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Qandil AM, Esposito ER, Cox AG, Al-Ghananeem AM. Virtual accreditation visits for pharmacy programs in light of the COVID-19 pandemic: Team members' perspective. Curr Pharm Teach Learn 2022; 14:521-525. [PMID: 35483820 PMCID: PMC8898663 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2022.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This wisdom of experience commentary, from peer academic reviewers serving on accreditation teams, will discuss benefits and challenges of international and national virtual accreditation visits (VAVs) using a "What? So What? Now What?" reflective model. DESCRIPTION Onsite accreditation reviews for health professional education programs require investments in time, effort, and money to maintain program alignment with accreditation standards and continuously generate quality practitioners. When COVID-19 entered the accreditation world, reviewers had to pivot modalities to a VAV format. ANALYSIS/INTERPRETATION Adaptation and expectations of VAVs present several challenges. Barriers and advantages will be discussed as well as implications for the future. While medical and pharmacy education standardization has long been established, the authors propose national and international accrediting bodies will utilize the ingenuity of emergency COVID-19-driven onsite accreditation alternatives to develop protocols for novel accreditation methodology. CONCLUSIONS Whether the continued mutation of COVID-19 prevents the return to previous accreditation visits or not, the experiences gained from the emergency-driven VAV, can inform and enrich accrediting bodies knowledge, theories, and practices of future VAVs. IMPLICATIONS Higher-education institutions, accreditation bodies, and government entities will use experiences during COVID-19 to transform and improve academic requirements and future practices. Even if there is a full return to onsite reviews, such guidelines or improved versions of them can be applied to situations where immobility or restricted mobility is an issue, such as in illness, pregnancy, travel, war, etc. It is crucial for educators and accrediting bodies to evolve as we navigate these unprecedented times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad M Qandil
- Commission for Academic Accreditation, PO Box 295, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Emily R Esposito
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sullivan University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2100 Gardiner Lane, Louisville, KY 40205, United States.
| | - Arthur G Cox
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sullivan University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2100 Gardiner Lane, Louisville, KY 40205, United States.
| | - Abeer M Al-Ghananeem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sullivan University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2100 Gardiner Lane, Louisville, KY 40205, United States.
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Al-Ghananeem AM, Malcom DR, Shammas S, Aburjai TA. Response to Letter on A Call to Action to Transform Pharmacy Education and Practice in the Arab World. Am J Pharm Educ 2019; 83:7731. [PMID: 31507301 PMCID: PMC6718483 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M. Al-Ghananeem
- Sullivan University College of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Daniel R. Malcom
- Sullivan University College of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Louisville, Kentucky
- Sullivan University College of Pharmacy, Clinical and Administrative Sciences, Louisville, Kentucky
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Alsharif NZ, Khanfar NM, Brennan LF, Chahine EB, Al-Ghananeem AM, Retallick J, Schaalan M, Sarhan N. Cultural Sensitivity and Global Pharmacy Engagement in the Arab World. Am J Pharm Educ 2019; 83:7228. [PMID: 31223168 PMCID: PMC6581338 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To create a resource on cultural sensitivity for schools and colleges of pharmacy that are currently engaged or considering future outreach opportunities in the Arab world. Methods. A literature review (2000-2018) of databases and Internet searches with specific keywords and terms were conducted. Authors who had experience in travelling to and hosting students and professionals from the Arab world and authors with local work experience in the Arab world were solicited. Results. General information about the Arab world, including unique aspects of individual countries, is presented. Stereotypes and misconceptions regarding the region and the people are discussed. Specific information about the government and infrastructure of each country, including their health care system is provided, with emphasis given to pharmacy education and practice in the region. In addition, recommendations for culturally sensitive engagement for pharmacy and other health care practitioners are discussed. Finally, recommendations for culturally sensitive engagement when hosting students and/or faculty members from the Arab world are also addressed. Conclusion. Global engagement between schools and colleges of pharmacy in the United States and those in the Arab world is increasing. For an enriching and fruitful engagement, sensitivity toward the cultural and clinical needs of the people, and in particular, the professionals of that region is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser Z. Alsharif
