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Alemany-Perna B, Tamarit J, Cabiscol E, Delaspre F, Miguela A, Huertas-Pons JM, Quiroga-Varela A, Merchan Ruiz M, López Domínguez D, Ramió I Torrentà L, Genís D, Ros J. Calcitriol Treatment Is Safe and Increases Frataxin Levels in Friedreich Ataxia Patients. Mov Disord 2024. [PMID: 38696306 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D (also known as 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol), improves the phenotype and increases frataxin levels in cell models of Friedreich ataxia (FRDA). OBJECTIVES Based on these results, we aimed measuring the effects of a calcitriol dose of 0.25 mcg/24h in the neurological function and frataxin levels when administered to FRDA patients for a year. METHODS 20 FRDA patients where recluted and 15 patients completed the treatment for a year. Evaluations of neurological function changes (SARA scale, 9-HPT, 8-MWT, PATA test) and quality of life (Barthel Scale and Short Form (36) Health Survey [SF-36] quality of life questionnaire) were performed. Frataxin amounts were measured in isolated platelets obtained from these FRDA patients, from heterozygous FRDA carriers (relatives of the FA patients) and from non-heterozygous sex and age matched controls. RESULTS Although the patients did not experience any observable neurological improvement, there was a statistically significant increase in frataxin levels from initial values, 5.5 to 7.0 pg/μg after 12 months. Differences in frataxin levels referred to total protein levels were observed among sex- and age-matched controls (18.1 pg/μg), relative controls (10.1 pg/μg), and FRDA patients (5.7 pg/μg). The treatment was well tolerated by most patients, and only some of them experienced minor adverse effects at the beginning of the trial. CONCLUSIONS Calcitriol dosage used (0.25 mcg/24 h) is safe for FRDA patients, and it increases frataxin levels. We cannot rule out that higher doses administered longer could yield neurological benefits. © 2024 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Alemany-Perna
- Ataxia Unit, Neurology Service, ICS/IAS, Hospital Josep Trueta/Hospital Santa Caterina, Girona/Salt, Spain
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona (UdG), Girona, Spain
- Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammacion Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
| | - Jordi Tamarit
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Elisa Cabiscol
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Fabien Delaspre
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Albert Miguela
- Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammacion Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
| | - Joana Maria Huertas-Pons
- Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammacion Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
| | - Ana Quiroga-Varela
- Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammacion Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
| | - Miguel Merchan Ruiz
- Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammacion Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
| | - Daniel López Domínguez
- Ataxia Unit, Neurology Service, ICS/IAS, Hospital Josep Trueta/Hospital Santa Caterina, Girona/Salt, Spain
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona (UdG), Girona, Spain
- Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammacion Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
| | - Lluís Ramió I Torrentà
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona (UdG), Girona, Spain
- Neurology Service, ICS/IAS, Hospital Josep Trueta/Hospital Santa Caterina, Girona/Salt, Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammacion Group (IDIBGI), Girona/Salt, Spain
| | - David Genís
- Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammacion Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Ros
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
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Tortosa-Carreres J, Quiroga-Varela A, Castillo-Villalba J, Piqueras-Rodríguez M, Ramió-Torrenta L, Cubas-Núñez L, Gasqué-Rubio R, Quintanilla-Bordas C, Huertas-Pons JM, Miguela A, Casanova B, Laiz-Marro B, Pérez-Miralles FC. Improving the efficiency of free kappa light chains as diagnostic biomarker of Multiple Sclerosis by using a novel algorithm. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 79:104997. [PMID: 37714099 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis (ITS) plays a crucial role in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Traditionally, the gold standard method for detecting ITS has been through the analysis of oligoclonal bands (OCB). However, the paradigm has shifted with the introduction of the free kappa light chains (FKLC) method. In fact, a recent consensus recommends evaluating FKLC index (FKLCi) as the primary approach and reserving oligoclonal bands with borderline results. The objective of our study is to investigate the diagnostic efficiency of combining FKLC with other methods to predict ITS while minimizing the reliance on OCB. METHODS A total of 192 patients were included in the study, consisting of 145 individuals diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) and 46 with other neurological diseases (controls). Among the MS cases, 100 patients were assigned to the Training Cohort (TC), while an external Validation Cohort (VC) comprised of 45 MS patients was established. Diagnostic efficiency was assessed for FKLCi, OCB, Link index, and the Reiber formula for IgG and FKLC. Optimal cutoff values for Link index and FKLCi were also