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Hall GJ, Page EJ, Rhee M, Hay C, Krause A, Langenbacher E, Ruth A, Grenier S, Duran AP, Kamara I, Iskander JK, Alsayyid F, Thomas DL, Bock E, Porta N, Pharo J, Osterink BA, Zelmanowitz S, Fleischmann CM, Liyanage D, Gray JP. Wastewater Surveillance of US Coast Guard Installations and Seagoing Military Vessels to Mitigate the Risk of COVID-19 Outbreaks, March 2021-August 2022. Public Health Rep 2024:333549241236644. [PMID: 38561999 DOI: 10.1177/00333549241236644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Military training centers and seagoing vessels are often environments at high risk for the spread of COVID-19 and other contagious diseases, because military trainees and personnel arrive after traveling from many parts of the country and live in congregate settings. We examined whether levels of SARS-CoV-2 genetic material in wastewater correlated with SARS-CoV-2 infections among military personnel living in communal barracks and vessels at US Coast Guard training centers in the United States. METHODS The Coast Guard developed and established 3 laboratories with wastewater testing capability at Coast Guard training centers from March 2021 through August 2022. We analyzed wastewater from barracks housing trainees and from 4 Coast Guard vessels for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 genes N and E and quantified the results relative to levels of a fecal indicator virus, pepper mild mottle virus. We compared quantified data with the timing of medically diagnosed COVID-19 infection among (1) military personnel who had presented with symptoms or had been discovered through contact tracing and had medical tests and (2) military personnel who had been discovered through routine surveillance by positive SARS-CoV-2 antigen or polymerase chain reaction test results. RESULTS Levels of viral genes in wastewater at Coast Guard locations were best correlated with diagnosed COVID-19 cases when wastewater testing was performed twice weekly with passive samplers deployed for the entire week; such testing detected ≥1 COVID-19 case 69.8% of the time and ≥3 cases 88.3% of the time. Wastewater assessment in vessels did not continue because of logistical constraints. CONCLUSION Wastewater testing is an effective tool for measuring the presence and patterns of SARS-CoV-2 infections among military populations. Success with wastewater testing for SARS-CoV-2 infections suggests that other diseases may be assessed with similar approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Hall
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, US Coast Guard Academy, New London, CT, USA
| | - Eric J Page
- Department of Physics, US Coast Guard Academy, New London, CT, USA
| | - Min Rhee
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, US Coast Guard Academy, New London, CT, USA
| | - Clara Hay
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, US Coast Guard Academy, New London, CT, USA
| | - Amelia Krause
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, US Coast Guard Academy, New London, CT, USA
| | - Emma Langenbacher
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, US Coast Guard Academy, New London, CT, USA
| | - Allison Ruth
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, US Coast Guard Academy, New London, CT, USA
| | - Steve Grenier
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, US Coast Guard Academy, New London, CT, USA
| | - Alexander P Duran
- Office of Environmental Safety, US Coast Guard Academy, New London, CT, USA
| | - Ibrahim Kamara
- Occupational Medicine and Quality Improvement Division, US Coast Guard Headquarters, Washington, DC, USA
| | - John K Iskander
- Preventive Medicine and Population Health, US Coast Guard Headquarters, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Fahad Alsayyid
- Coast Guard Medical Directorate, US Coast Guard, Cape May, NJ, USA
| | - Dana L Thomas
- Assistant Commandant, Health, Safety, and Work-Life Service Center, US Coast Guard Headquarters, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Edward Bock
- Health, Safety, and Work-Life Service Center, US Coast Guard, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Nicholas Porta
- Health, Safety, and Work-Life Service Center, US Coast Guard, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Jessica Pharo
- Health, Safety, and Work-Life Service Center, US Coast Guard, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Beth A Osterink
- Health, Safety, and Work-Life Service Center, US Coast Guard, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Sharon Zelmanowitz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, US Coast Guard Academy, New London, CT, USA
| | - Corinna M Fleischmann
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, US Coast Guard Academy, New London, CT, USA
| | - Dilhara Liyanage
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, US Coast Guard Academy, New London, CT, USA
| | - Joshua P Gray
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, US Coast Guard Academy, New London, CT, USA