- School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Editorial Board Member, American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Nile M. Khanfar
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Palm Beach Gardens, Florida
| | - Lisa F. Brennan
- School of Pharmacy, Wingate University, Wingate, North Carolina
| | - Elias B. Chahine
- Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, Florida
| | | | - Jillian Retallick
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Palm Beach Gardens, Florida
| | - Mona Schaalan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Neven Sarhan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
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Gulley SL, Baltzley SM, Junkins AD, Murray TD, Simms SF, Sullivan JE, Al-Ghananeem AM, O'Hagan AR. Sterility and Stability Testing of Preservative-free Albuterol. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2019; 24:53-57. [PMID: 30837815 DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-24.1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous albuterol administration (CAA) is commonly used in hospitalized patients for treatment of asthma exacerbations. Due to higher dose requirements, CAA requires large volumes of albuterol obtained from multidose vials containing benzalkonium chloride (BAC). BAC is a common pharmaceutical preservative and potent bronchoconstrictor, which may antagonize the bronchodilation effects of albuterol. Some institutions are using preservative-free (PF) albuterol for their CAA. However, no published data currently exist to support the extended sterility or stability of this formulation. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the sterility and stability of PF-albuterol. METHODS Sterility testing was conducted for PF- and BAC-albuterol when stored at room temperature. Samples were incubated for 10 days in aerobic and anaerobic blood culture media to assess for bacterial growth. Stability of both albuterol formulations at high (0.67 mg/mL) and low (0.17 mg/mL) concentrations was determined at room temperature and under refrigeration. High performance liquid chromatography was used to evaluate samples up to 168 hours after preparation. RESULTS No bacterial growth was witnessed from either albuterol formulation at day 10 of observation. Both high and low concentrations of PF-albuterol and BAC-albuterol were stable at room temperature for up to 168 hours. There were no differences in stability between storage conditions for any formulation. CONCLUSIONS Under the current study conditions, there was no difference in sterility or stability for PF-albuterol when compared with BAC-albuterol. Thus, based on the findings of this study, PF-albuterol is sterile and stable up to 168 hours when stored at room temperature or under refrigerated conditions. The findings of this study do not confirm the therapeutic efficacy of PF-albuterol compared with BAC-albuterol for the treatment of asthma exacerbations. Further studies are warranted to determine the efficacy of PF-albuterol verses BAC-albuterol when used for CAA.
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Al-Ghananeem AM, Malcom DR, Shammas S, Aburjai T. A Call to Action to Transform Pharmacy Education and Practice in the Arab World. Am J Pharm Educ 2018; 82:7014. [PMID: 30559504 PMCID: PMC6291664 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Globally, pharmacy education is evolving to reflect a more patient-centered, interprofessional approach to clinical practice. In the 22 countries of the Arab world, advancements in regulatory support for pharmacy practice and changes to the health care system have been slower than in Europe, Asia, and the Americas. Significant cultural, logistical, and legal barriers exist in many countries, and a consensus approach to accreditation, educational outcomes, and curricula design is lacking. This commentary briefly examines the current state of both pharmacy education and practice in the Arab world, and it highlights recent reports of curricular reform and innovation. Additionally, it provides potential strategies for improving the quality of education and for expanding pharmacy practice to ensure graduates and practitioners have adequate experiential opportunities and institutional support.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel R. Malcom
- Sullivan University College of Pharmacy, Louisville, Kentucky
- Associate Editor, American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Samira Shammas
- Jordan Pharmacists Association, Good Pharmacy Practice Committee, Amman, Jordan
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Baltzley
