa). In contrast, the barrier disruptive agent thrombin decreased values from 2.5 KPa to 0.7 KPa depending on the cell type and treatment time. AFM topographical imaging supports these quantitative biophysical data regarding differential peripheral elastic properties in EC. Overall, these AFM studies provide novel insights into the biomechanical properties of human lung EC that regulate vascular barrier function and have potential applicability to pathophysiologic vascular leak syndromes such as acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Viswanathan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Y Ephstein
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J G N Garcia
- Arizona Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - M Cho
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - S M Dudek
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Balamurugan G, Viswanathan P, Sanjeevi P. The improved DROP security based on hard AI problem in cloud. IJIPT 2016. [DOI: 10.1504/ijipt.2016.10002241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Korba B, Shetty K, Medvedev A, Viswanathan P, Varghese R, Zhou B, Roy R, Makambi K, Ressom H, Loffredo CA. Hepatitis C virus Genotype 1a core gene nucleotide patterns associated with hepatocellular carcinoma risk. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2928-2937. [PMID: 26296571 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific sequence changes in codons 70 and 91 of the hepatitis C virus genotype 1b (HCV GT1b) core gene have been associated with increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Essentially all previous studies were conducted in Asian populations with a wide range of liver disease, and none were conducted specifically in GT1a-infected individuals. We conducted a pilot study in a multiethnic population in the USA with HCV-related cirrhosis to determine if this association extended to GT1a-infected individuals and to determine if other sequence changes in the HCV core gene were associated with HCC risk. HCV core gene sequences from sera of 90 GT1 HCV carriers with cirrhosis (42 with HCC) were analysed using standard RT-PCR-based procedures. Nucleotide sequence data were compared with reference sequences available from GenBank. The frequency of sequence changes in codon 91 was not statistically different between HCC (7/19) and non-HCC (11/22) GT1b carriers. In GT1a carriers, sequence changes in codon 91 were observed less often than in GT1b carriers but were not observed in non-HCC subjects (4/23 vs 0/26, P = 0.03, Fisher's exact test). Sequence changes in codon 70 were not distributed differently between HCC and non-HCC GT1a and 1b carriers. Most importantly, for GT1a carriers, a panel of specific nucleotide changes in other codons was collectively present in all subjects with HCC, but not in any of the non-HCC patients. The utility of this test panel for early detection of HCC in GT1a-infected individuals needs to be assessed in larger populations, including longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Korba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Kirti Shetty
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Sibley Memorial Hospital, Washington, DC 20016, USA
| | - Alexei Medvedev
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Prasanth Viswanathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Rency Varghese
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Kepher Makambi
- Department of Biostatistics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Habtom Ressom
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Christopher A Loffredo
- Department of Biostatistics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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May J, Viswanathan P, Ng KKS, Medvedev A, Korba B. The p4-p2' amino acids surrounding human norovirus polyprotein cleavage sites define the core sequence regulating self-processing order. J Virol 2014; 88:10738-47. [PMID: 24991013 PMCID: PMC4178882 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01357-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Noroviruses (NoV) are members of the family Caliciviridae. The human NoV open reading frame 1 (ORF1) encodes a 200-kDa polyprotein which is cleaved by the viral 20-kDa 3C-like protease (Pro, NS6) into 6 nonstructural proteins that are necessary for viral replication. The NoV ORF1 polyprotein is processed in a specific order, with "early" sites (NS1/2-3 and NS3-4) being cleaved rapidly and three "late" sites (NS4-5, NS5-6, and NS6-7) processed subsequently and less efficiently. Previously, we demonstrated that the NoV polyprotein processing order is directly correlated with the efficiency of the enzyme, which is regulated by the primary amino acid sequences surrounding ORF1 cleavage sites. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) peptides representing the NS2-3 and NS6-7 ORF1 cleavage sites, we now demonstrate that the amino acids spanning positions P4 to P2' (P4-P2') surrounding each site comprise the core sequence controlling NoV protease enzyme efficiency. Furthermore, the NoV polyprotein self-processing order can be altered by interchanging this core sequence between NS2-3 and any of the three late sites in in vitro transcription-translation assays. We also demonstrate that the nature of the side chain at the P3 position for the NS1/2-3 (Nterm/NTPase) site confers significant influence on enzyme catalysis (kcat and kcat/Km), a feature overlooked in previous structural studies. Molecular modeling provides possible explanations for the P3 interactions with NoV protease. IMPORTANCE Noroviruses (NoV) are the prevailing cause of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis worldwide and pose a significant financial burden on health care systems. Proteolytic processing of the viral nonstructural polyprotein is required for norovirus replication. Previously, the core sequence of amino acids surrounding the scissile bonds responsible for governing the relative processing order had not been determined. Using both FRET-based peptides and full-length NoV polyprotein, we have successfully demonstrated that the core sequences spanning positions P4-P2' surrounding the NS2-3, NS4-5, NS5-6, and NS6-7 cleavage sites contain all of the structural information necessary to control processing order. We also provide insight into a previously overlooked role for the NS2-3 P3 residue in enzyme efficiency. This article builds upon our previous studies on NoV protease enzymatic activities and polyprotein processing order. Our work provides significant additional insight into understanding viral polyprotein processing and has important implications for improving the design of inhibitors targeting the NoV protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared May
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Prasanth Viswanathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kenneth K-S Ng
- Department of Biological Sciences and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alexei Medvedev
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Brent Korba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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Suneeva SC, Prasanth R, Rajesh NG, Viswanathan P. Transformation of Brevibacillus, a soil microbe to an uropathogen with hemagglutination trait. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 30:1837-44. [PMID: 24464621 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An urinary tract infection (UTI) with Brevibacillus agri, an aerobic soil bacteria is discussed. The preliminary urine analysis tested negative for UTI, while the patient was diagnosed with focal pyelonephritis. The urine sample was analyzed for the presence of possible micro-organisms. The isolated micro-organism was phenotypically characterized and compared with a standard B. agri strain and an established uropathogen Eschericia coli, CFT073. Each experimental mouse was trans-urethrally infected using 2.5 × 10(8) c.f.u. for the generation of an UTI model. The kidney tissues were stored in buffered 10 % formaldehyde solution for histopathological analysis. The destruction of the glomerular and tubular morphology with prominent hemagglutination in the tubular region in the mouse kidneys were confirmed by light microscopic examination of the H&E stained sections. Hence, the identity of pathogen was confirmed using the 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The phylogenetic tree constructed using the 16S rRNA sequence obtained from the isolated microbial strain showed 99 % similarity with the strain, B. agri AB112716. Finally this study concludes based on the phenotypic characteristics, production of lipopolysaccharide, the ability to aggregate in the presence of ammonium sulphate, agglutinate erythrocytes in the presence of mannose, and the potential to resist the interactions of serum, the possibility that the soil microbe could have undergone genotypic modification to cause UTI. However, further detailed and in-depth genetic analysis are required to point out exactly how the soil bacterium has adapted itself to cause infection in a human subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Suneeva
- Renal Research Lab, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
