Probiotic potential of a novel endophytic Streptomyces griseorubens CIBA-NS1 isolated from Salicornia sp. against Vibrio campbellii infection in shrimp

A novel endophytic Streptomyces griseorubens CIBA-NS1 was isolated from a salt marsh plant Salicornia sp. The antagonistic effect of S. griseorubens against Vibrio campbellii, was studied both in vitro and in vivo. The strain was validated for its endophytic nature and characterized through scanning electron microscopy, morphological and biochemical studies and 16SrDNA sequencing. The salinity tolerance experiment has shown that highest antibacterial activity was at 40‰ (16 ± 1.4 mm) and lowest was at 10 ‰ salinity (6.94 ± 0.51 mm). In vivo exclusion of Vibrio by S. griseorubens CIBA-NS1 was studied in Penaeus indicus post larvae and evaluated for its ability to improve growth and survival of P. indicus. After 20 days administration of S. griseorubens CIBA-NS1, shrimps were challenged with V. campbellii. The S. griseorubens CIBA-NS1 reduced Vibrio population in test group when compared to control, improved survival (60.5 ± 6.4%) and growth, as indicated by weight gain (1.8 ± 0.05g). In control group survival and growth were 48.4 ± 3.5% and 1.4 ± 0.03 g respectively. On challenge with V. campbellii, the S. griseorubens CIBA-NS1 administered group showed better survival (85.6 ± 10%) than positive control (64.3 ± 10%). The results suggested that S. griseorubens CIBA-NS1 is antagonistic to V. campbellii, reduce Vibrio population in the culture system and improve growth and survival. This is the first report on antagonistic activity of S. griseorubens isolated from salt marsh plant Salicornia sp, as a probiotic candidate to prevent V. campbellii infection in shrimps.

Vertical transmission and prevalence of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in the wild spawning population of the Indian white shrimp, Penaeus indicus

White spot disease, caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), has historically been the most devastating disease in shrimp aquaculture industry across the world. The mode of virus transmission is the most crucial stage in the dynamics and management of virus infection. This study explored the mechanism of vertical transmission of WSSV in Indian white shrimp, Penaeus indicus, potential native species for domestication and genetic improvement, using quantitative real time PCR (q RT PCR), light and electron microscopy, and in situ hybridization. Wild brooders of P. indicus (n = 2576) were sampled along the South east coast of India, during 2016 to 2021. Of these ∼ 58 % of the brooders were positive for WSSV, and almost 50 % of infected wild brooders were at the various stages of reproductive maturation. WSSV-PCR positive brooders (n = 200) were analysed for vertical WSSV transmission. The q RT PCR studies of reproductive tissues revealed that 61 % (n = 13) of spermatophore, 54 % (n = 28) of immature ovaries and 48 % (n = 27) of ripe ovaries were infected with WSSV. The lowest level of infection was recorded in females with ripe ovaries (6.84 × 101 ± 9.79 × 100 ng genomic DNA) followed by fertilized eggs (1.59 × 102 ± 3.69 × 101 ng genomic DNA), and larvae (nauplius and zoea). The histology of gravid females with high WSSV copies showed pyknotic and karyorrhectic germinal vesicle with degenerated cortical rods. Conversely, the gravid females with low WSSV copies showed fully developed ovary without characteristic signs of WSSV infection. Transmission electron microscopic studies clearly established the presence of WSSV particles in both ovaries and spermatophores. When subjected to in situ hybridization, WSSV-specific signals were observed in connective tissues of spermatophore, although gravid ovary and fertilized eggs were failed to produce WSSV specific signals. The present study provides the first molecular and histological evidence for trans-ovarian vertical transmission of WSSV. Development of disease-free base population being the cornerstone and first step in establishing the breeding program, the present findings could be a basis for development of such programs.

Evaluation of Therapeutic Efficiency of Stylicin against Vibrio parahaemolyticus Infection in Shrimp Penaeus vannamei through Comparative Proteomic Approach

The shrimp immune system defends and protects against infection by its naturally expressing antimicrobial peptides. Stylicin is a proline-rich anionic antimicrobial peptide (AMP) that exhibits potent antimicrobial activity. In this study, stylicin gene was isolated from Penaeus vannamei, cloned into vector pET-28a ( +), and overexpressed in Escherichia coli SHuffle T7 cells. The protein was purified and tested for its antibiofilm activity against shrimp pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus. It was resulted that the recombinant stylicin significantly reduced the biofilm formation of V. parahaemolyticus at a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 200 µg. Cell aggregation was observed by using scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy, and it was resulted that stylicin administration significantly affects the cell structure and biofilm density of V. parahaemolyticus. In addition, real-time PCR confirmed the downregulation (p < 0.05) of genes responsible for growth and colonization. The efficacy of stylicin was tested by injecting it into shrimp challenged with V. parahaemolyticus and 7 days after infection, stylicin-treated animals recovered and survived better in both treatments (T2-100 µg stylicin, - 68.8%; T1-50 µg stylicin, 60%) than in control (7%) (p < 0.01). Comparative proteomic and mass spectrometry analysis of shrimp hemolymph resulted that the expressed proteins were involved in cell cycle, signal transduction, immune pathways, and stress-related proteins representing infection and recovery, and were significantly different in the stylicin-treated groups. The result of this study suggests that the stylicin can naturally boost immunity and can be used as a choice for treating V. parahaemolyticus infections in shrimp.