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Duran AP, Asurmendi S, D'Orio E, Horenstein AL, de Castiglia SG. Direct labeling of monoclonal antibodies with 99mTc and radioimmunodetection of a murine mammary carcinoma with 99mTc-B2C114. J Nucl Biol Med (1991) 1994; 38:33-7. [PMID: 7632765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Two anti-CEA antibodies, B2C114 and IORCEA1, were radiolabeled with 99mTc by two direct methods (mercaptoethanol and ascorbic acid reduction), and the radio-immunoimaging properties of B2C114 were assessed in mice bearing an M3-reactive tumor. The labeling efficiency was greater than 90% as measured by ITLC in saline, methylethylketone and with serum albumin impregnated sheets using ethanol: water: NH4OH (2:5:1). The label was stable to challenge with excess DTPA, and in the case of ascorbic acid reduction, serum analysis showed that 10-15% of the radioactivity was lost during incubation. In vitro studies demonstrated that the radiolabeled antibodies retained their immunoreactivity. Biodistribution studies in normal Balb/c mice showed that the pattern of uptake was quite similar for both antibodies. Biodistribution of the 99mTc-B2C114 and image studies in the animal model showed that the tumor was clearly visualized and that B2C114 labeled with 99mTc is a possible candidate for human radioimmunodetection of CEA-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Duran
- Oncologic Center of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Oncology, Angel H. Roffo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Twohy CW, Duran AP, Peeler JT. Extraction of bacterial endotoxin from medical devices. J Parenter Sci Technol 1986; 40:287-91. [PMID: 3819983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Schwab AH, Wentz BA, Jagow JA, Swartzentruber A, Duran AP, Lanier JM, Barnard RJ, Read RB. Microbiological Quality of Cream-Type Pies During Processing. J Food Prot 1985; 48:70-75. [PMID: 30934489 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-48.1.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In-line samples of crust, filling and topping were collected from pies being prepared by all U.S. firms making frozen cream-type pies for interstate distribution. All firms adhered to Good Manufacturing Practices, as determined by visual inspection. Geometric mean aerobic plate count values were generally low for crust, filling and topping, ranging from 49 CFU/g for topping containing dairy ingredients as it was deposited onto the pie filling to 2400 CFU/g for filling containing dairy ingredients as it was deposited into the crust of the pie. Geometric mean coliform, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus values were generally lower than the limits of detection, which were 3/g for coliforms and E. coli and 10/g for S. aureus .
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Schwab
- Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401 and Division of Microbiology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC. 20204
| | - B A Wentz
- Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401 and Division of Microbiology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC. 20204
| | - J A Jagow
- Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401 and Division of Microbiology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC. 20204
| | - A Swartzentruber
- Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401 and Division of Microbiology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC. 20204
| | - A P Duran
- Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401 and Division of Microbiology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC. 20204
| | - J M Lanier
- Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401 and Division of Microbiology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC. 20204
| | - R J Barnard
- Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401 and Division of Microbiology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC. 20204
| | - R B Read
- Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401 and Division of Microbiology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC. 20204
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Abstract
Duplicate samples of crab and crabmeat (body meat and claw meat) were collected four times a day for two consecutive days at seven in-line locations (plus finished product claw and body meat) along the processing lines of 47 crabmeat plants located along the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico coasts of the United States. All the plants adhered to Good Manufacturing Practice, as determined by visual inspection. Two sanitation inspections and sample collections were conducted at 5-month intervals to reflect seasonal variation. In all, 8,477 in-line samples and 2,459 finished product units of blue crab and crabmeat and 522 in-line samples and 128 finished product units of red crab and Maine crab and crabmeat were analyzed microbiologically. Geometric mean aerobic plate count at 35°C (APC 35) values increased from 1,200 CFU/g before pick to 20,000 CFU/g in the finished product (body meat). For claw meat, APC 35 values increased from 15,000 CFU/g before pick to 24,000 CFU/g in the finished product. Aerobic plate count at 30°C (APC 30) values were consistently higher (2-fold or less) than APC 35 values. Coliform counts in both finished products were ≥19/g in approximately 60% of the units. Coliforms exceeded 500/g in 3.8 and 3.2% of the finished product units for body meat and claw meat, respectively. Geometric mean Escherichia coli counts were <3 for all sample sites and finished products, with only 3.3 and 2.7% of the units showing detectable E. coli for body meat and claw meat, respectively. Geometric mean values for Staphylococcus aureus were 16.8/g for finished body meat and 16.0/g for finished claw meat; approximately 20% of the units of both finished products had S. aureus values >100/g. S. aureus counts increased significantly after picking.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Wentz
