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Masłowska A, Kochanowska DM, Sulich A, Domagala JZ, Dopierała M, Kochański M, Szot M, Chromiński W, Mycielski A. Bridgman-Grown (Cd,Mn)Te and (Cd,Mn)(Te,Se): A Comparison of Suitability for X and Gamma Detectors. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:345. [PMID: 38257444 PMCID: PMC10819988 DOI: 10.3390/s24020345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
This study explores the suitability of (Cd,Mn)Te and (Cd,Mn)(Te,Se) as room-temperature X-ray and gamma-ray detector materials, grown using the Bridgman method. The investigation compares their crystal structure, mechanical and optical properties, and radiation detection capabilities. Both crystals can yield large-area single crystal samples measuring approximately 30 × 30 mm2. In low-temperature photoluminescence analysis, both materials showed defect states, and annealing in cadmium vapors effectively eliminated donor-acceptor pair luminescence in (Cd,Mn)Te but not in (Cd,Mn)(Te,Se). Moreover, harder (Cd,Mn)(Te,Se) exhibited a higher etch pit density compared to softer (Cd,Mn)Te. X-ray diffraction examination revealed uniform lattice constant distribution in both compounds, with variations at a part per million level. (Cd,Mn)Te crystals demonstrated excellent single crystal properties with narrower omega scan widths, while (Cd,Mn)(Te,Se) exhibited a high contribution of block-like structures with significantly larger misorientation angles. Spectroscopic evaluations revealed better performance of a pixelated (Cd,Mn)Te detector, in comparison to (Cd,Mn)(Te,Se), achieving a mean full width at half maximum of 14% for the 122 keV gamma peak of Co-57. The reduced performance of the (Cd,Mn)(Te,Se) detector may be attributed to deep trap-related luminescence or block-like structures with larger misorientation angles. In conclusion, Bridgman-grown (Cd,Mn)Te emerges as a more promising material for X-ray and gamma-ray detectors when compared to (Cd,Mn)(Te,Se).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Masłowska
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland; (D.M.K.); (A.S.); (J.Z.D.); (M.D.); (M.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Dominika M. Kochanowska
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland; (D.M.K.); (A.S.); (J.Z.D.); (M.D.); (M.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Adrian Sulich
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland; (D.M.K.); (A.S.); (J.Z.D.); (M.D.); (M.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Jaroslaw Z. Domagala
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland; (D.M.K.); (A.S.); (J.Z.D.); (M.D.); (M.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Marcin Dopierała
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland; (D.M.K.); (A.S.); (J.Z.D.); (M.D.); (M.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Michał Kochański
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland; (D.M.K.); (A.S.); (J.Z.D.); (M.D.); (M.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Michał Szot
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland; (D.M.K.); (A.S.); (J.Z.D.); (M.D.); (M.K.); (M.S.)
- International Research Centre MagTop, Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Witold Chromiński
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Mycielski
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland; (D.M.K.); (A.S.); (J.Z.D.); (M.D.); (M.K.); (M.S.)
- Puremat Technologies Sp. z o.o., Aleja Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
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Mishra S, Paszkowicz W, Sulich A, Jakiela R, Ożga M, Guziewicz E. Electrical and Structural Properties of Semi-Polar-ZnO/ a-Al 2O 3 and Polar-ZnO/ c-Al 2O 3 Films: A Comparative Study. Materials (Basel) 2022; 16:151. [PMID: 36614490 PMCID: PMC9821142 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the properties of ZnO films of 100 nm thickness, grown using atomic layer deposition (ALD) on a-(100) and c-(001) oriented Al2O3 substrate are reported. The films were grown in the same growth conditions and parameters at six different growth temperatures (Tg) ranging from 100 °C to 300 °C. All as-grown and annealed films were found to be polycrystalline, highly (001) oriented for the c-Al2O3 and highly (101) oriented for the a-Al2O3 substrate. The manifestation of semi-polar-(101) and polar (001)-oriented ZnO films on the same substrate provided the opportunity for a comparative study in terms of the influence of polarization on the electrical and structural properties of ZnO films. It was found that the concentration of hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen impurities in polar (001)-oriented films was considerably higher than in semi-polar (101)-oriented ZnO films. The study showed that when transparent conductive oxide applications were considered, the ZnO layers could be deposited at a temperature of about 160 °C, because, at this growth temperature, the high electrical conductivity was accompanied by surface smoothness in the nanometer scale. On the contrary, semi-polar (101)-oriented films might offer a perspective for obtaining p-type ZnO films, because the concentration of carbon and hydrogen impurities is considerably lower than in polar films.
