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Olanlesi-Aliu A, Tulli M, Kemei J, Bonifacio G, Reif LC, Cardo V, Roche H, Hurley N, Salami B. A scoping review on the operationalization of intersectional health research methods in studies related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being 2024; 19:2302305. [PMID: 38207090 PMCID: PMC10786425 DOI: 10.1080/17482631.2024.2302305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The COVID-19 pandemic began in early 2020 and became a global health crisis with devastating impacts. This scoping review maps the key findings of research about the pandemic that has operationalized intersectional research methods around the world. It also tracks how these studies have engaged with methodological tenets of oppression, comparison, relationality, complexity, and deconstruction. METHODS Our search resulted in 14,487 articles, 5164 of which were duplicates, and 9297 studies that did not meet the inclusion criteria were excluded. In total, 14 articles were included in this review. We used thematic analysis to analyse themes within this work and Misra et al. (2021) intersectional research framework to analyse the uptake of intersectional methods within such studies. RESULTS The research related to the COVID-19 pandemic globally is paying attention to issues around the financial impacts of the pandemic, discrimination, gendered impacts, impacts of and on social ties, and implications for mental health. We also found strong uptake of centring research in the context of oppression, but less attention is being paid to comparison, relationality, complexity, and deconstruction. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show the importance of intersectional research within public health policy formation, as well as room for greater rigour in the use of intersectional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mia Tulli
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Janet Kemei
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Glenda Bonifacio
- Women and Gender Studies, Arts and Science, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Linda C. Reif
- CN Professor of International Trade, Law, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Valentina Cardo
- Politics and Identity, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Roche
- Department of English and Related Literature, University of York, Heslington, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha Hurley
- Dean of Humanities and Social Sciences, Memorial University¸Newfoundland and Labrador’s University, St. John’s Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Bukola Salami
- Intersections of Gender Signature Area, Intersections of Gender, Nursing, Fellow, Canadian Academy of Nursing, Health and Immigration Policies and Practices Research Program (HIPP), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Olanlesi-Aliu A, Kemei J, Alaazi D, Tunde-Byass M, Renzaho A, Sekyi-Out A, Mullings DV, Osei-Tutu K, Salami B. COVID-19 among Black people in Canada: a scoping review. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can 2024; 44:112-125. [PMID: 38501682 DOI: 10.24095/hpcdp.44.3.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated health inequities worldwide. Research conducted in Canada shows that Black populations were disproportionately exposed to COVID-19 and more likely than other ethnoracial groups to be infected and hospitalized. This scoping review sought to map out the nature and extent of current research on COVID-19 among Black people in Canada. METHODS Following a five-stage methodological framework for conducting scoping reviews, studies exploring the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on Black people in Canada, published up to May 2023, were retrieved through a systematic search of seven databases. Of 457 identified records, 124 duplicates and 279 additional records were excluded after title and abstract screening. Of the remaining 54 articles, 39 were excluded after full-text screening; 2 articles were manually picked from the reference lists of the included articles. In total, 17 articles were included in this review. RESULTS Our review found higher rates of COVID-19 infections and lower rates of COVID-19 screening and vaccine uptake among Black Canadians due to pre-COVID-19 experiences of institutional and structural racism, health inequities and a mistrust of health care professionals that further impeded access to health care. Misinformation about COVID-19 exacerbated mental health issues among Black Canadians. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest the need to address social inequities experienced by Black Canadians, particularly those related to unequal access to employment and health care. Collecting race-based data on COVID-19 could inform policy formulation to address racial discrimination in access to health care, quality housing and employment, resolve inequities and improve the health and well-being of Black people in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janet Kemei
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dominic Alaazi
- Health and Immigration Policies and Practices Research Program (HIPP), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Modupe Tunde-Byass
- Black Physicians of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andre Renzaho