determined. The last procedure was developed for diverse algorithms using the parameters mentioned above, which included the optimal cutoffs previously obtained. The calculations were conducted independently for both the TC and the VC, as well as for a composite cohort formed by combining data from all patients (OC) RESULTS: One algorithm, named KRO, was developed based on the determination of FKLCi and Reiber Formula as the primary diagnostic parameters. For cases where the FKLCi result was mildly increased, OCB was utilized as a supplementary test. The KRO algorithm demonstrated superior diagnostic accuracy in the OC (89%), resulting in a reduction of OCB consumption by 91%. DISCUSSION The KRO algorithm demonstrated superior sensitivity and accuracy although lower specificity and NPV compared to the use of FKLCi and OCB alone. The present research aligns with the new consensus recommendations regarding the diagnostic approach. Our findings indicate that employing a combined marker approach via KRO could prove to be a proficient screening tool for multiple sclerosis. This approach also holds the potential to address inherent limitations associated with each individual marker. However, to further validate and solidify the efficacy of our algorithm, additional studies involving larger cohorts are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Tortosa-Carreres
- Laboratory Department, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia 46026, Spain; Medicine Department, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain.
| | - Anna Quiroga-Varela
- Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation Research Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
| | - Jessica Castillo-Villalba
- Grupo de investigación en Neuroinmunología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLAFE), Valencia, España; Medicine Department, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Mónica Piqueras-Rodríguez
- Laboratory Department, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia 46026, Spain; Medicine Department, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Lluís Ramió-Torrenta
- Girona Neuroimmumology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Department, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital and Santa Caterina Hospital, Girona, Spain; Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation Research Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain; Medical Sciences Department, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Laura Cubas-Núñez
- Grupo de investigación en Neuroinmunología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLAFE), Valencia, España
| | - Raquel Gasqué-Rubio
- Grupo de investigación en Neuroinmunología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLAFE), Valencia, España; Medicine Department, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Carlos Quintanilla-Bordas
- Neurology Department, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia 46026, Spain; Grupo de investigación en Neuroinmunología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLAFE), Valencia, España
| | - Joana María Huertas-Pons
- Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation Research Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
| | - Albert Miguela
- Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation Research Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Casanova
- Neurology Department, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia 46026, Spain; Grupo de investigación en Neuroinmunología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLAFE), Valencia, España
| | - Begoña Laiz-Marro
- Laboratory Department, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia 46026, Spain
| | - Francisco Carlos Pérez-Miralles
- Neurology Department, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia 46026, Spain; Grupo de investigación en Neuroinmunología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLAFE), Valencia, España
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Puig-Casadevall M, Álvarez-Bravo G, Varela AQ, Robles-Cedeño R, Sànchez Cirera L, Miguela A, Laguillo G, Montalban X, Hauser SL, Ramió-Torrentà L. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient with relapsing multiple sclerosis treated with ocrelizumab: A case report. Eur J Neurol 2023; 30:3357-3361. [PMID: 37485841 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is a rare but often fatal complication of some multiple sclerosis treatments. Although it has mainly been associated with natalizumab treatment, its appearance with other immunosuppressive therapies has also been reported. AIMS The aim of this case report is to describe the development of progressive multifocal encephalopathy in a patient with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treated with ocrelizumab without previous use of natalizumab. CONCLUSIONS A summary of the presentation and disease course is provided, presented in the context of the current literature and likely pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Puig-Casadevall
- Girona Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Department, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital and Santa Caterina Hospital, Salt, Spain
| | - Gary Álvarez-Bravo
- Girona Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Department, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital and Santa Caterina Hospital, Salt, Spain
- Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation Research Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Salt, Spain
| | - Ana Quiroga Varela
- Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation Research Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Salt, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Red de Enfermedades inflamatorias (RD21/0002/0063), Madrid, Spain
| | - René Robles-Cedeño
- Girona Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Department, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital and Santa Caterina Hospital, Salt, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Red de Enfermedades inflamatorias (RD21/0002/0063), Madrid, Spain
- Medical Sciences Department, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | | | - Albert Miguela
- Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation Research Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Salt, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Red de Enfermedades inflamatorias (RD21/0002/0063), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Laguillo
- Radiology Department, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain
| | - Xavier Montalban
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stephen L Hauser
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lluis Ramió-Torrentà
- Girona Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Department, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital and Santa Caterina Hospital, Salt, Spain
- Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation Research Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Salt, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud (RICORS), Red de Enfermedades inflamatorias (RD21/0002/0063), Madrid, Spain
- Medical Sciences Department, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Neurology Department, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain
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Muñoz-San Martín M, Gómez I, Quiroga-Varela A, Gonzalez-del Río M, Robles Cedeño R, Álvarez G, Buxó M, Miguela A, Villar LM, Castillo-Villalba J, Casanova B, Quintana E, Ramió-Torrentà L. miRNA Signature in CSF From Patients With Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2022; 10:10/1/e200069. [PMID: 36724195 PMCID: PMC9743264 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) displays a highly variable disease progression with a characteristic accumulation of disability, what makes difficult its diagnosis and efficient treatment. The identification of microRNAs (miRNAs)-based signature for the early detection in biological fluids could reveal promising biomarkers to provide new insights into defining MS clinical subtypes and potential therapeutic strategies. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to describe PPMS miRNA profiles in CSF and serum samples compared with other neurologic disease individuals (OND) and relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). METHODS First, a screening stage analyzing multiple miRNAs in few samples using OpenArray plates was performed. Second, individual quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qPCRs) were used to validate specific miRNAs in a greater number of samples. RESULTS A specific profile of dysregulated circulating miRNAs (let-7b-5p and miR-143-3p) was found downregulated in PPMS CSF samples compared with OND. In addition, in serum samples, miR-20a-5p and miR-320b were dysregulated in PPMS against RRMS and OND, miR-26a-5p and miR-485-3p were downregulated in PPMS vs RRMS, and miR-142-5p was upregulated in RRMS compared with OND. DISCUSSION We described a 2-miRNA signature in CSF of PPMS individuals and several dysregulated miRNAs in serum from patients with MS, which could be considered valuable candidates to be further studied to unravel their actual role in MS. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class II evidence that specific miRNA profiles accurately distinguish PPMS from RRMS and other neurologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ester Quintana
- From the Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Group (M.M.-S.M., I.G., A.Q.-V., M.G.R., R.R.C., G.Á., A.M., E.Q., L.R.-T.), Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Salt, Spain; CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya; Neurology Department (R.R.C., G.Á., L.R.-T.), Girona Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital and Santa Caterina Hospital; Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM) (R.R.C., E.Q., L.R.-T.) Medical Sciences Department (R.R.C., E.Q., L.R.-T.), University of Girona (UdG), Spain; Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI) (M.B.), Spain; Immunology Department (L.M.V.), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain; IRYCIS; and Unitat de Neuroimmunologia, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe.València (J.C.-V., B.C.).
| | - Lluís Ramió-Torrentà
- From the Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Group (M.M.-S.M., I.G., A.Q.-V., M.G.R., R.R.C., G.Á., A.M., E.Q., L.R.-T.), Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Salt, Spain; CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya; Neurology Department (R.R.C., G.Á., L.R.-T.), Girona Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital and Santa Caterina Hospital; Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM) (R.R.C., E.Q., L.R.-T.) Medical Sciences Department (R.R.C., E.Q., L.R.-T.), University of Girona (UdG), Spain; Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI) (M.B.), Spain; Immunology Department (L.M.V.), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain; IRYCIS; and Unitat de Neuroimmunologia, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe.València (J.C.-V., B.C.).