Functional and molecular characterization of a cold-active lipase from Psychrobacter celer PU3 with potential a*ntibiofilm property

The lipase gene from Psychrobacter celer PU3 was cloned into pET-28a(+) expression vector and overexpressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS cells. The purified Psychrobacter celer lipase (PCL) was characterized as an alkaline active enzyme and has a molecular mass of around 30 kDa. The PCL was active even at a low temperature and the optimum range was observed between 10 and 40 °C temperatures. MALDI-TOF and phylogenetic analysis ensued that Psychrobacter celer PU3 lipase (PCL) was closely related to P. aureginosa lipase (PAL). MD simulation results suggests that temperature change did not affect overall structure of PCL, but it may alter temperature- dependent PCL structural changes. R₁ (129-135 AA) and R₂ (187-191 AA) regions could be important for temperature-dependent PCL function as they fluctuate much at 35 °C temperature. PMSF completely inhibited PCL lipase activity and it demonstrates the presence of serine residues in the active site of PCL. PCL is moderately halophilic and most of the tested organic solvents found to be inhibiting the lipase activity except the solvents ethanol and methanol. PCL activity was increased with surfactants (SDS and CTAB) and bleaching agents (hydrogen peroxide). The effect of different metal ions on PCL resulted that only mercuric chloride was found as the enhancer of the lipase activity. Antibiofilm property of PCL was evaluated against pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from the diseased shrimp and MIC value was 500 U. PCL significantly altered the morphology and biofilm density of V. parahaemolyticus and the same was observed through scanning electron microscope (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) imaging. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the mRNA expression level of biofilm, colony morphology and major toxin-related (aphA, luxS, opaR, tolC, toxR) genes of V. parahaemolyticus were significantly downregulated with PCL treatment.

A Biofloc-Based Aquaculture System Bio-augmented with Probiotic Bacteria Bacillus tequilensis AP BFT3 Improves Culture Environment, Production Performances, and Proteomic Changes in Penaeus vannamei

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the probiotic effect of bio-augmented Bacillus tequilensis AP BFT3 on improving production, immune response, and proteomic changes of Penaeus vannamei reared in a biofloc system. Penaeus vannamei larvae (PL13) were stocked in 100-L tanks at a rate of 100 no per tank to study the effect of B. tequilensis AP BFT3 with and without biofloc (BFT-PRO and PRO). Control tanks devoid of probiotic strain were maintained in a clear water system. The growth and survival considerably increased in probiotic added biofloc reared shrimp than probiotic added clear water reared ones and control. Water quality significantly improved in probiotic added (PRO) and biofloc-probiotics (BFT-PRO) system than control. Microbiological investigations indicate increased heterotrophic bacterial load in BFT-PRO compared to the PRO and control. The quality of the isolated microbes was analyzed in terms of enzyme production, and an abundance of enzyme-producing bacterial population was observed in BFT-PRO shrimp. Immune-related genes were significantly upregulated in BFT-PRO shrimp, followed by the PRO and control. The proteomic data (2D gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF) of muscle tissue from the experimental animals identified 11 differentially expressed proteins. The Daxx OS and Lit v 1 tropomyosin was found upregulated in BFT-PRO shrimps. Downregulation of Na⁺/K⁺ATPase was observed in biofloc with probiotic-supplied groups. The findings revealed that the BFT system's efficacy could be improved through the addition of probiotics. The addition of B. tequilensis AP BFT3 as a probiotic in biofloc induced the expression of essential proteins, reducing contracting diseases during culture.

Cellular and molecular immune response and production performance of Indian white shrimp Penaeus indicus (H. Milne-Edwards, 1837), reared in a biofloc-based system with different protein levels of feed

The present study focuses on the immunity and growth of Penaeus indicus fed with varying protein levels (25%, 30%, and 35%) in a biofloc based rearing system. A 120 days growth trial was carried out using juvenile Penaeus indicus (0.71 ± 0.01) with dietary protein level, 25% (LP), 30% (MP), and 35% (HP), and a control diet-fed with 35% acted as control group resulting in 4 treatments each with four replicates and were randomly assigned 16 tank units (7500 L each). A combination of different carbon sources (molasses, wheat flour, and rice bran in 2:1:1 ratio), yeast and a probiotic (Bacillus sp.) consortium were used for the development of biofloc. At the end of the trial, the growth parameters of shrimps viz., initial weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and daily growth coefficient (DGC) were computed. The results indicated that shrimp fed with medium (30%) protein (MP) diet recorded significantly (P < 0.05) improved growth performance compared to high protein fed group (35%) and low protein (25%) fed group (LP) in a biofloc system and control group (35%). The immunological parameters such as hemagglutination activity (HA) assay, serum protein, lysozyme, phenol oxidase (PO), and inhibition of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were observed in serum, plasma, and hemocyte lysate supernatant (HLS). The HA activity, PO activity in plasma was found to be higher in high protein fed animals, whereas medium protein resulted in enhanced PO activity in serum. Similarly, lysozyme and SOD were inhibited well in high protein fed animals compared to the low protein fed group. The vital immune genes's mRNA profiling showed a potential rise in the expressional pattern in MP and HP treatments compared to LP and control. BGBP (beta-1,3-glucan binding protein) and hemocyanin mRNA transcript levels were highly upregulated in the HP (5 fold) and moderately expressed in MP (2 fold) and LP (1-2 fold). The transcripts of peroxinectin, antimicrobial peptides like crustin showed significant upregulation in HP followed by in MP and LP and control. Likewise, other immune genes, such as SOD, prophenoloxidase (proPO), showed a similar trend in a marginal way, indicating immunomodulation in the biofloc groups. This study suggested that biofloc with high protein (35%) supplementation can substantially enhance the immune response of shrimps, although medium protein level (30%) is optimum for improving the survival, growth, and in turn economic return in Indian white shrimp.