- Translational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Campbell Town Campus, Western Sydney University, Australia
| | | | - Delores V Mullings
- School of Social Work, Memorial University, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Kannin Osei-Tutu
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bukola Salami
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Health and Immigration Policies and Practices Research Program (HIPP), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Olanlesi-Aliu A, Alaazi D, Salami B. Black Health in Canada: Protocol for a Scoping Review. JMIR Res Protoc 2023; 12:e42212. [PMID: 37227759 DOI: 10.2196/42212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black Canadians experience poor health care, poor health outcomes, and a greater burden of health inequalities, much of which is rooted in the unequal distribution of social determinants of health. Despite Canada's emphasis on social inclusion, Canada's Black population faces substantial social inequities that affect their health and well-being. These disparities may specifically be attributed to racial discrimination, immigration status, precarious housing, underemployment, and increased poverty among Black Canadians. OBJECTIVE This paper describes a protocol for a scoping review that aims to understand the range and nature of research conducted on the health of Black Canadians as well as the gaps in this literature. METHODS Arksey and O'Malley's methodological framework guided the conduct of the scoping review. We searched electronic databases (CINAHL, Embase, Global Health, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus, Sociological Abstracts, and Web of Science) and grey literature sources for peer-reviewed articles and grey reports on the health of Black Canadians. Six reviewers independently screened the abstracts and full text of studies to determine eligibility for inclusion. According to the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematics Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines, the findings will be synthesized quantitatively and qualitatively through thematic analysis. RESULTS Title, abstract, and full-text screening concluded in October 2022. Data collection is in progress and is expected to be completed by April 2023. Data analysis and drafting of the manuscript will be done thereafter. Findings from the scoping review are expected to be provided for peer review in 2023. CONCLUSIONS This review will collect important data and evidence related to the health (mental, reproductive, and sexual; social determinants of health) of the Black population in Canada. The findings could help identify existing gaps in the health of Black individuals in Canada and inform future research paradigms. The findings will further inform the development of a knowledge hub on Black Canadians' health. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/42212.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominic Alaazi
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Bukola Salami
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Kemei J, Alaazi DA, Olanlesi-Aliu A, Tunde-Byass M, Sekyi-Otu A, Mohamud H, Salami B. What contributes to COVID-19 online disinformation among Black Canadians: a qualitative study. CMAJ Open 2023; 11:E389-E396. [PMID: 37130607 PMCID: PMC10158753 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20220197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black Canadians are disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the literature suggests that online disinformation and misinformation contribute to higher rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccine hesitancy in Black communities in Canada. Through stakeholder interviews, we sought to describe the nature of COVID-19 online disinformation among Black Canadians and identify the factors contributing to this phenomenon. METHODS We conducted purposive sampling followed by snowball sampling and completed in-depth qualitative interviews with Black stakeholders with insights into the nature and impact of COVID-19 online disinformation and misinformation in Black communities. We analyzed data using content analysis, drawing on analytical resources from intersectionality theory. RESULTS The stakeholders (n = 30, 20 purposively sampled and 10 recruited by way of snowball sampling) reported sharing of COVID-19 online disinformation and misinformation in Black Canadian communities, involving social media interaction among family, friends and community members and information shared by prominent Black figures on social media platforms such as WhatsApp and Facebook. Our data analysis shows that poor communication, cultural and religious factors, distrust of health care systems and distrust of governments contributed to COVID-19 disinformation and misinformation in Black communities. INTERPRETATION Our findings suggest racism and underlying systemic discrimination against Black Canadians immensely catalyzed the spread of disinformation and misinformation in Black communities across Canada, which exacerbated the health inequities Black people experienced. As such, using collaborative interventions to understand challenges within the community to relay information about COVID-19 and vaccines could address vaccine hesitancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Kemei