- College of Pharmacy, Sullivan University, Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | - Motasem Alsmadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Al-Ghananeem AM, Leung KP, Faraj J, DeLuca PP. Development of a Sustained Antiplaque and Antimicrobial Chewing Gum of a Decapeptide. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:2240-2247. [PMID: 28070851 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0706-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this paper was to design a chewing gum formulation delivery system in situations where typical dental hygiene practice is not practical. Thus, an analog of decapeptide KSL (KSL-W), known to possess antimicrobial and antiplaque activity, was incorporated into a chewing gum formulation containing cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). The effect of the excipients, xylitol, and peppermint oil on active ingredients in vitro release was also assessed. Gum formulations were prepared with different excipient parameters, including heating xylitol and gum base at 65 or 85°C, using ground and unground xylitol, and the addition of 1.5, 3, and 7% peppermint oil, to determine the effect of these changes on the in vitro release of KSL-W and CPC using a chewing machine. The antimicrobial and antiplaque activities of solutions released from chewed gum formulation as well as prepared standard solutions with different concentrations were tested against placebo. The optimal temperature to avoid crystallization of xylitol during preparation was 65°C. Grinding xylitol to 104.5 μm improved release of active ingredients as compared to commercially unground xylitol. Peppermint oil had opposite effects on release of KSL-W and CPC. Peppermint oil at 1.5% was determined to be suitable (91 and 88% of KSL-W and CPC released, respectively, after 40 min). The gum formulation illustrated good sustained release of KSL-W and CPC with antibacterial and antiplaque activities after chewing. An effective antimicrobial and antiplaque chewing gum formulation was developed. This formulation has the potential to overcome oral hygiene issues in those unable to follow normal dental protocols.
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Baltzley S, Mohammad A, Malkawi AH, Al-Ghananeem AM. Intranasal drug delivery of olanzapine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. AAPS PharmSciTech 2014; 15:1598-602. [PMID: 25142821 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-014-0189-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate olanzapine (OZ) systemic absolute bioavailability after intranasal (i.n.) administration in vivo to conscious rabbits. Furthermore, the study investigated the potential use of chitosan nanoparticles as a delivery system to enhance the systemic bioavailability of olanzapine following intranasal administration. Olanzapine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles were prepared through ionotropic gelation of chitosan with tripolyphosphate anions and studied in terms of their size, drug loading, and in vitro release. The OZ nanoparticles were administered i.n. to rabbits, and OZ plasma concentration at predetermined time points was compared to i.n. administration of OZ in solution. The concentrations of OZ in plasma were analyzed by ultra performance liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (UPLC/MS). OZ-loaded chitosan nanoparticles significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced systemic absorption with 51 ± 11.2% absolute bioavailability as compared to 28 ± 6.7% after i.n. administration of OZ solution. The results of the present study suggest that intranasal administration of OZ-loaded chitosan nanoparticles formulation could be an attractive modality for delivery of OZ systemically.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a neurotropic virus that enters the central nervous system (CNS) early in the course of infection. Although antiretroviral drugs are able to eliminate the majority of the HIV virus in the bloodstream, however, no specific treatment currently exist for CNS infections related to HIV. This is mainly attributed to the poor penetrability of antiretroviral therapy across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and the protective nature of the BBB. Therefore, in order to increase the efficacy of anti-HIV drugs, novel drug delivery methodologies that can exhibit activity in the CNS are most needed and warranted. AREAS COVERED In this review article, the authors discussed the challenges with delivering drugs to the brain especially under HIV infection pathophysiology status. Also, they discussed the approaches currently being investigated to enhance brain targeting of anti-HIV drugs. A literature search was performed to cover advances in major approaches used to enhance drug delivery to the brain. EXPERT OPINION If drugs could reach the CNS in sufficient quantity by the methodologies discussed, mainly through intranasal administration and the utilization of nanotechnology, this could generate interest in previously abandoned therapeutic agents and enable an entirely novel approach to CNS drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M Al-Ghananeem
- Sullivan University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2100 Gardiner Lane West Campus, Louisville, KY 40205, USA.