- Division of Microbiology and Division of Mathematics, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204 and Minneapolis Center for Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401
| | - A P Duran
- Division of Microbiology and Division of Mathematics, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204 and Minneapolis Center for Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401
| | - A Swartzentruber
- Division of Microbiology and Division of Mathematics, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204 and Minneapolis Center for Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401
| | - A H Schwab
- Division of Microbiology and Division of Mathematics, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204 and Minneapolis Center for Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401
| | - F D McCLURE
- Division of Microbiology and Division of Mathematics, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204 and Minneapolis Center for Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401
| | - D Archer
- Division of Microbiology and Division of Mathematics, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204 and Minneapolis Center for Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401
| | - R B Read
- Division of Microbiology and Division of Mathematics, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204 and Minneapolis Center for Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401
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6
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Twohy CW, Duran AP, Munson TE. Endotoxin contamination of parenteral drugs and radiopharmaceuticals as determined by the limulus amebocyte lysate method. J Parenter Sci Technol 1984; 38:190-201. [PMID: 6512657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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7
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Swartzentruber A, Schwab AH, Wentz BA, Duran AP, Read RB. Microbiological Quality of Biscuit Dough, Snack Cakes and Soy Protein Meat Extender. J Food Prot 1984; 47:467-470. [PMID: 30934479 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-47.6.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The microbiological quality of refrigerated biscuit dough, nonrefrigerated chocolate-flavored cream- or custard-filled snack cakes, and seasoned or unseasoned textured soy or vegetable protein meat extender was determined by a statistically based national survey at the retail level. For refrigerated biscuit dough, geometric means of aerobic plate counts (APC) and counts of yeasts and molds, coliforms, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 34,000, 46, 11, <3 and <3 microorganisms/g, respectively, and for seasoned and unseasoned meat extender 1,500 and 210 (APC seasoned and unseasoned), <25, <3, <3 and <10 microorganisms/g, respectively. Because of the limited availability of unseasoned meat extender in retail markets, the APC of 210 bacteria/g is not necessarily representative of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Swartzentruber
- Division of Microbiology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204 and Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401
| | - A H Schwab
- Division of Microbiology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204 and Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401
| | - B A Wentz
- Division of Microbiology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204 and Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401
| | - A P Duran
- Division of Microbiology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204 and Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401
| | - R B Read
- Division of Microbiology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204 and Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401
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8
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Abstract
The microbiological quality of precooked or partially cooked frozen breaded onion rings and tuna pot pies was determined by a national sampling at the retail level. The number of units examined and the geometric means for aerobic plate counts at 30 and 35°C, respectively, were 1,590 units of onion rings, 340 and 250/g; tuna pot pies, 1,290 units, 2,400 and 1,600/g. Geometric means for coliform organisms, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in onion rings were <3, <3 and <10/g, respectively; those for tuna pies were 5, <3 and <10/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Wentz
- Division of Microbiology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204 and Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401
| | - A P Duran
- Division of Microbiology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204 and Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401
| | - A Swartzentruber
- Division of Microbiology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204 and Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401
| | - A H Schwab
- Division of Microbiology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204 and Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401