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5
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Zabalza A, Arrambide G, Otero-Romero S, Pappolla A, Tagliani P, López-Maza S, Cárdenas-Robledo S, Esperalba J, Fernández-Naval C, Martínez-Gallo M, Castillo M, Bonastre M, Resina-Salles M, Bertran J, Rodriguez-Barranco M, Carbonell-Mirabent P, Gonzalez M, Merchan M, Quiroga-Varela A, Miguela A, Gómez I, Álvarez G, Robles R, Perez Del Campo D, Queralt X, Soler MJ, Agraz I, Martinez-Valle F, Rodríguez-Acevedo B, Midaglia L, Vidal-Jordana Á, Cobo-Calvo Á, Tur C, Galan I, Castillo J, Río J, Espejo C, Comabella M, Nos C, Sastre-Garriga J, Ramió-Torrentà L, Tintoré M, Montalban X. Is humoral and cellular response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine modified by DMT in patients with multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases? Mult Scler 2022; 28:1138-1145. [PMID: 35475363 DOI: 10.1177/13524585221089540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of disease-modifying therapies on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine response is unclear. OBJECTIVES We aim to determine the immunological responses to SARS-CoV-2 in multiple sclerosis (MS) and anti-CD20-treated patients with other autoimmune diseases (AID). METHODS Humoral and cellular responses we determined before and 30-90 days after vaccination in patients with MS and anti-CD20-treated patients with other AID in two Catalan centers. RESULTS 457 patients were enrolled. Findings showed that humoral response decreased under anti-CD20s or sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulators (S1PRM) and with longer treatment duration and increased after 4.5 months from the last anti-CD20 infusion. Cellular response decreased in S1PRM-treated. Patients on anti-CD20 can present cellular responses even in the absence of antibodies. CONCLUSION Anti-CD20s and S1PRM modify the immunological responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Zabalza
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Georgina Arrambide
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Otero-Romero
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology Department, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agustín Pappolla
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Tagliani
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Samuel López-Maza
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Simón Cárdenas-Robledo
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juliana Esperalba
- Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Candela Fernández-Naval
- Microbiology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica Martínez-Gallo
- Immunology Division, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron and Diagnostic Immunology Research Group, Valld'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Castillo
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Bonastre
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Resina-Salles
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordina Bertran
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Rodriguez-Barranco
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Carbonell-Mirabent
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Gonzalez
- Girona Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Department, Dr, Josep Trueta Hospital and Santa Caterina Hospital, Girona, Spain Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation Research Group, IDIBGI, Girona, Spain
| | - Miguel Merchan
- Girona Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Department, Dr, Josep Trueta Hospital and Santa Caterina Hospital, Girona, Spain Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation Research Group, IDIBGI, Girona, Spain
| | - Ana Quiroga-Varela
- Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation Research Group, IDIBGI, Girona, Spain Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Miguela
- Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation Research Group, IDIBGI, Girona, Spain
| | - Imma Gómez
- Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation Research Group, IDIBGI, Girona, Spain
| | - Gary Álvarez
- Girona Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Department, Dr, Josep Trueta Hospital and Santa Caterina Hospital, Girona, Spain Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation Research Group, IDIBGI, Girona, Spain
| | - René Robles
- Girona Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Department, Dr, Josep Trueta Hospital and Santa Caterina Hospital, Girona, Spain Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation Research Group, IDIBGI, Girona, Spain Medical Sciences Department, University of Girona, Girona, Spain Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dúnia Perez Del Campo
- Girona Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Universitari de Girona Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Xavier Queralt
- Girona Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Universitari de Girona Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Maria José Soler
- Department of Nephrology, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Agraz
- Department of Nephrology, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Martinez-Valle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Breogán Rodríguez-Acevedo
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luciana Midaglia
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ángela Vidal-Jordana
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Álvaro Cobo-Calvo
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Tur
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ingrid Galan
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Castillo
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Río
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Espejo
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Comabella
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Nos
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Sastre-Garriga
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Ramió-Torrentà
- Girona Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Department, Dr, Josep Trueta Hospital and Santa Caterina Hospital, Girona, Spain Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation Research Group, IDIBGI, Girona, Spain Medical Sciences Department, University of Girona, Girona, Spain Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Tintoré
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Montalban
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
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