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Al-Ghananeem AM, Malkawi AH, Crooks PA. Bioavailability of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol following intranasal administration of a mucoadhesive gel spray delivery system in conscious rabbits. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 37:329-34. [PMID: 21244195 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2010.513009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of the intranasal route for systemic delivery of solubilized Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). A further aim was to investigate the effect of nasally administered chitosan-based nasal bioadhesive gel on THC bioavailability as a formulation strategy to decrease normal mucociliary drug clearance. METHOD The THC formulations were administered intranasally and compared to intravenous administration utilizing conscious rabbits. RESULTS After nasal administration, the THC nasal solution afforded a C(max) value of 20 ± 3 ng/mL at 20 minutes. Interestingly, the THC loaded in chitosan gel formulation followed almost the same profile at early time points and subsequently afforded a higher C(max) value of 31 ± 4 ng/mL (T(max) = 45 minutes). The absolute bioavailability of THC after nasal delivery was studied to compare plasma THC concentrations after nasal administration with those after intravenous injection. Absolute bioavailability values were 13.3 ± 7.8% and 15.4 ± 6.5% for the THC nasal solution and gel formulations, respectively. CONCLUSION The results of the present study suggest that intranasal administration of THC in solution or in a chitosan-based nasal gel formulation could be an attractive modality for delivery of THC systemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M Al-Ghananeem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40536-0082, USA.
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Al-Ghananeem AM, Abbassi M, Shrestha S, Raman G, Wulff H, Pereira L, Ansari A. Formulation-based approach to support early drug discovery and development efforts: a case study with enteric microencapsulation dosage form development for a triarylmethane derivative TRAM-34; a novel potential immunosuppressant. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 36:563-9. [PMID: 19929567 DOI: 10.3109/03639040903329554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric microencapsulation of the potential immunosuppressant TRAM-34 was investigated as a means of enhancing oral drug delivery and minimizing or eliminating hydrolysis of pyrazole-substituted triarylmethane to the respective alcohol. METHOD TRAM-34 was successfully enteric microencapsulated by a coacervation method using the pH-sensitive Eudragit L 100 polymer. In this study, we utilized water-miscible organic solvents such as acetone and ethanol, which are considered safe class 3 solvents according to the ICH guideline. We deemed such an approach suitable for safe scale up and for enteric coating application to other compounds of a similar lipophilicity. RESULTS The resulting microparticles were spherical and uniform with an average particle size of 460 microm at 15% theoretical loading. The encapsulation efficiency was 90 +/- 1.9% and the percentage yield was found to be 91.5 +/- 0.3%. The oral administration in rhesus macaques of TRAM-34-loaded enteric-coated microparticles illustrated six times enhancement in its oral bioavailability. However, the TRAM-34 plasma concentration was less than the therapeutic effective level. CONCLUSION The low oral bioavailability, even after enteric coating, could be attributed to the compound's inherent absorption characteristics and high lipophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M Al-Ghananeem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0082, USA.
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Al-Ghananeem AM, Saeed H, Florence R, Yokel RA, Malkawi AH. Intranasal drug delivery of didanosine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for brain targeting; an attractive route against infections caused by aids viruses. J Drug Target 2009; 18:381-8. [DOI: 10.3109/10611860903483396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Yu E, Miotto K, Akerele E, O'Brien CP, Ling W, Kleber H, Fischman MW, Elkashef A, Herman BH, Al-Ghananeem AM. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Lofexidine, the α 2-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist, in Opiate Addicts Plasma Using a Highly Sensitive Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometric Analysis. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 2009; 34:611-6. [DOI: 10.1080/00952990802308122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Al-Ghananeem AM, Malkawi AH, Muammer YM, Balko JM, Black EP, Mourad W, Romond E. Intratumoral delivery of Paclitaxel in solid tumor from biodegradable hyaluronan nanoparticle formulations. AAPS PharmSciTech 2009; 10:410-7. [PMID: 19381833 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-009-9222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, novel paclitaxel-loaded cross-linked hyaluronan nanoparticles were engineered for the local delivery of paclitaxel as a prototype drug for cancer therapy. The nanoparticles were prepared using a desolvation method with polymer cross-linking. In vitro cytotoxicity studies demonstrated that less than 75% of the MDA-MB-231 and ZR-75-1 breast cancer cells were viable after 2-day exposure to paclitaxel-loaded hyaluronan nanoparticles or free paclitaxel, regardless of the dose. These results suggest that hyaluronan nanoparticles maintain the pharmacological activity of paclitaxel and efficiently deliver it to the cells. Furthermore, in vivo administration of the drug-loaded nanoparticles via direct intratumoral injection to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumor in female rats was studied. The paclitaxel-loaded nanoparticles treated group showed effective inhibition of tumor growth in all treated rats. Interestingly, there was one case of complete remission of tumor nodule and two cases of persistent reduction of tumor size that was observed on subsequent days. In the case of free paclitaxel-treated group, the mean tumor volume increased almost linearly (R(2) = 0.93) with time to a size that was 4.9-fold larger than the baseline volume at 57 days post-drug administration. Intratumoral administration of paclitaxel-loaded hyaluronan nanoparticles could be a promising treatment modality for solid mammary tumors.