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Mishra S, Przezdziecka E, Wozniak W, Adhikari A, Jakiela R, Paszkowicz W, Sulich A, Ozga M, Kopalko K, Guziewicz E. Structural Properties of Thin ZnO Films Deposited by ALD under O-Rich and Zn-Rich Growth Conditions and Their Relationship with Electrical Parameters. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14144048. [PMID: 34300967 PMCID: PMC8307850 DOI: 10.3390/ma14144048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The structural, optical, and electrical properties of ZnO are intimately intertwined. In the present work, the structural and transport properties of 100 nm thick polycrystalline ZnO films obtained by atomic layer deposition (ALD) at a growth temperature (Tg) of 100–300 °C were investigated. The electrical properties of the films showed a dependence on the substrate (a-Al2O3 or Si (100)) and a high sensitivity to Tg, related to the deviation of the film stoichiometry as demonstrated by the RT-Hall effect. The average crystallite size increased from 20–30 nm for as grown samples to 80–100 nm after rapid thermal annealing, which affects carrier scattering. The ZnO layers deposited on silicon showed lower strain and dislocation density than on sapphire at the same Tg. The calculated half crystallite size (D/2) was higher than the Debye length (LD) for all as grown and annealed ZnO films, except for annealed ZnO/Si films grown within the ALD window (100–200 °C), indicating different homogeneity of charge carrier distribution for annealed ZnO/Si and ZnO/a-Al2O3 layers. For as grown films the hydrogen impurity concentration detected via secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) was 1021 cm−3 and was decreased by two orders of magnitude after annealing, accompanied by a decrease in Urbach energy in the ZnO/a-Al2O3 layers.
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Sulich A, Rutkowska M, Popławski Ł. Green jobs, definitional issues, and the employment of young people: An analysis of three European Union countries. J Environ Manage 2020; 262:110314. [PMID: 32250797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This article considers intertwined issues relating to the green economy, protected areas, green jobs, and the Environmental Goods and Services Sector (EGSS). The article discusses the most common approaches towards greening economies, all these being based on the concept of sustainable development, and presents an analysis of how green jobs can be used to address the issue of unemployment among young people in Poland, the Czech Republic and Belgium. Data were compared for selected groups in the European Classification of Economic Activities (NACE). It is observed that in both Poland and Belgium around 15% of young people find their first employment in the green jobs sector, but in the Czech Republic, the proportion is far lower (1.83%). It is concluded that an increasing emphasis on building the green economy provides excellent employment opportunities for young people seeking their first job.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sulich
- Wroclaw University of Economics, Faculty of Management, Computer Science and Finance, ul. Komandorska 118-120, 53-345, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - M Rutkowska
- Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Management, ul. Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ł Popławski
- Cracow University of Economics, Faculty of Finance and Law, ul. Rakowicka 27, 31-510, Krakow, Poland
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Lazoryak B, Deyneko D, Aksenov S, Grebenev V, Stefanovich S, Belikov K, Kosmyna M, Shekhovtsov A, Sulich A, Paszkowicz W. Influence of lithium and magnesium on the real structure and dielectric properties of Ca 9Y(VO 4) 7 single crystals. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce01252k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The real crystal structure was oxyaminated by complex methods; the influence of impurity and point defects is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dina Deyneko
- Chemistry Department
- Moscow State University
- Moscow
- Russia
| | | | | | | | | | - Miron Kosmyna
- Institute for Single Crystals
- NAS of Ukraine
- Kharkov
- Ukraine
| | | | - Adrian Sulich
- Institute of Physics
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Warsaw
- Poland
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Abstract
The contextual method was used to identify the incidence of recent life events and difficulties among 50 suicide attempters compared with a control group selected at random from the general population. Suicide attempters experienced a significantly greater incidence of major life events, although for all life events irrespective of stressfulness, and for independent events the differences were not significant. The overall incidence of difficulties was also higher among suicide attempters. Finally, the results suggest a vulnerability effect as far as three factors are concerned: early loss of/separation from one or both parents, absence of paid employment and living in a nuclear family.
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Affiliation(s)
- M De Vanna
- Institute of Clinical Psychiatry, University of Trieste, Italy
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