Bioaugmentation of biofloc system with enzymatic bacterial strains for high health and production performance of Penaeus indicus

The beneficial effects of two probiotic bacterial strains Marinilactibacillus piezotolerans and Novosphingobium sp. during the culture of Indian white shrimp, Penaeus indicus, under biofloc and clear water system were evaluated. The experimental variation were CW1 (M. piezotolerans in clear water), BFT1 (biofloc + M. piezotolerans), CW2 (Novosphingobium sp. in clear water), BFT2 (biofloc + Novosphingobium sp.) and control (without bacterial strains and biofloc). Growth and survival considerably increased in probiotic bio-augmented treatments. Probiotic incorporation significantly improved water quality, especially ammonia reduction. Microbiota analysis from gut samples taken from different treatments revealed varied microbial population structure among clear water culture, biofloc culture and control. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the top phyla observed in the treatments which were significantly higher in bio-augmented systems than the control. Vibrio genera were predominantly observed in control and clear water system compared to that of biofloc systems. Immune genes were significantly altered in response to probiotic gut microbial supplementation than the control. Higher gene expression profile of important immune genes was observed in the biofloc reared shrimps. Expression of digestive enzyme related genes such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, cathepsin L, cathepsin B and alpha amylase were also upregulated significantly in probiotic supplementation especially in the biofloc treatments. Proteomic analysis of hepatopancreas of shrimps from different treatments was carried out by using 2D gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF analysis. The proteins were mostly related to growth and stress tolerance. Eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein was expressed in all the groups and it was high in biofloc treated animals followed by animals treated solely with probiotics compared to those of control groups. The results concludes that biofloc already proved as an effective culture method for healthy shrimp production and supplementation of probiotic bacterial strains registered additional benefit for growth, survival, microbial, immunological status of P, indicus culture.

Molecular docking study of bio-inhibitors extracted from marine macro-alga Ulva fasciata against hemolysin protein of luminescence disease-causing Vibrio harveyi

Shrimp grow-out and hatchery systems are being affected by bacterial disease particularly Vibrios. The use of chemotherapeutic agents in aquaculture practices has to lead to the development of resistance among aquatic bacteria. Thus, health management becomes of major importance in aquaculture. Under this situation, progressing bio-inhibitors from marine resources are most appropriate to be considered against pathogenic bacteria. Molecular docking is an appropriate tool in structural biology and computer-assisted drug design to predict and neutralize a target protein of known diseases. In this study, marine macro-alga Ulva fasciata was aimed at developing inhibitors against luminescence disease-causing pathogenic bacteria Vibrio harveyi. U. fasciata was collected from Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India. Extract of U. fasciata was tested against growth and virulence factors of V. harveyi during Penaeus monodon larviculture. Further U. fasciata extract was subjected to GC-MS analysis to identify the biomolecules. The homology modeling of virulent protein, hemolysin of V. harveyi was designed in this study. Hence, it was aimed for molecular docking against the biomolecules identified from U. fasciata extract. During shrimp larviculture, the extract of U. fasciata (200 μg mL^-1) exhibited reduction on Cumulative Percentage of Mortality (32.40%) in postlarvae against challenge of V. harveyi infection. Biomolecule Methyl dehydroabietate had showed highest binding affinity among the compounds was evaluated in molecular docking study. Statistical analysis had revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in trials. Therefore, it was proved that the bio-inhibitors from U. fasciata will be a better option for controlling luminescence disease-causing V. harveyi in shrimp grow-out practices.