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Viswanathan P, Krishna PV. A Joint FED Watermarking System Using Spatial Fusion for Verifying the Security Issues of Teleradiology. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2014; 18:753-64. [DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2013.2281322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Rodenburg C, Viswanathan P, Jepson MAE, Liu X, Battaglia G. Helium ion microscopy based wall thickness and surface roughness analysis of polymer foams obtained from high internal phase emulsion. Ultramicroscopy 2014; 139:13-9. [PMID: 24525239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Due to their wide range of applications, porous polymers obtained from high internal phase emulsions have been widely studied using scanning electron microscopy. However, due to their lack of electrical conductivity, quantitative information of wall thicknesses and surface roughness, which are of particular interest to tissue engineering, has not been obtained. Here, Helium Ion Microscopy is used to examine uncoated polymer foams and some very strong but unexpected contrast is observed, the origin of which is established here. Based on this analysis, a method for the measurement of wall thickness variations and wall roughness measurements has been developed, based on the modeling of Helium ion transmission. The results presented here indicate that within the walls of the void structure there exist small features with height variations of ~30 nm and wall thickness variations from ~100 nm to larger 340 nm in regions surrounding interconnecting windows within the structure. The suggested imaging method is applicable to other porous carbon based structures with wall thicknesses in the range of 40-340 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rodenburg
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
| | - P Viswanathan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2 TN, UK
| | - M A E Jepson
- Department of Materials, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
| | - X Liu
- Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Carl-Zeiss-Strasse 22, 73447 Oberkochen, Germany
| | - G Battaglia
- Department of Chemistry University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK; The MRC/UCL Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
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Vinothkumar R, Vinoth Kumar R, Karthikkumar V, Viswanathan P, Kabalimoorthy J, Nalini N. Oral supplementation with troxerutin (trihydroxyethylrutin), modulates lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced rat colon carcinogenesis. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 37:174-184. [PMID: 24355798 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate the chemopreventive potential of troxerutin on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) induced rat colon carcinogenesis by evaluating the antioxidant and lipid peroxidation (LPO) status. Rats were randomly divided into six groups. Group I rats served as control. Group II rats received troxerutin (50 mg/kgb.w., p.o.) for 16 weeks. Groups III-VI rats received subcutaneous injections of DMH (20 mg/kgb.w., s.c.) once a week, for the first 4 weeks. In addition to DMH, groups IV-VI rats received troxerutin at the doses of 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kgb.w., respectively. In DMH treated rats, our results showed decreased activities of antioxidants and increased levels of LPO in the liver. Moreover, LPO and antioxidants in the colon were found to be significantly diminished in DMH the treated rats. Furthermore, enhanced activity of colonic vitamin C and vitamin E levels were observed in DMH alone treated rats (group III), which was significantly reversed on troxerutin supplementation. Troxerutin at the dose of 25 mg/kgb.w. had shown profound beneficial effects by exhibiting near normal biochemical profile and well-preserved colon histology as compared to the other two tested doses (12.5 and 50 mg/kgb.w.). These findings suggest that troxerutin could serve as a novel agent for colon cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vinothkumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Vinoth Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V Karthikkumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Viswanathan
- Department of Pathology, Rajah Muthiah Medical College, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - J Kabalimoorthy
- Department of Surgery, Rajah Muthiah Medical College, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Nalini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Vinothkumar R, Sudha M, Viswanathan P, Kabalimoorthy J, Balasubramanian T, Nalini N. Modulating effect of d-carvone on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced pre-neoplastic lesions, oxidative stress and biotransforming enzymes, in an experimental model of rat colon carcinogenesis. Cell Prolif 2013; 46:705-20. [PMID: 24118219 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study has aimed to evaluate chemopreventive potential of d-carvone on oxidative stress markers, biotransforming enzymes, incidence of colonic polyps and aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced experimental colon carcinogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were randomly divided into six groups, with group I serving as control. Group II animals received d-carvone every day orally (20 mg/kg body weight) for 16 weeks; groups III-VI received subcutaneous injections of DMH (20 mg/kg body weight) once a week, for the first 4 weeks. In addition, groups IV-VI received different doses of d-carvone (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight everyday orally) along with DMH injections. RESULTS Our results revealed that supplementation with d-carvone significantly reduced incidence of polyps/ACF and ACF multiplicity in DMH-exposed rats compared to DMH-alone-exposed rats. Moreover, our results showed reduced activities of liver and circulatory antioxidants and increased levels of lipid peroxidation by products in DMH-exposed animals, which were significantly reversed on supplementation with d-carvone. In addition, colonic antioxidants and lipid peroxidation were significantly diminished in DMH-exposed rats, which were significantly elevated on supplementation with d-carvone. Furthermore, we also determined activities of biotransforming enzymes, which were found to be altered in DMH-exposed rats, but reversed on d-carvone supplementation. All these observations of changes were supported by histochemical findings. CONCLUSION Overall, results obtained from this study suggest that d-carvone at 10 mg/kg body weight provided optimum protection and could be used as an effective chemopreventive agent against colon carcinogenesis induced by DMH.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vinothkumar
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, 608 002, India
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Radika M, Viswanathan P, Anuradha C. Nitric oxide mediates the insulin sensitizing effects of β-sitosterol in high fat diet-fed rats. Nitric Oxide 2013; 32:43-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Viswanathan P, May J, Uhm S, Yon C, Korba B. RNA binding by human Norovirus 3C-like proteases inhibits protease activity. Virology 2013; 438:20-7. [PMID: 23399036 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A highly active, fluorescence-based, in vitro assay for human Norovirus protease from genogroup I and II viruses was optimized utilizing as little as 0.25μM enzyme, pH 7.6, and substrate:enzyme of 50-100. Activity in Tris-HCl or sodium phosphate buffers was 2-fold less than HEPES, and 2-fold lower for buffer concentrations over 10mM. Protease activity at pH 7.6 was 73% (GI) or 63% (GII) of activity at the optimal pH 9.0. Sodium inhibited activity 2-3 fold, while potassium, calcium, magnesium, and manganese inhibited 5-10 fold. Differences in efficiency due to pH, buffer, and cations were due to changes in kcat and not Km. Norovirus protease bound short RNAs representing the 3' or 5' ends of the virus, inhibiting protease activity (IC50 3-5μM) in a non-competitive manner. Previous reports indicated participation of the protease in the Norovirus replicase complex. The current studies provide initial support for a defined role for the viral protease in Norovirus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanth Viswanathan
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 3900 Reservoir Rd., N.W., Med-Dent Building, RM SW319, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Manju V, Viswanathan P, Nalini N. Hypolipidemic effect of ginger in 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine-induced experimental colon carcinogenesis. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 16:461-72. [PMID: 20021021 DOI: 10.1080/15376520600728811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is increasingly common nowadays in Asian countries and still remains the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. In our laboratory, we studied the chemopreventive and hypolipidemic effect of ginger, a dietary spice, in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon cancer. Rats were given a weekly subcutaneous injection of DMH (20 mg/kg body weight), a known colon carcinogen, in the groin for 15 weeks. Ginger (50 mg/kg body weight P.O.) was given at the initiation and also at the postinitiation stages of carcinogenesis. The animals were sacrificed at the end of the experimental period of 30 weeks. The fecal bile acids, neutral sterols, and tissue lipid profile were evaluated using various biochemical estimations. The levels of fecal bile acids, neutral sterols, cholesterol, HMG CoA reductase, free fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipase A, and phospholipase C were significantly increased, whereas the levels of tissue phospholipids was decreased in DMH-treated rats as compared to control rats. On administering ginger at the initiation and also at the postinitiation stages of colon carcinogenesis, the levels of fecal bile acids, neutral sterols, tissue cholesterol, HMG CoA reductase, free fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipase A, and phospholipase C were significantly decreased, whereas the levels of phospholipids were increased as compared to unsupplemented DMH treated rats. Thus, ginger supplementation was found to reduce the risk of colon cancer markedly by virtue of its hypolipidemic and antioxidative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Manju
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608002, Tamilnadu, India