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Malkawi AH, Al-Ghananeem AM, de Leon J, Crooks PA. Nicotine exposure can be detected in cerebrospinal fluid of active and passive smokers. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 49:129-32. [PMID: 19036546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method has been utilized for the quantitative determination of nicotine and its major metabolite cotinine (COT) in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of active and passive smokers. CSF samples from 18 smokers, 15 non-smokers, 15 children, 15 infants, and 9 neonatal were analyzed for nicotine (NIC) and cotinine content. Cotinine levels in the CSF of smokers ranged from 27.3 to 457.1 ng/ml, whereas nicotine levels were considerably lower (6.0-215.1 ng/ml). Cotinine could be detected in 4 of the 15 CSF samples from non-smokers (3.5-30.4 ng/ml), and a few other passive smokers, including neonates from smoking mothers (15.6-81.1 ng/ml). The concentrations of cotinine in CSF samples suggests that nicotine easily passes into the CSF, which makes it an excellent CSF marker for tobacco-smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad H Malkawi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Howard-Sparks M, Al-Ghananeem AM, Crooks PA, Pearson AP. A Novel Chemical Delivery System Comprising an Ocular Sustained Release Formulation of a 3α, 17α, 21-trihydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one-BIS-5-Flourouracil Codrug. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 33:677-82. [PMID: 17613031 DOI: 10.1080/03639040601134108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Directly compressed sustained release pellets were prepared from material consisting of a molecule of 3alpha, 17alpha, 21-trihydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one (trihydroxy steroid, THS) covalently linked via carbonate moieties to two molecules of 5-flourouracil (5FU) to form a novel THS-BIS-5FU codrug for the treatment of angiogenesis. Dissolution and drug release was tested in vitro in 0.1M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), human serum, and vitreous humor. The results suggest that neat THS-BIS-5FU codrug pellets are useful for sustained release ocular delivery of the parent compounds, and that the unique physicochemical properties of the codrug allow slow dissolution and rapid release of the two parent drugs. This codrug formulation is regarded as a "chemical delivery" system that involves dissolution of the codrug as the rate-limiting step followed by rapid hydrolysis of the carbonate ester linkages to release the parent drugs via sustained delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Howard-Sparks
- College of Pharmacy, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0082, USA
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Malkawi AH, Al-Ghananeem AM, Crooks PA. Development of a GC-MS assay for the determination of fentanyl pharmacokinetics in rabbit plasma after sublingual spray delivery. AAPS J 2008; 10:261-7. [PMID: 18459057 PMCID: PMC2751381 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-008-9031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad H. Malkawi
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0082 USA
| | | | - Peter A. Crooks
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0082 USA
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Al-Ghananeem AM, Sandefer EP, Doll WJ, Page RC, Chang Y, Digenis GA. Gamma scintigraphy for testing bioequivalence: a case study on two cromolyn sodium nasal spray preparations. Int J Pharm 2008; 357:70-6. [PMID: 18329197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Revised: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The present work was carried out to study the deposition patterns and clearance of technetium-99m (99mTc) DTPA labeled cromolyn sodium (CS) solutions when administered from two different CS nasal products using gamma scintigraphy. Five healthy volunteers received a single dose with complete crossover design involving treatment A (test formulation) and treatment B (reference formulation). The deposition patterns as well as the changes in distribution of the radiolabeled CS solutions due to the mucociliary transport were monitored by gamma scintigraphy. Primary deposition of the aforementioned nasal solutions occurred in the anterior portion of the nose. After migration into the posterior nasal cavity, the solutions were rapidly cleared by ciliary action into the nasopharynx where it was swallowed. The test product of cromolyn sodium was shown to be equivalent to the reference product with regard to nasal deposition and