Bio-augmentation of heterotrophic bacteria in biofloc system improves growth, survival, and immunity of Indian white shrimp Penaeus indicus

Effect of bio-augmentation of Bacillus spp in biofloc on growth, survival and immunity in Indian white shrimp Penaeus indicus was evaluated. Nine Bacillus strains were isolated and screened individually as well as in the form of a consortia. To maintain a C:N ratio of 12:1 a blend of carbohydrate sources was used. Bio-augmentation with bacterial consortium and Virgibacillus sp. produced improved growth and immunity. Shrimp survival ranged from 80 to 95% among treatments. Production was higher (35%) in the biofloc tanks with an average body weight (ABW) of 10.89 ± 1.2 g. On evaluating the immune responses, it was found that trypsin significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced Prophenoloxidase (PO) activity in Lysinibacillus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis bio-augmented groups. Laminarin induced PO activity was observed in groups supplemented with Oceanobacillus sp., Bacillus sp.and Bacillus megaterium. The lysozyme (LZ) activity was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in B. cereus and Microbial Consortia (MC), while other treatments were less effective. Total hemocyte count (THC) significantly (P < 0.05) increased in all treatment groups compared to the control. Hyaline hemocyte (HH) count was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the control group (14.43%). Semi granular hemocytes (SGH) was higher in groups treated with Lysinibacillus, Bacillus sp., B. licheniformis and B. subtilis. The granular hemocyte (GH) count was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in Virgibacillus sp., B. cereus, B.megaterium and Oceanobacillus sp. The biofloc alone (BF), treated and augmented with B. megaterium significantly (P < 0.05) increased phagocytic activity. Highly significant phagocytic index (PI) was observed in bio-augmented groups, BF and MC. The relative expression levels of immune genes were found to be significantly up-regulated in shrimps grown in bio-augmented groups. Enhanced immunological parameters implies that bio-augmentation of biofloc with Bacillus spp. improved immunity in shrimps. Hence, bio-augmentation of probiotics in biofloc may be useful in improving culture conditions to produce P. indicus.

Effect of in-situ and ex-situ biofloc on immune response of Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia

The present study is aimed to investigate the effect of biofloc intake on Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT), developed within the system and its influence as feed supplementation on water quality, growth performance, immunological parameters, antioxidant status, immune gene expression, and its resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila infection. GIFT Tilapia juveniles of 5.1 g (±0.05) were stocked at a density of 15/m³ in lined ponds of 300 m² in triplicates for 180 days. The experimental groups consisted of T1-biofloc developed within the culture systems (insitu), T2-biofloc supplementation in fish feed (exsitu) and C- Control without biofloc. Distillery Spent wash was used as a carbon source to maintain the C/N ratio of 10:1 for floc development in T1. Free CO_2, pH, BOD, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, Calcium and Magnesium ions, Nitrate, Nitrite and ammonia were found to be significantly different between the treatments and control throughout the experiment. The immunological (Serum protein, Respiratory burst test (RBT) and Myeloperoxidase) and antioxidant indicators (Glucose, Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase) were found to be significantly higher in T1 at the end of the trial. Increased weight gain, specific growth rate, survival and decreased feed conversion ratio was found in T1 when compared with the other experimental groups. Real time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that there was no folded expression of the immunological genes such as Metallothionein gene, cathepsin L, Toll like receptor 7, Interleukin 1 β and Tumour necrosis factor α in liver and intestine for both control and treatment. However, the upregulated expression of targeted genes except tumour necrosis factor α was found in head kidney of T1. At the end of the study, GIFT Tilapia when infected with Aeromonas hydrophila showed an improved immune response in T1 and T2 with lesser signs of infection than Control. The findings of the present study affirmed the importance of biofloc technology in triggering the immunomodulatory response of GIFT Tilapia with its upregulated immune gene expression and its role as an antimicrobial agent against Aeromonas hydrophila. This study suggests the adoption of in-situ (T1) based biofloc method to obtain better performance of GIFT Tilapia culture.

Carbohydrate sources deferentially influence growth performances, microbial dynamics and immunomodulation in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) under biofloc system

This study aims to evaluate the influence of different carbohydrate sources on water quality, growth performance and immunomodulation in pacific white shrimp and to find an alternate for molasses in biofloc system. The experiment consists of 8 biofloc treatments with different carbon sources, C1 (maida flour), C2 (wheat flour), C3 (gram flour), C4 (millet flour), C5 (rice flour), C6 (corn flour), C7 (molasses), C8 (multigrain flour) and un-supplemented control C0 was conducted in 200 L tank system for 120 days. Shrimp juveniles of average weight 1 g were stocked at the rate of 300 nos/m³. Shrimp reared in C8, C7 and C4 treatments had similar growth, survival rate, and disease resistance and were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than other treatments including control. Immune parameters like total hemocyte count (THC) and prophenoloxidase (ProPO) activity showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) levels in biofloc treatment groups. The genes targeting the proPO cascade (PX, BGBP) and antioxidant defense systems (SOD, MnSOD, CAT) revealed significant upregulation in the transcript levels indicating an enhancement in the immune-regulatory functions in the BFT groups. The results suggest that millets and multigrain flour can effectively replace molasses as the carbohydrate source for biofloc system and the biofloc system offers higher growth, survival, and immunomodulation than control.

Weak correlation of bleeding scores to platelet electron microscopy: A retrospective chart review of pediatric patients with delta-storage pool disorder

BACKGROUND

Delta granule storage pool deficiency (δ-SPD) is a rare platelet disorder in which a deficiency of platelet granules leads to poor aggregation, resulting in varying clinical bleeding phenotypes. Children with δ-SPD have variable laboratory results, making the proper diagnosis and evaluation controversial.

