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Adesanya SO, Adeosun TA, Yusuf TA, Adeyemi AA, Bamigboye JS, Ogunlaja A, Lebelo RS, Unuabonah EI. Numerical examination of concentration-dependent wastewater sludge ejected into a drinking water source. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15538. [PMID: 37730955 PMCID: PMC10511446 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42026-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the significant water-related health challenges globally is due to pollutant fate. Contaminants endanger the lives of humans, animals, and even plants. The present mathematical analysis explains reactive wastewater sludge ejected into a drinking water source from wastewater treatment plants. The assumption that wastewater sludge follows a power-law constitutive relation leads to nonlinear momentum and concentration equations. The contaminants are assumed to follow a nonlinear irreversible first-order sorption model. The numerical solution of the coupled problem is solved using the Bivariate Spectral Local Linearization Method and validated with the spectral Chebyshev weighted residual method. Profiles are presented for dimensionless flow velocity and concentration. Comprehensive explanations for the obtained results are provided with relevant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Adesanya
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria
- Education Department, Vaal University of Technology, Private Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark, 1911, South Africa
- Hydrodynamics Unit, African Center of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research (ACEWATER), Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria
| | - T A Adeosun
- Department of Mathematics, Federal College of Education, Iwo, Nigeria
| | - T A Yusuf
- Department of Mathematics, Adeleke University, Ede, Nigeria
| | - A A Adeyemi
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria
- Hydrodynamics Unit, African Center of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research (ACEWATER), Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria
| | - J S Bamigboye
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria
- Hydrodynamics Unit, African Center of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research (ACEWATER), Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria
| | - A Ogunlaja
- Department of Biological Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria
- Hydrodynamics Unit, African Center of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research (ACEWATER), Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria
| | - R S Lebelo
- Education Department, Vaal University of Technology, Private Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark, 1911, South Africa.
- Hydrodynamics Unit, African Center of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research (ACEWATER), Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria.
| | - E I Unuabonah
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria
- Hydrodynamics Unit, African Center of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research (ACEWATER), Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria
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Ishola AO, Adetunji AE, Abanum IC, Adeyemi AA, Faleye CK, Martins JB, Ogbe NC, Ogundipe TC, Okewulonu KE, Okon UE, Ovbude DI, Akele RY, Omotade NT, Ajao MS. Datumetine Preferentially Upregulates N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Signalling Pathways in Different Brain Regions of Mice. Basic Clin Neurosci 2023; 14:103-116. [PMID: 37346877 PMCID: PMC10279986 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2021.3397.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction We previously reported that datumetine possesses binding affinity with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and that 14-day exposure to datumetine altered NMDAR signaling by mimicking glutamate toxicity. Here, we investigated the potential neuroprotective effect of a single shot of a low dose of datumetine administration in BALB/c mice. Methods 30 male adult BALB/c mice were used for the study. The mice were randomly divided into three groups of ten mice each with an intraperitoneal injection of 0.1 mL of 10% DMSO for the Vehicle group, Datumetine group were administered 0.1 mg/kg body weight (bw) of datumetine and MK-801+Datumetine group were administered 0.5 mg/kg bw of MK-801 (to block NMDAR) followed by 0.1 mg/kg bw of datumetine after 30 minutes. 24 hours after administration, mice were euthanized in an isoflurane chamber followed by perfusion with 1X PBS. Brains were excised and stored at -20°C till further processing. Mice designated for IHC were further perfused with 4% PFA and brain excised and stored in 4% PFA till further processing. NMDAR signalling molecules expression was evaluated in frozen brain samples and the fixed brain samples were stained for neuron, vGlut and NMDAR subtypes. Results Relative to vehicle (Veh), datumetine downregulate calcium calmodulin kinase II alpha (CamKIIα) expression in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) but not in the cerebellum, cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) was also upregulated only in the PFC but phosphorylated CREB (pCREB) was also upregulated in three brain regions observed, while brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was only upregulated in hippocampus and PFC of Datumetine relative to vehicle (Veh). On the other hand, dizocilpine (MK-801) reversed some of the effects of datumetine in the observed brain regions. No major histological alterations were observed in the different brain regions immunohistochemically. Conclusion We conclude that a low dose of datumetine moderately enhances NMDAR activity. This showed the neuroprotective potentials of low datumetine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azeez Olakunle Ishola
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Adedeji Enitan Adetunji
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Isaac Chukwunwike Abanum
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Adesola Akorede Adeyemi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Caleb Kenechukwu Faleye
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Jane Babale Martins
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Nnenna Chimdalu Ogbe
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | | | - Karen Ezichi Okewulonu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Umo Emmanuel Okon
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Deborah Irenoise Ovbude
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Richard Yomi Akele
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
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Abstract
Aqueous extracts of the leaf, stem bark and root bark from Canna bidentata, Spondias mombin and Commiphora africana were examined for anthelmintic activity against earthworm. All the extracts demonstrated a concentration-dependent activity at tested concentrations of 10-80 mg/ml. Higher activities were observed at the higher concentrations, 40-80 mg/ml for all the plant extracts. C. bidentata with a paralysis time of 3-5 min and death time of 5-18 min at these concentrations for the stem bark, and S. mombin which exhibited comparatively higher efficacy (34-44 min paralysis time and 105 min death time for the leaf) at lower concentrations of 10-20 mg/ml were adjudged the outstanding anthelmintics of plant origin accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Gbolade
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu campus, Ogun State, Nigeria.