clearance. The results from this study indicate that external gamma scintigraphy can be used to demonstrate the equivalence of nasal sprays that are intended for local therapeutic action where the drug is not systemically absorbed into the blood circulation. Furthermore, a non-invasive imaging method such as rhinoscintigraphy may prove to be a useful technique to be utilized during the regulatory approval process for local-acting nasal products, and may facilitate the early introduction of these products to the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M Al-Ghananeem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 927 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Malkawi AH, Al-Ghananeem AM, Nasim S, de Leon J, Crooks PA. An HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of neurotoxic dipyridyl isomers in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 45:120-124. [PMID: 17706392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Revised: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Several studies on dipyridyl isomers have suggested that they are neurotoxic and that chronic exposure to these compounds could be a potential human health hazard. A reversed phase HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous quantitation of 2,2'-dipyridyl and its four positional isomers, 2,3'-, 2,4'-, 3,4'- and 4,4'-dipyridyl in human plasma. Plasma samples were basified, extracted with 1-chlorobutane, evaporated, the residue reconstituted in mobile phase, and an aliquot part was analyzed by HPLC. Chromatographic separations were performed on a C(18) reversed phase Sunfire column eluted with a mobile phase composed of potassium phosphate (pH 3.5; 25 mM)-acetonitrile (80:20, v/v). Isomers were separated with good resolution, and quantification was determined utilizing an internal standard of quinoxaline. The method has been validated over a range from 30 to 2000 ng/ml with correlation coefficients higher than 0.995. Extraction recoveries for the dipyridyl isomers averaged from 65 to 92%. Limit of detection and limit of quantitation for the dipyridyl isomers ranged from 15 to 70 ng/ml and 30 to 90 ng/ml, respectively. The inter- and intra-day variation did not exceed 7% with an accuracy range of 96-102%. The described analytical method was successfully utilized for the determination of dipyridyl isomers in human plasma and suggested the need for more routine monitoring of tobacco smokers and other individuals who are involuntarily exposed to environmental source of dipyridyl isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad H Malkawi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Abeer M Al-Ghananeem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Shama Nasim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jose de Leon
- University of Kentucky Mental Health Research Center at Eastern State Hospital, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Peter A Crooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a sublingual drug delivery spray formulation of scopolamine hydrobromide (L-(-)-hyoscine hydrobromide) and to determine the absolute bioavailability of scopolamine hydrobromide following sublingual delivery and to investigate the effect of a bioadhesive on the pharmacokinetic parameters of this drug in a rabbit model. Rabbits received a single scopolamine free base equivalent sublingual dose of 100 microg/kg and this was compared to intravenous administration of the drug. Blood samples were collected at different time points, and plasma scopolamine concentrations were determined using a new sensitive and specific LC/MS analytical method which utilized electrospray ionization detection. The bioavailability of sublingual scopolamine was determined by comparing plasma concentrations after sublingual spray delivery with equivalent intravenous doses. Following delivery of the sublingual spray dose, the average Cmax was 1024.4+/-177 ng/mL, and the AUC value was found to be 61067.6+/-9605 ng.min/mL. Relative to the intravenous dose (100% bioavailability), the bioavailability was 79.8% after sublingual spray administration. The addition of 2% chitosan, a bio-adhesive material and an absorption enhancer, showed a significant improvement in scopolamine sublingual absorption (p<0.05) was observed. Considering the limitations of delivering scopolamine orally or transdermally to patients who experience motion sickness, the sublingual route of administration using a spray delivery dosage form, is a potential alternative modality for the prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M Al-Ghananeem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0082, USA.