OBJECTIVES

To describe the demographic and laboratory trends of this population and to assess the value of electron microscopy in diagnostic evaluation and its correlation to bleeding symptoms.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective review of 109 pediatric patients diagnosed with δ-SPD. We collected demographic information and bleeding scores using a validated bleeding assessment tool. A descriptive and exploratory analysis was performed.

RESULTS

The majority of patients were female, with an average age at diagnosis of 11.61 years. Females were diagnosed at a significantly older age presenting most often with menorrhagia, while males presented most commonly with epistaxis. The majority showed normal lumiaggregometry, the mean platelet electron microscopy (PEM) value was 2.37, and the mean bleeding score was 6. Bleeding assessment tool and PEM had a significantly weak correlation.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with more dense granules per platelet had higher bleeding scores than those with fewer dense granules per platelet. The current body of evidence does not favor the use of PEM in routine clinical practice, and results are difficult to interpret. In patients with severe mucocutaneous bleeding symptoms and normal platelet aggregation studies, consideration should be given to an alternative diagnosis and further evaluation is warranted.

Carbon: Nitrogen (C:N) ratio level variation influences microbial community of the system and growth as well as immunity of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in biofloc based culture system

Biofloc technology (BFT) is a novel modern aquaculture farming technique used to reduce toxic nitrogen concentration, act as in situ food source and eradicate pollutants using carbon and therefore to control C:N ratio in an aquaculture system. In this study, effect of different C:N ratios of a biofloc based system on water quality such as the level of Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) nitrite-nitrogen (NO₂^--N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N) were explored. Further, the growth and immunity status of shrimp L. vannamei under the influence of different C:N ratios were evaluated. Two of the C:N ratios (15 and 20) could significantly (P < 0.05) reduce TAN, NO₂-N and NO₃-N levels (0.456 ± 0.01, 0.145 ± 0.09, and 0.102 ± 0.02 ppm) compared to control (1.45 ± 0.1, 0.749 ± 0.14 and 0.675 ± 0.16 ppm). Large variations in the frequency distribution of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) for the bacterial community in water with different C:N ration (BFT) and control were observed. Vibrios often considered as opportunistic pathogens, where the most dominant bacterial flora of water in control (79%) and C:N5 (37%) group. In C:N10, Thauera (62%) was most represented genus. Similarly, Attheyaceae (56%), followed by Peridiniaceae (30%) were the most dominant groups in C:N15 treatment. The diversity of bacterial flora was more spread in C:N20 treatments with Psychrobacter (26%), Proteobacteria (25%) and Peridiniaceae (20%) as the major groups. The trend of Vibrio dominance decreased with the increase in C:N ratios and thus confirming the dominance of heterotrophic bacteria in high C:N ratio groups. Upon challenge with pathogens, shrimps from C:N10, C:N15 and C:N20 groups showed significantly higher survival (P < 0.05) compared to the C:N5 and control group. Similarly, better growth rate was also observed in BFT tanks compared to control both during the culture and at harvest. Comparatively higher expression of four immune-related genes (ras-related nuclear gene (RAN), serine proteinase gene (SP), prophenoloxidase activating enzyme (PPAE), and crustin were observed in different C:N ratio ponds than control and these were in increasing trend with the C:N ratio. Gene expression analysis showed that the transcripts of those immune genes were significantly increased among all C:N treatments than that of control. Overall, these findings demonstrated that with optimum C:N ratio, BFT can be used to optimize the bacterial community composition for both optimal water quality and optimal shrimp health. This study thus indicates the possibility of obtaining better performance of L. vannamei culture with proper adjustment of C:N ratio in a biofloc based system.

Salmonids have an extraordinary complex type I IFN system: characterization of the IFN locus in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss reveals two novel IFN subgroups

Fish type I IFNs are classified into two groups with two (group I) or four (group II) cysteines in the mature peptide and can be further divided into four subgroups, termed IFN-a, -b, -c, and -d. Salmonids possess all four subgroups, whereas other teleost species have one or more but not all groups. In this study, we have discovered two further subgroups (IFN-e and -f) in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and analyzed the expression of all six subgroups in rainbow trout and brown trout Salmo trutta. In rainbow trout RTG-2 and RTS-11 cells, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stimulation resulted in early activation of IFN-d, whereas the IFN-e subgroup containing the highest number of members showed weak induction. In contrast with the cell lines, remarkable induction of IFN-a, -b, and -c was detected in primary head kidney leukocytes after polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid treatment, whereas a moderate increase of IFNs was observed after stimulation with resiquimod. Infection of brown trout with hemorrhagic septicemia virus resulted in early induction of IFN-d, -e, and -f and a marked increase of IFN-b and IFN-c expression in kidney and spleen. IFN transcripts were found to be strongly correlated with the viral burden and with marker genes of the IFN antiviral cascade. The results demonstrate that the IFN system of salmonids is far more complex than previously realized, and in-depth research is required to fully understand its regulation and function.