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Ogbole OO, Ekor MN, Oluremi BB, Ajaiyeoba EO, Gbolade AA, Ayoola MA, Adeyemi AA. Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of Hippocratea indica root bark and Poga oleosa fruits. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2007; 4:372-376. [PMID: 20161902 PMCID: PMC2816494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The methanolic extracts of Hippocratea indica root bark and Poga oleosa fruits were investigated for anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. Both extracts inhibited carrageenan-induced paw oedema significantly in rats in a dose-dependent manner in 4 h. H. indica inhibited oedema significantly at the minimal dose (125 mg/ml, p< 0.05) from 2 h onward, and gave 100% inhibition in 4 h. at 250 mg/kg. It was shown to be a more potent anti-inflammatory agent than P. oleosa. Also, H. indica extract exhibited greater antimicrobial activity against tested bacteria, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most susceptible bacterium (MIC, 16 mg/ml). Both plants were inactive against Candida albicans. These results confirm the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities of the two plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- O O Ogbole
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu campus, Ogun State, Nigeria
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Abo KA, Adeyemi AA. Seasonal accumulation of anthraquinones in leaves of cultivated Cassia podocarpa Guill et Perr. Afr J Med Med Sci 2002; 31:171-3. [PMID: 12518917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal variations and spectrophotometric determination of anthraquinones in cultivated Cassia podocarpa are presented. The study shows that combined anthraquinones are concentrated in the leaves at peak flowering (2.43%) and lowest in the bark (0.21%). Anthraquinone glycosides reached peak levels during the months of October to March (dry season), the maximum being recorded during January to March. There was significant drop in glycosidic content during the period April to September (rainy season). There was slight increase in concentration of aglycones during the rainy season which may be due to inter-conversion of some glycosides to the aglycones. However, the free aglycone content is much lower than the glycosides. This is desirable for optimum laxative activity and reduced toxicity. This study is significant because it provides useful information on the seasonal distribution of anthraquinones and the best period for harvesting leaves of C. podocarpa for drug development. The inclusion of C. podocarpa in the African Pharmacopoeia will, no doubt, enhance its commercialization as laxative and for its antimicrobial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Abo
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Abo KA, Adeyemi AA, Sobowale AO. Microscopic evaluation and seasonal variations of anthraquinone glycosides of cultivated Cassia fistula Linn. Afr J Med Med Sci 2001; 30:9-12. [PMID: 14510141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we present the results of the microscopy, seasonal variations and spectrophotometric estimation of hydroxy-anthraquinone glycosides of culitivated Cassia fistula Linn. The total glycoside contents ofthe morphological parts of this species at different stages of growth are also presented. The study shows that anthraquinone glycosides are concentrated in the leaves (1.75%) and flowers (1.58%) at peak flowering. Notable seasonal variations were observed in the cultivated species. Hydroxyanthraquinones reached peak levels druing the months of September (1.08%) and October (2.20%). There was a significant drop (P < 0.05) in glycoside content during most part of the rainy season. It has been established that anthraquinone glycosides, rather than the aglycones, are the active forms and hence an estimation of the total glycoside content of a sample is a reliable indication of biological activity. The advantages of using the natural anthraquinone laxative when the glycoside content is highest are discussed. The study has provided useful information on the best period for harvesting the morphological parts of C. fistula for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Abo
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Abo KA, Adeyemi AA, Adeite DA. Ethnobotanical survey of plants used in the treatment of infertility and sexually transmitted diseases in southwest Nigeria. Afr J Med Med Sci 2000; 29:325-7. [PMID: 11714017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
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Abo KA, Adeyemi AA, Sobowale AO. Seasonal variations of hydroxyanthraquinone content of cultivated Cassia spectabilis DC. Afr J Med Med Sci 2000; 29:141-4. [PMID: 11379446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal variations and spectrophotometric estimation of the anthraquinone content of cultivated Cassia spectabilis DC are presented. Concentrations of anthraquinones peaked in the leaves (1.03%) at flowering Significant (P < 0.05) variations in anthraquinone content were observed in the cultivated species. Anthraquinones reached peak levels during the months of September to January (dry season). There was a significant (P < 0.05) drop in anthraquinone content during the rainy season. The diagnostic microscopic features of this little studied species are also described. This study has provided vital information on the best period of harvest and seasonal distribution of anthraquinones in the leaves of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Abo
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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