| | - R B Read
- Division of Microbiology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204 and Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401
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9
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Duran AP, Wentz BA, Lanier JM, McClure FD, Schwab AH, Swartzentruber A, Barnard RJ, Read RB, JR.. Microbiological Quality of Breaded Shrimp During Processing. J Food Prot 1983; 46:974-977. [PMID: 30921850 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-46.11.974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Duplicate samples of shrimp or breading materials were collected four times a day for two consecutive days at 12 locations along the processing lines of 33 shrimp-breading firms in the United States during 63 inspections. All firms were using good manufacturing practices. For stock shrimp, the geometric mean aerobic plate count at 35°C incubation (APC 35) was reduced from 2.1 × 106 to 3.3 × 105 colony-forming units (CFU)/g for the frozen finished product. At 35°C, an APC 35 of ≤106 CFU/g was found for 78% of the finished samples. At 30°C incubation, the mean APC was reduced from 7.8 × 106 CFU/g for the stock shrimp to 7.6 × 105 CPU/g for the finished product. Coliform mean counts were virtually static (64 to 83/g) up to the batter-breading steps; however, these counts reached 148 to 160/g at the first batter-breading step and remained constant until the breaded shrimp were frozen. Mean Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus counts were ≤3 and ≤10/g, respectively, for all 12 in-line sampling locations. Salmonella organisms were found in one of 118 finished product samples tested for this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Duran
- Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401 and Division of Microbiology and Division of Mathematics, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204
| | - B A Wentz
- Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401 and Division of Microbiology and Division of Mathematics, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204
| | - J M Lanier
- Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401 and Division of Microbiology and Division of Mathematics, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204
| | - F D McClure
- Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401 and Division of Microbiology and Division of Mathematics, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204
| | - A H Schwab
- Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401 and Division of Microbiology and Division of Mathematics, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204
| | - A Swartzentruber
- Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401 and Division of Microbiology and Division of Mathematics, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204
| | - R J Barnard
- Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401 and Division of Microbiology and Division of Mathematics, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204
| | - R B Read
- Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401 and Division of Microbiology and Division of Mathematics, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204
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10
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Abstract
The microbiological quality of fresh blue crabmeat, soft- and hardshell clams and shucked Eastern oysters was determined at the retail (crabmeat, oysters) and wholesale (clams) levels. Geometric means of aerobic plate counts incubated at 35°C were: blue crabmeat 140,000 colony-forming units (CFU)/g, hardshell clams, 950 CFU/g, softshell clams 680 CFU/g and shucked Eastern oysters 390,000 CFU/g. Coliform geometric means ranged from 3,6/100 g for hardshell clams to 21/g for blue crabmeat. Means for fecal coliforms or Escherichia coli ranged from <3/100 g for clams to 27/100 g for oysters, The mean Staphylococcus aureus count in blue crabmeat was 10/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Wentz
- Division of Microbiology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204 and Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401
| | - A P Duran
- Division of Microbiology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204 and Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401
| | - A Swartzentruber
- Division of Microbiology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204 and Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401
| | - A H Schwab
- Division of Microbiology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204 and Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401
| | - R B Read
- Division of Microbiology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204 and Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401
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11