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Al-Ghananeem AM, Crooks PA. Phase I and phase II ocular metabolic activities and the role of metabolism in ophthalmic prodrug and codrug design and delivery. Molecules 2007; 12:373-88. [PMID: 17851396 PMCID: PMC6149453 DOI: 10.3390/12030373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While the mammalian eye is seldom considered an organ of drug metabolism, the capacity for biotransformation is present. Compared to the liver, the metabolic capabilities of the eye are minuscule; however, phase I and phase II metabolic activities have been detected in various ocular structures. The careful consideration of ocular tissue metabolic processes within the eye has important implications for controlling the detoxification of therapeutic agents and for providing the potential for site-specific bio-activation of certain drug molecules, thus enabling significant improvements in drug efficacy and the minimization of side-effect from either local or systemic drug delivery to the eye. Knowledge of these processes is important to prodrug and codrug development and to researchers involved in the design, delivery and metabolism of ophthalmic drugs. This present article reviews the progress in ocular prodrug and codrug design and delivery in light of ocular metabolic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M. Al-Ghananeem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA; e-mail:
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Al-Ghananeem AM, Albayati ZF, Malkawi A, Sonar VN, Freeman ML, Crooks PA. A pharmacokinetic study on Z-(±)-2-(1-benzylindole-3-yl-methylene)azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-3-ol; a novel radio-sensitization agent. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2007; 60:915-9. [PMID: 17294191 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-007-0425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this research was to characterize the pharmacokinetic parameters and to evaluate the absolute bioavailability of the targeted compound: Z-(+/-)-2-(1-benzylindole-3-yl-methylene)azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-3-ol (BMABO), a novel radio-sensitization agent, after oral delivery. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats received a single oral dose of 20 mg/kg and this was compared with intravenous administration of the compound (1 mg/kg). Blood samples were collected at different time points, and plasma BMABO concentrations were determined using a new sensitive and specific LC/MS analytical method, which utilized electrospray ionization. RESULTS The bioavailability of orally administered BMABO was determined by comparing plasma concentrations after oral gavage delivery with intravenous delivery. Following delivery of the oral dose, the average C (max) was 1,710 +/- 503 ng/ml, and the AUC-value was found to be 3,561 +/- 670 ng min kg/ml mg. Relative to the intravenous dose (100% bioavailability), the bioavailability was 6.2% after oral administration. CONCLUSION As the current studies demonstrate the novel radio-sensitization agent BMABO may have potential therapeutic valuable in cancer treatment. Further evaluation of the efficacy and toxicity of BMABO will determine the feasibility of the oral route for future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M Al-Ghananeem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0082, USA
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Crooks PA, Kottayil SG, Al-Ghananeem AM, Byrn SR, Butterfield DA. Opiate receptor binding properties of morphine-, dihydromorphine-, and codeine 6-O-sulfate ester congeners. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:4291-5. [PMID: 16777416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 05/13/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3-O-acyl-6-O-sulfate esters of morphine, dihydromorphine, N-methylmorphinium iodide, codeine, and dihydrocodeine were prepared and evaluated for their ability to bind to mu-, delta-, kappa(1)-, kappa(2)-, and kappa(3)-opiate receptors. Several compounds exhibited good affinity for the mu-opiate receptor. Morphine-3-O-propionyl-6-O-sulfate had four times greater affinity than morphine at the mu-opiate receptor and was the most selective compound at this receptor subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Crooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40536-0082, USA.