Association of dual viral infection with mortality of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in culture ponds in India

Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei has been introduced recently for culture practice in India. Though SPF stocks are imported for larval production and thereafter culture practice, these are prone to infection with the existing viruses in the environment. Here we report mortality of L.vannamei in several farms in India with minimum biosecurity. The shrimp were harvested early within 50-72 days of culture due to the onset of disease and consequent mortality. As per the analysis carried out, the shrimp were infected with two virus, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV). About 80 % of the samples collected had either or both of the viruses. A majority of these samples (60 %) had dual infection with WSSV and IHHNV. Infection of shrimp with WSSV and IHHNV could be detected both by PCR and histopathology. Some of the samples had either exclusively WSSV infection or IHHNV infection and were also harvested before the completion of the required culture period. All the samples analyzed were negative for taura syndrome virus, yellow head virus and infectious myonecrosis virus. While it is difficult to point out the exact etiological agent as the cause of mortality, strict biosecurity measures are advisable for the continuity of L. vannamei culture in India.

Probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus rhamnosus influences the blood profile in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

This paper reports the effect of feeding probiotic diets on blood profiles in rainbow trout. Two experiments were performed: in the first, fish of average weight 75 g were offered either a commercial feed or the same incorporated with 10(9) CFU g(-1) of lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus rhamnosus for 30 days; in the second study performed for a similar duration, fish of average weight 126 g were offered formulated diets that either contained the same bacteria in heat-killed or freeze-dried form (nearly 10(11) CFU g(-1)), or the basal diet without the bacteria. Blood samples were collected at different times after commencement of probiotic feeding to determine the total cholesterol, triglyceride contents, the plasma alkaline phosphatase activity, plasma protein and hematocrit value. The plasma cholesterol significantly increased upon probiotic feeding in the first experiment. A significant elevation (P<0.05) of plasma cholesterol and triglyceride and alkaline phosphatase activity level was found in the freeze-dried probiotic fed groups at 20 and 30 days postfeeding. This was concomitant with the increased plasma protein and hematocrit values in FD group at 20 and 30 days. Likewise, the heat-killed probiotic fed group registered significantly high values of triglycerides, alkaline phosphatase activity, and plasma protein compared to the control diet fed groups after 20 days of feeding. Thus, alterations in the blood profiles could serve as supplementary information when examining the benefits of probiotics for fish.

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) affects the antioxidant and immune defense of the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a very potent antioxidant derived from green tea, was compared with vitamin E in terms of its effects on antioxidant defense and immune response of rainbow trout, by means of a feeding trial of eight weeks. Two of the experimental diets were supplemented with EGCG at either 20 or 100 mg kg(-1) diet (which contained only 30% of the intended levels) and the third was provided with 100 mg kg(-1) vitamin E but not EGCG. The control diet was not supplemented with the test components. Observation of tissue levels indicated that the high amount of EGCG helped to increase the availability of the lipid-soluble antioxidant vitamin E. The lower levels of lipid hydroperoxide in the liver of fish fed the higher amount of EGCG suggested that it was an effective antioxidant. Considering the immune indices, EGCG and vitamin E at 100 mg (actual amounts 31.9 and 94.1 mg kg(-1) diet, respectively) had identical capabilities in improving phagocytic activity and controlling hydrogen peroxide production by leucocytes. However, EGCG could possibly be more effective at enhancing serum lysozyme activity and the alternative complement activity. This work revealed the potential of EGCG as an antioxidant and an immunostimulant for rainbow trout, at least at the inclusion level of 32 mg kg(-1) diet.

Iodine status of women in reproductive age group in urban slums of Cuttack City, Orissa

A community based cross-sectional study involving 168 women of reproductive age was carried out in urban slums of Cuttack city in 2005 to assess the iodine status. Pre-designed, pre-tested schedule was used to collect relevant information & urine samples collected from the study subjects were analyzed by ammonium persulfate digestion method to estimate the iodine level. The median urinary iodine concentration of the study subjects was 64.5 microg/L, 62.5% of study population had iodine deficiency i.e. < 100 microg/L & among them, 74.3% had moderate to severe iodine deficiency i.e. <50 microg/L. Iodine deficiency was significantly higher among women of Muslim religion & Hindu Scheduled Caste & those coming from joint families.

Asian Indian donor marrow registry: All India Institute of Medical Sciences experience

A major limitation in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the availability of a genetically matched donor, particularly with respect to the human leukocyte antigens (HLA)-linked immune response genes located on chromosome 6 in humans. During the last 5 years, a total of 688 patients requiring HSCT underwent HLA testing in our department to identify a matched donor from their families. The sibship size ranged from 1 to > or =5 in all disease categories, except thalassemia major where the majority of patients had only 1 sibling. Family genotype analysis revealed that 39.3% of the total number of patients had an HLA-matched sibling and that families with sibship size of > or =4 had a higher probability (68.8%) compared with those with sibship size of < or =3 (29.7%). Because the Indian population is characterized by the presence of novel HLA alleles and unique haplotypes (HLA-A*0211, B*2707, A*26-B*08-DRB1*03), patients with rare HLA alleles have much less probability of finding an unrelated optimally matched donor than those with common HLA phenotypes. Smaller family size and unique HLA profile are limitations that can be overcome by developing unrelated volunteer marrow donor registries. The Asian Indian Donor Marrow Registry at our institute is regularly providing services to such patients.