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Payne WL, Duran AP, Lanier JM, Schwab AH, Read RB, Wentz BA, Barnard RJ. Microbiological Quality of Cocoa Powder, Dry Instant Chocolate Drink Mix, Dry Nondairy Coffee Creamer and Frozen Nondairy Topping Obtained at Retail Markets. J Food Prot 1983; 46:733-736. [PMID: 30921882 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-46.8.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A national survey was conducted of the microbiological quality of three dry ingredients used in beverages and one frozen non-dairy topping obtained at retail markets. Geometric mean aerobic plate counts (APCs) of units examined at 35°C were as follows: 1,313 units of cocoa powder, 6,600 CFU/g; 1,552 units of dry instant chocolate drink mix, 290 CFU/g; 1,559 units of dry non-dairy coffee creamer, 37 CFU/g; and 1,532 units of frozen non-dairy topping, 34 CFU/g. At 30°C, the geometric mean APC was 34 CFU/g for frozen nondairy topping. Geometric means for most probable number determinations of coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli were <3/g for the four products. Geometric mean values for Staphylococcus aureus in three of the products were <10/g; no S. aureus was found in cocoa powder. Geometric mean values for yeasts and molds in dry instant chocolate drink mix and dry nondairy coffee creamer were 8 and 6 CFU/g, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Payne
- Division of Microbiology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204 and Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401
| | - A P Duran
- Division of Microbiology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204 and Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401
| | - J M Lanier
- Division of Microbiology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204 and Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401
| | - A H Schwab
- Division of Microbiology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204 and Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401
| | - R B Read
- Division of Microbiology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204 and Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401
| | - B A Wentz
- Division of Microbiology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204 and Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401
| | - R J Barnard
- Division of Microbiology, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204 and Minneapolis Center for Microbiological Investigations, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401
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12
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Twohy CW, Nierman ML, Duran AP, Munson TE. Comparison of limulus amebocyte lysates from different manufacturers. J Parenter Sci Technol 1983; 37:93-6. [PMID: 6875746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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13
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Duran AP, Swartzentruber A, Lanier JM, Wentz BA, Schwab AH, Barnard RJ, Read RB. Microbiological quality of five potato products obtained at retail markets. Appl Environ Microbiol 1982; 44:1076-80. [PMID: 6758695 PMCID: PMC242151 DOI: 10.1128/aem.44.5.1076-1080.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiological quality of frozen hash brown potatoes, dried hash brown potatoes with onions, frozen french fried potatoes, dried instant mashed potatoes, and potato salad was determined by a national sampling at the retail level. A wide range of results was obtained, with most sampling units of each products having excellent microbiological quality. Geometric mean aerobic plate counts were as follows: dried hash brown potatoes, 270/g; frozen hash brown potatoes with onions, 580/g; frozen french fried potatoes 78/g; dried instant mashed potatoes, 1.1 x 10(3)/g; and potato salad, 3.6 x 10(3)/g. Mean values of coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus were less than 10/g.
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14
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Schwab AH, Harpestad AD, Swartzentruber A, Lanier JM, Wentz BA, Duran AP, Barnard RJ, Read RB. Microbiological quality of some spices and herbs in retail markets. Appl Environ Microbiol 1982; 44:627-30. [PMID: 7138003 PMCID: PMC242068 DOI: 10.1128/aem.44.3.627-630.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiological quality of 10 spices or herbs was determined by a national survey at the retail level. Aerobic plate count values for the 10 products ranged from less than 100 to 3.1 X 10(8) per g; mean values of the individual spices or herbs ranged from 1,400 to 820,000 per g. Coliform counts ranged from less than 3 to 1.1 X 10(6) per g; however, mean values were less than 20 per g for all products. Escherichia coli counts ranged from less than 3 to 2,300 per g. Except for celery seed, which had a mean value of 7 per g, all mean values were less than 3 per g. Yeast and mold counts were made for 5 of the 10 products. Mean values were generally low; the highest mean (290 per g) was obtained for cinnamon.
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15
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Barnard RJ, Duran AP, Swartzentruber A, Schwab AH, Wentz BA, Read RB. Microbiological quality of frozen cauliflower, corn, and peas obtained at retail markets. Appl Environ Microbiol 1982; 44:54-8. [PMID: 6751226 PMCID: PMC241967 DOI: 10.1128/aem.44.1.54-58.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiological quality of blanched frozen cauliflower, cut corn, and peas at the retail level was determined. At 35 degrees C, mean aerobic plate count (APC) values for cauliflower, corn, and peas, respectively, were 30,000, 6,100, and 4,700 per g; at 30 degrees C, the mean APC values were 45,000, 8,500, and 6,800 per g, respectively. Geometric means for coliform, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus counts for all three vegetables were less than 10 per g.