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Kang KP, Lee JE, Lee AS, Jung YJ, Lee S, Park SK, Kim W, Pokrywczynska M, Jundzill A, Krzyzanowska S, Flisinski M, Brymora A, Bodnar M, Deptula A, Marszalek A, Manitius J, Drewa T, Kloskowski T, Grosjean F, Esposito V, Torreggiani M, Esposito C, Zheng F, Vlassara H, Striker G, Michael S, Viswanathan P, Ganesh R, Kimachi M, Nishio S, Nakazawa D, Ishikawa Y, Toyoyama T, Satou A, Nakagaki T, Shibasaki S, Atumi T, Gattone V, Peterson R, Zimmerman K, Mega C, Reis F, Teixeira de Lemos E, Vala H, Fernandes R, Oliveira J, Teixeira F, Reis F, Niculae A, Niculae A, Checherita IA, Ciocalteu A, Hamano Y, Udagawa Y, Ueda Y, Yokosuka O, Ogawa M, Satoh M, Kidokoro K, Nagasu H, Nishi Y, Ihoriya C, Kadoya H, Yada T, Channon KM, Sasaki T, Kashihara N, Nyengaard JR, Razga Z, Hartono S, Knudsen B, Grande J, Watanabe M, Watanabe M, Ito K, Abe Y, Ogahara S, Nakashima H, Sato T, Saito T, Shin YT, Choi DE, Na KR, Chang YK, Kim SS, Lee KW, Mace C, Chugh S, Clement L, Tomochika M, Seiji H, Toshio M, Tetsuya K, Takao K, Jaen JC, Sullivan TJ, Miao Z, Zhao N, Berahovich R, Krasinski A, Powers JP, Ertl L, Schall TJ, Han SY, Sun HK, Han KH, Kim HS, Ahn SH, Kokeny G, Gasparics A, Fang L, Rosivall L, Sebe A, Banki NF, Fekete A, Wagner L, Ver A, Degrell P, Prokai A, George R, Szabo A, Baylis C, Vannay A, Tulassay T, Chollet C, Hus-Citharel A, Caron N, Bouby N, Silva K, Rampaso R, Luiz R, De Angelis K, Mostarda CT, Abreu N, Irigoyen MC, Schor N, Rampaso R, Luiz R, Silva K, Montemor J, Higa EMS, Schor N, Nagasu H, Satoh M, Kidokoro K, Kashihara N, Nakayama Y, Fukami K, Obara N, Ando R, Kaida Y, Ueda S, Yamagishi SI, Okuda S, Qin Q, Wang Z, Niu J, Xu W, Qiao Z, Qi W, Gu Y, Zitman-Gal T, Golan E, Green J, Pasmanik-Chor M, Oron-Karni V, Bernheim J, Benchetrit S, Tang RN, Tang RN, Wu M, Gao M, Liu H, Zhang XL, Liu BC. Diabetes - Experimental. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Marcinak JF, Viswanathan P, Arora V, Roebel LE, Strack TR, Leifke E. Shift From Surrogate End Point to Outcome Trials: Implications for Cardiovascular Safety Assessment in Development Programs for Antidiabetic Drugs. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2011; 91:514-20. [DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2011.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yon C, Viswanathan P, Rossignol JF, Korba B. Mutations in HCV non-structural genes do not contribute to resistance to nitazoxanide in replicon-containing cells. Antiviral Res 2011; 91:233-40. [PMID: 21703309 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nitazoxanide (NTZ) exhibits potent antiviral activity against hepatitis C virus (HCV) in cell culture. Previously, HCV replicon-containing cell lines resistant to NTZ were selected, but transfer the HCV NTZ-resistance phenotype was not observed following transfection of whole cell RNA. To further explore the nature of the resistance of HCV to NTZ, full length HCV replicon sequences were obtained from two NTZ-resistant (NTZ-11, TIZ-9), and the parental (RP7) cell lines. Numerous nucleotide changes were observed in individual HCV genomes relative to the RP7 HCV consensus sequence, but no common mutations in the HCV non-structural genes or 3'-UTR were detected. A cluster of single nucleotide mutations was found within a 5-base portion of the 5'-UTR in 20/21 HCV replicon sequences from both resistant cell lines. Three mutations (5'-UTR G17A, G18A, C20U) were individually inserted into CON1 ('wild-type') HCV replicons, showed reduced replication (5 to 50-fold), but none conferred resistance to NTZ. RP7, NTZ-11, and TIZ-9 were cured of HCV genomes by serial passage under interferon. Transfection of cured NTZ-11 and TIZ-9 with either whole cell RNAs from RP7, NTZ-11, or TIZ-9, 'wild-type' or the 5'-UTR mutation-containing replicon RNAs exhibited an NTZ-resistance phenotype. TIZ (the active metabolite of NTZ) was found to be inactive against the activity of HCV polymerase, protease, and helicase in enzymatic assays. These data confirm previous speculations that HCV resistance to NTZ is not due to mutations in the virus, and demonstrate that HCV resistance and most likely the antiviral activity of TIZ are due to interactions with cellular target(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsuek Yon
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Washington, DC, USA