- Faculty of Nursing (Kemei, Olanlesi-Aliu, Salami) and Health and Immigration Policies and Practices (HIPP) Research Program (Alaazi, Bukola Salami), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Tunde-Byass), University of Toronto and North York General Hospital; Black Opportunity Fund (Sekyi-Otu), Toronto, Ont.; IMPACT Institute of Canada (Mohamud); Intersections of Gender Signature Area (Bukola Salami), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Dominic A Alaazi
- Faculty of Nursing (Kemei, Olanlesi-Aliu, Salami) and Health and Immigration Policies and Practices (HIPP) Research Program (Alaazi, Bukola Salami), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Tunde-Byass), University of Toronto and North York General Hospital; Black Opportunity Fund (Sekyi-Otu), Toronto, Ont.; IMPACT Institute of Canada (Mohamud); Intersections of Gender Signature Area (Bukola Salami), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Adedoyin Olanlesi-Aliu
- Faculty of Nursing (Kemei, Olanlesi-Aliu, Salami) and Health and Immigration Policies and Practices (HIPP) Research Program (Alaazi, Bukola Salami), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Tunde-Byass), University of Toronto and North York General Hospital; Black Opportunity Fund (Sekyi-Otu), Toronto, Ont.; IMPACT Institute of Canada (Mohamud); Intersections of Gender Signature Area (Bukola Salami), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Modupe Tunde-Byass
- Faculty of Nursing (Kemei, Olanlesi-Aliu, Salami) and Health and Immigration Policies and Practices (HIPP) Research Program (Alaazi, Bukola Salami), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Tunde-Byass), University of Toronto and North York General Hospital; Black Opportunity Fund (Sekyi-Otu), Toronto, Ont.; IMPACT Institute of Canada (Mohamud); Intersections of Gender Signature Area (Bukola Salami), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Ato Sekyi-Otu
- Faculty of Nursing (Kemei, Olanlesi-Aliu, Salami) and Health and Immigration Policies and Practices (HIPP) Research Program (Alaazi, Bukola Salami), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Tunde-Byass), University of Toronto and North York General Hospital; Black Opportunity Fund (Sekyi-Otu), Toronto, Ont.; IMPACT Institute of Canada (Mohamud); Intersections of Gender Signature Area (Bukola Salami), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Habiba Mohamud
- Faculty of Nursing (Kemei, Olanlesi-Aliu, Salami) and Health and Immigration Policies and Practices (HIPP) Research Program (Alaazi, Bukola Salami), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Tunde-Byass), University of Toronto and North York General Hospital; Black Opportunity Fund (Sekyi-Otu), Toronto, Ont.; IMPACT Institute of Canada (Mohamud); Intersections of Gender Signature Area (Bukola Salami), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | - Bukola Salami
- Faculty of Nursing (Kemei, Olanlesi-Aliu, Salami) and Health and Immigration Policies and Practices (HIPP) Research Program (Alaazi, Bukola Salami), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Tunde-Byass), University of Toronto and North York General Hospital; Black Opportunity Fund (Sekyi-Otu), Toronto, Ont.; IMPACT Institute of Canada (Mohamud); Intersections of Gender Signature Area (Bukola Salami), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.
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Kemei J, Tulli M, Olanlesi-Aliu A, Tunde-Byass M, Salami B. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Black Communities in Canada. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:1580. [PMID: 36674335 PMCID: PMC9862348 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in differential impacts on the Black communities in Canada and has unmasked existing race-related health inequities. The purpose of this study was to illuminate the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on Black people in Canada. Historically, social inequalities have determined the impacts of pandemics on the population, and in the case of the COVID-19 pandemic, disproportionate infections and mortalities have become evident among racialized communities in Canada. This qualitative descriptive study utilized an intersectionality framework. We invited Black stakeholders across Canada to participate in semi-structured interviews to deepen our knowledge of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on Black communities in Canada. A total of 30 interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using content analysis. Our findings fell into three categories: (1) increased vulnerability to COVID-19 disease, (2) mental impacts, and (3) addressing impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings show the underlying systemic inequities in Canada and systemic racism exacerbated health inequities among the Black communities and undermined interventions by public health agencies to curb the spread of COVID-19 and associated impacts on Black and other racialized communities. The paper concludes by identifying critical areas for future intervention in policy and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Kemei
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Mia Tulli
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
| | | | - Modupe Tunde-Byass
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Bukola Salami
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
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