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16
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Twedt RM, Madden JM, Hunt JM, Francis DW, Peeler JT, Duran AP, Hebert WO, McCay SG, Roderick CN, Spite GT, Wazenski TJ. Characterization of Vibrio cholerae isolated from oysters. Appl Environ Microbiol 1981; 41:1475-8. [PMID: 7247399 PMCID: PMC243942 DOI: 10.1128/aem.41.6.1475-1478.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Of 790 samples of oyster shellstock freshly harvested during a 12-month survey, 111 (most of which were harvested from June through August) contained Vibrio cholerae non-O1 (611 strains), and seven contained O1 Inaba (11 strains) organisms. None of the V. cholerae strains isolated were enterotoxigenic by immunological and biological tests.
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17
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Swartzentruber A, Schwab AH, Duran AP, Wentz BA, Read RB. Microbiological quality of frozen shrimp and lobster tail in the retail market. Appl Environ Microbiol 1980; 40:765-9. [PMID: 6999997 PMCID: PMC291657 DOI: 10.1128/aem.40.4.765-769.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiological quality of three frozen shrimp products and frozen lobster tail at the retail level was determined. The number of retail units of the four products examined and the geometric means for aerobic plate counts at 30 and 35 degrees C, respectively, were: 1,464 units of cooked, peeled shrimp--13,000 and 7,200 per g; 1,468 units of raw, peeled shrimp--860,000 and 300,000 per g; 1,300 units of raw, in-shell shrimp--800,000 and 300,000 per g; 1,315 units of lobster tail--140,000 and 42,000 per g. Geometric means for coliform, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus counts for all products were < 10 per g.
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Andrews WH, Wilson CR, Poelma PL, Romero A, Rude RA, Duran AP, McClure FD, Gentile DE. Usefulness of the stomacher in a microbiological regulatory laboratory. Appl Environ Microbiol 1978; 35:89-93. [PMID: 623476 PMCID: PMC242783 DOI: 10.1128/aem.35.1.89-93.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative efficiency of the Waring blender, the Stomacher 400, and the Stomacher 3500 for preparing food samples for microbiological analysis was studied. Comparative aerobic plate count (APC) values were determined on 671 samples, representing 30 categories of foods. Of the 26 categories of nonfatty foods, the blender gave significantly higher geometric mean APC values than those given by the Stomacher 400 and the Stomacher 3500 in 65 and 69 percent of the categories, respectively. In a comparison of the two Stomacher models, the Stomacher 400 gave significantly higher geometric mean APC values than these given by the Stomacher 3500 in 73 percent of the food categories. Addition of Tween 80 to four categories of fatty foods at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 percent did not raise the APC values given by either model of stomacher to the levels given by the Waring blender. Overall, the efficiency of both models of Stomacher, relative to the blender and to each other, was specific and depended upon the particular food being analyzed.
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Baer EF, Duran AP, Leininger HV, Read RB, Schwab AH, Swartzentruber A. Microbiological quality of frozen breaded fish and shellfish products. Appl Environ Microbiol 1976; 31:337-41. [PMID: 779643 PMCID: PMC169776 DOI: 10.1128/aem.31.3.337-341.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A survey was made of the microbiological quality of seven frozen, breaded, precooked fish and shellfish products and of frozen, breaded, uncooked shrimp at the retail level. Geometric mean aerobic plate counts per gram (and number of units examined) were as follows: fish sticks, 8,300 (1,539); fish cakes, 5,600 (1,378); crab cakes, 4,900 (1,226); scallops, 1,700 (1,392); clams, 450 (1,384); haddock, 15,000 (1,306); fish in fish and chips dinner, 7,200 (1,485); and uncooked shrimp, 220,000 (1,462). Geometric mean coliform, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus counts for all eight products ranged from 1 to 10/g.
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