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Walekhwa AW, Nakazibwe B, Nantongo M, Wafula ST, Bulafu D, Ayugi B, Nankabirwa C, Nsereko G, Nalweyiso MD, Tindyebwa T, Mayega RW, Ekiri AB, Bagenda D, Musenero M, Mugisha L. COVID-19 second wave and clinical characteristics of cases in Uganda: A retrospective cross-sectional survey of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases, March-June 2021. Epidemiol Infect 2023; 151:e142. [PMID: 37489514 PMCID: PMC10894928 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268823001164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional population-based survey among recovered COVID-19 cases in Uganda to establish the case presentations of the second wave SARS-CoV-2 infections. We interviewed 1,120 recovered COVID-19 cases from 10 selected districts in Uganda. We further conducted 38 key informant interviews with members of the COVID-19 District Taskforce and 19 in-depth interviews among COVID-19 survivors from March to June 2021. Among them, 62% were aged 39 years and below and 51.5% were female with 90.9% under home-based care management. Cases were more prevalent among businesspeople (25.9%), students (16.2%), farmers (16.1%), and health workers (12.4%). Being asymptomatic was found to be associated with not seeking healthcare (APR 2, P < 0.001). The mortality rate was 3.6% mostly among the elderly (6.3%) and 31.3% aged 40 years and above had comorbidities of high blood pressure, diabetes, and asthma. Being asymptomatic, or under home-based care management (HBCM), working/operating/studying at schools, and not being vaccinated were among the major drivers of the second wave of the resurgence of COVID19 in Uganda. Managing future COVID-19 waves calls for proactive efforts for improving homebased care services, ensuring strict observation of SOPs in schools, and increasing the uptake of COVID-19 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Wilson Walekhwa
- Science, Technology and Innovation Secretariat- Office of the President, Kampala, Uganda
- Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Brenda Nakazibwe
- Science, Technology and Innovation Secretariat- Office of the President, Kampala, Uganda
- Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mary Nantongo
- Science, Technology and Innovation Secretariat- Office of the President, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Douglas Bulafu
- Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Brenda Ayugi
- Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Caroline Nankabirwa
- Makerere University College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Martha Dorcas Nalweyiso
- Makerere University College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Tonny Tindyebwa
- Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
- Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | | | - Monica Musenero
- Science, Technology and Innovation Secretariat- Office of the President, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lawrence Mugisha
- Science, Technology and Innovation Secretariat- Office of the President, Kampala, Uganda
- Makerere University College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Kampala, Uganda
- Ecohealth Research Group, Conservation and Ecosystem Health Alliance (CEHA), Kampala, Uganda
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Ekiri AB, Long MT, Hernandez JA. Diagnostic performance and application of a real-time PCR assay for the detection of Salmonella in fecal samples collected from hospitalized horses with or without signs of gastrointestinal tract disease. Vet J 2015; 208:28-32. [PMID: 26797475 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to assess the diagnostic performance of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the detection of Salmonella in fecal samples collected from hospitalized horses with or without signs of gastrointestinal (GI) tract disease. The PCR assay used primers and a probe that targeted the invA gene of Salmonella. Assuming a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 96.6%, and a disease prevalence of 2%, 5%, and 10-15% in study horses, the PCR assay had a high (100%) negative predictive value, and a positive predictive value that ranged from 37% in horses without signs of GI disease that tested Salmonella culture-negative, to 60% in horses with signs of GI disease that tested Salmonella culture-negative, to 76-83% in horses with signs of GI disease that tested Salmonella culture-positive. This study provides evidence that the real-time PCR that targets the Salmonella invA gene can be used as a screening test for the detection of Salmonella in feces of hospitalized horses with signs of GI disease. Horses that test PCR-positive can be tested in series using bacteriologic culture to reduce false positive results or to provide additional data (e.g., antibiogram and serotyping data) that can be used to identify potential nosocomial Salmonella infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Ekiri
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - M T Long
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - J A Hernandez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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