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Howard-Sparks M, Al-Ghananeem AM, Pearson AP, Crooks PA. Evaluation of O(3alpha)-, O(21)-di-(N(1)-methyloxycarbonyl-2, 4-dioxo-5-fluoropyrimidinyl) 17alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one as a novel potential antiangiogenic codrug. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2006; 20:417-28. [PMID: 16335049 DOI: 10.1080/14756360500220319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraocular neovascularization is a complication in a variety of eye diseases, and is a leading cause of visual loss. The purpose of this study was to design and synthesize three novel codrugs of the antiangiostatic steroid, 3alpha, 17alpha, 21-trihydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one (trihydroxy steroid, THS) with the cytotoxic agent 5-fluorouracil (5FU) which incorporates either one or two molecules of 5FU attached through carbonate ester linkages at positions O(3), and/or O(21) of the THS molecule. Furthermore, a kinetic study of the O(3alpha)-, O(21)-di-(N(1)-methyloxycarbonyl-2, 4-dioxo-5-fluoropyrimidinyL) 17alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one (THS-BIS-5FU) codrug was carried out. The overall goal of this codrug strategy was to improve sustained drug delivery of both compounds by overcoming their individual solubility problems, and to thus enhance their bioavailability. The codrug was found to be optimal with superior angiostatic activity using the CAM assay compared to the activity of the parent compounds alone. In the hydrolysis studies 5FU was released at a faster rate than THS with an unknown intermediate observed by HPLC, a rationale and proposed structure and mechanism of the unknown THS derivative is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Howard-Sparks
- College of Pharmacy, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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Chandrasekaran S, Al-Ghananeem AM, Riggs RM, Crooks PA. Synthesis and stability of two indomethacin prodrugs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:1874-9. [PMID: 16439128 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Revised: 12/23/2005] [Accepted: 01/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to synthesize and study the in vitro enzymatic and non-enzymatic hydrolysis of indomethacin-TEG ester and amide prodrugs. It was found that the ester conjugate 10 was comparatively stable between pH 3 and 6 (half-life>90h), with a half-life equal to 5.2h in 80% buffered plasma. In contrast, the amide conjugate 12 appeared to be stable over the entire pH range studied with the only observed degradation being cleavage of the indolic N-4-chlorobenzoyl moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamala Chandrasekaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0082, USA
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Cynkowska G, Cynkowski T, Al-Ghananeem AM, Al-Ghananeem AA, Guo H, Ashton P, Crooks PA. Novel antiglaucoma prodrugs and codrugs of ethacrynic acid. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3524-7. [PMID: 15990301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.05.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2005] [Revised: 05/18/2005] [Accepted: 05/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to synthesize a novel prodrug of ethacrynic acid (ECA) with short chain polyethylene glycols (PEGs) and codrugs of ECA with the beta-adrenergic blocking agent atenolol (ATL) or timolol (TML) to overcome the adverse effects of ECA and to enhance its physicochemical properties.
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Al-Ghananeem AM, Traboulsi AA, Dittert LW, Hussain AA. Targeted brain delivery of 17 beta-estradiol via nasally administered water soluble prodrugs. AAPS PharmSciTech 2002; 3:E5. [PMID: 12919005 PMCID: PMC2750252 DOI: 10.1208/pt030105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The utility of the nasal route for the systemic delivery of 17beta-estradiol was studied using watersoluble prodrugs of 17beta-estradiol. This delivery method was examined to determine if it will result in preferential delivery to the brain. Several alkyl prodrugs of 17beta-estradiol were prepared and their physicochemical properties were determined. In vitro hydrolysis rate constants in buffer, rat plasma, and rat brain homogenate were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. In vivo nasal experiments were carried out on rats. Levels of 17beta-estradiol in plasma and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) were determined with radioimunoassay using a gamma counter. The study revealed that the aqueous solubilities of the prodrugs were several orders of magnitude greater than 17beta-estradiol with relatively fast in vitro conversion in rat plasma. Absorption was fast following nasal delivery of the prodrugs with high bioavailability. CSF 17beta-estradiol concentration was higher following nasal delivery of the prodrugs compared to an equivalent intravenous dose. It was determined that water-soluble prodrugs of 17beta-estradiol can be administered nasally. These prodrugs are capable of producing high levels of estradiol in the CSF and as a result may have a significant value in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M. Al-Ghananeem
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, 40536 Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Ashraf A. Traboulsi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, 40536 Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Lewis W. Dittert
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, 40536 Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Anwar A. Hussain
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, 40536 Lexington, Kentucky
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