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Montero A, Viswanathan P, Yon C, Korba B. Nitazoxanide is an Indirect Inhibitor of HCV Replication Through Modulation of Cellular Kinase CKI Alpha to Enhance HCV NS5A Hyperphosphorylation. Antiviral Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.03.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Giftson Senapathy J, Jayanthi S, Viswanathan P, Umadevi P, Nalini N. Effect of gallic acid on xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine induced colon carcinogenesis in Wistar rats – A chemopreventive approach. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:887-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sivakumar AS, Viswanathan P, Anuradha CV. Dose-dependent effect of galangin on fructose-mediated insulin resistance and oxidative events in rat kidney. Redox Rep 2011; 15:224-32. [PMID: 21062538 DOI: 10.1179/135100010x12826446921545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Galangin is an antioxidant flavonol present in high concentrations in the rhizome of Alpinia galanga. We investigated the effect of galangin on whole-body insulin resistance and kidney oxidative stress in a fructose-induced rat model of metabolic syndrome. Male albino Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups containing six animals each. Groups I and VI received a starch-based control diet, while groups II, III, IV and V were fed a high fructose diet (60 g/100 g). Groups III, IV and V additionally received galangin (50, 100 and 200 μg/kg body weight, respectively) while group VI received 200 μg galangin/kg body weight. At the end of 60 days, fructose-fed rats exhibited insulin resistance, increased levels of peroxidation end products and diminished antioxidant status. galangin, dose-dependently normalized blood glucose and insulin levels. The minimum effective dose was 100 μg galangin/kg body weight. At this dose, galangin also prevented the development of insulin resistance and the exaggerated the response to oral glucose challenge. The oxidant-antioxidant balance was maintained by galangin. Micro-albuminuria and tubular and glomerular changes observed in fructose-treated rats were significantly prevented by galangin (100 μg/kg body weight). These findings imply that galangin potentiates insulin sensitivity and antioxidant capacity and reduces renal damage in this dietary model of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allur S Sivakumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
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Varghese S, Ram T, Pavamani S, Thomas E, Jeyaseelan V, Viswanathan P. Phase II Study of Concurrent Chemo Irradiation with Weekly Cisplatin and Paclitaxel in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Cervix. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.07.938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Murugan M, Khan SA, Cardona PS, Orozco GV, Viswanathan P, Reese J, Starkey S, Smith CM. Variation of resistance in barley against biotypes 1 and 2 of the Russian wheat aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae). J Econ Entomol 2010; 103:938-48. [PMID: 20568641 DOI: 10.1603/ec09396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The Russian wheat aphid, Diruaphis noxia (Kurdjumov) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is globally one of the most devastating pests of bread wheat, Tritium aestivum L.; durum wheat, Triticum turgidum L.; and barley, Hordeum vulgare L. Host plant resistance is the foundation for cereal insect pest management programs, and several sources of D. noxia resistance have been incorporated in cultivars to manage D. noxia damage. The emergence of D. noxia North American biotype 2 (RWA2) in Colorado has made all known Dn genes vulnerable except the Dn7 gene from rye, Secale cereale, and has warranted exploration for sources of resistance to both RWA1 and RWA2. The category of resistance in resistant donor plants may exert selection pressure over the aphid population to form a new virulent population. In the current study, we report tolerance and antibiosis resistance to RWA1 and RWA2 in the barley genotype 'Stoneham'. The rate and degree of expression of resistance in Stoneham against RWA1 and RWA2, although not similar, are greater than the partial resistance in 'Sidney'. Antixenosis resistance to RWA1 or RWA2 was not observed in Sidney or Stoneham. The tolerance identified in Stoneham is encouraging because it may delay D. noxia biotype selection and fits well in a dryland barley cropping system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Murugan
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ravindran P, Balukrishna S, Viswanathan P. SU-GG-T-179: Dosimetric Analysis of Simultaneous Integrated Boost with Step and Shoot IMRT. Med Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3468569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Pooranaperundevi M, Sumiyabanu MS, Viswanathan P, Sundarapandiyan R, Anuradha CV. Insulin resistance induced by a high-fructose diet potentiates thioacetamide hepatotoxicity. Singapore Med J 2010; 51:389-398. [PMID: 20593143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Insulin resistance (IR) is recognised as an aetiopathogenic factor for a variety of liver diseases. This study investigated the susceptibility of the liver to the toxic actions of thioacetamide (TA) in a rat model of IR, induced by feeding the rats a high-fructose diet (60 g/100 g) for 30 days. METHODS Hepatic function and damage were assessed at 0 hour and at 6, 12, 24 and 36 hours after a sublethal dose of TA (300 mg/kg intraperitoneally) was administered. RESULTS After 30 days of fructose feeding, the rats showed IR, a decline