Monitoring of anti-HLA and anti-Major histocompatibility complex class I related chain A antibodies in living related renal donor transplantation

This study was undertaken with the aim to analyze the clinical relevance of posttransplant anti-HLA and anti-major histocompatibility complex class I related chain A (MICA) antibodies in response to living related donor renal transplantation. A total of 185 consecutive post-renal transplant recipient serum samples were analyzed for the detection of anti-HLA and MICA antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosolvent assay techniques. Patients carrying both anti-HLA as well as anti-MICA antibodies (MICA(+)/HLA(+)) were the worst affected, showing significantly poorer graft survival compared with the MICA-/HLA-negative group (17% vs 89%, chi(2) = 19.63, P = .000). Similarly, patients with only MICA antibodies or those with only HLA antibodies also had significantly lower graft survival (P = .035 and P = .001, respectively) as compared to the nonsensitized group. The study illustrated that posttransplant monitoring antibodies to both MICA as well as HLA could be good predictors of renal allograft failure.

14th International HLA and Immunogenetics Workshop: Report on the Prospective Chronic Rejection Project

An international collaborative study of 45 transplant centers was undertaken at the 14th International HLA (human leukocyte antigen) and Immunogenetics Workshop to see if HLA antibodies detected posttransplant are predictive of chronic graft failure. With the newly developed assay, MICA (major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain A) antibodies were also measured and their effect analyzed. Total of 5219 sera from patients who were more than 6 months posttransplant with functioning graft were tested for HLA antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, or Luminex. HLA antibodies were found in 27.2% of kidney patients, 23.6% in the liver, 52.7% in the heart, and 21.7% in the lung. The method of antibody testing did not have a marked influence on the frequency of antibodies detected. MICA antibodies were detected in 15% of kidney patients, 30% of heart patients, and 31% of liver patients. Among 948 kidney patients who had HLA antibodies, 7.3% had rejected their graft within 1 year of testing, compared with 1.7% in 2615 patients without HLA antibodies (P= 0.8 x 10(-17)). Death occurred in 1.4% of total kidney patients and did not correlate to the presence of antibodies. We conclude that patients with posttransplant HLA antibodies indeed have a higher rate of chronic graft failure and that posttransplant antibodies are predictive of chronic rejection.

Immune modulation and expression of cytokine genes in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss upon probiotic feeding

This study elucidates the immune modulation including the expression of cytokine genes following dietary administration of three selected probiotic bacteria--Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Enterococcus faecium and Bacillus subtilis to fish, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. They were fed for 45 days on either a basal control diet or one of the three probiotic diets containing the specific bacteria in freeze-dried form at a density of 10(9)CFUgfeed-1. The non-specific immune parameters examined--superoxide anion production by the head kidney leukocytes and the alternate complement activity of serum was improved by probiotic feeding. Besides this, the relative gene expressions of interleukin-1beta1, tumor necrosis factor 1 and 2 and transforming growth factor-beta were up regulated in the spleen and the head kidney. The comparatively better performance of E. faecium could possibly be linked to their suitable ambient temperature conditions. Thus, probiotic bacteria delivered in feed exerts its influence on the immune system of fish, both at cellular and molecular levels.

Allosensitization to HLA and MICA is an important measure of renal graft outcome

The objective of this study was to evaluate the donor-specific antibody repertoire against T and B cells and monocytes, as well as the non-donor anti-HLA, and MICA (MHC class I-related chain A) antibodies in recipients of the live related donor renal transplantation. Sera collected before and after transplantation were tested by ELISA for the presence of HLA class I- and class II-specific antibodies and by Luminex MICA single-antigen bead assay for the detection of MICA antibodies. Patients having a combination of both anti-HLA and MICA antibodies had worse graft survival and more rejection episodes as compared to the group without antibodies. Further, presence of IgG antibodies against the donor cells (T, B & monocytes) led to a compromised graft survival along with higher incidence of acute rejection as compared to the negative groups. These results suggest that a comprehensive assessment of anti-donor antibody repertoire and monitoring of anti-HLA, MICA antibodies following transplantation is a useful exercise to detect the sensitization status of the recipient and this can prove to be of immense prognostic value in renal transplantation.

14th International HLA and Immunogenetics Workshop Prospective Chronic Rejection Project: a three-year follow-up analysis

The three-year follow-up of 4,144 patients of the 14th International Workshop Prospective Chronic Rejection study has reinforced the evidence that post-transplant HLA antibodies are predictive of long-term graft loss. Three years after a single testing for HLA antibodies, 10% of kidney recipients who were antibody-positive had lost their grafts, in contrast to only 5% of antibody-negative patients (p<0.0001). The adverse effect of post-transplant antibodies on graft survival was also observed in lung, heart, and liver transplants. Donor-specific antibodies and 'strong' non-DSA had stronger association with graft loss than 'moderate' non-DSA. Periodic antibody monitoring, combined with specificity and strength analysis, would help in the early identification of allograft recipients who are at high risk of graft failure.