in their liver antioxidant status and a rise in lipid peroxidation. Liver dysfunction in fructose-fed rats was evident from a rise in transaminase and total bilirubin, a decrease in the albumin/globulin ratio in plasma, a decrease in nitrite and arginase, and an increase in protein carbonyl and nitrosothiol content in the liver. Increased staining for the 3-nitrotyrosine antibody was observed in the fructose-fed rat livers as compared to the controls. TA (300 mg/kg) caused 80 percent mortality in fructose-fed rats within 48 hours, while no death occurred among the controls. CONCLUSION Fructose-fed rats suffered from liver dysfunction and damage. TA caused liver injury in both control and fructose-fed rats. Time-based studies showed that progressive liver injury occurred only in rats that were fructose-fed from 6, 12 and 24 hours after TA administration, with a peak at 36 hours. In control diet-fed rats, the extent of damage was maximal at 24 hours, and declined at 36 hours. Thus, the toxic effects of TA are potentiated due to compromised liver function in the setting of IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pooranaperundevi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
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Pooranaperundevi M, Sumiyabanu MS, Viswanathan P, Sundarapandiyan R, Anuradha CV. Insulin resistance induced by high-fructose diet potentiates carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Ind Health 2010; 26:89-104. [PMID: 20103580 DOI: 10.1177/0748233709359273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is recognized as a contributory factor for a variety of liver diseases. The present study investigates the susceptibility of liver to the toxic actions of carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) in a rat model of IR, induced by feeding a high-fructose diet (60 g/100 g) for 30 days. A sub-lethal dose of CCl(4) (2 mL/kg intraperitoneally [i.p.], in corn oil) was administered and the outcome of hepatotoxicity was assessed at 0 hour and at 6, 12, 24 and 36 hours after CCl(4) administration. After 30 days of fructose feeding, the rats showed IR, decline in liver antioxidant status and rise in lipid peroxidation. Liver dysfunction in fructose-fed rats was evident from a rise in transaminases, total bilirubin and a decrease in albumin/globulin ratio in plasma and decreases in nitrite, arginase and increase in protein carbonyl and nitrosothiol content in liver. Increased staining for 3-nitro tyrosine (3-NT) antibody was observed in fructose-fed rat liver as compared to control. CCl(4) (2 mL/kg) caused 100% mortality in fructose-fed rats within 48 hours, while no death of animals occurred in control. CCl(4) caused liver damage in both control and fructose-fed rats. Time-based studies showed that progressive liver injury occurred only in fructose-fed rats from 0, 6, 12, 24 hours, with a peak at 36 hours. In control diet-fed rats, the extent of damage was maximum at 24 hours, which declined at 36 hours. Thus, the toxic effects of CCl(4) are potentiated due to compromised liver function in the setting of IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pooranaperundevi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India
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Deopurkar R, Ghanim H, Viswanathan P, Abuaysheh S, Abuaysheh C, Dandona P. Cream intake induces SOCS-3TLR-4: relevance to pathogenesis ofinflammationinsulin. Can J Diabetes 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1499-2671(09)33273-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Prasad PVS, Viswanathan P, Kaviarasan PK, Yamini M. Milker′s nodule. Indian J Dermatol 2009. [DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.45466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Rukkumani R, Aruna K, Varma PS, Viswanathan P, Rajasekaran KN, Menon VP. Protective Role of a Novel Curcuminoid on Alcohol and PUFA-Induced Hyperlipidemia. Toxicol Mech Methods 2008; 15:227-34. [DOI: 10.1080/15376520590945658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kaviarasan S, Viswanathan P, Ravichandran MK, Anuradha CV. (-) Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) Prevents Lipid Changes and Collagen Abnormalities in Chronic Ethanol-Fed Rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2008; 18:425-32. [DOI: 10.1080/15376510701511737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Balasubashini MS, Karthigayan S, Somasundaram ST, Balasubramanian T, Viswanathan P, Menon VP. In Vivo and In Vitro Characterization of the Biochemical and Pathological Changes Induced By Lionfish (Pterios Volitans) Venom in Mice. Toxicol Mech Methods 2008; 16:525-31. [DOI: 10.1080/15376510600803573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Prasad PVS, George RV, Kaviarasan PK, Viswanathan P, Tippoo R, Anandhi C. Fine needle aspiration cytology in leprosy. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2008; 74:352-6. [PMID: 18797056 DOI: 10.4103/0378-6323.42902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laboratory diagnosis of leprosy by slit skin smear and skin biopsy is simple but both techniques have their own limitations. Slit skin smear is negative in paucibacillary cases whereas skin biopsy is an invasive technique. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) from skin lesions in leprosy with subsequent staining with May-Grunwald-Giemsa (MGG) stain has been found useful. AIM To evaluate the possible role of cytology in classifying leprosy patients. METHODS Seventy-five untreated cases of leprosy attending the outpatient department were evaluated. Smears were taken from their skin lesions and stained using the MGG technique. Skin biopsy was also done from the lesions, which was compared with cytology smears. RESULTS A correlation of clinical features with FNAC was noticed in 87.5% of TT, 92.1% of BT, 81% of BL, and 66% of LL cases. Correlation of clinical with histopathological diagnoses revealed 12.5% specificity in TT leprosy, 55.3% in BT, 52.4% in BL and 50% in LL, and 100% in neuritic and histoid leprosy cases. Both correlations were found to be statistically significant by paired t test analysis. Thus, it was possible to distinguish the tuberculoid types by the presence of epithelioid cells and the lepromatous types by the presence of lymphocytes and foamy macrophages. CONCLUSION FNAC may be used to categorize the patients into paucibacillary and multibacillary types, but is not a very sensitive tool to classify the patients across the Ridley-Jopling spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V S Prasad
- Department of Dermatology Venereology and Leprosy, Rajah Muthiah Medical College and Hospital, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608 002, India.
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Abstract
AIM Rats fed high dosage of fructose that form a well-known experimental model of the metabolic syndrome also display progressive renal disturbances. The present study evaluates the influence of l-carnitine (CA) administration on oxidant-antioxidant balance, protein damage and lipid levels in kidney of rats administered high dose of fructose. METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups of 10 rats each. Groups I and IV animals received starch-based control diet, while groups II and III rats were fed a high-fructose diet (60 g/100 g). Groups III and IV animals additionally received CA (300 mg/kg/day) for 60 days. The extent of lipid peroxidation, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and lipid levels were measured after 60 days. The accumulation of nitrated and oxidatively modified proteins in kidney was also measured by immunohistochemical study with specific antibodies. RESULTS Fructose-fed rats exhibited increased levels of peroxidation end products, diminished antioxidant status, increased staining for the presence of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, 2,4-dinitrophenol and 3-nitrotyrosine protein adducts and lipid accumulation in kidney. CA administration attenuated these pathological renal alterations. CONCLUSIONS The benefits of CA in this model suggest the therapeutic use of CA to counter the kidney changes associated with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rajasekar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India
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Abstract
We report a 3-year-old girl born with fair complexion which became darker. The color change was insidious in onset at the age of 5 months, asymptomatic and progressive involving the entire body surface. Histopathology revealed increased pigmentation of the epidermal basal layer. Universal acquired melanosis is a rare form of hypermelanosis which was synonymously referred to as "Carbon baby". This is a rare presentation with only one earlier case report.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Kaviarasan
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Rajah Muthiah Medical College and Hospital, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India
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Abstract
Retroperitoneal hemorrhage is known to cause bruising of flanks (Turner's sign), umbilicus (Cullen's sign), pubis and groin (Stabler's sign), upper thigh (Fox's sign), or scrotum (Bryant's sign). Spontaneous adrenal hemorrhage is the most common cause of nontraumatic parietal ecchymosis sign in neonates. Only 20 such neonatal cases have been reported in the literature. Because all of them were of benign etiology, conservative management is generally recommended in the presence of this sign. We report the sign for the first time in a case of spontaneously ruptured adrenal neuroblastoma of newborn. Perinatal physicians need to be aware of this unusual presentation of neonatal neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Raveenthiran
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Rajah Muthiah Medical College Annamalai University 608002, India
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