Functional assessment of immune markers of graft rejection: a comprehensive study in live-related donor renal transplantation

A better understanding of the immunobiological processes and predictors of graft rejection holds promise for the development of potential therapeutic strategies and also individualization of immunosuppression. The objective of this study is to analyze the clinical relevance of immune parameters such as antidonor antihuman leukocyte antigen (anti-HLA) antibodies, monitoring of cytokines and their receptors on the graft outcome following live-related donor renal transplantation. Flow cytometry-based methods were used to detect antidonor antibodies (flow cytometry crossmatch, FCXM) and intracellular cytokines. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods were employed to detect anti-HLA class I and class II antibodies and quantitative serum-soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) levels. The data revealed that patients with HLA class I-specific IgG antibody experienced higher acute rejection (AR) episodes at 1 yr in comparison to the antibody negative group (82% vs. 56%, p = 0.01). On the contrary, donor-specific class II antibodies (B+) did not have any influence on the graft survival. However, 15 recipients having both T- and B-cell antidonor antibodies (T+B+) had significantly poor graft survival (60%) as compared to the antibody-negative group (T-B-, 82%, p = 0.05). Additionally, patients having non-donor but HLA-specific antibodies (FCXM-/ELISA+) had poor graft survival as compared to the antibody-negative group (64% vs. 88%, p < 0.05). Further, patients undergoing AR episodes had significantly higher expression of IFN-gamma-producing T cells (19.16 +/- 7.4% median 17.50) as compared to their pre-transplant levels (5.68 +/- 1.63%, Median 5.20) and the non-rejecter group (5.97 +/- 4.39%, median 4.3, p = 0.0004). Similarly sIL-2 was significantly increased in AR episodes during the first month of transplantation (292 +/- 131.5 pmol/L) as compared to those with well-functioning grafts (p = 0.01) and healthy controls (p = 0.001). Evaluation of antidonor antibodies by flow cytometry is found to be relatively more sensitive and a better predictor of graft outcome. Further monitoring of cytokine expression profile of primed peripheral T-helper cells and quantitative analysis of sIL-2R offer additional valuable diagnostic and prognostic tools for follow-up of transplant subjects and a better alternative for functional assessment of immunosuppression.

Immune responses in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss induced by a potential probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus rhamnosus JCM 1136

This study was undertaken to examine the effect of supplementing a suggested probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus rhamnosus JCM 1136 in feed on immune response and gut flora composition of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. The probiotic bacteria were incorporated into a commercial feed to constitute two experimental diets containing either 10(9) or 10(11) colony forming unit of live bacteria/g of feed while a third diet without the bacterial supplement served as the control diet. The diets were offered to rainbow trout (75g average weight) in triplicate tanks for 30 days. Fish were sampled at 10, 20 and 30 days after commencement of the feeding trial to determine the proportion of the given probiont in the gut microflora composition and the nonspecific humoral and cellular immune responses on the 30th day. The relative proportion of the probiont increased with the feeding duration in the intestine, but not in the stomach. The proportion of L. rhamnosus in the stomach corresponded to the intake levels while no such relation existed in the intestine. The serum lysozyme and complement activities were significantly greater in fish fed the higher level of probiont compared with the control fish. The phagocytic activity of head kidney leucocytes also showed similar tendencies. These observations indicate the potential immuno-regulatory role of probiotic organisms in rainbow trout.

Immunological monitoring of posttransplant allograft sensitization following living related donor renal transplantation

A better understanding of the immunobiological processes and predictors of graft rejection holds promise for development of new therapeutic strategies and also for individualization of immunosuppression. The objective of this study was to analyze the clinical relevance of immune parameters, such as recipient sensitization status, donor-specific antibodies, and anti-HLA antibodies, which are major predictors of graft outcome following renal transplantation. Sera from 264 renal recipients at different posttransplant period were included for detection of anti-donor antibodies (by flowcytometry); anti-HLA, antibody (by ELISA), and panel-reactive antibodies (PRA) by complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) methods. Graft survival was analyzed in relation to posttransplant PRA at 2 years follow-up time: overall survival was significantly compromised in the highly sensitized group (group III) compared to the other two groups (overall chi2 = 24.20, P = 5.5 x 10(-06)). Flow cytometric cross-matches revealed the presence of anti-donor class I antibodies (T+) in 39 patients who had a poor graft survival of 51% compared with 85% survival in 225 antibody-negative patients. (chi2 = 22.260, P = 2.381 x 10(-.06)). Further analysis was performed based on the presence or absence of FCXM and ELISA-detected antibodies. Recipients belonging to group I (ELISA+/FCXM+) showed significantly lower graft survival (43%) compared with that observed in group II, which were essentially nonsensitized individuals (90%; P = 3.1 x 10(-08)). The graft survival in the ELISA-/FCXM+ group was 63%, which was significantly lower than that in group II (P = 5.14 x 10(-03)). Group IV (ELISA+/FCXM-) including 38 (14%) serum samples with nondonor but HLA-specific antibodies was associated with significantly poorer graft survival (63%) compared with group II (P = 6.6 x 10(-05)). Our data also show that while FCXM is the most sensitive test to detect donor-specific antibodies, the ELISA method offers the additional advantage of detecting anti-HLA class-I antibodies, which are detrimental for renal graft survival. Thus the use of multiple parameters to assess recipient immune profile can predict graft outcome more accurately thus helping the individualization and optimization of immunosuppression.